Globalização e Ciência das Religiões

8/14/2019 Globalizao e Cincia das Religies

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@OMJLOFXLM

G CFECFL DLS ZGOF@FGS^lrl ukl igemkgemom`fl dm bmkgk

Wkl igemkgemom`fl dm rgof`lrg

HMS CLZOMS CLOLXLES

^rgicfm dg

@ufobgrkg dMofvgfrl Klrtfes

KGSTZLDM, OFCGECFLTWZL GCGETZM DGGSTWDMS GKCFECFL DLSZGOF@FGS

Wefvgrsfdldg Ousimel dg Buklefdldgs g Tgcemom`fls

:>>2


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Sukrfm

^ZGICFM pmr @ufobgrkg dMofvgfrl Klrtfes............................ 0

FETZMDWM...........................................................................


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^rgicfm

L Cfecfl dls Zgof`fgs tmremu-sg ems dfls dg bmhg cldl vgz klfslctulo, h qug m dgscmebgcfkgetm g l fedfigrgel smjrg m ig-ekgem rgof fmsm, em sgetfdm klfs lkpom, tk `grldm l gkgrè-cfl dg ileltfskms, dg iuedlkgetlofskms g dg kotfpoms lpgoms fr-

rlcfmelofdldg g vfmoecfl. Em pmssvgo cmkprggedgr l dfvgrsf-dldg dls cuoturls g m dfom`m dls cfvfofzlgs sgk m cmebgcfkgetmdls dfvgrsls rgof`fgs g dl sul bfstrfl. Kuftls vgzgs, ems dfls dg

bmhg, dgplrlkm-ems cmk l dfifcuodldg dg cmkprggesm dg loùescmecgftms iuedlkgetlfs g dl rlzm dg sgr dg kuftms skjmoms g ig-ekgems smcflfs g bfstrfcms pmr fèmrecfl dls rgof`fgs g dms sgus

rgigrgetgs gssgecflfs. Cmebgcgkms ls pmsfgs ldmptldls pmr lutm-rgs fesuspgftms, cmkm Z`fs Dgjrly g Wkjgrtm Gcm. ^lrl lkjms, l

fèmrecfl smjrg m igekgem rgof`fmsm rgvgstg-sg dg ukl fkpmrte-

cfl kuftm klfmr dm qug pmssl plrgcgr prfkgfrl vfstl ukl vgz qug`grl uk gkpmjrgcfkgetm cuoturlo kuftm sfèfifcltfvm dg cmesg-

quecfls fkprgvfsvgfs, h qug dgfxl dg sg getgedgr l rlzm dg sgr dgcmecgftms, skjmoms g igekgems qug clrlctgrfzlk g cmedfcfmelkl vfdl buklel. Dm kgskm kmdm, ljrg-sg clkfebm l pgrf msls

sfkpofifclgs qug ilvmrgcgk m dgsrgspgftm, l fetmogrecfl g l fedf-igrgel.

M vlzfm rgof`fmsm uk igekgem cmebgcfdm lm ome`m dl bfst-

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rfl, qug cmeduz fevlrflvgokgetg l rgsuotldms cmkm l gkgrècfl dg

sucgdegms sfkpofifcldmrgs g sfkpofstls dl gspfrftulofdldg rgof`fmsl,l plrtfr dg cmesfdgrlgs rudfkgetlrgs g gkpmjrgcgdmrls. M usm

dl vfmoecfl smj fevmclm rgof`fmsl g m ileltfskm sm igekgemsqug gkgr`gk els smcfgdldgs buklels kuftls vgzgs l plrtfr dmvlzfm rgof`fmsm, quledm ms kfstrfms g ms ofkftgs dl rlzm sg dgpl-rlk cmk jgcms sgk sldl mu cmk pgrspgctfvls igcbldls g fetmog-

rletgs qug prgssupgk l rgcusl dls rgspmstls rgof`fmsls mu gspfrf-tulfs. Eukl plolvrl, ms gxtrgkms tmclk-sg8 l cgùgfrl g mileltfskm rgof`fmsms, dg uk oldm, g l frrgdutfjfofdldg g l fedfigrgel

smjrg m igekgem rgof`fmsm `grlk fecmkprggesm ktul g dgsghm

fecmetrmoldm dg tgr rgspmstls plrl ls le`stfls g plrl ls dvfdlsgxfstgecflfs smjrg l vfdl.

