96
7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+ http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 1/96 !"#$%&%" % !"#$% '(")*# +#,"-*"# .-")*#%/#,"-*"#01,232451*64.%-7,%8"

ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

projeto estradas

Citation preview

Page 1: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 1/96

!"#$%&%" %!"#$% '(")*# +#,"-*"#

.-")*#%/#,"-*"#01,232451*64.%-7,%8"

Page 2: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 2/96

Page 3: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 3/96

!"()*+% &) #$%,%&)

!"#$%& ()&*+%&,

9   !"#$%&#'()" '()%' "+ ,"&+ $"()"+ ,'-' +'% " #'("%

$"++.-'/0

9   12#$2+ ,'-'# 2$%'+'()2% &(3/&(245'+ 3"#$2).-'&+

3"# " )&$" ' 678" ,"+ -'.37/"+ 97' 2 7)&/&:2%;"0

9   <2-&#'()24;" 3"# %'+&+)=(3&2 #'3>(&32 3"#$2).-'/ 2"

$'+" ,"+ -'.37/"+ #2&+ $'+2,"+ 97' 2 7)&/&:2%;"0

9   -"./$ +0&1/ 2/&&34"56

Page 4: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 4/96

-$./(.-%." !"#0&)" /!(!""1$.)"

!234562 -7689362

:";$-)# <-#5(="*2#

:#1#)";$*2#. :-""41/-64)-5

<-#/>)*2#. - )-#=(26*2#. ?"-64)-5@ #8"4. 7- 4"=- 2#""-6=- -

#8"4. 7- 4"=- -.1-2*4*.

A*7"#/>)*2#. ?-.41"#1"*4BC#

D*48*/*747- -2#6E5*24

!"5%17$*/ 8" *92%+1/ %9(*".1%5

:$;%9".1/ 8% /($% " 25%./ 8" "<"+0;=/

Page 5: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 5/96

:%"!" &) !"#0&) &) #$%,%&)

-768936;96<=37>?6

$9?6@A9?><9@36%@39B768936

!CDE67DFG6 56-768936

*6?DFG6 56-768936 &9H>@>3>I6

Page 6: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 6/96

Page 7: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 7/96

FG-"2H2*# I

Page 8: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 8/96

Page 9: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 9/96

FG-"2H2*# J - K

Page 10: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 10/96

Page 11: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 11/96

FG-"2H2*# L

Page 12: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 12/96

:%"!" &) !"#0&) &) #$%,%&)

-768936;96<=37>?6

$9?6@A9?><9@36%@39B768936

!CDE67DFG6 56-768936

*6?DFG6 56-768936 &9H>@>3>I6

Page 13: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 13/96

:%"! JK !L-*)$%,M) )0 -$)N!#)

'-/-2*#643.- ,54 #, 7,4. 4/=-"64=*M4. 7- ="4B47# - -G-2,=43.-,54 .-),674 -=414 7- -.=,7#.@ 2#5 54*. 7-=4/N-.@ 1#..*8*/*=467#4 #8=-6BC# 7#. 7-54*. -/-5-6=#. 7- 1"#O-=# 14"4 4 -/48#"4BC#7# 1"#O-=# *6*2*4/%

F.=,7#. 7-.-6M#/M*7#. 6-.=4 $4.-P

9   :#1#)";$*2#Q9   A*7"#/#)*4Q

9   <-#/#)*4@ <-#=-26*4Q

9   F=2%

F/48#"4BC# 7- 1"#O-=#.P

9   <-#5(="*2#Q9   ?"-64)-5Q

9   :-""41/-64)-5Q

9   !4M*5-6=4BC#Q

9   F=2%

Page 14: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 14/96

#$%O%*+)" &! (%P-)

*D@FD<9@36 56 9>Q6 B6C>R6@DCP

R 1#/*)#64/ 4 .-" *51/46=474 .-"; 4 /*6N4 7- 41#*# 14"4 #. 7-54*. .-"M*B#. =#1#)";$*2#.@2#5 # #8O-=*M# 7- 2#/N-" -/-5-6=#. S,- 1#..*8*/*=-5 4 "-1"-.-6=4BC# )";$*24 7#"-/-M# 7# =-""-6# 4# /#6)# 74 $4*G4%

T,467# 4 5,746B4 7- 7*"-BC# 6C# 2#*62*7*" 2#5 -.=424. *6=-*"4. .C# *67*247#.1-/4 -.=424 *6=-*"4 *5-7*4=45-6=- 46=-"*#" 54*. 4 7*.=U62*4 7# 1#6=# 4 -..4-.=424P

SJT < D BD73>7 5D !23D?D U976 V !23D?D W X TYZZZ <

:458(5 1#7- -G*.=*" -.=424 $"42*#6;"*4 .-51"- S,- N#,M-" 4/),5 1#6=#*51#"=46=- 4 .-" 7-.=4247# -6="- 7,4. -.=424. *6=-*"4. P 42*7-6=- =#1#)";$*2#@="4M-..*4 7- 2,".# 7V;),4 -=2%

Page 15: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 15/96

*%/,%P!/#) &) !.L) -)*.;)/%*

 

Page 16: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 16/96

Page 17: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 17/96

#$%O%*+)" &! (%P-)

*9ID@3D<9@36 5D2 "9F[92 #7D@2I972D>2P

:-5 # #8O-=*M# 7- "-1"-.-6=4" # "-/-M# 7# =-""-6# 4# /#6)# 74 $4*G4 7- -G1/#"4BC#%

T,467# N#,M-" 5,746B4 7- 7*"-BC# 4 .-BC# 4 .-" /-M46=474 ( 4S,-/42#""-.1#67-6=- ] 8*..-="*^ 7# U6),/# $#"547#%

Page 18: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 18/96

$!-$!"!/#%,M) ;$1:.(% &) -$)N!#)

-CD@3D P "-1"-.-6=4BC# -5 -.24/4 2#6M-6*-6=- 74 1"#O-BC# 74 -.="474.#8"- ,5 1/46# N#"*^#6=4/%

-97H>C C6@R>345>@DCP "-1"-.-6=4BC# -5 -.24/4 2#6M-6*-6=- 74*6=-".-BC# 74 -.="474 2#5 4 .,1-"$H2*- 2*/H67"*24 M-"=*24/ S,- 2#6=(5 #-*G# 74 -.="474%

"9F[92 37D@2I972D>2P "-1"-.-6=4BC# -5 -.24/4 2#6M-6*-6=- 7# 2#"=-74 -.="474@ $-*=#. -5 1/46#. M-"=*24*.@ 1-"1-67*2,/4"5-6=- 4# -*G# 74-.="474% [#"54/5-6=- /#24/*^474. -5 -.=424. *6=-*"4.@ 54. =458(5"-1"-.-6=45 #,="#. 1#6=#. 6-2-..;"*#.%

Page 19: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 19/96

$!-$!"!/#%,M) ;$1:.(% &) -$)N!#)

Page 20: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 20/96

$!-$!"!/#%,M) ;$1:.(% &) -$)N!#)

_#5 4 -M#/,BC# 7#. 5(=#7#. - 7#. -S,*145-6=#.=#1#)";$*2#.@ # ,.# 74 4-"#$#=#)"45-="*4@ # <!' -=2%

4=,4/5-6=- ( 1#..HM-/ 4 7*)*=4/*^4BC# 74 =#1#)"4$*4 7#=-""-6# - 4 *6$#"54=*^4BC# 7#. 1"#O-=#.%

Page 21: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 21/96

$!-$!"!/#%,M) ;$1:.(% &) -$)N!#)

Page 22: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 22/96

$!-$!"!/#%,M) ;$1:.(% &) -$)N!#)

Page 23: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 23/96

$!-$!"!/#%,M) ;$1:.(% &) -$)N!#)

R "-1"-.-6=4BC# 7# 1"#O-=# )-#5(="*2# 1#" 5-*# 7# 2#6O,6=# 7-7-.-6N#. Y1/46=4@ 1-"$*/ /#6)*=,7*64/ - .-B`-. ="46.M-".4*.\6#"54/5-6=- ( .,$*2*-6=- 14"4 4 7-$*6*BC# 74 -.="474 4 .-" -G-2,=474@

54. 6C# 1-"5*=- 4# 1"#O-=*.=4 ,54 1-"$-*=4 M*.,4/*^4BC# 7- .-, 1"#O-=#%

F5 ,54 -.="474@ -/-5-6=#. 74 1/46=4@ -5 2#6O,6=# 2#5 -/-5-6=#. 7#1-"$*/ - 74. .-B`-.@ )-"45 2,"M4. ="*7*5-6.*#64*. S,- 7-M-"C#

.4=*.$4^-" ] .-),"46B4 - 4# 2#6$#"=#@ 4/(5 7- .-"-5 4)"47;M-*. 14"4S,-5 4. 1-"2#""-% a54 8#4 1/46=4 - ,5 8#5 1-"$*/ .C# 6-2-..;"*#.@54. 6C# .,$*2*-6=-.% W *51#"=46=- ( S,- 4 2#58*64BC# 74 1/46=4 2#5# 1-"$*/ )-"- ,54 -.="474 =-26*245-6=- 8#4%

Page 24: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 24/96

$!-$!"!/#%,M) ;$1:.(% &) -$)N!#)

Page 25: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 25/96

!*!P!/#)" O1".()"

Page 26: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 26/96

!*!P!/#)" O1".()" &) -$)N!#);!)P\#$.()

