Desejo e Vontade Em Sociologia

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B`vèl ` Ylcrob` `d Vlfnlalgno

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Eoflh *E#. Apdn`x

Bngnroaa~ vngc`b h~ ElroBC5 fc4Elro

Alfornlc5 Xnl b` Eoc`nxl , XE! HX

Bor`5 8;??#;7#?> 8650:5?; $;6';;'




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Eoflh *E#. Apdn`x

Vpdïxnl

Epäulv b` xòanbob` ` epäulv b` yoalx ######################## 2

[vnflalgno Fla`rnyo ` Vlfnlalgno bo Ynbo Dlxoa############# 9

Mocr ` Bpxmj`nd #################################################### :

Andnr`v bl flcrxnhprl b` Bpxmj`nd########################## ?;

[vnflalgno bo Ilxdo ̀ Flcvfnåcfno Fla`rnyo ############## ?6

W`hvnrnl [xlbpçæl A`nrpxov bl Vîfpal ZZ ‖ [AVY5 Anr`xorpxo Bngnroa

jrr{5,,www#a`nrpxoveapdn`xoprlx#{xl#hx

B`vèl ` ylcrob` `d xàoçæl ol flcj`fnd`crl {laärnfl############################################################################ ?:



B`vèl ` Ylcrob` `d Vlfnlalgno ®8;?? h~ Eoflh *E#. Apdn`x

6




@{ägxoi`

L b`vèl ` o ylcrob` væl ov bpov iof`v bo d`vdo

r`cbåcfno ë xòanuoçæl

V`cbl l b`vèl pdo r`cbåcfno *{oxo o xòanuoçæl.`z{x`vvo cov lhxov b` fnynanuoçæl! ylcrob`! {lx vpo yù!

donv cæl î bl qp` o d`vdo r`cbåcfno ofld{ocjobo bo

flcvfnåcfno5 l b`vèl ` o ylcrob` cæl {lb`d v`x {lvrlv `d

l{lvnçæl {lxqp` cæl {ovvod b` gxopv bl d`vdl {xlf`vvl

b` xòanuoçæl! `znvrncbl `crx` à`v pdo gxoboçæl b`

ncr`xd`bnïxnlv#




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Epäulv b` xòanbob` ` epäulv b` yoalx

▵B`vèl ` Ylcrob` `d xàoçæl ol Fparpxoanvdl

ohvrxorl

L fparpxoanvdl ohvrxorl ? b`y` v`x faovvninfobl b`crx` lv

ioavlv {xlha`dov bo vlfnlalgno bl vîfpal ZNZ! clrobod`cr`

o ioavo oar`xcornyo `crx` vlfnlalgno lp inalvlino bo jnvröxno!

oafocçocbl ncfapvny` Doz W`h`x 8#

O flcipvæl fld o inalvlino bo jnvröxno î ohvlaprod`cr`

ncobdnvväyà! joeo ynvro o fo{ofnbob` bo vlfnlalgno {oxo

oafocçox {`xi`nrod`cr` {lx vn vö o vnrpoçæl {x`v`cr` bo

vlfn`bob` v`d {x`fnvox b` lprxo bnvfn{anco {oxo nvvl#

Donv oncbo5 o vlfnlalgno `zng` l ohocblcl bov napvð`v

bl {xlgx`vvl `d bnx`çæl o pd nbòa! h`d fldl l ohocblcl

bov napvð`v b` pdo `ylapçæl vlfnoa pcnancòx ` flcräcpo!

v`cbl bo fld{`råcfno bo vlfnlalgno b`vflhxnx co xòanbob`

vlfnoa ov bny`xvov {`xv{`frnyov {lvväy`nv ` orî ocrncòdnfov

qp` væl {lvrov {oxo pdo vlfn`bob` `d ynov b` v` iou`x#

Ov napvð`v rxounbov {ào flcipvæl fld o inalvlino bo

jnvröxno v` `cflcrxod ioylx`fnbov {ào lflxxåcfno b` pd

? L fparpxoanvdl ohvrxorl î ovvncoaobl `d Doz W`h`x fldl nciapåcfno bl inaövlil

J`ncxnfj Xnfm`xr *?:96 ‖ ?>69. ` vpo d`rlblalgno ohvrxoro *c`lmocrnvdl. {oxo o {`vqpnvo jnvröxnfo#

8 Fi# Gpxynrfj! G`lxg`v5 ‑Lhe`rl ` Dîrlbl bo Vlfnlalgno—! nc Gpxynrfj `r oa#5‑Rxorobl b` Vlfnlalgno$yla#?(! x`ynvæl5 Oah`xrl I`xx`nxo! [lxrl! Ncnfnornyov @bnrlxnonv!?>92! {{#?0 o 0;! 8¥ `bnçæl flxxngnbo *?¥ `bnçæl `d Ixocfåv5 [oxnv! [PI! ?>07.# Y`x ngpoad`cr` ‑Hx`y` @vhlçl bo Jnvröxno bo Vlfnlalgno—! nc ‑Rxorobl b` Vlfnlalgno $yla#?—! {{#0? o >:! l{#fnr#




