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Abstract. The History of the Science and Technology of

Information and Communications development is an important matter for each country. The author of this paper have had the honor to work as an expert in the Permanent Secretariat of the “Romanian Governmental Commission for the endowing of the national economy with the modern computing equipment and with the equipment for automation of the data processing”, in the Central Institute for Informatics Research and in the last 15 years as the Scientific Secretary of the Information Science and Technology Section of the Romanian Academy and he related from the memory the real amendments which have been developed during the last more than 50 years in Romania in the field of the Science and Technology Information and Communications development.

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DFHVWH�FRQGL LL��DSDUH�ILUHVF�FD�DFHLD�FDUH�DX�SXV�ED]HOH�úFROLORU�URPkQHúWL�GH�HOHFWURQLF úL� GH� LQJLQHULH� D� GLVSR]LWLYHORU� VHPLFRQGXFWRDUH� �SURIHVRULL��7XGRU� 7 Q VHVFX� P�F�� DO� $FDGHPLHL� 5RPkQH� úL� � DFDGHPLFLDQXO� Mihail 'U J QHVFX� V ILH�úL� LQL LDWRULL�úL�SURPRWRULL� UHYROX LHL� LQIRUPDWLFH� vQ� DUD�noDVWU � 3URIHVRUXO��7XGRU�7 Q VHVFX�(1901-1959), (m.c. 1952), fondatorul úFROLL�URPkQHúWL�GH�HOHFWURQLF � D�SXEOLFDW�SkQ vQ�������OXFU ULOH�VDOH�GHVSUH�DPSOLILFDWRUXO� FODV & SHQWUX� HWDMHOH� ILQDOH� GH� SXWHUH� DOH� UDGLRHPL WRULORU�[1]. In paralel cu responsabilLWDWHD� &DWHGUHL� GH� GLVSR]LWLYH� úi circuite elHFWURQLFH�GLQ�,QVWLWXWXO�3ROLWHKQLF�%XFXUHVWL��DVLJXU úL�FRQGXFHUHD��6HF LHL�GH�(OHFWURQLF D ,QVWLWXWXOXL�GH�)L]LF $WRPLFD� �,)$��GLQ�%XFXUHúti1, unde lucrau câteva grupuri remarcabile de cercetatori si inJLQHUL��RULHQWD L SH�WUHL�domenii majore: electroQLFD�DSOLFDWD�LQ�IL]LFD�QXFOHDU � DSDUDWXUD�HOHFWURQLFGH�P VXUDUH�úL�FRQWURO�úL�FDOFXO�HOHFWURQLF��KDUGZDUH�VL�VRIWZDUH���3HULRDGD�PHQ LRQDW � GH�vQFHSXW, HVWH�LPSRUWDQW SHQWUX�RULHQW ULOH�GLQ�LQY PkQW�úicercetare în domeniul informaticii, in special, prin:

- FRQVROLGDUHD� úi dezvoltarea colectivelor de la IFA în domeniul FRQVWUXF LHL� GH� FDOFXODWRDUH� QXPHULFH�� LQFOXVLY� SH� ED] GH� Wranzistoare, cu XWLOL]DUHD� ORU� vQ� FHOH� PDL� GLIHULWH� GRPHQLL� � n special, pentru calcule technico-LQJLQHUHúti);

- SHUIHF LRQDUHD�SULQ�GRFWRUDW�D�VSHFLDOLVWLORU�QHFHVDUL�SUHJ WLULL� vnGRPHQLXO�FDOFXODWRDUHORU��FDUH�WUHEXLD�V vQFHDS D[kQGX-se pe trei domenii GH� ED] � FLUFXLWH� úi dispozitive pentru calculatoare; calculatoare numerice; FDOFXODWRDUH�DQDORJLFH�úi hibride. 3URIHVRUXO� 0LKDL� 'U J QHVFX (n.1929-), (m.c. 1974, membru WLWXODU� ������ SUHúHGLQWHOH�$FDGHPLHL�5RPkQe 1990-������ D� FUHDW� R� úFRDOURPkQHDVF GH� GLVSR]LWLYH� HOHFWURQLFH� VHPLFRQGXFWRDUH� úL� GH�PLFURHOHFWURQLF �����-199���� DYkQG� FRQWULEX LL� RULJLQDOH� vQ� VROX LRQDUHD�XUP WRDUHORU�SUREOHPH�WHRUHWLFH�� LQIOXHQ D VDUFLQLL�HOHFWULFH�VSD LDOH�DVXSUD�FDSDFLW LORU� GLQWUH� HOHFWUR]LL� WXEXULORU� HOHFWURQLFH (1953 - 1960); circuite HOHFWURQLFH� QHOLQLDUH� úL� LQIOXHQ D QHOLQHDULW LL� FDSDFLW LL� GLVSR]LWLYHORU�electronice asupra oscilatorilor electronici (1956 - 1958); teoria WUDQ]LVWRUXOXL� OD�QLYHOH�PDUL�GH� LQMHF LH� ������ - 1962); efecte inductive la dispozitive semiconductoare (1961 - 1965); teoria diodei dielectrice (1964-

1 Institutul. de Fizica Atomica (IFA), cea mai reprezentativa institutite de FHUFHWDUH�VWLLQWLILF GLQ�GRPHQLXO�HOHFWURQLFLL� LQ�DQLL�¶���VL�¶���DL�VHFROXOXL�trecut, reprezenta un� LGHDO� DO� UHSDUWL LHL� SHQWUX� DEVROYHQWLL� )DFXOWD LL� GH�HOHFWURQLFD��VLQJXUD�IDFXOWDWH�FX�DFHVW�SURILO�GLQ� DU vQ�DFHD�SHULRDG �

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1965); în eWDSD� PLFURHOHFWURQLFLL�� D� FUHDW� R� QRX GLVFLSOLQ � (OHFWURQLFD�IXQF LRQDO �����-������� /D� ³]LGLUHD´� úFROLL� URPkQHúWL� GH� GLVSR]LWLYH�HOHFWURQLFH� úL� GH� PLFURHOHFWURQLF DX� FRQWULEXLW� úL� SXEOLFDUHD� GH� YROXPH�(Circuite cu tranzistoare -1961, în colab.; Electronii la lucru -1961; Procese electronice în dispozitive semiconductoare de circuit -1962, pentru care a primit, în 1964, Premiul de Stat, fiind unul din primele volume din domeniu DS UXWH� LQ� OXPH�� (OHFWURQLFD� &RUSXOXL� 6ROLG -����� ú�D���; vQILLQ DUHD� GH�uniW L GH�FHUFHWDUH��,QVWLWXWXO�GH�FHUFHW UL�SHQWUX�FRPSRQHQWH�HOHFWURQLFH - 1969, pe care l-a condus ca director în perioada 1969-1970, Institutul &HQWUDO�SHQWUX�&RQGXFHUH�úL� ,QIRUPDWLF - ICI-1971, pe care profesorul l-a condus în perioada 1976–1985). M� 'U J QHVFX�HVWH�SLRQLHU�úL�SURPRWRU�DO�UHYROX LHL�LQIRUPDWLFH�vQ�5RPkQLD� FRQFHSkQG� R� QRX WHRULH� D� LQIRUPD LHL� SH� ED]H� VWUXFWXUDO-IHQRPHQRORJLFH� úL� HOHPHQWH� FRQFHSWXDOH� SULYLQG� 6RFLHWDWHD� LQIRUPDWLF vQ�România (1970 – 2001). Ideile care l-DX�F O X]LW�DX fost editate în volumele: ³6LVWHP� úL� &LYLOL]D LH´� �������� ³$� �-D 5HYROX LH� ,QGXVWULDO ´� ”Microelectronica, automatica, informatica-IDFWRUL� GHWHUPLQDQ L´� ��������³,QIRUPDWLFD� úL� VRFLHWDWHD´� ������� ú�D�� $� HGLWDW� YROXPHOH�� ³,QWHOLJHQ DDUWLILFLDO úL� URERWica” (1983); “Viitorul industriei de programe” (1985); ³&DOFXODWRDUHOH� HOHFWURQLFH� GLQ� JHQHUD LD� D� FLQFHD´� �������� ú�D��� úL� D�SUHY ]XW��vQF GLQ�DQXO�������DSDUL LD�VRFLHW LL�FXQRDúWHULL�>�@�

În anul 1953 a început epopeea calculatoarelor electronice romkQHúWL�� � ÌQ� DFHO� DQ�� dr. Victor Toma (n.1918), (m.o. al Academiei Române, 1993) a lansat proiectul primului calculator românesc cu tuburi, UHDOL]DW�DSRL�OD�,QVWLWXWXO�GH�)L]LF $WRPLF 2 GLQ�%XFXUHúWL��

În anii 1958-����� OD� ,QVWLWXWXO� GH� (QHUJHWLF DO� $FDGHmiei s-a realizat un calculator analogic performant cu câteva zeci de amplificatoare RSHUD LRQDOH� úL� HOHPHQWH� QHOLQLDUH�� IRORVLW� vQ� FHUFHW ULOH� FRQGXVH� GH� V.M. Popov (n. 1928, m.c. al Academiei Române - 1963), care a fundamentat

2 În perioada 1953-������ 9�� 7RPD� D� UHDOL]DW� vQ� FDGUXO� ,)$� XUP WRDUHOH�calculatoare: CIFA-1, calculator electronic numeric cu 1500 tuburi, SUH]HQWDW� OD� H[SR]L LD� GH� OD� 'UHVGD� vQ� ����� úL� SXV� vQ� IXQF LXQH� vQ� ������CIFA-2, calculator electronic numeric realizat în 1959; CIFA-3, calculator electronic numeric cu care a fost dotat în 1960 Centrul de Calcul al 8QLYHUVLW LL�GLQ�%XFXUHúWL. În anii 1962-1963, Dr.Victor Toma a realizat în %XOJDULD�� vQ� FDGUXO� $FRUGXOXL� GH� FRODERUDUH� LQWHUDFDGHPLF � FDOFXODWRUXO�Vitosha, pe baza calculatorului CIFA-3. În 1964 a realizat calculatorul electronic cu tranzistori, cu memorie din ferite, CET-500, iar în 1967 tipul CET-501.