W. 7*M-".#. 9C9<9@362 56 B768936 R96<=37>?6 7-M-5 .-" -.2#/N*7#. 7- $#"54 S,- 4-.="474 1#..4 D39@597 D62 6E893>I62 14"4 #. S,4*. $#* 1"#O-=474@ 5D@56 ?6@5>F[9259 92?6D<9@36 59 37]H9R6 S,- 8423>H>^49 6 >@I923><9@36 $-*=#%

F/-5-6=#. 8;.*2#.P

[b5-"# 7- $4*G4. 7- =";$-)#Q

!*.=4.Q

R2#.=45-6=#.Q'-14"47#"-. 2-6="4*.

c4*G4. 14"4 7"-64)-5Q

:4/,7-. 7#. 2#"=-. - 4=-""#.%

BCD3DH67<D 5D9237D5D 

Page 27: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 27/96

!*!P!/#)" O1".()" &) -$)N!#);!)P\#$.()

:D>QD 59 37]H9R6 ( # -.14B# 7-.=*647# 4# $/,G# 7- ,54 2#""-6=-7- M-H2,/#.%

->23D 59 76CD<9@36 ( # 2#6O,6=# 7- 7,4. #, 54*. $4*G4. 7-=";$-)# 6,5 .-6=*7#%

R /4"),"4 7- ,54 1*.=4 ( 4 .#54 74. /4"),"4. 74. $4*G4. 7-=";$-)# S,- 4 2#51`-@ 4 /4"),"4 7- 2474 $4*G4 7-M-"; .-" 4/4"),"4 7# M-H2,/# 147"C# 42"-.2*74 7- ,5 -.14B# 7- .-),"46B4%

Page 28: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 28/96

!*!P!/#)" O1".()" &) -$)N!#);!)P\#$.()

Page 29: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 29/96

!*!P!/#)" O1".()" &) -$)N!#);!)P\#$.()

Page 30: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 30/96

!*!P!/#)" O1".()" &) -$)N!#);!)P\#$.()

Page 31: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 31/96

!*!P!/#)" O1".()" &) -$)N!#);!)P\#$.()

Page 32: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 32/96

/),_!" &! #$1:!;)

Page 33: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 33/96

/),_!" &! #$1:!;)

a5 7#. 1"*62*14*. -/-5-6=#. S,- M4* 7-=-"5*64" 4. 24"42=-"H.=*24. $,=,"4.7- ,54 "#7#M*4 ( # =";$-)# S,- -/4 7-M-"; .,1#"=4"%

W 1"#O-=# )-#5(="*2# 7- ,54 -.="474 7- "#74)-5 ( 2#67*2*#647#@1"*62*14/5-6=-@ 1-/# =";$-)# 1"-M*.=# 14"4 6-/4 2*"2,/4"%

F/- 1-"5*=- # -.=48-/-2*5-6=# 74 (CD229 59 -768936 5D !237D5D - #47-S,47# 7*5-6.*#645-6=# 7- =#7#. #. .-,. -/-5-6=#.%

a5 7#. 1"*62*14*. 4.1-2=#. 4 2#6.*7-"4" 64 _/4..*$*24BC# :(26*24 74.

F.="474. (@ 2-"=45-6=-@ # 4.1-2=# #1-"42*#64/P

59<D@5D 59 37]H9R6 I6C4<9 59 37]H9R6

Page 34: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 34/96

#DE9CD `..abcSK *639 &a -9576 c !23><D3>ID 59 I6C4<92 D@4D>2 B95DR>D562 B67 B7DFD d9< <>CAD792 59e C f

Page 35: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 35/96

I9e?4C62f 5>2B6@eI9C 9< `>DE>C>5D59 :>@D@?9>7D 5D )B97DFG6 9 (]C?4C6 56 `DC67 5D )4367RD 562 *6392 &a -9576 9 %a "9@@Dg(a ->@36 h B]R ij

% 923><D3>ID 56 I6C4<9 363DC 59 I9e?4C62 B95DR>D562 @6 *639 &a -9576 BD7D 6 B97e656 59?6@?922G6 = 59 DB76Q><D5D<9@39 SYW E>CAG6 59 I9e?4C62Y 29@56 ^49 jkl 2G6 I9e?4C62 59

BD229>6a

Page 36: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 36/96

`6C4<9 5>]7>6 <=5>6 d`&P\P YS,46=*747- 5(7*4 7- M-H2,/#.S,- 14..4 6,54 .-BC# 74 -.="474@ 7,"46=- ,5 7*4\ (,=*/*^47# 14"4 4M4/*4" 4 7*.="*8,*BC# 7# =";$-)#@ 5-7*" 47-54674 4=,4/ 7- ,54 -.="474@ 1"#)"454BC# 7- 5-/N#"*4.@-=2%

d =458(5 -51"-)47#@ 64 /*6),4)-5 2#""-6=-@ 4

-G1"-..C# -S,*M4/-6=- D#/,5- e(7*# ?*;"*# YDe?\%

()/".&!$%,_!" % $!"-!.#) &) #$1:!;)

Page 37: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 37/96

()/".&!$%,_!" % $!"-!.#) &) #$1:!;)

`D7>DF[92 59 I6C4<9P #. $/,G#. 7- =";$-)# 41"-.-6=45 M4"*4B`-.2#6=H6,4. 6#. .-,. M#/,5-.% R. M4"*4B`-. 7- M#/,5- 54*. *51#"=46=-.#2#""-5 -5 $,6BC# 7# =-51# - 7- ,54 546-*"4 2H2/*24%

`D7>DF[92 A67]7>D2P "-$/-=-5 4 M4"*4BC# 7# =";$-)# 7,"46=- 4. M*6=- -S,4="# N#"4. 7# 7*4% R $/,=,4BC# 147"C# 41"-.-6=4 f1*2#.g 1-/4 546NC- 4# $*5 74 =4"7-@ 2#*62*7*67# 2#5 #. N#";"*#. 7# *6H2*# - $*5 7-

-G1-7*-6=- 475*6*.="4=*M#@ 64. ;"-4. ,"8464.%W *6=-"M4/# 74. IJ ]. IL N#"4. =458(5 41"-.-6=4 ,5 M#/,5-"-/4=*M45-6=- 4/=#@ -58#"4 *6$-"*#" 4#. 7- 1*2# 74 546NC - 74 =4"7-%

Page 38: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 38/96

()/".&!$%,_!" % $!"-!.#) &) #$1:!;)

`D7>DF[92 5>]7>D2 9 29<D@D>2P .C# M4"*4B`-. S,- #2#""-57,"46=- 2474 .-5464@ 2#6$#"5- #. 7*4. 74 .-5464%

?- ,54 546-*"4 )-"4/@ -5 M*4. ,"8464.@ #. M#/,5-.7*;"*#. M4"*45 1#,2# 6# 2,".# 7#. 7*4. b=-*. 74 .-5464@2#5 .-),6743$-*"4 - .-G=43$-*"4 41"-.-6=467# M4/#"-. ,51#,2# 42*54 74 5(7*4 -@ #. 5H6*5#. M#/,5-. #2#""-5

6#. 7#5*6)#. - $-"*47#.%F5 M*4. ","4*.@ )-"4/5-6=-@ #8.-"M43.- ,5 2#51#"=45-6=#*6M-".# ]S,-/- 74. M*4. ,"8464.% [#"54/5-6=-@ #. 54*#"-.M#/,5-. #2#""-5 6#. $*6. 7- .-5464 - $-"*47#.%

Page 39: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 39/96

()/".&!$%,_!" % $!"-!.#) &) #$1:!;)

`D7>DF[92 <9@2D>2P #2#""-5 7,"46=- #. 7*M-".#. 5-.-. 7# 46#@ .-67# 4$/,=,4BC# M-"*$*2474 4="4M(. 7#. M#/,5-. #8.-"M47#. 5-6.4/5-6=-%

R. M4"*4B`-. .C# 54*. .-6.HM-*. 64. M*4. ","4*. 7# S,- 64. ,"8464.@.#$"-67# *6$/,X62*4. 7*=4. .4^#64*.% R -G1"-..C# .4^#64/ 7-"*M4 7414/4M"4 *6)/-.4 f!"#!$%g@ S,- .*)6*$*24 -.=4BC#@ 1-"H#7#@ =-51#"474% R.*6$/,X62*4. .4^#64*. .C# 7-2#""-6=-.@ 1#" -G-51/#@ 7#. 1-"H#7#. 7-2#/N-*=4@ 74. $("*4. -.2#/4"-. -=2%

`D7>DF[92 D@4D>2P .C# M4"*4B`-. S,- #2#""-5 7- 46# 14"4 46#@ 2#5#

,54 7-2#""X62*4@ 84.*245-6=-@ 7# 7-.-6M#/M*5-6=# -2#6E5*2# 74"-)*C#@ "-.,/=467# 6# 2"-.2*5-6=# 74 7-54674 7- =";$-)#% 'C#*6$#"54B`-. "-/4=*M4. 4#. M#/,5-. 46,4*.@ S,- 1#7-"C# .-" ,=*/*^474.6#. -.=,7#. 7- 1"#O-B`-. 7- =";$-)# 14"4 #8=-6BC# 74 7-54674 6# 46#3N#"*^#6=- 7- 1"#O-=#%

Page 40: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 40/96

(*%"".:.(%,M) &) #$1:!;)