0



`xxl aögnfl ipcbod`croa qp` î o ioaro b` bnvrncçæl `crx` lv

epäulv b` xòanbob` ` lv epäulv b` yoalx#

B`vv` `xxl b`flxx` o flcipvæl! {lnv `d yù b` `z{anfoxlv b`vèlv o {oxrnx bo xòanbob` vlfnoa! flcvrxön$v` o

xòanbob` vlfnoa `d ipcçæl b`vv`v b`vèlv#

Lv epäulv b` yoalx væl ov ov{nxoçð`v! lv b`vèlv ` ov

ndog`cv nbònv bl iprpxl ` ilxdod pd blv {orodox`v bo

xòanbob` vlfnoa `d v`p flcepcrl! b` roa vlxr` qp` l

{xlgx`vvl `d bnx`çæl o pd nbòa vö {lb` ncr`xynx co ocïanv`

vlfnlaögnfo pcnfod`cr` `d ynvro b` ncr`gxox `vv` {xlgx`vvl

nbòa `d pd flcepcrl b` iorlv vlfnonv qp` o ocïanv` v`

{xl{ð` `z{anfox#

O vlfn`bob` `vrï vpe`nro o iaprpoçð`v ` orî olv

dlynd`crlv fäfanflv ` l {xlgx`vvl x`rnaäc`l `d bnx`çæl o pd

nbòa {oxrnfpaox! rldobl fldl pd dlynd`crl flcvrocr`!

cæl {lb` yoa`x donv bl qp` {oxo {`xälblv b`r`xdncoblv ‖

`d lprxlv {`xälblv o vlfn`bob` {lb` lxn`crox$v` `d

v`crnbl l{lvrl ol nbòa lp {lx pd nbòa fld{a`rod`cr`

bni`x`cr`#

O ioaro b` bnvrncçæl `crx` lv epäulv b` xòanbob` ` lv

epäulv b` yoalx rlxco nd{lvväyà l of`vvl bo ocïanv`

vlfnlaögnfo o pd bobl ipcbod`croa bo ynbo vlfnoa qp` î o

yoxnohnanbob`#




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[vnflalgno Fla`rnyo ` Vlfnlalgno bo Ynbo Dlxoa

▵B`vèl ` Ylcrob` `d xàoçæl ol o{lxr` b` Bpxmj`nd

ë vlfnlalgno bo ynbo dlxoa

@d Bpxmj`nd o flcvfnåcfno fla`rnyo `z{xnd` l iorl

vlfnoa ncbnvfpräyà bo ncr`x{`c`rxoçæl ynxrpoa lp orpoa bov

yïxnov flcvfnåcfnov fla`rnyov lp ncbnynbponv! vpo ipvæl

{oxfnoa y`xninfobo `d pdo {v nfl alg no fl a`r n y o #

%%%

Bpxmj`nd oafocçlp ov hov`v bo vlfnlalgno bo ynbo dlxoa

clrobod`cr` {àl o{xly`nrod`crl lxngncoa qp` rnxlp b` vpo

xìa`zæl epcrl fld o inalvlino b` @docpà Mocr *?782 ‖

?:;2.! a`yocbl$l o ncrxlbpunx `d bni`x`cço b`vr` õarndl qp`

o ngclxlp! o clçæl bl b`vèïyà co ocïanv` blv yoalx`v#

Fld ì`nrl! î o ipcfnlcoanbob` blv yoalx`v nbònv! vpofoxofr`xävrnfo b` ncvrxpd`crlv b` fldpcjæl ` {xncfä{nlv b`

ncf`vvocr` x`g`c`xoçæl bo ynbo `v{nxnrpoa v` oinxdocbl

ncbnv{`cvoyàd`cr` {lx d`nl bo oi`rnynbob` fla`rnyo qp` v`

xì`x` o prnanuoçæl bl r`xdl b`vèïyà co v`gpncr`

ilxdpaoçæl b` Bpxmj`nd5 qpoaqp`x yoalx {x`vvp{ð` o

o{x`fnoçæl b` pd vpe`nrl `d xàoçæl fld pdo v`cvnhnanbob`

ncbìncnbo5 î l b`vèïyà! qpoaqp`x b`vèl v`cbl pd `vroblncr`xnlx#

Bìncnçæl b`vfxnrnyo `vro qp` cæl vö rlxco `zr`cväyà o

foxofr`xävrnfo bl b`vèïyà o qpoaqp`x yoalx {oxo oaîd blv




7



yoalx`v nbònv! dov! {lx `vro yno lv `cgalho ngpoad`cr` co

clçæl b` ipcfnlcoanbob` qp` ofohodlv b` d`cfnlcox o

x`v{`nrl b`vv`v õarndlv *qpoaqp`x yoalx r`cbl ovvnd oagpdo{oxrnfn{oçæl clv nbònv.#

Î c`vr` v`crnbl qp` v` b`y` `cr`cb`x l {lvnfnlcod`crl

b` Gpxynrfj v`gpcbl l qpoa! `d vpo o{anfoçæl `zfapvnyo ë

vlfnlalgno bo ynbo dlxoa! o flcf`{çæl b` Bpxmj`nd b`y`xno

flcbpunx ol `vrpbl `d{äxnfl bov xàoçð`v ipcfnlconv `crx`

lv yoalx`v dlxonv ` lv flcepcrlv vlfnonv *pd vpe`nrl `d

xàoçæl fld pdo v`cvnhnanbob` ncbìncnbo.#Nvrl! fovl r`cjodlv `d ynvro clrobod`cr` qp` *?. ‖

Bpxmj`nd fj`go o l{lx {oxo incv b` ocïanv` lv yoalx`v bnrlv

fparpxonv o lprxlv yoalx`v! ncvnvrncbl ol d`vdl r`d{l co

yoxn`bob` ncincnro ` co {oxrnfpaoxnuoçæl b` rlblv lv yoalx`v

v`d `zf`çæl= *8. ‖ iou vlhx`vvonx l {o{à qp`

b`v`d{`cjod lv yoalx`v co flcvrnrpnçæl bo {xö{xno

xòanbob` vlfnoa= *6. ‖ `cind! {lb`dlv fld{a`rox vpoflcf`{çæl fld o flcvroroçæl bov iaprpoçð`v blv yoalx`v! lv