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SULQFLSLXO�KLSHUVWDELOLW Li sistemelor, recunoscut pe plan mondial cu numele DXWRUXOXL��SXEOLFkQG�vQ�DQXO������SULPD�OXFUDUH�FDUH�PDUFKHD] FRQWULEX LD�VD� GH� SLRQLHUDW� vQ� DFHVW� GRPHQLX�� ,QHGLWXO� RSHUHL� OXL� 3RSRY� FRQVW vQ�XWLOL]DUHD� HFXD LLORU� LQWHJUDOH� vQ� ORFXO� PHWRGHL� IXQF LHL� /LDSXQRY� úL��UH]XOWDWXO� DFHVWHL� LQL LDWLYH� D� IRVW� FULWHULXO� IUHFYHQ LDO� GH� VWDELOLWDWH� FDUH� vQ�SUH]HQW� vL� SRDUW QXPHOH�� ÌQ� DQXO� ������ (GLWXUD� $FDGHPLHL� 5RPkQH� D��publicat monografia lui V.M. Popov „Hiperstabilitatea Sistemelor Automate” care s-a impus prin patru fapte teoretice remarcabile: teoria SR]LWLYLW LL�� WHRULD� KLSHUVWDELOLW LL�� vQJOREDUHD� SUREOHPHORU� GH� VWDELOLWDWH�DEVROXW vQ� SUREOHPDWLFD� KLSHUVWDELOLW LL� úL� HQXQ DUHD� FHORU� ��� FRQGL LL�echivalente de controlabilitate, dintre care cea de-a 12-a exSULP DúD�numitul criteriu de controlabilitate Popov-Belevitch-Hautus. /D� ,QVWLWXWXO� 3ROLWHKQLF� 7LPLúRDUD� V-a realizat în anul 1961 calculatorul cu tuburi electronice MECIPT-� �0DúLQ (OHFWURQLF GH�&DOFXO�,QVWLWXWXO�3ROLWHKQLF�7LPLúRDUD���LDU��vQ������úL�1968, Vasile Baltac (n.1940) a construit calculatoarele complet tranzistorizate MECIPT-� úL�0(&,37-3. �5RPkQLD�D�IRVW�D�úDVHD�� DU GLQ�OXPH�FDUH�D�FRQVWUXLW��vQ�FRQFHS LH�SURSULH��XQ�FDOFXODWRU�FX� WXEXUL�HOHFWURQLFH�� úL�D���-D DU FDUH�D�FRQVWUXLW���de aVHPHQHD��vQ�FRQFHS LH�SURSULH��XQ�FDOFXODWRU�FX�WUDQ]LVWRUL�>�@� ,QVWLWXWXO� GH�&DOFXO�1XPHULF� GLQ�&OXM�� vQILLQ DW� vQ� DQXO� ������ VXE�conducerea profesorului Tiberiu Popoviciu (1906-1975), (m.c. al Academiei 5RPkQH�� ������� D� DYXW� R� VHF LH� GHGLFDW PDúLQLORU�de calcul care, în anul ������ D� vQFHUFDW� V FRQVWUXLDVF XQ� FDOFXODWRU� FX� UHOHH� HOHFWURPHFDQLFH��UHDOL]kQG� XQ� PRGHO� H[SHULPHQWDO� 0$5,&$� �0DúLQ $ULWPHWLF DInstitutului de Calcul al Academiei). În perioada 1959-1963, la Institutul de Calcul Numeric s-a construit calculatorul DACICC 1(Dispozitiv Automat de Calcul al Institutului de Calcul din Cluj), cu tuburi electronice, WUDQ]LVWRDUH� úL� PHPRULH� FX� IHULWH� �R� UHSUoducere-SDU LDO� WUDQ]LVWRUL]DW aMECIPT-1), iar în anul 1968 calculatorul DACICC 200, complet tUDQ]LVWRUL]DW��OLYUDW�,QVWLWXWXOXL�&HQWUDO�GH�&HUFHW UL�$JULFROH�>�@� $XWRPDWHOH� GLVFUHWH� FRQVWLWXLH� XQ� DOW� GRPHQLX� vQ� FDUH� VSHFLDOLúWLL�români au adus contrLEX LL�LPSRUWDQWH��vQ�OLWHUDWXUD de specialitate vorbindu-VH� GHVSUH� ³ùFRDOD� GH� OD� %XFXUHúWL´�� Leon Livovschi (n.1921) a utilizat primul, pe plan mondial,� FDOFXOXO� LPSOLFD LLORU� OD� SURLHFWDUHD� FLUFXLWHORU�DXWRPDWH� FX� FRQWDFWH� úL� UHOHH� ������� úL� HVWH� úL� DXWRUXO� XQRU� PHWRGH� GH�UHSUH]HQWDUH�SULQ�JUDIXUL� D� HYROX LHL� DXWRPDWHORU� VHFYHQ LDOH�� HODERUkQG�� vQ�aceVW� VHQV�� úL� DOJRULWPL� GH� DQDOL] úL� VLQWH] D DXWRPDWHORU� VHFYHQ LDOH��Studiul automatelor discrete s-D I FXW� LQL LDO� SULQ� XWLOL]DUHD� ORJLFLL�matematice clasice. Gr.C. Moisil (1906-1973, academician 1948) a extins acest instrument matematic, utilizând imaginarele lui Galois (1954),

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VWXGLLQG�� GH� DVHPHQHD�� SH� OkQJ HOHPHQWHOH� GH� WLS� UHOHX� ELSR]L LRQDO� úL�HOHPHQWH�GH�WLS�YHQWLO��GLRGH���FD�úL�UHOHH�FX�HOHPHQWH�LQWHUPHGLDUH��FULRWURQL�etc. [11]. ([LVWHQ D XQRU� FDOFXODWRDUH� GLJLWDOH� D� FRQGXV� úL� OD� FHUFHW UL� vQ�GRPHQLXO�SURJUDP ULL��'H�PHQ LRQDW�OXFUDUHD�³*UDPDWLFL�úL�DXWRPDWH�ILQLWH´ (1964) a academicianului Solomon Marcus (n.1925, m.c. al Academiei Române - 1993, academician - 2001), GLVWLQV FX�SUHPLXO�³7LPRWHL�&LSDULX”al Academiei Române [8]. În 1975, la CenWUXO�GH�FDOFXO�DO�8QLYHUVLW LL�GLQ�%XFXUHúWL� D� IRVW� GHILQLW� úL� LPSOHPHQWDW� XQ� QRX� OLPEDM� GH� SURJUDPDUH�GHQXPLW� 38%/�� HODERUDW� vQ� GRX YDULDQWH�� XQD� SHQWUX� FDOFXODWRUXO� ,%0��������úL�D�GRXD�SHQWUX�FDOFXODWRDUHOH�GLQ�IDPLOLD�)HOL[� 6SHFLDOLúWLL� URPkQL� vQ�GRPHQLXO�DXWRPDWLFLL�DX�RE LQXW�UH]XOWDWH� vQ�]RQH� YDULDWH� DOH� DFHVWHL� úWLLQ H�� 'H� PHQ LRQDW� FHUFHW ULOH� DFDG�� Aurel Avramescu (1903-1985), (m.c.al Academiei Române - 1955, academician - 1963),�SULYLQG�RSWLPL]DUHD�IXQF LRQDO D VLVWHPHORU�DXWRPDWH��³1RL�FULWHrii SHQWUX�FDUDFWHUL]DUHD�FRPSRUW ULL�OD�WUDQVIHU�D�VLVWHPHORU�DXWRPDWH´ (1960), “Un nou criteriu integral cumulativ de optimizare a sistemelor automate” (1961), “Un nou criteriu integral practic de optimizare a sistemelor automate” (1962). În anul 1972, Acad. Aurel Avramescu a prezentat o FRPXQLFDUH� >�@� vPSUHXQ FX�PHPEULL� FRUHVSRQGHQ L��Gh. Cartianu (1907-1982) (m.c. al Academiei Române - 1963), C. Penescu (n.1919), (m.c. al Academiei Române - 1963), Matei Marinescu (1903-1983), (m.c. al Academiei Române - 1948),� LQWLWXODW „'LUHF LL� SURULWDUH� GH� FHUFHWDUH� vQ�HOHFWURQLF � DXWRPDWLF úL� LQIRUPDWLF ”.� ÌQ� DFHODúL� DQ� ������ $XUHO�Avramescu a publicat lucrarea, Ä5ROXO� HQWURSLHL� úL� HQHUJLHL�LQIRUPD LRQDOH´[10] în care WUDWHD] GHILQLUHD� HQWURSLHL� LQIRUPD LRQDOH� GeF WUH� 6KDQQRQ�� FX� LQWHUSUHW UL� RULJLQDOH� OHJDWH� GH� LQIRUPD LD� UHOHYDQW úL�UHGXQGDQW �FXQRVFXW VROLFLWDQWXOXL��D�XQHL�VXUVH�LQIRUPD LRQDOH��GXS GRXdecizii dH VHOHF LH��7UDWHD] úL�QR LXQHD�GH�HQHUJLH�LQIRUPD LRQDO � LQWURGXVde Octav Onicescu (1892-1983, m.c. al Academiei Române - 1938, academician - ��������SHQWUX�DSUHFLHUHD�FDOLW LL��FDSDFLW LL�úL�HILFLHQ HL�XQXL�VLVWHP� LQIRUPD LRQDO�� 7RDWH� DFHVWH� QR LXQL� VXQW� DSOLFDWH� SUREOHPHORU� GH�LQIRUPDWLF GRFXPHQWDU F URUD�$XUHO�$YUDPHVFX� OH-a dedicat o parte din activitatea sa. &HUFHW ULOH�URPkQHúWL�vQ�GRPHQLXO�LQWHOLJHQ HL�DUWLILFLDOH�DX�vQFHSXW�vQ� DQXO� ����� FkQG� (GPRQG� 1LFRODX� D� FRQFHSXW� R� PHWRG GH� VWDELOLUH�DXWRPDW D WHRUHPHORU�vQ�ORJLFD�ERROHDQ � ÌQ������DX�IRVW�FRQVWUXLWH�SULPHOH�PDúLQL� GH� YRUELW� úL� UHFXQRVFXW� YRUELUHD� �(GPRQG� 1LFRODX�� ,� :HEHU�� 6W��*DY W�� LDU�� XOWHULRU�� 0�%HOLú� D� FRQVWUXLW� XQ� DXWRPDW� FH� UHFXQRúWHD� IRUPH�VFULVH�úL�D�GH]YROWDW�R�WHRULH�D�vQQY ULL��

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6

3ULPHOH�FHUFHW UL�GH�JUDPDWLF FRQVLGHUDWH�GLQ�SXQFWXO�GH�YHGHUH�DO�DXWRPDWL] ULL� WUaducerii textelor �������VH�GDWRUHD] , la noi, lui Grigore C. Moisil care s-a ocupat, în special,�GH�YHUEXO�vQ�OLPED�URPkQ � Erika Nistor a HODERUDW� DOJRULWPL� SHQWUX� WUDGXFHUHD� DXWRPDW GLQ� HQJOH] vQ� URPkQ úL� D�efectuat în 1959,� OD� 7LPLúRDUD, primele traduceri de acest fel. Minerva %RFúD� �Q�������� XWLOL]kQG� SURJUDPH� GH� FRQFHS LH� SURSULH�� D� GHWHUPLQDW�FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH� XQRU� WH[WH� vQ� PDL� PXOWH� OLPEL�� URPkQ � UXV � JHUPDQ �XUP ULQG� IUHFYHQ D OLWHUHORU�� HQWURSLD� GH� RUGLQDO� ,�� OXQJLPHD� PHGLH� D�FXYLQWHORU� úL� IUazelor, raportul logaritmic vocabular-WH[W�� IUHFYHQ DFXYLQWHORU�úL�VWXGLXO�YRFDEXODUXOXL�HWF�>��@���

Între anii 1965-1969, Constantin Bulucea (n.1940, m.o. al Academiei Române - 2001) a fost autorul primului proiect românesc de tranzistor planar din silicLX�úL�DSRL, SH�ED]D�UH]XOWDWHORU�RE LQXWH, a dezvoltat R úFRDO GH� vQDOW� QLYHO� GH� SURLHFWDUH� úL� WHKQRORJLH� GH� IDEULFD LH� SHQWUX�WUDQ]LVWRDUH�GLQ�VLOLFLX��FLUFXLWH�LQWHJUDWH�OLQLDUH�úL�FLUFXLWH�LQWHJUDWH�GLJLWDOH�026�/6,�� $� IRQGDW� &RQIHULQ D DQXDO GH� VHPLFonductori (CAS), una din FHOH� PDL� SUHVWLJLRDVH� FRQIHULQ H úWLLQ LILFH� QD LRQDOH�� GHYHQLW DSRL�FRQIHULQ LQWHUQD LRQDO ,(((�� FDUH� FRQWLQX úL� D]L� Constantin Bulucea a HIHFWXDW�OXFU UL�GH�SLRQLHUDW�vQ�GRPHQLXO�GH�PDUH�LPSRUWDQ DO�IHQRPHQHORU�GH� SXUW WRUL� ILHUELQ L�� VLPXODUHD� GLVSR]LWLYHORU� úL� D� SURFHVHORU� ORU� GH�IDEULFD LH�� D� DGXV� FRQWULEX LL� OD� DUKLWHFWXUD� úL� WHKQRORJLD� GLVSR]LWLYHORU�VHPLFRQGXFWRDUH�VXEPLFURQLFH�úL�D�HODERUDW, în colaborare cu Adrian Rusu(n.1946, m.c. al Academiei Române, 1994), o teorie a tranzistorului cu LQGXF LH�VWDWLF � FX�SULRULWDWH�vQ�GRPHQLX�� 'XS DQXO� ����� H[LVWDX� vQ� DUD� QRDVWU � vQ� GRPHQLXO� HOHFWURnic, FDGUH�GLGDFWLFH�FDSDELOH�V SUHJ WHDVF VSHFLDOLúWL�LQ�GRPHQLXO�LQIRUPDWLFLL��(la FacXOWDWHD� GH� (OHFWURQLF úL� 7HOHFRPXQLFD ii din Institutul Politehnic Bucuresti - ,3%��0LKDL�'U J QHVFX��0��3HWUHVFX��$��3HWUHVFX��0��*XUDQ��OD�Institutul Politehnic Timisoara: Al. Rogojan, I. Kaufmann, W. Lowenfeld, etc.; la Universitatea Bucuresti: Gr. Moisil, N. Teodorescu, P. Constantinescu� úL� DO LL��� 6SHFLDOLúWLORU� GLQ� vQY PkQW� OL� V-DX� DO WXUDW�� vQ�DFHDVW QRELO PLVLXQH��VSHFLDOLúWL�GLQ�SODWIRUPD�,)$�- 0 JXUHOH��9��7RPD��A. Segal, I. Zamfirescu, etc����SUHFXP�úL�XQLL�PDQDJHUL�GLQ�LQVWLWX LL�RILFLDOH�úi industrie (V. Iancovici, N. Sucitulescu). ,Q� DQXO� ������ SURIHVRUXO� 0LKDL� 'UDJ QHVFX� vPSUHXQ FX�DFDGHPLFLDQXO�1LFRODH�7HRGRUHVFX��HODERUHD] úL�SURSXQ�FRQGXFHULL� ULL�XQ�PHPRULX� SULYLQG� LQWURGXFHUHD� úL� XWLOL]DUHD� FDOFXODWRDUHORU� HOHFWURQLFH� vQ�HFRQRPLD� úL� VRFLHWDWHD� URPkQHDVF � 8Q� DQ� PDi târziu, profesorul Mihai 'UDJ QHVFX�D�FRQGXV�XQ�FROHFWLY�IRUPDW�GLQ�0LUFHD�3HWUHVFX��1��&RVWDFKH��9�� ,DQFRYLFL� úL� 1�� 6XFLWXOHVFX�� FDUH� D� HODERUDW� ´3URJUDPXO� GH� GRWDUH� D�

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7

HFRQRPLHL�QD LRQDOH�FX�HFKLSDPHQWH�PRGHUQH�GH�FDOFXO�úL�GH�DXWRPDWL]DUH�D�SUHOXFU ULL datelor”. 3HULRDGD� HODERU ULL� SURJUDPXOXL� D� IRVW� R� SHULRDG GH� FRQIUXQW UL�vQWUH�GRX JUXSH�FRQVWLWXLWH�GLQ�IDFWRUL�GH�FRQGXFHUH�SROLWLF úL�VSHFLDOLúWL�SH�mai multe planuri: conceptual, tehnoORJLF�� PDQDJHULDO�� 3UHVLXQLORU� úicontroverselor în plan tehnLF� úL� DO� VHOHFW ULL� SDUWHQHULORU� LQWHUQD LRQDOL�� vQ�special din cadrul CAER, dominat de URSS, li s-au adaugat tensiunile interne provRFDWH�GH�RUJROLLOH�XQRU�LQVWLWX LL�úi persoane din sfera deciziilor OD�QLYHO�QD LRQDO�� ,Q�SHULRDGD�HODERU rii programului amintit s-au constituit doi poli ai puterii decizionale:

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¾ unul în sfHUD� vQY PkQWXOXL�� FHUFHW ULL� úi industriei� VXV LQXW� úipromovat de Consiliul de Ministri, având ca suport profesional ingineri, pURLHFWDQWL�� WHKQRORJL� úL� FHUFHW WRUL� vQ� GRPHQLXO� HOHFWURQLFLL� úL� WHKQLFLL� GH�FDOFXO�� SUHFXP� úL� R� PDUH� SDUWH� GLQ� FDGUHOH� GLGDFWLFH� GLQ� XQLYHUVLW LOH�WHKQLFH� FDUH� VXV LQHDX� RULHQWDUHD� PRGHUQ � GH� DFFHOHUDUH� D� LQWURGXFHULL� úiutiOL] ULL�FDOFXODWRDUHORU��LQGHSHQGHQW�GH�RULHQWDUHD�&$(5��FDUH�SUHVXSXQHD�stagnarea.

Grupul din sfHUD�vQY PkQWXOXL��FHUFHW ULL�úi industriei, s-a angajat total îQ VXV LQHUHD�RULHQW ULL� DFFHOHUDWH� VSUH� DVLPLODUHD�XQRU� FDOFXODWRDUH� úicomponente de generatia a III-a, utili]DELOH� vQ�PRG�SHUIRUPDQW� FKLDU� úL� vnIRORVXO�HFRQRPLúWLORU�VWDWLVWLFLHQL�FDUH��GH�DOWIHO��DF LRQDX�I U FRQYLQJHUH�úiargumentD LH�WHPHLQLF � ILLQG�LQFLWD L úL�VXV LQX L��XQHRUL�vQ�PRG�GHVFKLV��GH�cei care faceau un joc dublu intre cei doi poli ai controverselor, acreditându-úL�FRQMXQFWXUDO�DSDUWHQHQ D OD�XQ�JUXS�VDX�DOWXO��ÌQ�FHOH�GLQ�XUP � D�RE LQXW�FkúWLJ� GH� FDX] SROXO� GHFL]LRQDO� GLQ� VIHUD� vQY PkQWXOXL�� FHUFHW ULL� úiindustriei.

La 22 iunie 1967, “Programul privind dotarea economiei QD LRQDOH�FX�HFKLSDPHQWH�PRGHUQH�GH�FDOFXO�úL�SUHOXFUDUHD�GDWHORU´�D�IRVW�DGRSWDW�LDU�OD���QRLHPEULH������VH�vQILLQ HD] ³&RPLVLD�JXYHUQDPHQWDO SHQWUX�GRWDUHD�economiei nationale cu� HFKLSDPHQWH� PRGHUQH� GH� FDOFXO� úi automatizarea prelucrarii datelor“ , având� FD� SUHúHGLQWH� SH� ,�� 9HUGH , prim vice-prim PLQLVWUX´� úL� DO� F UXL� 6HFUHWDULDW� SHUPDQHQW� HUD� FRQGXV� GH� SURI�� 0��'U J QHVFX��

ÎQ DFHVWH�FRQGLWLL��SH�R�SHULRDG GH�DSURDSH�SDWUX�DQL������-1971), Secretariatul Permanent al Comisiei Guvernamentale a realizat principalele

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8

RULHQW UL� VWUDWHJLFH� GLQ� SURJUDPXO�PHQ LRQDW�� UHDOL]kQGX-se obiective care DX�PDUFDW�DWkW�HYROX LD�XOWHULRDU D GRPHQLXOXL��FkW�úL�FDULHUD�D�]HFL�GH�PLL�dH VSHFLDOLúWL� FDUH� V-au format în domeniul informaticii (practic, începând din anii 1965/66).

Pentru realizarea programului a fost nevoie ca Secretariatul permanent al CRPLVLHL� V DFFHSWH� FRQIUXQW UL� úi dezbateri deschise cu JUXSXULOH� GH� VSHFLDOLúWL�� FDUH� LúL� SXWHDX� DGXFH� FRQWULEX LD� OD� VXFFHVXO�SURJUDPXOXL��SH�ED]D�XQHL�FRQFHS LL�XQLWDUH��DGDSWDWH�UHVWULF LLORU�LPSXVH�GH�FRQGL LLOH�VRFLDO�- HFRQRPLFH�úL�SROLWLFH�DOH�SHULRDGHL��XUP ULQG�VLVWHPDWLF�realizarea XUP WRDUHORU�RELHFWLYH�

¾ Asimilarea îQ IDEULFD LH�D�XQXL�FDOFXODWRU�GH�JHQHUDWLD�D�,,,�- a. Calculatorul IRIS 50, adaptat în România sub numele de Felix

C256, s-a fabricat îQ )UDQ D GXSD�FDOFXOatorul SDS 960, fiind realizat în anul ����� GH� XQ� JUXS� GH� VSHFLDOLúWL� FDUH� OXFUDVHU OD� ,%0�� OD� SURLHFWXO� 6WUHWFK��,%0��������SH�ED]D�F UXLD�V-a realizat familia de calculatoare IBM 360. Asimilarea noiloU WHKQRORJLL� VH� I FHD� VLPXOWDQ� vQ� )UDQ D úL�5RPkQLD��LDU�IDEULFD LD�úi utilizarea calculatorului (IRIS 50) Felix C256 au ULGLFDW�SUREOHPH�DWkW�OLFHQ LDWRUXOXL��FkW�úL�OLFHQ LDWXOXL��Ìn plus, calculatorul ILLQG� QRX�� QX� DYHD� R� VIHU ODUJ GH� XWLOL]DUH�� Iapt care a impus eforturi

deosebite în realizarea programelor aplicative pentru diferite domenii, programe care nu se puteau importa, nefiind compatibile cu software-ul de ED] � FX�XWLOLWDUHOH�úL�VLVWHPHOH�GH�JHVWLXQH�DOH�ILúLHUHORU�úi bazelor de date realizate pentru calculatorul Felix C256. )DEULFD LD� FDOFXODWRUXOXL� vQ� 5RPkQLD� D� SUHVXSXV� UHDOL]DUHD� PDL�multor investitii: ,QWUHSULQGHUHD� GH� FDOFXODWRDUH� HOHFWURQLFH� SHQWUX� IDEULFD LD�sistemului de calcul Felix C256, în platforma inGXVWULDO 3LSHUD�� GLQ�BuFXUHúWL�

Intreprinderea de memorii pe ferite, la Timisoara; IQWUHSULQGHUHD�SHQWUX�UHSDUDUHD�úL�vQWUH inerea utilajelor de calcul

(IIRUC), în platforma Pipera; Intreprinderea de HFKLSDPHQWH�SHULIHULFH� �)(3(5��úL�6RFLHWDWHD�PL[W 5RP&RQWURO'DWD� �5&'��� SULPD� úL� VLQJXUD� VRFLHWDWH�PL[W � UHDOL]DW

cu WHKQRORJLH�DPHULFDQ � vQ�IRVWHOH� UL�VRFLDOLVWH�vn domeniul IT. ÎQ FRQGL LLOH�PHQ LRQDWH��vQ�OHJ WXU FX�OLFHQ D SURFXUDW GLQ�)UDQ D��DX�FLUFXODW�GLYHUVH�S UHUL�úL�FRPHQWDULL��6HFUHWDULDWXO�3HUPDQHQW�DO�&RPLsiei D IRVW� VXSXV� PXOWRU� FULWLFL� úL� DWDFXUL� U XYRLWRDUH�� FKLDU� GLQ� SDUWHD� XQRU�SHUVRDQH�FDUH�HUDX� OD�FXUHQW�FX�FRQGL LLOH�GH�HPEDUJRX�LPSXVH� OD� OLFHQ HOH�

de calculatoare care ar fi reprezentat o solu LH�PDL�EXQ SHQWUX�DVLPLODUHD�vnfabrica ie.