#7]H9R6 9Q>239@39 dD34DCfP ( # =";$-)# S,- ,=*/*^4 Y#, M4* ,=*/*^4"\ 4 -.="474 6#

46# -5 S,- .- $4^ # -.=,7#% R 7-=-"5*64BC# 7# =";$-)# -G*.=-6=- 7- ,54-.="474 ( -$-=,474 4="4M(. 7- 2#6=4)-6. M#/,5(="*24. #, 46;/*.-.-.=4=H.=*24. 7- 7-54674%

#7]H9R6 592I>D56P ( # =";$-)# -G*.=-6=- -5 #,="4. -.="474. - S,- 14..4 4,=*/*^4" 4 -.="474 -5 S,-.=C#@ 6# 5#5-6=# -5 S,- .C# "-4/*^47#.5-/N#"45-6=#. #, 6# 5#5-6=# -5 S,- ( =-"5*6474 4 2#6.=",BC# 74 5-.54%

#7]H9R6 R97D56P ( # =";$-)# 1#=-62*4/ S,- 6C# -G*.=*4 - S,- 14..4 4 -G*.=*"1-/# -$-*=# 7# 5-/N#"45-6=# #, 74 2#6.=",BC#@ 2#5 2#6.-S,-6=-7-.-6M#/M*5-6=# 74 "-)*C#% ',4 7-=-"5*64BC# ( 84.=46=- 7*$H2*/ - *51"-2*.4 -( 6#"54/5-6=- -$-=,474 4="4M(. 7- -.=,7#. -2#6E5*2#.%

Page 41: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 41/96

-$mL.P% %0*%

_/4..*$*24BC# 7- =";$-)#Q 2#51#.*BC# 7- =";$-)#Q 2#6=4)-57- =";$-)#Q 24142*747- 7- =";$-)#Q 2#67*B`-. $H.*24.Q2#67*B`-. 7- =";$-)#Q 24142*747-Q 6HM-/ 7- .-"M*B#Q2/4..*$*24BC# S,46=# 4. 2#67*B`-. =(26*24.Q M-/#2*747- 7-

1"#O-=#%

Page 42: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 42/96

!"#$%&%" %!"#$% '(")*# +#,"-*"#

.-")*#%/#,"-*"#01,232451*64.%-7,%8"

Page 43: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 43/96

Page 44: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 44/96

!"#"$

%"$&'($ (* +(,"-+.&.$

()P-)".,M) &) #$1:!;) !P 0P% $)&)`.%

R 2#""-6=- 7- =";$-)# ( 2#51#.=4 1#" M-H2,/#. S,- 7*$-"-5-6="- .* S,46=# 4# =4546N#@ 1-.# - M-/#2*747-% ',42#51#.*BC# ( 5-7*74@ -5 1#"2-6=4)-5@ 7#. 7*$-"-6=-. =*1#.

7- M-H2,/#. S,- 4 $#"545%

Page 45: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 45/96

()P-)".,M) &) #$1:!;) !P 0P% $)&)`.%

W. M-H2,/#. 1-.47#.@ .-67#54*. /-6=#. - #2,1467# 54*#"-.-.14B#. 64 1*.=4@ *6=-"$-"-5 64

5#8*/*747- 7#. #,="#. M-H2,/#.@424""-=467# ,54 7*5*6,*BC# 74M4^C# 7- =";$-)# 74. M*4.%

!#" -..-. 5#=*M#. ( 2#5,547#=4" ,5 $4=#" 7- -S,*M4/X62*4- ="46.$#"54" ,5 M#/,5- 5*.=#6,5 M#/,5- -S,*M4/-6=- 7-24""#. 7- 14..-*#%

Page 46: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 46/96

()/#%;!/" &! #$1:!;) !P 0P% $)&)`.%

:-5 # #8O-=*M# 7- 2#6N-2-"3.- # 6b5-"# 7- M-H2,/#. S,-14..4 4="4M(. 7- ,5 7-=-"5*647# 1#6=# 74 -.="474@ 7,"46=-,5 2-"=# 1-"H#7#% !#7- 7-=-"5*64" # M#/,5- 7*;"*# 5(7*#YD?e\@ 4 2#51#.*BC# 7# =";$-)#@ -=2% 14"4 4 4M4/*4BC# 7#6b5-"# 7- 42*7-6=-.@ 2/4..*$*24BC# 74. -.="474. - $#"6-2-".,8.H7*#. 14"4 # 1/46-O45-6=# "#7#M*;"*#@ 1"#O-=# )-#5(="*2#7- -.="474.@ -.=,7#. 7- M*48*/*747- - 1"#O-=#. 7- 2#6.=",BC#

- 2#6.-"M4BC#%

Page 47: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 47/96

()/#%;!/" &! #$1:!;) !P 0P% $)&)`.%

[# ?FZ3'!@ 1#" -G-51/#@ 4 2#/-=4 -.=4=H.=*24 -.=; .-67# "-4/*^474 6#.5-.-. 7- 48"*/@ O,/N# - #,=,8"#@ #8-7-2-67# 4*674 4 $*G4BC# 7#. 7*4. 74.-5464@ 4 .48-"P

  9 YIh\ R8"*/ 3 S,4"=43$-*"4 - S,*6=43$-*"4

  9 YJh\ i,/N# 3 .-G=43$-*"4 - .;847#

  9 YKh\ W,=,8"# 3 7#5*6)#@ .-),6743$-*"4 - =-"B43$-*"4

?-.=4 $#"54@ 1#7-"3.-3; $4^-" 1"#O-B`-. 7- =";$-)# 14"4 # 46#3N#"*^#6=-@7-$*6*7#" 74 _/4..- 7- !"#O-=# 74 F.="474 Y2/4..*$*24BC# =(26*24\@ 1"#O-B`-.-.=4. =458(5 b=-*. 64 1"#)"454BC# 7- 5-/N#"*4. 64 54/N4 "#7#M*;"*4%

Page 48: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 48/96

(%-%(.&%&! &! #$1:!;)

d # <]Q><6 @n<976 59 I9e?4C62 S,- 1#7- 14..4" 1#" ,547-=-"5*6474 .-BC#@ -5 ,54 7*"-BC# #, 4584.@ 7,"46=- 4 ,6*747- 7-=-51#@ 64. ?6@5>F[92 @67<D>2 7- =";$-)# - 74 M*4%

R 24142*747- 6,624 1#7-"; .-" -G2-7*74 .-5 S,- .- 5#7*$*S,-5 4.2#67*B`-. 74 M*4 2#6.*7-"474%

R 24142*747- 7- ,54 M*4 7-1-67- 7- S,46=# 4. ?6@5>F[92 He2>?D2 -59 37]H9R6 1"-M4/-2-6=-. 64 "-$-"*74 M*4 7*.=462*453.- 74.2#67*B`-. 2#6.*7-"474. *7-4*.%

Page 49: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 49/96

()/&.,_!" :o".(%"

9   +4"),"4 74 $4*G4 7- =";$-)# 54*#" #, *),4/ 4 K@jk 5-="#.Q

9   FG*.=X62*4 7- 42#.=45-6=# - S,- =-6N4 ,54 7*.=U62*4 /4=-"4/ /*M"- 7-I@lk 5@ .-5 S,4/S,-" #8.=;2,/# S,- "-7,^4 4 M*.*8*/*747-Q

9   FG*.=X62*4 7- 246=-*"# 2-6="4/ Y#, .-14"47#" $H.*2#\Q

9   R/=,"4 /*M"- 5H6*54 .#8"- 4 M*4 7- L@mk 5 Y)484"*=# M-"=*24/\Q

9   FG*.=X62*4 7- $4*G4. -.1-2*4*. 7- 42-/-"4BC#@ 7-.42-/-"4BC# - 7-"-=#"6# 6#. 2",^45-6=#.Q

9   !4M*5-6=# -5 8#4. 2#67*B`-. 7- ,.#Q

9   Z4514 5;G*54 7- JnQ

9   FG*.=X62*4 7- 7*.=U62*4 7- M*.*8*/*747- *),4/ #, .,1-"*#" 4 Lmk 5%

Page 50: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 50/96

()/&.,_!" &! #$1:!;)

9   :";$-)# 2#51#.=# -G2/,.*M45-6=- 7- M-H2,/#. 7- 14..-*#Q

9   FG*.=X62*4 7- 2#6="#/- =#=4/ 7- 42-..#. ] M*4Q

9   c/,G# 2#6=H6,#@ /*M"- 7- *6=-"$-"X62*4. /4=-"4*. 7- M-H2,/#.- 1-7-.="-.%

Page 51: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 51/96

(%-%(.&%&!

?-$*6*74 46=-"*#"5-6=- 14"4 2#67*B`-. *7-4*.@ -/4 7; # IDC67 C><>39 7# 6b5-"# 7-M-H2,/#. S,- 1#7-"; 14..4" 1#" ,54 7474 .-BC#%

_4.# .-O45 4=-67*74. =#74. 4. 2#67*B`-. *7-4*.@ 4. 24142*747-. 7- =";$-)# 74.