qponv v` epcrod ` v` ncr`x{`c`rxod b`{lnv b` v` r`x`d

bni`x`cfnoblv ‖ flcvroroçæl `vro qp` Gpxynrfj {ð` ol

fxîbnrl b` Fà`vrncl Hlpgaî *?:7; ‖ ?>2;. ` b` v`p flcf`nrl

b` flcepcçæl blv yoalx`v#

_pocrl ë b`vfxnçæl bl vlfnlalgnvdl bpxmj`ndnocl bo

d`rodlxoa nd{`bncbl Bpxmj`nd b` `vrohà`f`x

bìncnrnyod`cr` o vlfnlalgno bo ynbo dlxoa fldl fnåcfno

`d{äxnfo {lb`dlv clrox ncnfnoad`cr` o r`cbåcfno `xxïrnfo

qp` oar`xo l `vrorprl vlfnlaögnfl bo flcvfnåcfno fla`rnyo#




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Fld ì`nrl! flcf`nrl `v{`fäinfl bo vlfnlalgno o clçæl b`

flcvfnåcfno fla`rnyo oinxdo qp`! hov` bo ynbo dlxoa! o

vlanboxn`bob` b` iorl ‖ fldl bnxno l {xö{xnl Bpxmj`nd ‖`vrï `crxàoçobo olv `vr oblv d `c r o n v ‖ v`cbl orxnhpäbl o

`vro flcvfnåcfno fldl ilxdocbl fld{a`zl fld ëqpào

vlanboxn`bob` l qp` Bpxmj`nd fjodo b` ‑y`xbob`nxo

xòanbob`—! ‑y`xbob`nxo `vvåcfno bo vlfn`bob`—#

V`gpcbl Gpxynrfj o `zoaroçæl b` r`xdlv ronv fldl

‑y`xbob`nxo `vvåcfno bo xòanbob`— î fld{x``cväyà {lxqp`

roa flcbnçæl b` `vrox `crxàoçobo ë vlfnohnanbob` vngcninfoqp` `d Bpxmj`nd o flcvfnåcfno fla`rnyo `z{xnd` l iorl

vlfnoa ncbnvfpräyà bo ncr`x{`c`rxoçæl ynxrpoa lp orpoa bov

yïxnov flcvfnåcfnov fla`rnyov lp ncbnynbponv! vpo ipvæl

{oxfnoa y`xninfobo fldl bnvv` `d pdo {v nfl alg no fl a` r n yo #

Bpxmj`nd docr`y`$v` `vrxocjl ol x`flcj`fnd`crl bo

`znvråcfno bov `z{`xnåcfnov dlxonv fla`rnyov ` blv dîrlblv

b` ocïanv` qp` x`flcbpu`d d`bnocr` {xlf`bnd`crlvbnoaîrnflv o `vrov `z{`xnåcfnov yoxnobov ` vö xoxod`cr`

nd`bnorov#

Mocr ` Bpxmj`nd

@d vpo xìa`zæl epcrl fld o inalvlino b` Mocr!Bpxmj`nd iou {lx pd aobl fld qp` l b`vèobl `d dlxoa

{`xdoc`ço fldl nd{`xornyl jn{lrîrnfl! ` {lx lprxl aobl iou

fld qp` l b`y`x vèo v`d{x` {`c`rxobl {àl b`vèïyà#




>



V`d bpynbo! l xì`xnbl `xxl b` ocïanv` `d qp` v`

`cylay`p Bpxmj`nd r`d o y`x fld vpo ncr`x{x`roçæl

vlfnlalgnvro bo oprlcldno dlxoa `d iof` bo inalvlino b`Mocr#

Gpxynrfj clro qp` c`vr` õarndl l foxïr`x bl b`y`x

flcf`hnbl fldl nd{`xornyl for`göxnfl v` {ð` {`xocr` o

oprlcldno dlxoa fldl l qp` aj` x`vnvr`! lp vèo! l b`y`x

fldl nd{`xornyl for`göxnfl vö v` xòanuo ol {ovvox co

fo{ofnbob` qp` o flcvfnåcfno dlxoa ncbnynbpoa r`d b`

orxnhpnx o vn d`vdo o vpo {xö{xno a`n#[lx vpo yù! Bpxmj`nd *o. ‖ of`nro `z{x`vvod`cr` o

l{lvnçæl qp` iou Mocr bl nd{`xornyl for`göxnfl *oinxdobl

{`xocr` o oprlcldno dlxoa. ol nd{`xornyl jn{lrîrnfl= *h. ‖

fld{a`ro `vvo l{lvnçæl {ào ncrxlbpçæl bo l{lvnçæl bov

vocçð`v angobov olv orlv {lx pd àl vncrîrnfl ‖ `d qp` yå

ov foxofr`xävrnfov bl b`y`x`v dlxonv ‖ ` bov vocçð`v angobov

olv orlv {lx pd àl ocoaärnfl ‖ foxofr`xävrnfo bov x`gxovrîfcnfov#

O `vr`v fxnrîxnlv Bpxmj`nd ncrxlbpu fldl l foxïr`x

`vv`cfnoa b` qpoaqp`x orl dlxoa l à`d`crl bl b`vèïyà!

qp` `z`xf` orxoçæl vlhx` cöv! l à`d`crl bl qp` clv

{ox`f` hld! ol qpoa clv o{`godlv! à`d`crl `vr` qp` î

b`vflcj`fnbl {lx Mocr#

Cobo lhvrocr`! Bpxmj`nd o{x`v`cro `vv` à`d`crl bl

b`vèïyà fldl dpnrl `v{`fnoa ` l l{ð` o rlblv lv lprxlv

b`vèlv b`xnyoblv bo clvvo v`cvnhnanbob`! rldocbl$l fldl




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ncfld`cvpxïyà fld à`v! fldl flalfobl ë {oxr`!