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9

Sistemul de calcul FELIX C-256 avea un sistem de operare SIRIS-� úL� HUD� XQ� VLVWHP� RII-OLQH� FX� DFRUGDUH� VHFYHQ LDO , de timp,� GLYHUúLORU�utilizatori (batch-SURFHVVLQJ��� /XFUDUHD� GH� SURFHVDW� WUHEXLD� FRQFHSXW úL�SUHJ WLW vQ�DOW SDUWH�úL�DSRL�VH�UXOD�SH�FDOFXODWRU��Srin alocarea unui timp FDOFXODWRU�ILHF UXL�XWLOL]DWRU��$FHVW�PRG�GH�OXFUX�SUHVXSXQHD�H[LVWHQ D XQXL�RILFLX�VDX�FHQWUX�GH�FDOFXO��XQGH�XWLOL]DWRULL�YHQHDX�V -úL�UXOH]H�SURJUDPHOH�SH�FDOFXODWRU��/D�vQFHSXW��DFHVW�VLVWHP�GH�OXFUX�D�GDW�VDWLVIDF LH��XOWHULRU��din PRWLYH�RUJDQL]DWRULFH��GH�WLPS��GLVWDQ � DX�vQFHSXW�V DSDU SUREOHPH�úL��FD�urmare, critici destul de vehemente la adresa celor care au militat pentru SURFXUDUHD�OLFHQ HL�� $]L�� OD� DSURDSH� ��� GH� DQL� � GH� OD� vQFKHLHUHD� OLFHQ HL�� UHGXFkQG�problema strict numai la aspectul ei tehnic, de specialitate, se pot aprecia XUP WRDUHOH�

- 'DF QX�VH�SUHOXD�OLFHQ � 5RPkQLD��FDUH�GLVSXQHD�GH�XQ�JUXS�GH� VSHFLDOLúWL� FX� R� SUHJ WLUH� DGHFYDW � QX� DU� IL� SXWXW� UHDOL]D� vQWU-un timp relativ scurt, un sistem comparabil din punct de vedere tehnologic, al SHUIRUPDQ HORU�KDUG��DO�VLVWHPXOXL�GH�RSHUDUH�úL�DO�VRIWXOXL�GLVSRQLELO�

- 3URFXUDUHD� OLFHQ HL� D� FRQGXV�� VXSOLPHQWDU�� OD� � UHDOL]DUHD�XUP WRDUHORU�DYDQWDMH� � A facilitat formarea, într-XQ� WLPS� UHODWLY� VFXUW�� D� XQXL� QXP U

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¾ Punerea în valoare a calculatorului asimilat în fabricatie, prin realizarea de programH DSOLFDWLYH��SULQ�SURLHFWDUHD� úL� UHDOL]DUHD�XQXL�FDGUX�LQVWLWX ional corespunzator prin:

- CreDUHD� ,QVWLWXWXOXL� GH� FHUFHWDUL� vQ� LQIRUPDWLF (ICI), care avea responsabilitatea prHOX ULL� OLFHQ eL SHQWUX�SURJUDPHOH�DSOLFDWLYH�úL�UHDOL] Uii LQ� DU D XQHL� ELEOLRWHFL� QD LRQDOH� GH� SURJUDPH�� GXS PRGHOXO� (3/�(European Program Library) al firmei IBM. Institutul Central pentru &RQGXFHUH� úL� ,QIRUPDWLF D FRQWULEXLW� HIHFWLY� OD� vQGUXPDUHD� DFWLYLW LL�úWLLQ LILFH� GLQ� LQIRUPDWLF VSUH� QRL� GLUHF LL�� LQWHOLJHQ D DUWLILFLDO � URERWLFD��

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10

LQIRUPDWLFD�LQGXVWULDO � SUHFXP�úL�PDQDJHPHQWXO�XQRU�DF LXQL�FD��IDEULFDUHD�vQ� DU GH� FLUFXLWH� LQWHJUDWH� úL� FDOFXODWRDUH� HOHFWURQLFH� GH� JHQHUD LD� D� ,,,-a trecerea României de la germaniu la etapa siliciului [2], implementarea în DUD� QRDVWU � vQ� SHULRDGD� ����-1985, a “Programului privind dotarea HFRQRPLHL� QD LRQDOH� FX� HFKLSDPHQWH� PRGHUQH� GH� FDOFXO� úL� SUHOXFUDUHD�GDWHORU´�� SULPXO�SURJUDP�GH� LQIRUPDWL]DUH� D� HFRQRPLHL� QD LRQDOH� úL� FDUH� D�IRVW� XQXO�GLQWUH�FHOH�PDL�PDUL�SURJUDPH� WHKQRORJLFH�DOH� ULL� vQ�GRPHQLLOH�FLUFXLWHORU�LQWHJUDWH��FDOFXODWRDUHORU�HOHFWURQLFH�úL�LQIRUPDWLFLL�>�@���

- CrHDUHD�XQXL�FHQWUX�GH�LQVWUXLUH�úL�SHUIHF LRQDUH�D�VSHFLDOLúWLORU�pentru utilizarea calculatoarelor în cadrul ICI.

- Crearea unor centre teritoriale pentru servicii de prelucrare DXWRPDW D GDWHORU� úL� SUHJ WLUHD� VSHFLDOLúWLORU� OD� YLLWRULL� EHQHILFLDUL� GH�calculatoare din teritoriu, realizate pe� ED]D� XQRU� SURLHFWH� WLS�� vQ� GRXvariante, implementatH OD� 7LPLVRDUD�� &OXM�� ,DúL�� 3LWHúWL� úL� 3ORLHúWL�� FDUH�urmau sa fie generalizate în toate capitalele de judet.

- &UHDUHD� XQRU� FHQWUH� GH� FDOFXO� vQ� LQVWLWXWHOH� GH� vQY PkQW�superior din marile centre universitare, în institute de cercetare-SURLHFWDUH�úL�în întreprinderi reprezentative din marile platforme industriale.

¾ &RRUGRQDUHD�DFWLYLW LL�GH�FRODERUDUH� LQWHUQD LRQDO vQ�GRPHQLXO�tehnicii de calcul. ÌQ� DQXO� ������ IRVWD� 8QLXQH� 6RYLHWLF D SURSXV� FD� ULOH� PHPEUH�CAER V IRUPH]H�R�&RPLVLH�LQWHUJXYHUQDPHQWDO pentru tehnica de calcul, PHQLW V UHDOL]H]H�R�FRRSHUDUH�LQGXVWULDO SHQWUX�UHDOL]DUHD�XQHL�IDPLOLL�GH�FDOFXODWRDUH��5,$'��FRPSDWLELO FX�IDPLOLD�,%0������FDUH�GLVSXQHD��OD�DFHD�GDW � GH�FLUFD�����GLQ�SLD D PRQGLDO D FDOFXODWRDUHORU�PHGLL�- mari.

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Guvernamentale pentru dotarea econRPLHL� QD LRQDOH� FX� HFKLSDPHQWH�PRGHUQH�GH�FDOFXO�úL�DXWRPDWL]DUHD�SUHOXFU ULL�GDWHORU��D�FRQGXV�OD�0RVFRYD�R GHOHJD LH� JXYHUQDPHQWDO URPkQ SHQWUX� D� SDUWLFLSD� OD� WUDWDWLYH� SULYLQG�FRQVWLWXLUHD�&RPLVLHL�LQWHUJXYHUQDPHQWDOH�SHQWUX�WHKQLF GH�FDOFXO�D� ULORrVRFLDOLVWH�� 'H� OD� vQFHSXWXO� vQWkOQLULL�� SDUWHD� VRYLHWLF DQXQ F � vQWUXFkW�VXYHUDQLWDWHD� ULORU�VRFLDOLVWH�HUD�OLPLWDW � 8QLXQHD�6RYLHWLF D KRW UkW��úL�vQ�QXPHOH� DFHVWRU� UL�� FRQVWLWXLUHD�&RPLVLHL� LQWHUJXYHUQDPHQWDOH�PHQ LRQDWH�úL�F úHGLQ D OD�FDUH�VH�SDUWLFLSD�HUD��vQ�IDSW���SULPD�úHGLQ D DFHVWHL�FRPLVLL��'DWRULW SR]L LHL�GHOHJD LHL�5RPkQLHL��FDUH� V-a opus punctului de vedere al S U LL�VRYLHWLFH��VH�UHYLQH�OD�UHVSHFWDUHD�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQD LRQDO�úL�VH�WUHFH�OD�tratative. 3R]L LLOH�URPkQ úL�VRYLHWLF DX�U PDV�GH�DWXQFL�GLYHUJHQWH�vQ�FHHD�FH� SULYHúWH� GH]YROWDUHD� WHKQLFLL� GH� FDOFXO�� ÌQ� DU V-D GHFLV� FRQWLQXDUHD� úL�ILQDOL]DUHD�WUDWDWLYHORU�FX� ULOH�RFFLGHQWDOH��ÌQ�ILQDO�V-au încheiat tratativele FX� )UDQ D�� SULYLQG� SUHOXDUHD� XQHL� OLFHQ H SHQWUX� SURGXF LD� vQ� DU GH�FDOFXODWRDUH�GH�JHQHUD LD�,,,-a. 3URIHVRUXO� 0LKDL� 'U J QHVFX�� VHFUHWDUXO� SHUPDQHQW� DO� &RPLVLHL�Guvernamentale, a semnat acordul de cooperare în domeniul informaticii vQWUH�5RPkQLD�úL�)UDQ D���8UPDUH�D�UHVWULF LLORU�LPSXVH�GH�68$�OD�LPSRUWul XQRU� FDOFXODWRDUH� SHUIRUPDQWH� QHFHVDUH� SURJUDPHORU� PLOLWDUH�� VSD LDOH��QXFOHDUH� úL� XQRU� GRPHQLL� GH� YkUI� DOH� HFRQRPLHL� �DYLD LH�� HQHUJHWLF � HWF.), )UDQ D D�GHFLV�IDEULFD LD�XQHL�IDPLOLL�GH�FDOFXODWRDUH�LQ�FDGUXO�³3URJUDPXOXL�&DOFXO´�� 5RP QLD� D� IRVW� DFFHSWDW GH� )UDQ D FD� SDUWHQHU� vn realizarea primului model de calculator din familia IRIS (IRIS 50) al firmei Compagnie International pour l’Informatique (CII) $FRUGXO�VHPQDW�FX�)UDQ D��D�DYXW�FDUDFWHU�VHFUHW�vQ�DFHOH�WLPSXUL�úL�s-a referit la colaborarea româno-IUDQFH] vQ� WRDWH� GRPHQLLOH� RULHQW rii VWUDWHJLFH��DFHVW�OXFUX�ILLQG�SRVLELO�DWkW�GDWRULW YL]LWHL�LQ�5RPkQLD��LQ�������a Generalului Ch. de Gaule, cât úL� SR]L LHL� DXWRQRPH� D� )UDQ HL� vn cadrul NATO. 'XS DVLPLODUHD�vQ�IDEULFD LH�D�VHULHL�]HUR�D�FDOFXOatorului Felix C 256, s-au inceput tratativele de aderare la activitatea Comisiei LQWHUJXYHUQDPHQWDOH�SHQWUX�WHKQLF GH�FDOFXO��vQ�FDUH�5RPkQLD�úL-D FkúWLJDW�R SR]L LH�GH�SUHVWLJLX�PDL�WkU]LX��SULQ�IDEULFD ia de minicalculatoare pe baza WHKQRORJLHL� OLFHQ iDWH� úi a echipamnetelor periferice realizate in cadrul VRFLHW ii mixte RCD, care se comercializau în ruble convertibile, procedeu neacceptat cu alte ri.