7*M-".4. M*4. .C#P

!#"(5@ 4/(5 7-..- M4/#"@ 7-M-3.- /-M4" -5 2#6=4 4. 2#67*B`-. 7- #1-"4BC# 74 M*4%!4"4 5-7*" 4. 7*M-".4. 2#67*B`-. 7- #1-"4BC#@ 7-.-6M#/M-,3.- # 2#62-*=# 7- @eI9>259 "97I>F6%

#.-) &! ̀ .% (%-%(.&%&! #!m$.(%D*4 2#5 M;"*4. $4*G4. 7-

=";$-)#J%kkk 4,=#5>M-*. 1#" N#"4 - 1#" $4*G4%

D*4 7- 7,4. $4*G4. 7- =";$-)# -2#5 7,4. 5C#. 7- 7*"-BC#

J%lkk 4,=#5>M-*. 1#" N#"4@ =#=4/ -54584. 4. 7*"-B`-.%

Page 52: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 52/96

/o`!." &! "!$`.,)

F.=; 4..#2*47# ]. 7*M-".4. 2#67*B`-. 7- #1-"4BC# 7- ,54 M*4@S,467# -/4 42#5#74 7*$-"-6=-. M#/,5-. 7- =";$-)#%

d ,54 5-7*74 ^4DC>3D3>ID 7# -$-*=# 7- ,54 .("*- 7- $4=#"-.@=46)HM-*. - *6=46)HM-*.@ S,- 14"4 -$-*=# 1";=*2# ( -.=48-/-2*7#41-64. -5 $,6BC# 74 I9C6?>5D59 5929@I6CI>5D @D I>D - 74"-/4BC# -6="- # I6C4<9 59 37]H9R6 9 D ?DBD?>5D59 5D I>D YDo_\%

T,4/S,-" .-BC# 7- ,54 M*4 1#7- #1-"4" -5 7*$-"-6=-. 6HM-*. 7-.-"M*B#@ 7-1-67-67# 7# *6.=46=- 2#6.*7-"47#%

'C# .-*. #. 6HM-*. 7- .-"M*B# 2/4..*$*247#. 1-/# f&'()*#+

-#.#/'0+ 1#%2#3 g%

Page 53: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 53/96

?6@5>F[92 >59D>2 5992?6D<9@36 C>I79

?6@R923>6@D<9@36 ?6<BC936

/o`!." &! "!$`.,)

o

Page 54: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 54/96

/o`!." &! "!$`.,)

M q _

Page 55: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 55/96

(*%"".:.(%,M) p0%/#) q" ()/&.,_!"#\(/.(%"

Z-2#5-6743.- 47#=4"@ 2#5# 2"*=("*# 14"4 4 2/4..*$*24BC#=(26*24 7- "#7#M*4.@ # M#/,5- 7- =";$-)# S,- 7-M-"; ,=*/*^4" 4"#7#M*4 6# Ikp 46# 41>. .,4 48-"=,"4 4# =";$-)# YD?e 6# 46#3

N#"*^#6=- 7- 1"#O-=#\@ S,- 1-"5*=- # -.=48-/-2*5-6=# 74 _/4..-74 F.="474 - # 47-S,47# 7*5-6.*#645-6=# 7- =#7#. #. .-,.-/-5-6=#.%

R=,4/5-6=-@ 4/(5 7# =";$-)#@ 4 ><B673r@?>D - 4 H4@FG6 5D7656I>D 2#6.=*=,-5 -/-5-6=#. 14"4 .-, -6S,47"45-6=# -57-=-"5*6474 2/4..- 7- 1"#O-=#%

M

Page 56: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 56/96

(*%"".:.(%,M) "!;0/&) &/.# d&/!$f

(CD229 Z dI>D 9QB7922DfP "#7#M*4 7# 54*. -/-M47# 147"C#=(26*2#@ 2#5 2#6="#/- =#=4/ 7- 42-..#% W 2"*=("*# 7- .-/-BC#7-..4. "#7#M*4. .-"; # 7- 7-2*.C# 475*6*.="4=*M4 7#. >")C#.2#51-=-6=-.%

M

Page 57: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 57/96

(*%"".:.(%,M) "!;0/&) &/.# d&/!$f

(CD229 .K 4. "#7#M*4. *6=-)"46=-. 7-.=4 2/4..- .C# .,87*M*7*74.-5 -.="474. 7- _/4..- qR Y1*.=4 7,1/4\ - _/4..- qr Y1*.=4 .*51/-.\%

(CD229 .%P 1#..,* 1*.=4 7,1/4 - 2#6="#/- 14"2*4/ 7- 42-..#%

',4 6-2-..*747- 7-2#""-"; S,467# #. M#/,5-. 7- =";$-)# 24,.4"-56HM-*. 7- .-"M*B# *6$-"*#"-. 4#. 6HM-*. _ #, ?@ 6,54 1*.=4 .*51/-.% W6b5-"# =#=4/ 7- $4*G4. .-"; $,6BC# 7#. M#/,5-. 7- =";$-)# 1"-M*.=#.14"4 # 46#3N#"*^#6=- 7- 1"#O-=#%

(CD229 .OP "#7#M*4. 7- 4/=# 147"C#@ .,1#"=467# M#/,5-. 7- =";$-)#@ 2#6$#"5-1"#O-=47#. 14"4 # Ikp 46# 41>. 4 48-"=,"4 4# =";$-)#@ 2#5 D#/,5- e(7*#A#";"*# YDeA\ s Jkk M-H2,/#.@ 8*7*"-2*#64*.@ #, D?e s I%Lkk M-H2,/#.@8*7*"-2*#64*.%

M

Page 58: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 58/96

(*%"".:.(%,M) "!;0/&) &/.# d&/!$f

(CD229 ..P 1*.=4 .*51/-.@ .,1#"=467# M#/,5-. 7- =";$-)# YIkp46#\ 2#51"--67*7#. -6="- I%Lkk t D?e t ukk M-H2,/#.@8*7*"-2*#64*.%

(CD229 ...P 1*.=4 .*51/-.@ .,1#"=467# M#/,5-. 7- =";$-)# YIkp46#\ 2#51"--67*7#. -6="- ukk t D?e t Kkk M-H2,/#.@8*7*"-2*#64*.%

(CD229 .`P 1*.=4 .*51/-.@ 2#5 M#/,5-. 7- =";$-)# 7# 46# 7-48-"=,"4@ 4. S,4*. 1#7-5 .-" .,87*M*7*74. -5P

(CD229 .`%P mk t D?e t Jkk M-H2,/#.@ 8*7*"-2*#64*.Q

(CD229 .`O D?e v mk M-H2,/#.@ 8*7*"-2*#64*.% F.=-.%

M

Page 59: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 59/96

(*%"".:.(%,M) "!;0/&) &/.# d&/!$f

R 5-.54 -.="474 7- "#74)-5@ 64 .,4 -G=-6.C# =-""*=#"*4/@1#7- #2,14" M;"*4. 2/4..-.@ 7-.7- 1*.=4 .*51/-. ] M*4-G1"-..4 #, 4,=#-.="474%

[#"54/5-6=- -51"-)43.- # =-"5# 4,=#-.="474 14"47-.*)64" ,54 f45""*#+ g 1"#M*74 7- .-"M*B#. -.1-2*4*. 7-

1#.=#. =-/-$E6*2#.@ 1#.=#. 7- .-),"46B4 - 7- .#2#""#@14"S,-. 7- -.=42*#645-6=#@ -=2% 4..-),"467#@ 1#"=46=#@4/(5 7- -G2-/-6=-. 2#67*B`-. 7- ="4$-)48*/*747-@ "-S,*6=-.-.1-2*4*. 7- 2#6$#"=# - 2#5,6*24BC#%

Page 60: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 60/96

`!*)(.&%&!

)(

Page 61: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 61/96

`!*)(.&%&!

9   _4142*747- - M#6=47- 7# 5#=#"*.=4Q

9   _#67*B`-. - 24"42=-"H.=*24. 7# M-H2,/#Q

9   F.=47# 74 .,1-"$H2*- 7- "#/45-6=# 74 -.="474Q

9   _#67*B`-. 2/*5;=*24. 7# 5#5-6=#Q

9   D#/,5- - 2#67*B`-. 7- -.2#45-6=# 7- =";$-)# 7# 5#5-6=#9   _4"42=-"H.=*24. )-#5(="*24. 7# ="4B47#Q

9   Z-.="*B`-. "-/4=*M4. 4 M-/#2*747-. 5;G*54. - 5H6*54. 74 -.="474Q

9   !#/*2*45-6=#

9   '*.=-54 7- 2#6="#/- 7- M-/#2*747- 7#. M-H2,/#.%

9   D-/#2*747-. 5(7*4. 4/=4. .> .C# 1#..HM-*. -5 -.="474. #67- 4S,4/*747- 74. 24"42=-"H.=*24. )-#5(="*24. 1-"5*=- 4#. 5#=#"*.=4.="4$-)4"-5 -5 M-/#2*747-. 4/=4.@ ?6< 29R47D@FD %

`!*)(.&%&! &! -$)N!#)

Page 62: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 62/96

`!*)(.&%&! &! -$)N!#)

d 7-$*6*74 2#5# 4 5;G*54 M-/#2*747- S,- ,5 M-H2,/# 1#7- 546=-"@ -5,5 ="-2N# 7- -.="474@ -5 2#67*B`-. 6#"54*.@ 2#5 .-),"46B4%

R -.2#/N4 7-..- ( $4=#" 7-2*.*M# 64 7-$*6*BC# 7# 147"C# 74 -.="474% R.24"42=-"H.=*24. )-#5(="*24. 5H6*54. =-"C# 7- .-" 7-$*6*74. 7- $#"54S,- 4 -.="474 -5 =#7#. #. .-,. 1#6=#. #$-"-B4 .-),"46B4 4# 5#=#"*.=4S,- 4 ="4$-),- 64 M-/#2*747- 7- 1"#O-=#%