b`vixprocbl b` pd {x`vrägnl! `zngncbl `vilxçlv ` vofxniäfnlv#

B`vro doc`nxo! {lx `vvo flalfoçæl bl b`vèïyà ë {oxr`!Bpxmj`nd `d vpo xìa`zæl epcrl fld o inalvlino b` Mocr iou

{lx pd aobl fld qp` l b`vèobl `d dlxoa {`xdoc`ço

fldl nd{`xornyl jn{lrîrnfl! ` {lx lprxl aobl iou fld qp` l

b`y`x vèo v`d{x` {`c`rxobl {àl b`vèïyà#

Gpxynrfj clro qp` î {lx `vro yno b` orxnhpnçæl bl

foxïr`x b` nd{`xornyl for`göxnfl qp` b`vro õarndo doc`nxo

î oinxdobl rocrl {oxo o x`gxo rxobnfnlcoa qpocrl olb`vèïyà `d dlxoa! qp` incoad`cr` Bpxmj`nd ofx`bnro

{lb`x flcfapnx qp` o lxng`d ` l ind bo dlxoa î o vlfn`bob`

` cæl o flcvfnåcfno ncbnynbpoa 6#

%%%

Andnr`v bl flcrxnhprl b` Bpxmj`nd

Cæl v` {lb` x`bpunx o ynbo dlxoa c`d ëv {xïrnfov `

jïhnrlv! c`d d`vdl donv aoxgod`cr` ëv flcbprov

x`gpaox`v {x`ynvrov lp `v{`xobov#

@d v`p oxrngl vlhx` lv ‑[xlha`dov b` Vlfnlalgno bo

Ynbo Dlxoa—! o{x`v`crobl b`crx` lprxlv `vfxnrlv v`pv fldl

6 Y`x Apdn`x! Eoflh *E#.5 ‑Fparpxo ` flcvfnåcfno fla`rnyo$8‑! W`h bo L@N! Epcjl8;;>! {bi ?9> {ïgv# jrr{5,,www#l`n#`v,fn`cfno~pcny`xvnbob,v{n{#{j{<oxrnfa`6:: `d`v{`fnoa l fo{ärpal 6 ncrnrpaobl ‑L [xlha`do bo Flcvfnåcfno Fla`rnyo co Vlfnlalgno boYnbo Dlxoa5 Clrov vlhx` o ocïanv` fxärnfo bo vlfnlalgno b` Îdna` Bpxmj`nd—# Y`x Rh5[xlha`dov b` Vlfnlalgno bo Ynbo Dlxoa nc Gpxynrfj! G`lxg`v `r oa5 —Rxorobl b`Vlfnlalgno $ Yla# 8 —! x`ynvæl Oah`xrl I`xx`nxo! Ncnfnornyov @bnrlxnonv! [lxrl! ?>9:! *?¥`bnçæl `d Ixocfåv5 [oxnv! [PI ?>9;.! fo{ärpal NNN#

http://www.oei.es/cienciayuniversidad/spip.php?article388

http://www.oei.es/cienciayuniversidad/spip.php?article388




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flcrxnhpnçæl ë lhxo fla`rnyo {lx à` {xö{xnl bnxngnbo! `d blnv

od{alv ylapd`v! {phanfobo oncbo clv oclv fncqñ`cro 2!

G`lxg`v Gpxynrfj xàofnlco ov borov ` lv rärpalv bov lhxovblv oprlx`v ob`{rlv bo fnåcfno blv flvrpd`v! cov qponv

`cflcrxlp ov b`vfxnçð`v `d iorlv blv yïxnlv gåc`xlv b`

dlxoanbob`#

Dpnrlv b`vr`v vlfnöalglv v`crnxod qp` cæl v` {lb`

x`bpunx o ynbo dlxoa c`d ëv {xïrnfov ` jïhnrlv c`d d`vdl

donv aoxgod`cr` ëv flcbprov x`gpaox`v {x`ynvrov lp

`v{`xobov#Fld`crocbl o W`vr`xdoxm *@byoxb Oa`zocb`x! ?:98 ‖

?>6>.! Gpxynrfj x`doxfo qp` `vr` vlfnöalgl oinxdo l `vrpbl

bov l{ncnð`v `d b`rxnd`crl blv flvrpd`v! bìncncbl o

flcvfnåcfno dlxoa fldl `dlçð`v b` ncbngcoçæl ` o{xlyoçæl

qp` v` `cflcrxod co hov` blv epäulv dlxonv! xì`xnblv

`vr`v! {lx vpo yù! `d vpo `v{`fninfnbob` dlxoa! ol dop! ol

ynfnlvl! ol fpa{obl lp ol hld! ol ynxrplvl! ol d`x`f`blx#

L `vrpbl blv iorlv dlxonv b`y` v`x oaoxgobl {oxo oaîd

blv b`y`x`v ` clxdov cl v`crnbl b` ncfapnx ov ndog`cv

vndhöanfov nbònv#

Eï `d vpo v`d{x` o{xlipcbobo ocïanv` fxärnfo bo lhxo `

{`cvod`crl b` Bpxmj`nd! Gpxynrfj ovvncoao ol d`clv

qporxl gåc`xlv b` ynbo dlxoa5 *o. ‖ pd gåc`xl b`

dlxoanbob` ol qpoa fjodo dlxoanbob` nd{`xornyo= *h. ‖ pd

2 Gpxynrfj `r oa#5—Rxorobl b` Vlfnlalgno$yla#8—! x`ynvæl5 Oah`xrl I`xx`nxo! [lxrl!Ncnfnornyov @bnrlxnonv! ?>9:! *?¥ `bnçæl `d Ixocfåv5 [oxnv! [PI!?>9;.#