¾ Promovarea de princLSLL� úL� LGHL� RULHQWDWLYH� FDUH� V ghideze DFWLYLW LOH�RSHUDWLYH�úL�V SHUPLW VWabilirea unor concepte pentru crearea XQXL�VLVWHP�QD LRQDO�LQIRUPDWLF�

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În anul 1969, Secretariatul Permanent al Comisiei Guvernamentale D HODERUDW� XQ� VWXGLX� FDUH� D� DQDOL]DW� úL� VROX LRQDW�� OD� DFHHD� GDW � SUREOHPD�GRW ULL� FX� WHKQLFD� GH� FDOFXO� D� vQWUHSULQGHULORU� � LQGXVWULDOH� úL� XQLW LORU�HFRQRPLFH� vQ� JHQHUDO�� D� FHQWUDOHORU� LQGXVWULDOH�� D� PLQLVWHUHORU� úL� D� DOWRU�RUJDQH�DOH�DGPLQLVWUD LHL�GH�VWDW��6WXGLXO�D� LQWURGXV�FRQFHSWXO�GH�FHQWUX�GH��FDOFXO�GH�vQWUHSULQGHUH��FD�XQ�FRPSDUWLPHQW�SURSULX�DO�XQLW LL�GH�DQDOL] úL�programare. In studiu s-D HYLGHQ LDW�� GH� DVHPHQHD�� IDSWXO� F VLVWHPXO�QD LRQDO� LQIRUPDWLF� XQLWDU� DO� ULL� SUHVXSXQHD� R� VWUXFWXU vQ� FDUH� vQWUHJXO�VLVWHP�LQIRUPD LRQDO� V DLE XQ�FDUDFWHU� LQWHJUDW��FRUHODW�FX�R�VWUXFWXU � GH�DVHPHQHD��LQWHJUDW � D�YHULJLORU�HFRQRPLFH�úL�VRFLDOH�

Secretariatul Permanent al Comisiei Guvernamentale pentru GRWDUHD� HFRQRPLHL� QD LRQDOH� FX� HFKLSDPHQWH� PRGHUQH� GH� FDOFXO� úL�DXWRPDWL]DUHD� SUHOXFU ULL� GDWHORU�� HYDOXkQG�� vQ� PRG� FRUHFW�� GLILFXOW LOH�GRPHQLXOXL� LQIRUPDWL] ULL�� D� SURPRYDW� SULQFLSLL� úL� LGHL� RULHQWDWLYH� FDUH� DX�JKLGDW� DFWLYLW LOH� RSHUDWLYH� úL� DX� SHUPLV� VWDELOLUHD� XQRU� FRQFHSWH� SHQWUX�FUHDUHD�XQXL�VLVWHP�QD LRQDO�LQIRUPDWLF� – ,GHHD� IXQGDPHQWDO FD� XQ� VLVWHP� QD LRQDO� LQIRUPDWLF� XQLWDU� QX�

poate fi creat dintr-R GDW � FL� Wrebuie constituit treptat, evolutiv, prin parcurgerea unor etape în� FDUH� VH�FDS W VXILFLHQW H[SHULHQW LQIRUPDWLF �SULQ�DGDSW UL��vPEXQ W LUL�úL�UHWXú UL�VXFFHVLYH��

– $VLJXUDUHD�FRPSDWLELOLW LL�VXEVLVWHPHORU�LQIRUPDWLFLL� – Antrenarea utilizatorilor, inclusiv a conducerilor administrative, la

toate nivelXULOH��vQ�WRDWH�ID]HOH��GH]YROW rii unui sistem informatic; – Crearea unui sistem de transmisii de date prin utilizarea atât a OLQLLORU� GH� WHOHFRPXQLFD LL� H[LWHQWH�� FkW� úL� SULQ� LQVWDODUHD� XQRU� PDJLVWUDOH�

specializate pentru transmisii de date. În perioada 1970 -�������SURIHVRUXO�0LKDL�'UDJ QHVFX�D�SXEOLFDW�R VHULH� GH� VWXGLL� SULYLQG� VRFLHWDWHD� úL� LQIRUPDWLFD�� VWXGLL� FXSULQVH� DSRL� vQ�

voluPXO� ³6LVWHP� úL� FLYLOL]D LH´�� DS UXW� vQ� ������ ÌQ� DFHVWH� VWXGLL�� vQF Gin ����� D� VXV LQXW� LGHHD� XQHL� ´UHYROX LL� LQIRUPDWLFH´�� D� SUH]HQWDW� SULQFLSLL� úL��idei orientative pentru crearea unui sistem informatic economico-social, FDUH� V IXQF LRQH]H� úL� XQ� VLVWHP� LQIRUPDWLF� FHW HQHVF�� ÌQWU-un studiu SXEOLFDW�� vQ� YROXPXO� PHQ LRQDW� DQWHULRU�� 0LKDL� 'UDJ QHVFX� VFULD�� ´$FHVW�SURFHV��FDUH�D�vQFHSXW�vQ�D�GRXD�MXPDWDWH�D�VHFROXOXL�;;��WLQGH�V FUHH]H�vQ�VRFLHWDWH� R� VWUXFWXU LQIRUPDWLF XQLWDU FDUH� V GHVHUYHDVFD� vQ� FHOH� GLQ�XUP �

– SH�ILHFDUH�FHW HDQ��FX�SXWHUH�GH�FDOFXO�úL�PHPRULL�DX[LOLare pentru DXWRHGXFD LD�VD��SUHFXP�úL�UHOD LL�FX�VWUXFWXULOH�VRFLHW LL�GLQ�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�HFRQRPLF��FXOWXUDO�PHGLFDO��MXULGLF�úL�VRFLDO�HWF� 2PXO�VH�YD�J VL�QX�QXPDL�

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într-XQ� PHGLX� HFRORJLF� úL� VRFLDO�� GDU� úL� vQWU-un mediu informatic, care va schimba modul V X GH�YLD ;

– ILHFDUH� XQLWDWH� RUJDQL]DWRULF � DWkW� vQ� PRGXO� HL� GH� IXQF LRQDUH�LQWHUQ � FkW�úL�vQ�UHOD LLOH�FX�RUJDQL]D LLOH�H[WHULRDUH� – VRFLHWDWHD�úL�HFRQRPLD�vQ�DQVDPEOX��SHQWUX�FRQGXFHUHD�DFHVWRUD�vQ�

scopul atingerii obiectivelor fixate; – UHOD LLOH�GLQWUe state.” In anii 1970/71 s-D LQFKHLDW�HWDSD�GHWHUPLQDQW D FUH ULL�vQ�5RPkQLD�

a unei baze industULDOH� PRGHUQH� SHQWUX� LQIRUPDWLF úi pentru utilizarea FDOFXODWRDUHORU�GLQ�JHQHUD ia a III - a, într-un interval istoric scurt (4 - 5 ani), care a reprezentat un record pentru acea perioad [7]. Programul elaborat în 1967 a fost primul program de informatizare în România, care a trasat liniile GLUHFWRDUH� DOH� DFWLYLW LORU� GLQ� GRPHQLXO� LQIRUPDWLFLL� SkQ vQ� DQXO� ����� úL�FDUH��D�FXQRVFXW�XQHOH�PRGLILF UL�úL�DG ugiri în anul 1971. Vremurile nu au IRVW� IDYRUDELOH� vQV GH]YROW ULL� LQIRUPDWLFH� vQ� 5RPkQLD�� OD� VFDUD�SRWHQ LDOXOXL�� DVWIHO� F vQ� DUD� QRDVWU QLFL�� vQ� DFHOH� WLPSXUL�� QX� V-au putut UHDOL]D�úL�SULRULW L SUDFWLFH�SHQWUX�GH]YROWDUHD�WHKQRORJLHL�LQIRUPD LHL� 6LWXD LD� GH� DVW ]L� GLQ� GRPHQLXO� LQIRUPDWLFLL� URPkQHúWL�GHPRQVWUHD] FkW�GH�YDORURV��D�IRVW�FRQFHSWXO�GH�´PDFURVLVWHP�VRFLHWDO´���DO�SURIHVRUXOXL� 0LKDL� 'U J QHVFX� GH� FUHDUH� D� XQXL� VLVWHP� LQIRUPDWLF� XQLWDU�QD LRQDO� úL� FkW� GH� DEHUDQW DF LXQHD� HFKLSHL�� FDUH� în 1971, s-D DQJDMDW� VUHDOL]H]H�XQ�VLVWHP�LQIRUPDWLF�QD LRQDO�vQWU-un timp record. 2GDW FX�GHVILLQ DUHD�&RPLVLHL�*XYHUQDPHQWDOH�vQFHSH�R�SHULRDGGH� FRQIX]LH� RUJDQL]DWRULF vQ� GRPHQLXO� LQIRUPDWLFLL�� FkQG� DX� DS UXW�SDUDOHOLVPH�vQ�DFWLYLWDWHD�GHVI úXUDW � OHJ WXUL�GH�VXERUGRQDUH�FRPSOLFDWH�úL�LQHILFLHQWH��PDQLIHVW UL�VXELHFWLYH��LQH[SOLFDELOH���DOH�XQRU��SHUVRQDOLW L GLQ�GRPHQLX�� $� IRVW� R� SHULRDG vQ� FDUH� S UHUHD� VSHFLDOLúWLORU� QX� D� PDL� � IRVW�VROLFLWDW VDX�QX�D�PDL�FRQWDW�� 'LQ� FDX]D� QHvQ HOHJHULL� YDORULL� SULQFLSLLORU� úL� LGHLORU� RULHQWDWLYH�HODERUDWH� GH� &RPLVLD� *XYHUQDPHQWDO SUHFXP� úL� D� IHQRPHQXOXL� UHDO� DO�GH]YROW ULL� GRPHQLXOXL� LQIRUPDWLF�� vQ� ����� SROXO� SXWHULL� GHFL]LRQDOH� GLQ�VIHUD� SROLWLF D FRQYLQV� FRQGXFHUHD� VWDWXOXL� URPkQ� F VLVWHPXO� QD LRQDO�infoUPDWLF� DU� IL� UHDOL]DELO� vQ� QXPDL� Fk LYD� DQL�� 6XSUDOLFLWDUHD� UHDOL] ULL�VLVWHPXOXL� LQIRUPDWLF� QD LRQDO�� � vQ� FRIUXQWDUH� FX� UHDOLWDWHD�� D� FRPSURPLV��GXS DQLL ¶���� LGHHD�GH� VLVWHP� LQIRUPDWLF�QD LRQDO� úL� FRQGXFHUHD�QX� D�PDL�DFRUGDW� LQYHVWL LL� GRPHQLXOXL� LQIRUPDWLF� úL� V-a interzis importul pe devize convertibile,�LQFOXVLY�DO�FRPSRQHQWHORU�SHQWUX�IDEULFD LH�� /D� QLYHO� QD LRQDO�� OLSVD� XQRU� PLMORFH� ILQDQFLDUH� VXILFLHQWH� úL�QHFHVLWDWHD� GHS úLULL� XQRU� GLILFXOW L OHJDWH� GH� SXQHUHD� vQ� IXF LXQH� úL� GH�vQWUH LQHUHD�HFKLSDPHWHORU�úL�D�VLVWHPHORU�GH�RSHUDUH�DX�REOLJDW�VSHFLDOLúWL�vQ�

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GRPHQLX�V UH]ROYH�DFHVWH�SUREOHPH� vQ�PRG�FUHDWLY��SULQ� VROX LL� WHKQLFH� úL�RUJDQL]DWRULFH�RULJLQDOH��&X�WRDWH�DFHVWHD��OLSVD�XQXL�FDGUX�QRUPDWLY�FDUH�Vreglementeze în mod stimulativ domeniul a� I FXW� FD� LQGXVWULD� URPkQHDVFGH�WHKQLF GH�FDOFXO��GHúL�vQFHSXVH�vQ�EXQH�FRQGL LL�FDUH�SUHYHGHDX�IUXPRDVH�SHUVSHFWLYH�� V QX� GHYLQ FRPSHWLWLY SH� SODQ� HXURSHDQ� LDU� LQGXVWULD�URPkQHDVF GH�SURJUDPH�V QX�VH�GH]YROWH�OD�QLYHOXO�FUHDWLY�DO�VSHFLDOLúWLORU�din domeniu. Acest fapt a determinat emigrarea informaticienilor români. În prezent� VXWH� GH� DVHPHQHD� VSHFLDOLúti au un rol important în domeniul tehnologiei infomaticii din SUA, Canada, Franta, Germania, Australia, etc. ,PSRUWXO� GH� WHKQLF GH� FDOFXO� D� IRVt, practic, sistat în România, de la începutul anilor ’70, iar importul de componente electronice din vest - de la începutul anilor ’80. ÌQ�SHULRDGD�PHQ LRQDW DX�IRVW�WRWXúL�UHDOL]DWH��FX�PXOWH�GLILFXOW L��PDL� PXOWH� VLVWHPH� LQIRUPDWLFH� GHVWLQDWH� DSOLFD iilor microeconomice (de exemplu: gestiunea stocurilRU� úL� D� PLMORFHORU� IL[H��� DVLVW ULL� DGPLQLVWUD LHL�SXEOLFH� �HYLGHQ D LPSR]LWHORU�� UHJLVWUHORU� XQLW LORU� HFRQRPLFR-VRFLDOH� úL�teritorial-administrative, consumurilor specifice materiale pe produse etc.). $X�IRVW�UHDOL]DWH�úL�VLVWHPH�LQIRUPDWLFH�GH�SURFHV�FDUH�DX�IRVW�LPSOHPHQWDWH�OD� GLIHULWH� vQWUHSULQGHUL� LQGXVWULDOH�� ÌQ� IDSW�� DSOLFD LLOH� LQIRUPDWLFH� la nivel PLFURHFRQRPLF�� GHúL� FRQ LQHDX� SUHPLVHOH� LQWHJU ULL�� DX� RIHULW� PDL� PXOW�imaginea unor insule decât S U L LQWHJUDQWH�DOH�XQRU�VLVWHPH�� /LQJYLVWLFD� PDWHPDWLF D EHQHILFLDW� GH� DSRUWXO� XQRU� VSHFLDOLúWL�LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUL�FDUH�DX�GHVFKLV�QRL�GLUHF LL�GH�FHUFHWDUH��Solomon Marcus aSXEOLFDW� vQ� ����� PRQRJUDILD� ³3RHWLFD� PDWHPDWLFD´�� WUDGXV vQ� PDL� PXOWH�limbi�GH�LQWHQV FLUFXOD LH��úL�D�LQL LDW�FX�UH]XOWDWH�VHPQLILFDWLYH�FHUFHW UL�vQ�XUP WRDUHOH�GLUHF LL��XWLOL]DUHD�PRGHOHORU�GLVWULEX LRQDOH�DOJHEULFH�vQ�VWXGLXO�OLPELORU� QDWXUDOH� �������� WHDWURORJLH�PDWHPDWLF �������� VWXGLXO� VHPLRWLFLL�formale a folclorului (�������VWXGLXO�PDWHPDWLF�DO�PX]LFLL�úL�DUWHORU�YL]XDOH���DSOLFD LL�DOH�PRGHOHORU�OLQJYLVWLFR-PDWHPDWLFH�vQ��FKLPLD�RUJDQLF � ELRORJLH��economie, psihologie, teoria limbajelor de programare etc. [14].

În perioada 1973-1974, la IPRS - % QHDVD��'DVF OX�'DQ (n.1942, m.c. al Academiei Române - 1990, academician - 1993), a contribuit la UHDOL]DUHD� úL� H[SHULPHQWDUHD� vQ� DU D SULPHORU� GLVSR]LWLYH� GH� PLFURXQGH-GLRGHOH� ,03$77� FX� VLOLFLX�� DVLPLODWH� vQ� IDEULFD LH�� H[FOXVLY� SULQ� HIRUW�propriu. În perioada 1976-1988 a condus la IPRS-IPB un colectiv de FHUFHWDUH� DVXSUD� IL]LFLL� úL� WHKQRORJLHL� FRQWDFWXOXL� PHWDO-semiconductor XWLOL]DW� vQ� FRQVWUXF LD� GLVSR]LWLYHORU� VHPLFRQGXFWRDUH� úL� D� FLUFXLWHORU�LQWHJUDWH�� 5H]XOWDWHOH� FHUFHW ULL� DX� IRVW� SXEOLFDWH� OD� (GLWXUD� $FDGHPLHL�Române, în 1988, în lucrarea “Contactul metal-semiconductor în PLFURHOHFWURQLF ´��

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8OWHULRU��GXS DQLL�¶���DL�VHFROXOXL�;;���LQGXVWULD�QD LRQDO GH�WHKQLFGH� FDOFXO� D� FRQWLQXDW� V VH� GH]YROWH�� DX� IRVW� FRQVWUXLWH� PLQLFDOFXODWRDUH��electronice compatibile DEC PD3 ��� úL� 9$;� ����� PLFURFDOFXODWRDUH�HOHFWURQLFH� FRPSDWLELOH�� 63(&7580� úL� ,%0-3&� PRGHO� ;7� �FRQFHS LH�proprie). De asemenea, s-DX�SURGXV�XQLW L SHULIHULFH��LPSULPDQWH��SORWWHUH��YLGHRWHUPLQDOH�� XQLW L GH� PHPRULH� H[WHUQ FX� GLVFXUL� DPRYLELOH� HWF��� vQ�intreprLQGHUL�GH�SURILO��vQILLQ DWH�vQ�DFHVW�VFRS�OD�%XFXUHúWL��)&(��)(3(5��úL�7LPLúRDUD��)0(&7&���SUHFXP�úL�OD�LQWUHSULQGHUHD�PL[W 5RP�&RQWURO�'DWD�%XFXUHúWL� /D�,QVWLWXWXO�SHQWUX�$XWRPDWL] UL��DX�IRVW�HODERUDWH�SHQWUX�LQGXVWULH�PLFURFDOFXODWRDUHOH� (&$520� úL� 6,DET, care s-au fabricat la FEA - %XFXUHúWL� úL� OD� ,(,$� – Cluj-Napoca. Au fost concepute, de asemenea, VLVWHPH� GLVWULEXWH� úL� DXWRPDWH� SURJUDPDELOH�� LQWURGXVH� vQ� IDEULFD LH� OD�,QWUHSULQGHUHD� $XWRPDWLFD� %XFXUHúWL� úL� D� IRVW� DVLPLODW� vQ� PLFURSURGXF LH�industrial VLVWHPXO�PRGXODW�$06��FDUH��SULQWUH�DOWHOH��D�HFKLSDW�úL�LQVWDOD LD�GH�DXWRPDWL]DUH�D�PHWURXOXL�%XFXUHúWHDQ� ùFRDOD� URPkQHDVF GH� WHRULH� PDWHPDWLF D VLVWHPHORU� DXWRPDWH��GHVFKLV GH� 9�0�� 3RSRY� SULQ� WHRULD� KLSHUVWDELOLW LL� VLVWHPHORU� D� IRVW�GH]YROWDW de Vlad Ionescu (1938-2000, m.c. al Academiei Române - 1996). &RQWULEX LLOH� VDOH� OD� úWLLQ D VLVWHPHORU� VXQW� LPSRUWDQWH� vQ� GRPHQLXO� WHRULHL�generale a sistemelor cu rezultate deosebite privind sistemele optimale, al WHRULHL�VLVWHPHORU�GH�UHJODUH�DXWRPDW � Dl teoriei structurale a sistemelor, al WHRULHL� VLJQDWXULL� FRQWLQXDW FX� WHRULD� UREXVWH LL� FDUH� V-au bucurat prin RULJLQDOLWDWH� úL� ILQH H DQDOLWLF GH� R� DWHQ LH� VSHFLDO vQ� OLWHUDWXUD de VSHFLDOLWDWH�LQWHUQD LRQDO �7HRULD� VLVWHPHORU� DXWRPDWH� úL� LQIRUPDWLFH� D� IRVW� GH]YROWDW GH��Florin Gh. Filip (n.1947, m.c. al Academiei Române - 1991, academician - 1999), care a deschis în România noi domenii de cercetare: proiectarea DVLVWDW GH� FDOFXODWRU� D� FRQILJXUD iilor de echipamente pentru sisteme informatice în timp real (1972-1974); dezvoltarea de algoritmi originali în teoria grafurilor; realizarea unuia din primele pachete GH�SURLHFWDUH�DVLVWDWde calculator; sisWHPH� LHUDUKL]DWH�GH�RSWLPL]DUH� úi conducere (1974-1990); propunerea unor legi� GH� FRRUGRQDUH� RQ� OLQH� úi a unor algoritmi pentru VLVWHPHOH� FX� VWUXFWXUD� UDU úL� SDUDPHWULL� UHODWLYL� FRQVWDQ i. Principala sa UHDOL]DUH� SUDFWLF FRQVW vQ� IDPLOLD� GH� VLVWHPH� VXSRUW� SHQWUX� GHFL]LL��GHQXPLW ',63(&(5�������-1982).