?- #,="# /47# # 2,.=# 7- 2#6.=",BC# -.=4"; 7*"-=45-6=- /*)47# 4#.M4/#"-. 5H6*5#. 47#=47#. 6# 1"#O-=# - 4 =#1#)"4$*4 74 "-)*C#4="4M-..474%

`!*)(.&%&! &! -$)N!#)

Page 63: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 63/96

`!*)(.&%&! &! -$)N!#)

% 92?6CAD 59 4< IDC67 <D>67 BD7D D I9C6?>5D59 59 B76893637D7] ?6<6 ?6@29^4s@?>D 4<D 9237D5D 59 <9CA67 BD57G6 9?6@29^49@39<9@39 59 <D>67 ?4236Y 92B9?>DC<9@39 9<

C6?D>2 59 36B6R7DH>D D?>59@3D5Da

?-M-3.- .-51"- 1"#2,"4" ,54 M-/#2*747- 7- 1"#O-=# b6*24 14"4

=#74 4 -.="474@ .> .-67# O,.=*$*2;M-/ # ,.# 7- M-/#2*747-.7*$-"-6=-. 14"4 #. 7*M-".#. ="-2N#. S,467# N#,M-" )"467-.M4"*4B`-. 64. 2#67*B`-. =#1#)";$*24. 74 "-)*C# 4="4M-..474 #,)"467-. 4/=-"4B`-. 64. 24"42=-"H.=*24. 7# =";$-)# -.1-"47#%

`!*)(.&%&! &! -$)N!#) -)$ $!;.M)

Page 64: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 64/96

`!*)(.&%&! &! -$)N!#) -)$ $!;.M)

2/4..-. 7- 1"#O-=#M-/#2*747- 7- 1"#O-=# Yw5oN\

BCD@D 6@54CD5D <6@3D@A62D  

k Ikk Ikk lk

q R Ikk lk jk

r Ikk lk jk

qq lk uk mk

qqq uk jk Lk

qD R jk Lk Kk

r jk Lk Kk

`!o(0*)" &! -$)N!#)

Page 65: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 65/96

`!o(0*)" &! -$)N!#)

W M-H2,/# =->"*2# 7- ,54 2-"=4 24=-)#"*4 "-1"-.-6=4 ,54 -6M#/=>"*4 74. 24"42=-"H.=*24. 74 54*#"*4 7#.

M-H2,/#. -G*.=-6=-. 6-..4 24=-)#"*4 - S,- 2#67*2*#645 7*M-".#. 4.1-2=#. 7# 7*5-6.*#645-6=#)-#5(="*2# 7- ,54 M*4%

R CD7R47D 56 I9e?4C6 59 B768936 *6$/,-62*4 64 /4"),"4 74 1*.=4 7- "#/45-6=#@ 7#. 42#.=45-6=#. - 7#."45#. 7- *6=-".-B`-.Q

R 5>23r@?>D 9@379 9>Q62 *6$/,* 6# 2;/2,/# 74 .,1-"/4"),"4 - 64 7-=-"5*64BC# 7#. "4*#. 5H6*5#. *6=-"6#.- -G=-"6#. 74. 1*.=4. 7#. "45#. 74. *6=-".-B`-.Q

W ?6<B7><9@36 363DC 56 I9e?4C6 *6$/,-62*4 4 /4"),"4 7#. 246=-*"#.@ 4 -G=-6.C# 74. $4*G4. 7- -.1-"4@-=2%Q

R "-/4BC# B926 E7436 363DC g B63s@?>D *6$/,-62*4 # M4/#" 74 "4514 5;G*54 - 14"=*2*14 64 7-=-"5*64BC#74 6-2-..*747- 7- $4*G4 47*2*#64/ 7- .,8*74Q

R DC347D D5<>22eI9C 14"4 #. M-H2,/#. *6$/,* 6# )484"*=# M-"=*24/ 14"4 4. #8"4. 7- 4"=-%

R -.2#/N4 7# M-H2,/# 7- 1"#O-=# 7-M- /-M4" -5 2#6.*7-"4BC# 4 2#51#.*BC# 7# =";$-)# S,- ,=*/*^4 #,,=*/*^4"; 4 "#7#M*4@ #8=*74 7- 2#6=4)-6. 7- =";$-)# #, 7- 1"#O-B`-. S,- 2#6.*7-"-5 # $,=,"#7-.-6M#/M*5-6=# 74 "-)*C#%

`!o(0*)" &! -$)N!#)

Page 66: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 66/96

`!o(0*)" &! -$)N!#)

`-P D-H2,/#. 7- 14..-*# /-M-.@ $H.*24 - #1-"42*#64/5-6=- 4..*5*/;M-*. 4# 4,=#5>M-/@*62/,*67# ,=*/*=;"*#.@ 1*2w3,1.@ $,")`-. - .*5*/4"-.Q

()P D-H2,/#. 2#5-"2*4*. "H)*7#.@ 2#51#.=#. 7- ,6*747- ="4=#"4 .*51/-.%R8"46)-5 #. 245*6N`-. - E6*8,. 2#6M-62*#64*.@ 6#"54/5-6=- 7- J -*G#. - j

"#74. d@6 O7D2>CY @67<DC<9@39 29 42D 9229 R74B6fQ

"$P D-H2,/#. 2#5-"2*4*. 4"=*2,/47#.@ 2#51#.=#. 6#"54/5-6=- 7- ,6*747- ="4=#"4.*51/-. - .-5*3"-8#S,-Q

)P Z-1"-.-6=4 #. M-H2,/#. 2#5-"2*4*. "H)*7#. 7- 54*#"-. 7*5-6.`-. S,- #M-H2,/# _W 8;.*2#@ 2#5# E6*8,. 7- /#6)# 1-"2,".# - 7- =,"*.5#@ -245*6N`-. /#6)#.%

`!o(0*)" &! -$)N!#)

Page 67: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 67/96

`!o(0*)" &! -$)N!#)

24"42=-"H.=*24. 7# M-H2,/#

D-H2,/# 7- 1"#O-=#

`- () ) "$

/4"),"4 =#=4/ J@I J@j J@j J@j

2#51"*5-6=# =#=4/ m@l x@I IJ@J Ij@l

"4*# 5H6*5# 74 "#74 -G=-"64 7*46=-*"4 u@K IJ@l IJ@l IK@u

"4*# 5H6*5# 74 "#74 *6=-"64 ="4.-*"4 L@u l@u u@I j@k

&> 3r > 5 "

Page 68: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 68/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD 

.<B673r@?>D 5D &>23r@?>D 59 `>2>E>C>5D59 BD7D D $656I>D R M-/#2*747- ( /*5*=474 64 "#7#M*4 1-/4. 24"42=-"H.=*24. 74M*4@ 1-/# 7-.-51-6N# 7# M-H2,/# - 1-/4 24142*747- 7-"-4BC# 7# N#5-5@ S,- $#"545 ,5 ="*6E5*# 7- S,- 4

M-/#2*747- 7-1-67-%

D-/#2*747- +*5*=-64 Z#7#M*4

`>D    `9e?4C6

+6<9<

&> 3r > 5 "

Page 69: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 69/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD 

.<B673r@?>D 5D &>23r@?>D 59 `>2>E>C>5D59 BD7D D $656I>D 

 ! #$%&'(%) *%(+$' ,+ , -%*./, -% ,0*123+4,* 4# /#6)# 74 "#7#M*4#2#""-@ #8M*45-6=-@ S,467# 4 7*.=U62*4 7- M*.*8*/*747- 7# 5#=#"*.=4 (.,$*2*-6=- 14"4 S,- -/- 1#..4 "-4)*" ] =-51#% R 7-=-"5*64BC# 747*.=U62*4 7- M*.*8*/*747- -5 =#7#. #. 1#6=#. 74 "#7#M*4 - 4 46;/*.- 7#.1#6=#. 2"H=*2#.@ 2#67,^ 4 1"#O-=# 7- "#7#M*4 .-),"4 - -$*2*-6=-% R-$*2*X62*4 =458(5 7-1-67- 74 .-),"46B4@ 1#"S,- -5 24.# 7- 42*7-6=-#2#""-"; "-7,BC# 6# 6HM-/ 7- 4=-67*5-6=#%

&> 3r > 5 "

Page 70: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 70/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD 

&9397<>@DFG6 5D &>23r@?>D 59 `>2>E>C>5D59

R 7*.=U62*4 7- M*.*8*/*747- 7- ,5 ="-2N# 7- "#7#M*4 ( 7-=-"5*6474-.=*5467#3.-@ *6*2*4/5-6=-@ 4. -G=-6.`-. 7# 2451# M*.HM-/ 7# 5#=#"*.=4@

7-.7- .,4 1#.*BC# 4=( # 1#6=# 54*. 4$4.=47# 74 "#7#M*4 S,- -/-2#6.-),- M-"@ 5-7*74. 6# 1"#O-=# -5 1/46=4 - 6# 1"#O-=# -5 1-"$*/% R5-6#" 7-.=4. 7,4. 7*.=U62*4. .-"; 4 7*.=U62*4 7- M*.*8*/*747-

&> 3r > 5 "

Page 71: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 71/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD 