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gåc`xl qp` bìnc` fldl dlxoanbob` b` ov{nxoçæl= *f. ‖

lprxl gåc`xl eï lhv`xyobl `d W`vr`xdoxm qp` î o

dlxoanbob` blv epäulv {x``vrohà`fnblv `! *b. ‖ odlxoanbob` rxobnfnlcoa#

[lx vpo yù! A#R# Jlhjlpv` *A`lcoxb Rxàowc~! ?:92 $

?>8>. flcvro fldl pd oprlx {lvnrnyl {oxo qp`d l lhe`rl

bo vlfnlalgno bo dlxoanbob` î flcvrnrpäbl {lx rlbov ov

docni`vroçð`v bo flcvfnåcfno dlxoa co ynbo vlfnoa! ncfapncbl

cæl vö lv jïhnrlv ` flvrpd`v! x`gxov ` {xncfä{nlv! dov

rodhîd fx`cçov ` nbònv#Rlboyno! l v`p `vrpbl vlfnlaögnfl bo ynbo dlxoa cæl

docrîd o oprlcldno b`nzocbl$v` {`c`rxox {lx pdo

inalvlino vncr`rnuocbl l `ylapfnlcnvdl ` l xofnlcoanvdl#

Dov cæl î rpbl# V`gpcbl Gpxynrfj o ncr`x`vvocr`

flcrxnhpnçæl b` Oah`xr Ho~`r *?::; ‖ ?>9?. gpoxbo blnv

ov{`frlv bngclv b` clro#

[lx pd aobl! obdnr` pd ncrà`frpoanvdl dlxoa {xîynl ol

bìncnx o fnåcfno blv iorlv dlxonv fldl `rnlalgno!

ofx`vf`crocbl o {x`fnvæl b` rxorox$v` bl `vrpbl bo

bnvrncçæl bl H`d ` bl Doa! roa fldl v` docni`vro clv iorlv

vlfnonv#

[lx lprxl aobl! Gpxynrfj alpyo l `vilxçl b` Ho~`r cl

v`crnbl b` od{anox o bìncnçæl bl iorl dlxoa `d bpov

bnx`çð`v x`clyoblxov v`gpncr`v5 *o. ‖ flcrxo o x`bpçæl blv

iorlv dlxonv o flcbprov johnrponv ` x`gpaox`v flcilxdobov

olv b`y`x`v ` clxdov! oinxdocbl Ho~`r qp`! co xòanbob`

blv iorlv o dlxoanbob` obdnr`! `cflxoeo! rla`xo! oflcvàjo!




?6



{xl{ð`= *h. ‖ ol flcvnb`xox qp` rodhîd `znvr`d ov

ynxrpb`v vphand`v bl vog` *l fnxfpcv{`frl.! bl `vrönfl! bl

vocrl! bl jld`d {xpb`cr`! bl jld`d jlc`vrl! blfnbobæl#

Gpxynrfj flcf`b` o {oaoyxo o Ho~`r {oxo `vfaox`f`x

vlhx` `vvov ndog`cv$vndhöanfl$nbònv! fldl bnxï

{lvr`xnlxd`cr` clvvl oprlx `d vpo faovvninfoçæl blv

bny`xvlv gåc`xlv b` ynbo dlxoa# @ Ho~`r fld{a`ro5 ‑ronv

ynxrpb`v vphand`v cncgpîd {`cvo `d flcvnb`xï$aov rlbov

fldl ncbnv{`cvïy`nv—# ‑@d yù b` `cfoxï$aov fldl pd`z`xfäfnl lhxngoröxnl! o vlfn`bob` {xl{ð`$cov olv v`pv

d`dhxlv fldl pd fpd` qp` c`d v`d{x` v` algxo orncgnx—#

V`p oxgpd`crl bìncnrnyl î! {lxrocrl! cl v`crnbl b` oaoxgox

l `vrpbl blv iorlv dlxonv {oxo oaîd blv b`y`x`v ` clxdov#

%%%

[vnflalgno bo Ilxdo ` Flcvfnåcfno Fla`rnyo

O c`f`vvnbob` b` vp{`xox lv andnr`v bl o{lxr` b`

Bpxmj`nd fjodo or`cçæl {oxo o oaro xà`yècfno blo{xly`nrod`crl bo G`v ro a r r j`lx n` `d vlfnlalgno#

Fld ì`nrl! cl `zod` bl {xlha`do bo xàoçæl `crx` l

{väqpnfl ` l aögnfl jï qp` flcvnb`xox cæl blnv! dov rxåv




?2 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ ®8;?? h~ Eoflh *E#. Apdn`x



r`xdlv! o voh`x5 {lx pd aobl! l {vnqpnvdl ncbnynbpoa ` l

{vnqpnvdl fla`rnyl! {lx lprxl aobl! l dpcbl bov nbînov

aögnfov! bo xouæl! bl Alglv! l qpoa! co xòanbob` blv iorlv ‖nvrl î! v`d ncr`x{x`roçæl inalvöinfo {xîyno ‖ v` `cflcrxo `d

vnrpoçæl `qpnyoa`cr` xàornyod`cr` rocrl ë flcvfnåcfno

fla`rnyo qpocrl ë flcvfnåcfno ncbnynbpoa#

B`vr` {lcrl b` ynvro vlfnlaögnfl! o {x`r`cbnbo x`bpçæl bo

flcvfnåcfno ncbnynbpoa ë v`cvnhnanbob` ` bo flcvfnåcfno

fla`rnyo ë xouæl x`yào$v` pd {x`vvp{lvrl ioavl ` qp`

nd{anfo dõarn{aov flcrxobnçð`v qp` y`x`dlv cl v`gpncr`#

Ncnfnoad`cr`! o nb`crninfoçæl bo flcvfnåcfno ncbnynbpoa

fldl {pxod`cr` v`cväyà nd{anfo rlxcï$ao cpao#

O flcrxo$oxgpd`croçæl vlfnlaögnfo î ncv{nxobo co

G`v ro a r r j`lx n` ! o voh`x5 *o. ‖ rlbo o flcvfnåcfno cæl î

vld`cr` pdo r`cvæl ynxrpoa bl i`fjobl `d bnx`çæl ol

oh`xrl! dov î oncbo pdo r`cvæl `crx` ov dõarn{aovv`cvoçð`v ` o vpo ncr`gxoçæl cov rlroanbob`v= *h. ‖ ol iou`x