Horia Nicolai Teodorescu ( n.1951, m.c. al Academiei Române - 1993), a abordat în 1988 problema oscilatorilor fuzzy, introducând primul V\VWHP�IX]]\�FX�UHDF LH�GH�OD�DFHD�YUHPH��3ULQ�OXFU ULOH�VDOH�D�FRQWULEXLW�OD�FRQVROLGDUHD�úFROLL�URPkQH�GH�VLVWHPH�IX]]\�úL�LQWHOLJHQ DUWLILFLDO �

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În 1974,�FHUFHW WRUXO�&�9�1HJRL �Q��������D�SXEOLFDW�vPSUHXQ FX�'�$�5DOHVFX�R�OXFUDUH�GH�SLRQLHUDW�GLQ�GRPHQLXO�PXO LPLORU�YDJL��IX]]\��úL�D DSOLFD LLORU�SRVLELOH�DOH�DFHVWRUD��3ULQ�UHSXEOLFDUHD�HL�vQ�PDL�PXOWH�OLPEL�GH�FLUFXOD LH��OXFUDUHD�D�GHYHQit, pe plan mondial, în domeniul fuzzy, o lucrare GH� UHIHULQ � ÌQ� DQXO� ����, ,QVWLWXWXO� &HQWUDO� GH� ,QIRUPDWLF D RUJDQL]DW�SULPXO� VLPSR]LRQ�QD LRQDO�GH� LQWHOLJHQ DUWLILFLDO � 8Q�FROHFWLY�FRQGXV�GH�DFDGHPLFLDQ�0LKDL�'U J QHVFX�úL�IRUPDW�GLQ�VSHFLDOLúWL�Gin IPB, Academia 7HKQLF 0LOLWDU � ,7&�� ,QVWLWXWXO� 3ROLWHKQLF� ,DúL� V-D RFXSDW� GH� DQDOL]D� úL�VLQWH]D� VHPQDOXOXL� YRFDO� úL� D� SXEOLFDW, în 1986,� XQ� YROXP� GH� VLQWH] vQ�(GLWXUD�$FDGHPLHL�5RPkQH��ÌQ�������D�IRVW�UHDOL]DW � SHQWUX�SULPD�RDU vQ�5RPkQLD��R�PDúLQ GH�LQWHOLJHQ DUWLILFLDO GHQXPLW ',$/,63��GH�F WUH�XQ�colectiv condus de *K��ùWHIDQ (n.1948),�GLQ�,QVWLWXWXO�3ROLWHKQLF�%XFXUHúWL� Produse concrete (sistem expert, instruibil,�DVRFLDW�FX�XQ�VLVWHP�GH�vQY DUH�DXWRPDW � DX� IRVW� HODERUDWH� vQF GLQ� DQXO� ����� >��@� GH� F WUH� Gheorghe Tecuci (n. 1954, m.c. al Academiei Române - 1991, academician - 1993), produse care au fost dezvoltate (sistemul DISCIPOL) apoi la George Mason 8QLYHUVLW\� vQ� 68$�� 'XS FH� D� FRQVWDWDW� F ³vQY DUHD� HVWH� XQ� SURFHV�cognitiv în cea maL PDUH� P VXU QHFXQRVFXW´�� *K� 7HFXFL� DUDW úL�GHPRQVWUHD] SULQ� VLVWHPXO� V X F ³IRUPH� HIHFWLYH� GH� vQY DUH� DXWRPDWsunt posibile” [13]. Primul VLVWHP� GH� GLDORJ� LQ� OLPED� URPkQ � ED]DW� SH� R� SUHOXFUDUH�JURVLHU a OLPEDMXOXL� �DQDOL]D�PRUIRORJLF XUPDW GH� R� DQDOL] VLQWDFWLFR-VHPDQWLF JKLGDW de o PXOWLPH� GH� úabloane dependente de domeniul GLVFXUVXOXL��D�IRVW�UHDOL]DW�OD�,&,�vQ�DQXO������GH�F WUH�XQ�FROHFWLY�FRQGXV�GH�'DQ� 7XILú (n.1954, m.c. al Academiei Române - 1997) [16]. Sistemul folosea tehnicile demonVWU rii automate în calculul predicatelor de ordin 1 FD� WHKQLF LQIHUHQ LDO vQ� JHQHUDUHD� UDVSXQVXULORU� OD� vQWUHEDUL�� 2� YDULDQWvPEXQ W LW a sistemului� QXPLW 6'/5� �Sistem de Dialog în Limba 5RPkQ ��� ILQDOL]DW în 1983, aducea ca element de noutate explicitarea UHSUH]HQW ULL� VHPDQWLFH� D� DQDOL]HL� úi intHUSUHW ULL� vQWUHEDULORU� SULQ� UH HOH�VHPDQWLFH� GH� WLS� HYHQLPHQ LDO�� 2� QRX abordare a sistemului,� FO GLW SH�JUDPDWLFL� VHPDQWLFH�� QXPLW ,85(6�� D� FRQVWLWXLW� QX� QXPDL� R� SUHPLHUQDWLRQDO dar, în multe priviQ e� SUH]HQWD� VROX ii inedite pe plan mondial. $VWIHO�� VFKHPD� GH� UHSUH]HQWDUH� D� FXQRúWLQ HORU� UHDOL]D� R� vPELQDUH� D�metodelor de reprezentare declarative cu cele procedurale. În o a doua versiune, sistemul IURES a incorporat metode originale de navigare într-o UH HD� VHPDQWLF FX� PRúWHQLUH� PXOWLSO úi a fost� RPRORJDW� LQWHUQD LRQDO� vQ�������ÌQ�DFHODúi an el a fost vândut în URSS, fiind primul produs românesc GH�LQWHOLJHQ artificiala exportat [17].

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În paralel cu activitatea în domeniul prelucrarii limbajului natural, 'DQ�7XILú�D�UHDOL]DW�úL�XQ�PHGLX�GH�SURJUDPDUH�IXQFWLRQDOD��QXPLW�7&-LISP care s-a impus în DU ca produs standard pe minicalculatoare pentru prRJUDPDUHD�vQ�GRPHQLXO�LQWHOLJHQ ei artificiale. Sistemul TC-LISP prezenta o serie de concepte de programare iQHGLWH� vQ� SURJUDPDUHD� /,63�� VSD ii virtuale multiple, aritmetica "chirurgicala", utilizarea controlata de utilizator a memoriei virtuale, programare paralela etc. TC-LISP a fost omologat LQWHUQDWLRQDO� vQ� DQXO� ����� úi exportat în fosta URSS (devenind, astfel, al doilea produs românesc de inteligenta artificiala valorificat la export). Implementarea TC-/,63� UHSUH]LQW � GXSD� DSUHFLHULOH� XQRU� VSHFLDOLúti, una dintUH� FHOH� PDL� SXWHUQLFH� LPSOHPHQW ri din lume pentru minicalculatoare [18].

În 1989, Gh. 3 XQ (n. 1950, m.c. al Academiei Române - 1997), devenit unul dintre liderii domeniului gramaticilor cu dHULYDUH�FRQWURODW � D�SXEOLFDW� vPSUHXQ cu J. Dassow, monografia “Regulated Rewriting in Formal Language Theory”, Springer, Berlin, 1989, care a devenit o lucrare de referin VWDQGDUG�vn domeniu. ([SHULHQ D URPkQHDVF vQ� GRPHQLXO� LQIRUPDWLFLL� D� SRUQLW� GH� OD�FHULQ HOH� VRFLHW LL� QRDVWUH� úL� V-a cristalizat în jurul conceptului de Sistem ,QIRUPDWLF� 1D LRQDO�� D� F UXL� SURLHFWDUH� úL� UHDOL]DUH� QX� SXWHDX� IL� GH� WLS�iQJLQHUHVF��FL�GH�WLS�´PDFURVLVWHP�VRFLHWDO´��FDUH�VH�GH]YROW FX�XQ�FDUDFWHU�aproape biologic. /D� QLYHO� QD LRQDO�� OLSVD� XQRU� PLMORFH� ILQDQFLDUH� VXILFLHQWH� úL�QHFHVLWDWHD� GHS úLULL� XQRU� GLILFXOW L OHJDWH� GH� SXQHUHD� vQ� IXF LXQH� úL� GH�vQWUH LQHUHD�HFKLSDPHWHORU�úL�D�VLVWHPHORU�GH�RSHUDUH�DX�REOLJDW�VSHFLDOLúWL�vQ�GRPHQLX�V UH]ROYH�DFHVWH�SUREOHPH� vQ�PRG�FUHDWLY��SULQ� VROX LL� WHKQLFH� úL�RUJDQL]DWRULFH�RULJLQDOH��$VWIHO��vQ�vQWUHSULQGHULOH�GH�SURGXF LH�GH�WHKQLF GH�FDOFXO� úL� vQ� LQVWLWXWHOH�GRWDWH� FX� WHKQLF de calcul s-au format colective de VSHFLDOLúWL�FX�R�SUHJ WLUH�SURIHVLRQDO GHRVHELW �

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Gh. Cartianu (1907-1982, m.c. al Academiei Române - 1963) este FRQVLGHUDW� FUHDWRUXO� úFROLL� URPkQHúWL� GH� UDGLRFRPXQLFD LL�� $� vQWHPHLDW� úL��FRQGXV� úFRDOD� GH� PRGXOD LH� GH� IUHFYHQ � D� UHDOL]DW� SULPHOH� LQVWDOD LL�URPkQHúWL� GH� HPLVLH� GH� UDGLR� FX� PRGXOD LH� GH� IUHFYHQ FX� FDUH�� vQ� DQLL�1947-1950, s-au transmis primele emisiuni de radiodifuziune, pe unde PHWULFH�� vQ� 5RPkQLD�� D� FUHDW� SULPXO� UHOHX� H[SHULPHQWDO�� FX� PRGXOD LH� GH�IUHFYHQ � SH� XQGH� PHWULFH� �������� D� FRQVWUXLW� XQ� GLVSHFHU� UDGLRWHOHIRQLF�SHQWUX� JDOHULL� GH� PLQ � FX� DSHO� VHOHFWLY ������� úL� XQHOH� VLVWHPH de WUDQVPLWHUH�D�RUHL�H[DFWH�� ÌQ�GRPHQLXO� VWDELOLW LL� VLVWHPHORU�FX� UHDF LH� VDX�FX�UH]LVWHQ QHJDWLY úL�DO�FRQGL LLORU�GH�SURGXFHUH�D�RVFLOD LLORU�vQ�VLVWHPH�liniare, Gh. &DUWLDQX�D�GHWHUPLQDW�F VWDELOLWDWHD�XQXL�VLVWHP�vQ�DSURSLHUH�GH�FRQGL LLOH� VDOH� OLPLW VSUH� LQVWDELOLWDWH� HVWH� GHWHUPLQDW GH� VHPQXO�SURGXVXOXL�GLQWUH�UH]LVWHQ D FLUFXLWXOXL�úL�GHULYDWD�UHDFWDQ HL�OXL�vQ�UDSRUW�FX�IUHFYHQ D >��@��

În perioada 1978 - 1986, 'DQ� 'DVF OX a condus un colectiv de cercetare care a realizat în 1981 prima traQVPLVLH� UDGLR� vQ� IUHFYHQ H VXSUD�vQDOWH� �6+)��� ÌQ� ������ DFHODúL� FROHFWLY� D� UHDOL]DW� SULPHOH� HFKLSDPHQWH�complete de emisie-UHFHS LH� vQ� 6+)� LDU� vQ� ����� V-D RPRORJDW� R� YDULDQWSHUIHF LRQDW D DFHVWRU�HFKLSDPHQWH�GHVWLQDW LQWHUFRQHFW ULL�FDOFXODWRDUHORU��CoOHFWLYXO� FRQGXV� GH� 'DQ� 'DVF OX� D� UHDOL]DW� vQ� ����-����� úL� XQHOH�radiorelee digitale de microunde. ÌQ�5RPkQLD�� LQWURGXFHUHD� WUDQVPLVLLORU� GH� GDWH� úL� D� ,QWHUQHWXOXL� D�început în 1971 când Marius Guran (n. 1936) a demarat, la Institutul Central de InformatiF �,&,�, SULPHOH�VWXGLL�SULYLQG�UH HOHOH�GH�FDOFXODWRDUH�>��@��ÌQ�DQXO������DX�IRVW� � IDEULFDWH�SULPHOH�PRGHPXUL� URPkQHúWL� �,3$��úL�WHVWDUHD� OLQLLORU� GH� WHOHFRPXQLFD LL� GLQ� 5RPkQLD� SHQWUX� WUDQVPLVLD� GH� GDWH��,&,�úL�077F��� LDU� vQ������� OD�,&,�V-a realizat o� UH HD� ORFDO (LAN) pentru LQWHUFRQHFWDUHD�FDOFXODWRDUHORU�vQ�UH HOH�SH�]RQH�UHVWUkQVH��DF LXQH�ILQDOL]DWSULQ�SURLHFWXO�&$0(/(21��vQ�FDGUXO�F UXLD�DX�IRVW�UHDOL]DWH�FRPSRQHQWHOH�hardware si software necesare LQWHUFRQHFW ULL� ORFDOH� D� PLFUR� úiminicalculatRDUHORU�� UH HDXD� ILLQG� RPRORJDW FX� VXFFHV�� ÌQ� ������ ,&,� �vQ�FRODERUDUH�FX�077F��FRQVWLWXLH�UH HDXD�5(1$'-5(12&�FX���QRGXUL��UH HD�care va cuprinde, în 1989,�XQ�QXP U GH����QRGXUL�RSHUD LRQDOH�>��@� 5HDOL]DUHD�SULPHL�UH HOH�QD LRQDOH�GH�FDOFXODWRDUH�HOHFtronice, prin SURLHFWXO� 5(1$&�5(12'�� GHQXPLW� 81,5($� vQ� HWDSD� ILQDO � D� IRVW� XQ�succes care a condus la acordarea premiului „Traian Vuia” al Academiei 5RPkQH�vQ�DQXO�������$�IRVW�XQ�SURLHFW�XULDú��FDUH�D�UHXúLW�V LQWHUFRQHFWH]H�trei noduri, folosind comuta LD� GH� SDFKHWH� GH� GDWH�� OD� FDOFXODWRDUH� PHGLL-mari (main-IUDPH��� PLFURFDOFXODWRDUH� úL� PLQLFDOFXODWRDUH�� ([SHULPHQWXO�81,5($�D� UHXúLW� V LQWHUFRQHFWH]H�SULQ� WUDQVPLVLL�GH�GDWH��SULQ�FRPXWD LH�

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GH� SDFKHWH�� SULQFLSDOHOH� SURYLQFLL� LVWRULFH� DOH�5RPkQLHL�� DUD� QRDVWU ILLQG�SULPD� DU GLQWUH�IRVWHOH� UL�&$(5�FDUH�D�UHXúLW�XQ�DVHPHQHD�SURLHFW��$�IRVW�XQ�VXFFHV�GHRVHELW�DO�WHKQRORJLHL� LQIRUPD LHL�URPkQHúWL�FDUH�D�FRQWULEXLW�úL�OD� IRUPDUHD� D� ]HFL� GH� VSHFLDOLúWL� FDUH�� XOWHULRU�� DX� DYXW� XQ� URO� GHRVHELW� vQ�constituirea�QRLORU�UH HOH�GH�FDOFXODWRDUH�51&��5R(GX1HW��/RJLF1HW�ú�D��GLQ�DUD�QRDVWU >��@�� ÌQ� FRQGL LLOH� FUHDWH� SULQ� PLúF ULOH� VRFLDO-politice din decembrie ������vQ�'HFODUD LD�3URJUDP�D�*XYHUQXOXL�5RPkQLHL�GLQ����LXQLH�������vQWUH�SURJUDPHOH�GH�LQWHUHV�QD LRQDO��SURJUDPXO�GH�LQIRUPDWL]DUH�D� ULL�HUD�LQFOXV�pe locul al IV-OHD� GXS SURJUDPXO� HFRORJLF� QD LRQDO�� SURJUDPXO� QD LRQDO�SHQWUX�HQHUJLH�úL�PDWHULL�SULPH�úL�SURJUDPXO�GH�GH]YROWDUH�WHKQRORJLF �

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OLSVD� FRPSHWHQ HL� vQ� FHUFHWDUH�� D� ³LQWHOLJHQ HL� VRFLDOH´�� D� XQXL�mediu favorabil social de afaceri.

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³7XGRU� 7 Q VHVFX� úL� úFRDOD� URPkQHDVF GH� HOHFWURQLF ´, dedicate vPSOLQLULL� D� ���� GH� DQL� GH� OD� QDúWHUHD� SURIHVRUXOXL� 7XGRU� 7 Q VHVFX��membru corespondent al Academiei Române, 1901-1961). [2]. Stefan Iancu, Ä6RFLHWDWHD� LQIRUPD LRQDO úL� PRGHODUHD� LQWHJUDWLY DUHDOLW LL´, în volumul , ³(QFLFORSHGLD�PDULORU�GHVFRSHULUL�� LQYHQ LL�� WHRULL�úL�VLVWHPH´� %XFXUHúWL��(GLWXUD�*HQH]H, 2002. >�@�0LKDL�'U J QHVFX��³ÌQ�LQWHUDF LXQH�FX�úWLLQ D úL�WHKQRORJLD�LQIRUPD LHL� ILORVRILD�úWLLQ HL�úL� VRFLHtatea”, în volumul ³0LKDL�'U J QHVFX� LQ�PHGLDV�res”� %XFXUHúWL��(GLWXUD�$FDGHPLHL�5RPkQH������� [4] Stefan Iancu, Ä3LRQLHU� úL� SURPRWRU� DO� UHYROX LHL� LQIRUPDWLFH� vQ�România”� 5HYLVWD� 5RPkQ GH� ,QIRUPDWLF úL� $XWRPDWLF ´�� YRO����nr.3/1995. >�@�0LKDL�'U J QHscu, „5HDOL]DUHD�GH�FDOFXODWRDUH�úL�UH HOH�GH�FDOFXODWRDUH��în România (1953-�����´��FRPXQLFDUH�OD�&RQIHULQ D „&DOFXODWRDUH�úL�UH HOH�de calculatoare în România - 1953-1985”� $FDGHPLD� 5RPkQ � ���noiembrie 2001, publicat în „Academica”, 2001, noiembrie-decembrie, p. 43-45. [6] Marius Guran, ³ÌQFHSXWXULOH�úL�GH]YROWDUHD�LQIRUPDWLFLL�vQ�5RPkQLD´, în volumul ´0LKDL�'U J QHVFX�LQ�PHGLDV�UHV´��%XFXUHúWL��(GLWXUD�$FDGHPLHL�Române, 2004. [7] Stefan Iancu, Ä5RPkQLD� úL� 6RFLHWDWHD� ,QIRUPD LRQDO - Începuturi”,ComunicDUH�OD�6HVLXQHD�$QLYHUVDU ���GH�DQL�GH�OD�vQILLQ DUHD�,QVWLWXWXOXL�GH�,QIRUPDWLF 7HRUHWLF ,DúL�� ������������ - în cadrul “Zilelor Academice ,HúHQH´, 2004. [8] Dorina N. Rusu, „0HPEULL� $FDGHPLHL� 5RPkQH�� 'LF LRQDU”, Editura (QFLFORSHGLF �(GLWXUD�$FDGHPLHL�5RPkQH��%XFXUHúWL������� >�@�$FDG��$��$YUDPHVFX��SURI��*K��&DUWLDQX��SURI��&��3HQHVFX� úL� SURI��0� 0DULQHVFX�� PHPEUL� FRUHVSRQGHQ L DL� $FDGHPLHL� 5�6�5RPkQLD�� „'LUHF LL�SURULWDUH� GH� FHUFHWDUH� vQ� HOHFWURQLF � DXWRPDWLF úL� LQIRUPDWLF ”, Editura Academiei, 1972. [10] Aurel Avramescu, Ä5ROXO�HQWURSLHL�úL�HQHUJLHL�LQIRUPD LRQDOH´, Studii úL�FHUFHW UL�GH�GRFXPHQWDUH��nr. 1, 1972. [11] ,�0�ùWHIDQ-Edmond Nicolau, Ä6FXUW LVWRULH� D� FUHD LHL� úWLLQ RLILFH� úL�WHKQLFH�URPkQHúWL´� %XFXUHúWL��(GLWXUD�$OEDWURV������.[12] Gheorghe Tecuci, “Mediul de dezvoltare a sistemelor expert instruibile SHQWUX� SURLHFWDUHD� DVLVWDW GH� FDOFXODWRU”, Teza de doctorat, Institutul 3ROLWHKQLF�%XFXUHúWL������� [13] Stefan Iancu, „De la sisteme automate la sisteme inteligente”, în „Revista InventLFD�úL�HFRQRPLH´, nr. 2, 2003.

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>��@� ,�0�ùWHIDQ, Edmond Nicolau, Ä6FXUW LVWRULH� D� FUHD LHL� úWLLQ LILFH� úL�WHKQLFH�URPkQHúWL´� %XFXUHúWL��(GLWXUD�$OEDWURV������.>��@� ,�0�ùWHIDQ, Edmond Nicolau, Ä6FXUW LVWRULH� D� FUHD LHL� úWLLQ LILFH� úL�WHKQLFH�URPkQHúWL´, %XFXUHúWL��(GLWXUD�$OEDWURV������.[16] Tufis D., "Demonstrarea automata, un mod de abordare a sistemelor de întrebare/raspuns" în volumul „Al III - lea Simpozion National de Informatic ,1)2´ IASI, Iasi, 1981. [17] Tufis D., Cristea D., "Comunicarea în limbaj natural cu sistemul IURES" în „Buletinul Român de Informatic ´, 1985. [18] Tufis D., Gh.Tecuci, D.Cristea „LISP”, Editura Tehnica, vol. 2, Bucuresti, 1987; V. Mereshkov, "Limbajul LISP", Editura Nauka, 1990, URSS. [19]� 5HPXV� 5 GXOH � Ä,VWRULD� FXQRúWLQ HORU� úL� D� úWLLQ HORU� WHKQLFH� SH�S PkQWXO�5RPkQLHL´��(GLWXUD�$FDGHPLHL�5RPkQH��%XFXUHúWL������� >��@� 0LKDL� 'U J QHVFX� comunicarea “'LQ� LVWRULD� WHOHFRPXQLFD LLORU� vQ�România. 7HOHFRPXQLFD LLOH� LQ� 5RPkQLD�� 3DJLQL� GH� ,VWRULH´� /XFU ULOH�FRQIHULQ HL� � “IstorLD� 7HOHFRPXQLFD LLORU� vQ� 5RPkQLD´, RUJDQL]DW vQ� $XOD�Academiei Române, la 15 aprilie 2003. >��@� 1LFRODH� 6WDQFLX� ú�D��� „'LF LRQDU� WHKQLF� GH� UDGLR� úL� WHOHYL]LXQH”,%XFXUHúWL��(GLWXUD�úWLLQ LILF úL�HQFLFORSHGLF � ����� >��@� 0LKDL� 'U J QHVFX� comunicarea “DLQ� LVWRULD� WHOHFRPXQLFD LLORU� vQ�România.� 7HOHFRPXQLFD LLOH� LQ� 5RPkQLD�� 3DJLQL� GH� ,VWRULH´� /XFU ULOH�FRQIHULQ HL� � ³,VWRULD� 7HOHFRPXQLFD LLORU� vQ� 5RPkQLD´� RUJDQL]DW vQ� $XOD�Academiei Române, la 15 aprilie 2003. [23] Florin Gh. Filip, I. Popa, Ä(YROX LL� úL� SHUVSHFWLYH� vQ� UHDOL]DUHD� úL� vQ�XWLOL]DUHD� UH HOHORU� GH� FDOFXODWRDUH� SHQWUX� FHUFHWDUH-dezvoltare”, în „Academica”, octombrie 1996, p. 10-13. [24] Coord. Florin Gh. Filip, „6RFLHWDWHD� LQIRUPD LRQDO - Societatea FXQRDúWHULL�� &RQFHSWH�� VROX LL� úL� VWUDWHJLL pentru România”, Academia 5RPkQ � ������ >��@� 0LKDL� 'U J QHVFX�� Ä5HDOL]DUHD� GH� FDOFXODWRDUH� úL� UH HOH� GH�calculatoare în România (1953-�����´�� FRPXQLFDUH� OD� &RQIHULQ D„&DOFXODWRDUH� úL� UH HOH� GH� FDOFXODWRDUH� vQ� România - 1953-1985”,AcaGHPLD� 5RPkQ � ��� QRiembrie 2001, publicat în „Academica”, noiembrie-decembrie, 2001, p. 43-45.