&9397<>@DFG6 5D &>23r@?>D 59 `>2>E>C>5D59R 7*.=U62*4 7- M*.*8*/*747- 7- ,5 ="-2N# 7- "#7#M*4 ( 7-=-"5*6474-.=*5467#3.-@ *6*2*4/5-6=-@ 4. -G=-6.`-. 7# 2451# M*.HM-/ 7# 5#=#"*[email protected] .,4 1#.*BC# 4=( # 1#6=# 54*. 4$4.=47# 74 "#7#M*4 S,- -/-2#6.-),- M-"@ 5-7*74. 6# 1"#O-=# -5 1/46=4 - 6# 1"#O-=# -5 1-"$*/% R5-6#" 7-.=4. 7,4. 7*.=U62*4. .-"; 4 7*.=U62*4 7- M*.*8*/*747-

&> 3r > 5 "

Page 72: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 72/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD 

&9397<>@DFG6 5D &>23r@?>D 59 `>2>E>C>5D59R 7*.=U62*4 7- M*.*8*/*747- 7- ,5 ="-2N# 7- "#7#M*4 ( 7-=-"5*6474-.=*5467#3.-@ *6*2*4/5-6=-@ 4. -G=-6.`-. 7# 2451# M*.HM-/ 7# 5#=#"*[email protected] .,4 1#.*BC# 4=( # 1#6=# 54*. 4$4.=47# 74 "#7#M*4 S,- -/-2#6.-),- M-"@ 5-7*74. 6# 1"#O-=# -5 1/46=4 - 6# 1"#O-=# -5 1-"$*/% R5-6#" 7-.=4. 7,4. 7*.=U62*4. .-"; 4 7*.=U62*4 7- M*.*8*/*747-%

5%1%$)/&'-' ' -/*16&3/' -% ./*/0/4/-'-%@ 7-M-5 .-" 7-=-"5*6474. 4

-/*16&3/' -% ./*/0/4/-'-% -% #$%&'(%) - 4 -/*16&3/' -% ./*/0/4/-'-%-% +41$'7'**'(%)@ 14"4 S,-@ 1#" 2#514"4B`-. 7-.=4. 7,4. b/=*54.2#5 4 7*.=U62*4 7- M*.*8*/*747-@ 1#..43.- 2#62/,*" .- # ="-2N# ( *%(+$,

,+ &8, 7'$' 1$2#%(, *%) +41$'7'**'(%) - .- ( *%(+$, ,+ &8, 7'$'

1$2#%(, 3,) +41$'7'**'(%)%

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R 7D@FD

Page 73: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 73/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD 

&>23r@?>D 59 `>2>E>C>5D59 59 :79@DR9<R 7*.=U62*4 7- M*.*8*/*747- 7- $"-64)-5 ( 4 5H6*54 7*.=U62*4 14"4 4 S,4/ ,5M-H2,/# 1#7- 14"4" 46=-. 7- 4=*6)*" ,5 #8.=;2,/#% F.=4 7*.=U62*4 ( 7-=-"5*6474.#5467#3.- 4. -/*16&3/'* &%3%**2$/'* 7'$' 9+% , ),1,$/*1' 7%$3%0' % $%':'

 7%$'&1% ' +) ,0*123+4, % 9+% , .%;3+4, *%:' 3,&1/-, % 7'$'-,@ 4 14"=*" 74

4BC# 7#. $"-*#.% R 1"*5-*"4 7*.=U62*4 .-"; 7-6#5*6474 7I - 4 .-),674 .-";7-6#5*6474 7J% R 7*.=U62*4 7- M*.*8*/*747- 7- $"-64)-5@ S,- ( 4 .#54 7-.=4.14"2-/4.@ .-"; 7-6#5*6474 7c%

 

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD

Page 74: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 74/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD 

&>23r@?>D 59 -97?9BFG6 9 $9DFG6

% 5>23r@?>D 5S = B76B67?>6@DC t I9C6?>5D59 9 D6 39<B6 @9?922]7>6 59B97?9BFG6 9 59 79DFG6a

< 1%)7, -% 7%$3%7=8,@ ( # =-51# -6="- # 414"-2*5-6=# 7- ,5 #8.=;2,/# 6# 2451#M*.HM-/ 7# 5#=#"*.=4 - # .-, "-2#6N-2*5-6=# 2#5# #8.=;2,/#@ 1#" 14"=- 7# 5#=#"*.=4% F.=-=-51# 7-1-67- 74. 2#67*B`-. 4=5#.$("*24.@ 74 "41*7-^ 7- "-$/-G#. 7# 5#=#"*.=4@ 7# =*1# -

74 2#" 7# #8.=;2,/# -@ 1"*62*14/5-6=-@ 74 4=-6BC# 7# 5#=#"*.=4% d ,.,4/ 47#=4"3.- 7,"4BC#7- I@m. 14"4 -.=- -M-6=#%

< 1%)7, -% $%'=8,@ ( # =-51# -6="- # *6.=46=- 7# "-2#6N-2*5-6=# 7# 5#=#"*.=4 S,- -G*.=-,5 #8.=;2,/# - S,- 1"-2*.4 -6=C# $"-4" - # *6H2*# 74 1"-..C# .#8"- # .*.=-54 7- $"-*#.%F.=- =-51# 7-1-67- 74 "41*7-^ 7- "-$/-G#. 7# 5#=#"*.=4% d ,.,4/ 47#=4"3.- 7,"4BC# 7- I.14"4 -.=- -M-6=#%

 

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD

Page 75: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 75/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD 

&>23r@?>D 59 :79@DR9< !H93>ID 

R 7*.=U62*4 7J ( 1"#1#"2*#64/ ] M7 - 4# $@ .-67# -.=4 b/=*54 )"467-^4 #2#-$*2*-6=- 7- 4="*=# /#6)*=,7*64/ -6="- 14M*5-6=# - 16-,5;=*2#%

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD

Page 76: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 76/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD 

&>23r@?>D 59 :79@DR9< !H93>ID 

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD

Page 77: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 77/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD &>23r@?>D 59 :79@DR9< !H93>ID 

W 3,%#/3/%&1% -% '1$/1, 4,&(/1+-/&'4 %&1$% 7&%+)21/3, % 7'./)%&1, ( $,6BC#@1"*62*14/5-6=-@ 74  7$%*%&=' ,+ &8, -% 2(+' ,+ ,+1$,* 4;9+/-,* *,0$% , 7'./)%&1,> 1/7, % &;.%4 -% -%*('*1% -,* 7&%+)21/3,*> -%*%&?, -' *+7%$#;3/%

-, 7&%+)21/3, 3,&1$' ' '9+'74'&'(%)> $+(,*/-'-% -' *+7%$#;3/% -,

 7'./)%&1, 9+% .'$/' 3,&#,$)% , 1/7, -, 7'./)%&1,> 9+'4/-'-% -,* )'1%$/'/*

+1/4/@'-,* % 3,&1$,4% 1%3&,4A(/3, -% 3,&*1$+=8,B d =458(5 $4=#" *6=-"M-6*-6=-

4 -$*2*X62*4 7- 45#"=-2-7#"-. 2#6="4 # 5#M*5-6=# M-"=*24/ -G2-..*M# S,- 1"#M#24"-7,BC# 74 1"-..C# 7- 2#6=4=# -6="- 16-,5;=*2# - 14M*5-6=#%

!#" 24,.4 74 M4"*4BC# -G2-..*M4 7-.=4. )"467-^4. ( 7*$H2*/ -.=48-/-2-" #47-S,47# - 2#6.=46=- M4/#" 7- $% _#6=,7#@ .- 2#5 # 4,5-6=# 74 7,"4BC# 74#1-"4BC# 7- $"-64)-5 # M4/#" 7- $ 7*5*6,* 1#"S,- 4. .,1-"$H2*-. -5 4="*=#

=#"6453.- y54*. /*.4.y@ # 4,5-6=# 7# =-51# 7- $"-64)-5 *67,^ # 5#=#"*.=4 44,5-6=4" 4 1"-..C# .#8"- # 1-74/ 7- $"-64)-5@ 1#7-67#3.-@ -6=C#@ 47#=4" $2#6.=46=- -5 $,6BC# 7# =-51#%

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD

Page 78: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 78/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD 

&>23r@?>D 59 :79@DR9< !H93>ID 

!-/# <";$*2# -/48#"47# 2#5 M4/#"-. "-/4=47#. 1#" !*5-6=4 zIxlK{- 7- 42#"7# 2#54 c*),"4@ 1#7-3.- 7-=-"5*64" # M4/#" 7- $ 14"4 1"#O-=#@ S,- 2#6.*7-"4 4 1*#"2#67*BC#@ 5#=#"*.=4 f="4M467#g 4. "#74. -5 4B`-. -5-")-62*4*.@ -5 $,6BC# 74M-/#2*747-@ S,- *6$/,-62*4 64 4BC# 7#. 45#"=-2-7#"-.@ =4/ 2#5# 42*54 2*=47# --5 $,6BC# 74 1"-.-6B4 #, 6C# 7- /HS,*7#. .#8"- # 14M*5-6=#%

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD

Page 79: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 79/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD  

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD

Page 80: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 80/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD &>23r@?>D Pe@><D 59 "9R47D@FD 9@379 I9e?4C62

T,467# M-H2,/#. 41"#G*5453.- -5 ,54 5-.54 $4*G4 7- =";$-)#@ $#"5467# ,542#""-6=- 7- =";$-)#@ 7-M-3.- #8.-"M4" -/*16&3/' -% *%(+$'&=' %&1$% ,*