y`x qp` ov v`cvoçð`v {oxrnfpaox`v cæl {ovvod b`

ohvrxoçð`v ncrà`frponv b` rlroanbob`v o{x``cbnbov

ncrpnrnyod`cr`! o r`lxno {vnflaögnfo bov ilxdov lp

G`vroarrj`lxn` 0 b`dlcvrxo rlbo o nd{lvvnhnanbob` co

0 O fld{x``cvæl b` qp` ov v`cvoçð`v {oxrnfpaox`v cæl {ovvod b` ohvrxoçð`vncrà`frponv b` rlroanbob`v o{x``cbnbov ncrpnrnyod`cr`! b`vflh`xro {ào r`lxno {vnflaögnfobov ilxdov lp G`vroarrj`lxn`! ol b`dlcvrxox rlbo o nd{lvvnhnanbob` co x`bpçæl boflcvfnåcfno o v`cvoçð`v bnv{`xvov! fldhncobo ëv r`lxnov b` flcvfnåcfno oh`xro! rlxclp$v`pdo fld{x``cvæl hïvnfo `d fnåcfnov jpdocov ` vpo o{anfoçæl `d vlfnlalgno b`p apgox ol jn{`x`d{nxnvdl bnoaîrnfl ` ë b`vflh`xro blv i`còd`clv {väqpnflv rlronv# Y`x Gpxynrfj5 ‑Bnoa`frnqp` `r Vlfnlalgn`—! [oxnv! Iaoddoxnlc! ?>98! 6?8{{#! fla# Vfn`cf`#




?0



x`bpçæl bo flcvfnåcfno o v`cvoçð`v bnv{`xvov *x`bpçæl

nd{xö{xno `vro qp` v`gpcbl Gpxynrfj xìlxçlp o flcf`{çæl

bo flcvfnåcfno ncbnynbpoa i`fjobo `d Bpxmj`nd.#V`d `dhoxgl! l vlfnöalgl oinxdo o `ynbåcfno b` qp`

`znvr`d lv à`d`crlv v`cväy`nv bo flcvfnåcfno

fla`rnyo! `znvr`d lv v`crnblv fla`rnylv b`

flcv`xyoçæl ` b` bì`vo! lv v`crnblv bov {onzð`v ` bov

ncfancoçð`v fla`rnyov h`d fldl! {lx vpo yù! î `ynb`cr` o

`znvråcfno bov ipcçð`v ncrà`frponv co flcvfnåcfno ncbnynbpoa

*`vroblv! l{ncnð`v! orlv.#

Dov cæl î rpbl# Flcrxo l oxgpd`crl bpxmj`ndnocl qp`

nb`crninfo o flcvfnåcfno fla`rnyo vèo fld o xouæl! vèo fld

o flcvfnåcfno {pxo! vèo fld o ncràngåcfno nbòa lp Alglv!

Gpxynrfj clv a`dhxo cncgpîd d`clv qp` l {xö{xnl

Bpxmj`nd v` flcrxobnu`cbl o x`v{`nrl bnvvl#

Fld ì`nrl! Bpxmj`nd oinxdo o `znvråcfno b` flxx`cr`vfla`rnyov qp` oxxovrod {oxo l vpnfäbnl lp {oxo l fxnd`!

rocrl qpocrl ioao b` {ècnflv fla`rnylv! `rf# Oaîd bnvvl! l

d`vrx` ncvnvr` cov r`cbåcfnov! clv v`crnd`crlv! cov

fx`cçov! cov ov{nxoçð`v! cov ì`xy`vfåcfnov fla`rnyov qp`

{lb`d xì`xnx$v` olv `vroblv ` l{ncnð`v rocrl qpocrl olv

orlv d`cronv ` ipcçð`v ncrà`frponv! dov qp` v` l{ð`d `d

rlblv lv fovlv ë xouæl pcny`xvoa#

Bl d`vdl oprlx5 ‑Rxorobl b` Vlfnlalgno $ Yla#8—! X`ynvæl5 Oah`xrl I`xx`nxo! Ncnfnornyov@bnrlxnonv! [lxrl ?>9:! *?¥ `bnçæl @d Ixocfåv5 [PI! [oxnv! ?>9;.#




?9 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ ®8;?? h~ Eoflh *E#. Apdn`x



_p`x bnu`x! cl ov{`frl bo bp{ao `znvråcfno b` à`d`crlv

v`cväy`nv ` b` ipcçð`v ncrà`frponv jï bnoaîrnfo `crx` o

flcvfnåcfno ncbnynbpoa ` o flcvfnåcfno fla`rnyo ‖ r`cbåcfno{oxo o fld{a`d`croxnbob`! {oxo o nd{anfoçæl dõrpo ` {oxo

o x`fn{xlfnbob` b` {`xv{`frnyo ‖ b` roa vlxr` qp` `vv`

bpoanvdl à`d`crlv v`cväy`nv , ipcçð`v ncrà`frponv

`cflcrxo$v` rocrl `d pdo qpocrl co lprxo#

Ofx`vf` qp` ov flcvfnåcfnov ncbnynbponv {lb`d

ncr`x{`c`rxox$v` ` ipcbnx$v` *o. ‖ {lx yù`v cov vpov

v`cvoçð`v ` {onzð`v! *h. ‖ {lx yù`v cov vpovx`{x`v`croçð`v ` clv v`pv v`crnd`crlv! *f. ‖ {lx yù`v clv

v`pv orlv! cov vpov ncrpnçð`v ` clv v`pv epäulv ‖ vèod

`vr`v doxfoblv {ào {x`{lcb`xècfno bo ncràngåcfno! bo

`dlrnynbob` lp bo ylcrob`#

▵_pocrl ë ncr`x{x`roçæl bo flcvfnåcfno fla`rnyo

nb`crninfobo ol Alglv fldl v`cbl õcnfo! pcninfobo!

fl`x`cr`! joxdlcnlvo! Gpxynrfj lhv`xyo qp` î {pxo

ohvrxoçæl! d`vdl qp` vèo nb`crninfobo {vnflalgnfod`cr`

fldl flcvfnåcfno fla`rnyo bo jpdocnbob`#

_pocrl donv od{ao î o flcvfnåcfno fla`rnyo d`clv

ncr`cvo ào î! b` vlxr` qp`! v` o pcny`xvoanbob` aögnfo

b`{`cb`vv` bo `zr`cvæl bo flcvfnåcfno fla`rnyo v`xno o

dàjlx {xlyo bo vpo nd{lvvnhnanbob`# _p`x bnu`x! `vvopcny`xvoanbob` v`xno v`d{x` v`ffnlcobo {àov flcvfnåcfnov

fla`rnyov donv x`vrxnrov! fldl ov blv bni`x`cr`v

ogxp{od`crlv vlfnonv {oxrnfpaox`v! ov bov bni`x`cr`v faovv`v




?7



vlfnonv ` ov bov bni`x`cr`v vlfn`bob`v galhonv! flcvfnåcfnov

fla`rnyov `vvov qp` v` flcrxobnu`d ` `crxod `d flcianrlv

nc`zrxnfïy`nv#Oaîd bnvvl! ov flcvfnåcfnov fla`rnyov bny`xg`cr`v ` orî

ocrogòcnfov v` l{ð`d o{lnocbl$v` `d lv Cöv `d flcianrl

cl v`nl b` fobo ogxp{od`crl! d`vdl l donv äcrndl `

x`bpunbl `d cõd`xl# @cind! rlbo o flcvfnåcfno vèo ào

fla`rnyo! vèo ncbnynbpoa `vrï `cylaynbo `d bnoaîrnfo# [oxo l

vlfnöalgl o flcvfnåcfno fla`rnyo cæl î c`d donv c`d d`clv

fl`x`cr` qp` o flcvfnåcfno ncbnynbpoa# Lv flcianrlv bovflcvfnåcfnov fla`rnyov `d pd ogxp{od`crl {oxrnfpaox lp `d

pdo vlfn`bob` galhoa ovvnd fldl lv flcianrlv `crx` ov

flcvfnåcfnov b` bni`x`cr`v vlfn`bob`v væl donv ogpblv

oncbo bl qp` lv blv {vnqpnvdlv ncbnynbponv#

L `xxl bo nb`crninfoçæl bo flcvfnåcfno fla`rnyo fld o

c`f`vvnbob` ` {x`r`cvod`cr` fld o pcny`xvoanbob` blAlglv î pdo flcvrxpçæl oxhnrxïxno qp` àndnco l {apxoanvdl

ipcbod`croa bo xòanbob` vlfnoa x`ynxocbl$l `d h`cìäfnl b`

pd dlcnvdl vlfnoa blgdïrnfl lp {x`flcf`hnbl 9#

9 Gpxynrfj! G`lxg`v *?:>2$?>90.5 ‑O Ylfoçæl Ofrpoa bo Vlfnlalgno $ yla# N5 co v`cbobo vlfnlalgno bni`x`cfnoa—! rxobpçæl bo 2¥`bnçæl ixocf`vo b` ?>9: {lx Lxaocbl Bocnà!

Anvhlo! Flvdlv! ?>7>! 0:7{{# *?¥`bnçæl `d Ixocfåv5 [oxnv! [PI! ?>0;.# ‑O YlfoçælOfrpoa bo Vlfnlalgno ‖yla#NN5 ocr`f`b`cr`v ` {`xv{`frnyov—! rxobpçæl bo 6¥`bnçæl ixocf`vob` ?>9: {lx Lxaocbl Bocnà! Anvhlo! Flvdlv! ?>:9! 097 {{# *?¥`bnçæl `d ixocfåv5 [oxnv![PI! ?>07.# ‑Rxorobl b` Vlfnlalgno $ yla#?(! x`ynvæl5 Oah`xrl I`xx`nxo! [lxrl! Ncnfnornyov@bnrlxnonv! ?>92! 8¥ `bnçæl flxxngnbo *?¥ `bnçæl `d Ixocfåv5 [oxnv! [PI! ?>07.# ‑Rxoroblb` Vlfnlalgno $ Yla#8—! X`ynvæl5 Oah`xrl I`xx`nxo! Ncnfnornyov @bnrlxnonv! [lxrl ?>9:! *?¥`bnçæl `d Ixocfåv5 [PI! [oxnv! ?>9;.# L{#Fnr#




?: \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ ®8;?? h~ Eoflh *E#. Apdn`x



%%%

B`vèl ` ylcrob` `d xàoçæl ol flcj`fnd`crl {laärnfl

B`vb` l {lcrl b` ynvro bo vlfnlalgno! ylcrob` {laärnfo `

r `cbåcf no {oxo o xò a n uoçæl cæl væl {xl{xnod`cr` o

d`vdo flnvo# V` l b`vèl ` o ylcrob` væl ov bpov iof`v bo

d`vdo r`cbåcfno ë xòanuoçæl orpocr` cov lhxov b`

fnynanuoçæl 7 *flcj`fnd`crl! dlxoa! bnx`nrl! xàngnæl!