)%*),* 7'$' , 3'*, -% #$%&'(%&* ,3'*/,&'/*%

_#6.*7-"467#3.- S,- #. M-H2,/#. $"-*-5 2#5 7-.42-/-"4B`-. 2#6.=46=-. - *),4*.-6="- .*@ 7-M-3.- 546=-" 7*.=U62*4 -6="- #. M-H2,/#. 1"#1#"2*#64/ 4# =-51# 7-1-"2-1BC# - 7- "-4BC#% R 7*.=U62*4 7- $"-64)-5 -$-=*M4 6C# .-"; 2#6.*7-"4741#"S,- 6-.=4 N*1>=-.- 7- -.=*54=*M4 7- 7*.=U62*4 5H6*54 7- .-),"46B4 -6="-M-H2,/#.@ .,1#67#3.- 7-.42-/-"4B`-. *),4*.@ #. M-H2,/#. 6C# .- 41"#G*54"*457,"46=- 4 $"-64)-5 -$-=*M4%

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD

Page 81: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 81/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD &>23r@?>D Pe@><D 59 "9R47D@FD 9@379 I9e?4C62

C' -%1%$)/&'=8, -%*1' -/*16&3/' 3,&*/-%$'D*% 1%)7, , -% 7%$3%7=8, % -%

$%'=8, )%&,$ -, 9+% , 3,&*/-%$'-, 7'$' ' -/*16&3/' -% #$%&'(%) 1#"S,- #5#=#"*.=4 -5 ,54 2#""-6=- 7- M-H2,/#. =-5 S,- -.=4" 54*. 4=-6=# 6# M-H2,/# 74$"-6=- 7# S,- S,467# .- -.=; -5 $/,G# /*M"- #, 6C# 7-1-67-6=- 7- #,="# M-H2,/#%E&-/3'D*% 1%)7, -% $%'=8, % -% 7%$3%7=8, /(+'4 ' F>GH*@ "-/4=47# 1#" !*5-6=4

zIxlK{% _#5# -.=4 7*.=U62*4 41"-.-6=4 54)6*=,7- 6C# 48.#/,=45-6=-1"-1#67-"46=- .#8"- # 3,)7$/)%&1, -,* .%;3+4,*@ -%.%D*% /&34+/$ ' %I1%&*8,

7# 5-.5#@ 7-*G467# 7- .-" ,54 7-=-"5*64BC# .*51/*$*2474 7- M-H2,/#.2#6.*7-"47#. 2#5# 14"=H2,/4.%

 

'P7*.=U62*4 5H6*54 7- .-),"46B4 -6="- M-H2,/#. Y5\QM7 P M-/#2*747- 7*"-="*^ Yw5oN\Q+P2#51"*5-6=# 5(7*# 7# M-H2,/# 147"C#@ M;/*7# 14"4 -.=- -.=,7#@ *67*243.-@ 14"4 7*M-".#. 24.#. +|l 5%

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD

Page 82: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 82/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD &>23r@?>D Pe@><D 59 "9R47D@FD 9@379 I9e?4C62

J'*, *% 9+%/$' 3,&*/-%$'$ -/#%$%&3/'4 -% -%*'3%4%$'=K%* %&1$% .%;3+4,*

1#7-3.- ,=*/*^4" 4 FS,4BC# 7- Z% _#S,467@ S,- *62/,* ="X. 5*/(.*5#. 7#S,47"47# 74 M-/#2*747- 2#5# $4=#" 54O#"47#" 14"4 # 24.# 7- M-H2,/# S,- =-6N424142*747- 7- $"-64)-5 5,*=# 7*$-"-6=- 7- #,="# M-H2,/# S,- .- -62#6="4 4=";.7-.=-%

'P7*.=U62*4 5H6*54 7- .-),"46B4 -6="- M-H2,/#. Y5\QM7 P M-/#2*747- 7*"-="*^ Yw5oN\Q+P2#51"*5-6=# 5(7*# 7# M-H2,/# 147"C#@ M;/*7# 14"4 -.=- -.=,7#@ *67*243.-@ 14"4 7*M-".#. 24.#. +|l 5%

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD

Page 83: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 83/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD &>23r@?>D 59 `>2>E>C>5D59 59 0C37DBD22DR9<

 ! -/*16&3/' -% ./*/0/4/-'-% -% +41$'7'**'(%) L ' %I1%&*8, ./*;.%4 -%*-%

+)' -'-' 7,*/=8, -, .%;3+4, % '1L , 4/)/1% -, 3')7, ./*;.%4 -' 7/*1' ,+ '1L

+) .%;3+4, 9+% .%&?' %) *%&1/-, ,7,*1,> 9+% 7%$)/1' %#%1+'$ ' )'&,0$'

-% +41$'7'**'(%) 3,) *%(+$'&='B

d 6-2-..;"*# S,- .- =-6N45 ="-2N#. -5 1*.=4. 7- 5C# 7,1/4 S,- 41"-.-6=-57*.=U62*4 7- M*.*8*/*747- 54*#" S,- 4 7*.=U62*4 7- M*.*8*/*747- 7- ,/="414..4)-5@*6=,*67#3.- 54*#" .-),"46B4 #1-"42*#64/%

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD

Page 84: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 84/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD &>23r@?>D 59 `>2>E>C>5D59 59 0C37DBD22DR9<

R c*),"4 41"-.-6=4 -G-51/# */,.="4=*M# 7- ="-2N# 84/*^47# S,- 1-"5*=-,/="414..4)-5 - 41"-.-6=4 =458(5 # M-H2,/# I@ 4S,-/- S,- M4* ,/="414..4"@ #M-H2,/# J@ 4S,-/- 4 .-" ,/="414..47# - # M-H2,/# K@ 4S,-/- S,- M-5 -5 $4*G4#1#.=4% R 6#=4BC# 74 ?*.=U62*4 7- D*.*8*/*747- 7- a/="414..4)-5 ( ?a%

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD

Page 85: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 85/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD &>23r@?>D 59 `>2>E>C>5D59 59 0C37DBD22DR9<

R c*),"4 41"-.-6=4 -G-51/# */,.="4=*M# 7- ="-2N# 84/*^47# S,- 1-"5*=-,/="414..4)-5 - 41"-.-6=4 =458(5 # M-H2,/# I@ 4S,-/- S,- M4* ,/="414..4"@ #M-H2,/# J@ 4S,-/- 4 .-" ,/="414..47# - # M-H2,/# K@ 4S,-/- S,- M-5 -5 $4*G4#1#.=4% R 6#=4BC# 74 ?*.=U62*4 7- D*.*8*/*747- 7- a/="414..4)-5 ( ?a%

!4"4 -$-*=# 7- 2;/2,/#@ ' -/*16&3/' -% ./*/0/4/-'-% -% +41$'7'**'(%) L

-%1%$)/&'-' 3,&*/-%$'&-,D*% ' +41$'7'**'(%) '7%&'* -% +) .%;3+4,B_#6.*7-"43.- S,- # -.14B# 5H6*5# #8"*)4=>"*# -6="- M-H2,/#. .-"M*"; 14"4 #42-..# 7# M-H2,/# S,- ,/="414..4@ 6# 24.# 7- ,/="414..4)-5 -5 $*/4 7- M-H2,/#.%

_#5# 4 #1-"4BC# -5 -.=,7# 41"-.-6=4 -/-M474 *6$/,X62*4 2#51#"=45-6=4/ 7-2474 5#=#"*.=4 -5 14"=*2,/4"@ ( 6-2-..;"*# -.=48-/-2-" ,5 147"C# 7- 4=*=,7-

7,"46=- =#74 4 #1-"4BC# 7- ,/="414..4)-5@ 1-"5*=*67#3.- -.=48-/-2-" 4/)#"*=5#14"4 # 2;/2,/# 74 -G=-6.C# 7- ,/="414..4)-5%

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD

Page 86: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 86/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD &>23r@?>D 59 `>2>E>C>5D59 59 0C37DBD22DR9<

(7>3=7>6 5D %%"+#)

?- 42#"7# 2#5 4 c*),"4 - 2#6$#"5- # _"*=("*# 74 RR'A:W@ 14"4 4 7-=-"5*64BC# 74 7*.=U62*4 7-M*.*8*/*747- 7- ,/="414..4)-5@ 2#6.*7-"453.- #. .-),*6=-. *=-6.P

4%# M-H2,/# J 41"-.-6=4 M-/#2*747- 2#6.=46=-@

8%# M-H2,/# I 41"-.-6=4 4 5-.54 M-/#2*747- 7# M-H2,/# J 4=( # *6H2*# 74 ,/="414..4)-5@

2 # 5#=#"*.=4 7# M-H2,/# I 7-.1-67-"; =-51# 7- 1-"2-1BC# - 7- "-4BC# 46=-. 7- *6*2*4" 4 546#8"4@

7% 7,"46=- 4 ,/="414..4)-5 # M-H2,/# I 42-/-"4 4=( Im w5oN-5 "-/4BC# 4# M-H2,/# J - 7-1#*. 4546=(5 2#6.=46=- 4=( # $*64/ 74 #1-"4BC#@

-% # M-H2,/# I =-"5*64 4 546#8"4 7-*G467# -.14B# 7- .-),"46B4 -5 "-/4BC# 4# M-H2,/# K

 ! +41$'7'**'(%) *% -2 %) -+'* %1'7'*> 1'4 3,), *% ,0*%$.' &' M/(+$'B C' 7$/)%/$' #'*% ,3,$$%

'3%4%$'=8, -, .%;3+4, N % %*1% '/&-' *% %&3,&1$' &' #'/I' -% *+' )8, -% 1$2#%(, %> &' *%(+&-'

#'*%> , .%;3+4, N )'&1L) .%4,3/-'-% 3,&*1'&1% -+$'&1% *+' 7%$)'&O&3/' &' #'/I' ,7,*1'%

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD

Page 87: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 87/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD &>23r@?>D 59 `>2>E>C>5D59 59 0C37DBD22DR9<

(7>3=7>6 5D %%"+#)

?- 42#"7# 2#5 4 c*),"4 - 2#6$#"5- # _"*=("*# 74 RR'A:W@ 14"4 4 7-=-"5*64BC# 74 7*.=U62*4 7-M*.*8*/*747- 7- ,/="414..4)-5@ 2#6.*7-"453.- #. .-),*6=-. *=-6.P

4%# M-H2,/# J41"-.-6=4 M-/#2*747- 2#6.=46=-@

8%# M-H2,/# I41"-.-6=4 4 5-.54 M-/#2*747- 7# M-H2,/# J4=( # *6H2*# 74 ,/="414..4)-5@

2 # 5#=#"*.=4 7# M-H2,/# I 7-.1-67-"; =-51# 7- 1-"2-1BC# - 7- "-4BC# 46=-. 7- *6*2*4" 4 546#8"4@

7% 7,"46=- 4 ,/="414..4)-5 # M-H2,/# I42-/-"4 4=( Im w5oN-5 "-/4BC# 4# M-H2,/# J - 7-1#*. 4546=(5 2#6.=46=- 4=( # $*64/ 74 #1-"4BC#@

-%# M-H2,/# I =-"5*64 4 546#8"4 7-*G467# -.14B# 7- .-),"46B4 -5 "-/4BC# 4# M-H2,/# K

 ! +41$'7'**'(%) *% -2 %) -+'* %1'7'*> 1'4 3,), *% ,0*%$.' &' M/(+$'B C' 7$/)%/$' #'*% ,3,$$%

'3%4%$'=8, -, .%;3+4, N % %*1% '/&-' *% %&3,&1$' &' #'/I' -% *+' )8, -% 1$2#%(, %> &' *%(+&-'

#'*%> , .%;3+4, N )'&1L) .%4,3/-'-% 3,&*1'&1% -+$'&1% *+' 7%$)'&O&3/' &' #'/I' ,7,*1'B

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD

Page 88: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 88/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD &>23r@?>D 59 `>2>E>C>5D59 59 0C37DBD22DR9<

(7>3=7>6 5D %%"+#)

?- 42#"7# 2#5 4 c*),"4 - 2#6$#"5- # _"*=("*# 74 RR'A:W@ 14"4 4 7-=-"5*64BC# 74 7*.=U62*4 7-M*.*8*/*747- 7- ,/="414..4)-5@ 2#6.*7-"453.- #. .-),*6=-. *=-6.P

4%# M-H2,/# J41"-.-6=4 M-/#2*747- 2#6.=46=-@

8%# M-H2,/# I41"-.-6=4 4 5-.54 M-/#2*747- 7# M-H2,/# J4=( # *6H2*# 74 ,/="414..4)-5@

2 # 5#=#"*.=4 7# M-H2,/# I 7-.1-67-"; =-51# 7- 1-"2-1BC# - 7- "-4BC# 46=-. 7- *6*2*4" 4 546#8"4@

7% 7,"46=- 4 ,/="414..4)-5 # M-H2,/# I42-/-"4 4=( Im w5oN-5 "-/4BC# 4# M-H2,/# J - 7-1#*. 4546=(5 2#6.=46=- 4=( # $*64/ 74 #1-"4BC#@

-%# M-H2,/# I =-"5*64 4 546#8"4 7-*G467# -.14B# 7- .-),"46B4 -5 "-/4BC# 4# M-H2,/# K

 ! +41$'7'**'(%) *% -2 %) -+'* %1'7'*> 1'4 3,), *% ,0*%$.' &' M/(+$'B C' 7$/)%/$' #'*% ,3,$$%

'3%4%$'=8, -, .%;3+4, N % %*1% '/&-' *% %&3,&1$' &' #'/I' -% *+' )8, -% 1$2#%(, %> &' *%(+&-'

#'*%> , .%;3+4, N )'&1L) .%4,3/-'-% 3,&*1'&1% -+$'&1% *+' 7%$)'&O&3/' &' #'/I' ,7,*1'B

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD

Page 89: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 89/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD &>23r@?>D 59 `>2>E>C>5D59 59 0C37DBD22DR9<

(7>3=7>6 5D %%"+#)

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD

Page 90: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 90/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD &>23r@?>D 59 `>2>E>C>5D59 59 0C37DBD22DR9<

(7>3=7>6 5D %%"+#)

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD

Page 91: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 91/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD &>23r@?>D 59 `>2>E>C>5D59 59 0C37DBD22DR9<

(7>3=7>6 5D %%"+#)

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD

Page 92: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 92/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD &>23r@?>D 59 `>2>E>C>5D59 59 0C37DBD22DR9<

(7>3=7>6 59 (6^4D@5

!-/# _"*=("*# 7- Z% _#S,467@ R1,7 !*5-6=4 zIxlK{@' -/*16&3/' -% ./*/0/4/-'-%

-% +41$'7'**'(%) L 3'43+4'-' 3,&*/-%$'&-,D*% .%;3+4,* 3,) .%4,3/-'-%

3,&*1'&1% %) 1,-,* ,* /&*1'&1%* -%*1' )'&,0$'> -/*16&3/' -% *%(+$'&='

%&1$% , .%;3+4, 9+% +41$'7'**' % , .%;3+4, ' *%$ +41$'7'**'-, &'* 7,*/=K%*

/&/3/'/* % #/&'/* -' )'&,0$'B 

[-.=- 5(=#7# 6C# .- 2#6.*7-"4 -.14B# 7- .-),"46B4 -6="- # M-H2,/# S,-,/="414..4 - # S,- M-5 -5 $4*G4 #1#.=4@ 1#7-67#3.- 2#6.*7-"4" S,-@ 41-.4" 74414"-6=- $4/=4 7- .-),"46B4@ 4 7*.=U62*4 $*64/ -6)/#8467# 4. 7,4. 7*.=U62*4. 7-.-),"46B4 41"-.-6=4 M4/#" .-5-/N46=- 4# 24/2,/47# 1-/# 5(=#7# 74 RR'A:W%

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD

Page 93: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 93/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD &>23r@?>D 59 `>2>E>C>5D59 59 0C37DBD22DR9<

(7>3=7>6 59 (6^4D@5

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD

Page 94: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 94/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD &>23r@?>D 59 `>2>E>C>5D59 59 0C37DBD22DR9<

(7>3=7>6 59 (6^4D@5

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD

Page 95: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 95/96

&>23r@?>D2 59 "9R47D@FD .<B62>F[92 BD7D 6 37DFD56

9   :#7#. #. 1#6=#. 74 "#7#M*4 7-M-5 41"-.-6=4" 7*.=U62*4 M*.HM-/ 54*#" #, *),4/] 7*.=U62*4 7- .-),"46B4 7- $"-64)-5%

9   _#5 "-/4BC# ] ,/="414..4)-5@ -5 "#7#M*4. 7- 5C# 7,1/4@ .,)-"-3.- S,-@ 42474 ="-2N#@ 6C# 54*#" S,- J w5@ =-6N43.-@ 1-/# 5-6#.@ ,5 /#24/ S,- .-1#..4 ,/="414..4"@ #, .-O4@ S,- .- =-6N4 7*.=U62*4 7- M*.*8*/*747- *),4/ #,

54*#" S,- 4 7*.=U62*4 7- M*.*8*/*747- 7- ,/="414..4)-5%

9   <-.=#"-. 7- "#7#M*4.@ 64 $#"54 7- 2#62-..*#6;"*#. #, .-"M*7#"-. 1b8/*2#.@7-M-5 546=-" 2#6.=46=- )-.=C# 7- ="-2N#. #67- 4 ,/="414..4)-5 .-O41"#*8*74@ 64 $#"54 7- $4*G4 .*51/-. #, 7,1/4% T,467# 74 -/-M4BC# 7#.42*7-6=-. 7- 54*#" .-M-"*747-@ #67- MH=*54. $4=4*. #, -5 )"4M- 2#67*BC# 7-

"*.2# 7- M*74 .C# #8.-"M47#. - 2474.="47#.@ 7-M-3.- 8,.24" -$-=*M4" 4B`-.7- 4/=-"4BC# 74. 2#67*B`-. 7- #$-"=4 74 M*4%

-$mL.P% %0*%

Page 96: ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

7/21/2019 ESTRADAS+A+AULA+3+e+4+

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estradasaaula3e4 96/96

-$mL.P% %0*%

F/-5-6=#. 7- 2#62#"7U62*4 N#"*^#6=4/P 2,"M4 N#"*^#6=4/Q )-#5-="*4 74 2,"M4 7-2#62#"7U62*4 N#"*^#6=4/% FG-"2H2*#P 2,"M4 2*"2,/4"% !"#O-=#P M*.=4 7- 1"#O-=# }$4=#"-. S,- *6=-"$-"-5 64 -.2#/N4 7# ="4B47# - ="4B47# 2#5 7*"-="*^ 14"2*4/%