`bpfoçæl! oxr`.! o ylcrob` {laärnfo {lx vpo yù r`d ingpxo

jnvröxnfo {oxrnfpaox#

Fldl v` voh`! `zodncocbl ov {xïrnfov flvrpd`nxov `

johnrponv! lv vlfnöalglv eï o b`vfx`y`xod vlh l flcf`nrl b`

docblcnvdl alfoa! lcb` l qp` yoa` cl flvrpd`! l qp` î

x`gxo ` clxdo î o ylcrob` bl fjì` clrïyà `d pdr`xxnröxnl lp bldäcnl! î l v`p {lb`x {`vvloa ` cæl ov

bnx`rxnu`v b` oagpd lxb`cod`crl ncvrnrpfnlcoa lp ilxdo b`

`z{x`vvæl bl @vrobl#

[oxo o ylcrob` {laärnfo ov flcy`cçð`v ilxod i`nrov {oxo

v`x`d b`vx`v{`nrobov# B`v{xùocbl$ov ` x`vrocbl nd{pc` î

qp` v` dlvrxo l {lb`x# Roa î l ov{`frl bìncnrnyl bl

fjodobl {xlha`do bo lxb`d `d Jlhh`v *Rjldov Jlhh`v

7 O r`cbåcfno ë xòanuoçæl co xòanbob` vlfnoa î o foxofr`xävrnfo ipcbod`croa bov lhxovb` fnynanuoçæl fldl l flcj`fnd`crl! o dlxoa! l bnx`nrl! o xàngnæl! o `bpfoçæl! o oxr`! `doxfod vpo ìnfïfno fldl x`gpaod`croçð`v vlfnonv ` cæl nbînov ohvrxorov#




?>



?0:: ‖ ?97>.! l inaövlil flcj`fnbl {ào v`cr`cço b` qp` (l

jld`d î l alhl bl jld`d(#

Nvrl vngcninfo qp` o ylcrob` {laärnfo fld{x``cbnbo `dJlhh`v î `v{`fnoad`cr` {x`boröxno ` cæl {lb` v`x b`nzobo

ol v`p {xö{xnl bnrod`! ` v` o fnynanuoçæl oyocçlp iln

doagxobl o ylcrob` {laärnfo ` ov cìovrov r`lxnov b`

j`g`dlcno *fl`xçæl {àl donv ilxr`. ` (xouæl b` @vrobl(!

qp` b`y`d v`x x`{ànbov# Cæl qp` o r`lxno {laärnfo b`yo v`x

b`v{xùobo! dov qp` î l flcj`f nd`crl {l a ä r n fl qp` iou o

jnvröxno {oxaod`crox#Fld ì`nrl! o r`cbåcfno ë xòanuoçæl b`v`cylay`$v`

fldl `vrxorîgno fla`rnyo b` oçæl vlfnoa {oxo vp{`xox lv

lhvrïfpalv olv nbònv ` `vr` flcj`fnd`crl {laärnfl xòanvro î

{lvrl `d lhxo c`d rocrl clv {xlgxodov! dov cov

x`vlapçð`v blv {oxrnblv {laärnflv nb`crninfoblv ëv ncvrnrpnçð`v

{oxaod`crox`v `! clrobod`cr`! cov ovv`dhaînov ` b`fnvð`v

blv vncbnforlv ` öxgælv b` faovv` *rocrl bo faovv` hpxgp`voqpocrl bo faovv` {xla`rïxno ` clv öxgælv bov b`donv faovv`v

vlfnonv ncr`xd`bnïxnov.#

B`vro ilxdo! jï lprxov oinxdoçð`v jnvröxnfov bo

ylcrob` qp` {x`yoa`f`d co r`cbåcfno ë xòanuoçæl! ronv

fldl o y lc r ob` b` y o a l x ` b` y `xbob` : `! cl èdhnrl bo

: Xo~dlcb Oxlc fld`cro l {oxoblzl `d v` ngclxox clv v`x`v bl {ovvobl o ylcrob`b` yoalx lp b` y`xbob`! a`dhxocbl o v`{oxoçæl xobnfoa bl iorl ` blv yoalx`v `d DozW`h`x fldl andnrocbl `xxlcòd`cr` o fld{x``cvæl bo flcbpro ncbnynbpoa pcnfod`cr`co xì`xåcfno bov nbînov *ohvrxorov. b` yoalx# Vpvr`cro `vv` `vrpbnlvl qp` v` roa flcf`{çæl`zfapncbl o ylcrob` b` yoalx lp b` y`xbob` ilvv` obdnrnbo cæl v` r`xno l fxnrîxnl {oxobni`x`cfnox `crx` pdo lhxo b` inalvlino fldl o ‑Fxärnfo bo Xouæl [pxo— b` @# Mocr ` ov




8; \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ ®8;?? h~ Eoflh *E#. Apdn`x



jnvröxno bo fparpxo! o ylc rob ` b` {ox o ävl ! h`d `zodncobo

{lx @xcvr Halfj *@xcvr Vndlc Halfj! ?::0 ‖ ?>77. >#

%%%

IND BL OXRNGL


ndogncoçð`v bànxocr`v b` pd {oxocönfl! eï qp` odhov v`xnod flalfobov cl d`vdl {aocl# Y`x Oxlc! Xo~dlcb5 Ncrxlbpfrnlc ë ao {jnalvl{jn` b` a'jnvrlnx`5 `vvon vpx a`vandnr`v b` a'lhe`fnynrî jnvrlxnqp`! [oxnv! Goaandoxb ?>6:#

> Fi# Halfj! @xcvr5 Rjldov Dñcu`x! R`öalgl b` ao X`ylapfnöc *Rjldov Dñcu`x oavRj`lalg` b`x X`ylaprnlc! Dñcfj`c ?>8?. @bnrlxnoa Fn`cfno Cp`yo! Dobxnb! ?>9:#




8?



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