Hms Clroms Clolzles, lm trltlr dm tgkl dls rgolgs getrg @om-jlofzlm g Cfecfl dls Zgof`fgs pg gstl qugstm el mrdgk dm dfl.G cmkgl pmr sg fetgrrm`lr smjrg m cmebgcfkgetm g l cmkprgge-

sm dls dfigrgetgs cuoturls g smjrg ls rgpgrcussgs dgssl rgolm emtmcletg lms tgkls crucflfs dl plz g dm dgsgevmovfkgetm. Sg vgr-

dldg qug l sgplrlm getrg ls F`rghls g ms Gstldms cmestftuf uklcmequfstl pmsftfvl (g gssgecflo) dm kuedm cmetgkpmregm, pmrcmetrlpmetm s tgmcrlcfls g cmeiusm dg gsigrls getrg ms igekg-

ems pmotfcm g rgof`fmsm, l vgrdldg qug fkpmrtl dlr uk sgetfdmcmestrutfvm g cuoturlokgetg rfcm l gssg cmecgftm kmdgrem dm qugprgigrfkms dgsfèlr pmr olfcfdldg. Sg cgrtm qug m lutmr usl

ukl mutrl gxprgssm plrl fdgetfifclr gssg rgspgftm ktum pgolsgsigrls rgof`fmsl g pmotfcl, iloledm dg olfcfskm rgof`fmsm, l vgr-

dldg qug prmcurl, cmrrgctlkgetg, pr l tefcl em sgetfdm rgof-`fmsm dm bmkgk, sgk qug gstghl egcgsslrflkgetg lssmcfldm dgimrkl gxpocftl l uk cmrpus rgof`fmsm lutgetfcldm pgom stltus.Egssg sgetfdm, Hms Clroms Clolzles pg l tefcl em cmskmpmof-

tfskm, em rgspgftm ktum, el cmevfvecfl plcifcl getrg dfvgrslsimrkls dg vfvgr g dg pgeslr. Sg prgigrfkms l gxprgssm olfcf-dldg, tlo dgvg-sg egcgssfdldg dg gvftlr l tgetlm dg dgfxlr l

rgigrecfl cmeifeldl l uk fskm, dg clrctgr fdgmo`fcm, qug pmdg

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`grlr l fkpmsfm dl fedfigrgel cmkm supmstm kmdm dg prgsgr-

vlr l lutmemkfl dg gsigrls.Jlstl vgrkms, ems dfls qug cmrrgk, l gkgrècfl dg uk cgrtm

tfpm dg dfscursm pmoftfclkgetg cmrrgctm, sgùedm m qulo lsmpgs prfvldls gk kltrfl rgof`fmsl em dgvgk tgr quloqugrgxprgssm em gsplm pjofcm, m qug pmdg tgr cmkm cmesgquecfl ldgsvftlofzlm dl smcfgdldg, l dgsclrlctgrfzlm dls fdgetfdldgs g

ukl `rlvg irl`fofzlm dms ilctmrgs dg uefdldg g cmgsm, qug iue-dlkgetlk l cmeiflel. Kuftls trldfgs g cmstukgs qug clrlctgrf-zlk ls fdgetfdldgs g ilvmrgcgk l cmgsm g l cmeiflel tk mrf`ges

rgof`fmsls g l rgspgctfvl rgprgssm lrtfifcflo, ome`g dg ilvmrgcgr m

rgspgftm ktum g l tmogrecfl, lpgels d ou`lr lm rgssgetfkgetm g irl`kgetlm smcflo. Em gsquglkms, pmr gxgkpom, qug m cloge-

drfm crfstm tgk cmkm jlsg ls rgigrecfls tgkpmrlfs qug vk dlsclogedls rmklels g qug gecmetrlk ls suls rlzgs prmiuedls elscuoturls kgdftgrrefcls dl letfùfdldg. Ogkjrgkm-ems qug l rgof-

`fm fsokfcl iuedl-sg el rgogfturl dls rgof`fgs hudlfcl g crfst. Grgcmrdg-sg lfedl qug ls tgetltfvls dl Zgvmoum irlecgsl em sge-

tfdm dg crflr ukl emvl grl g uk emvm clogedrfm em vfe`lrlkpgom rgspgctfvm clrctgr lrtfifcflo g em lssukfdm pgol `getgcmkuk..

M qug gst gk clusl quledm ilolkms dg olfcfdldg l prgsgr-vlm g slovlùlrdl dl lutmemkfl fedfvfdulo, dm rgspgftm ktumpgol ofjgrdldg dg pgeslkgetm g dg crgel g pgol ofjgrdldg rgof`fmsl.

Wk sm g egcgssrfm dfom`m dgvg sgr `lrletfdm, plrl qug emgsplm pjofcm rlzm g i sg gecmetrgk dg imrkl elturlo, gerfqug-

cgedm-sg kutulkgetg g pgrkftfedm lcgftlr m pourlofskm dg mpgsg cmevfcgs. Alro ^mppgr dfzfl qug euecl sljgkms m suifcfgetgplrl sgr fetmogrletgs, gfs pmr qug rlzm m pourlofskm g l ofjgrdldgrgof`fmsl dgvgk iuedlkgetlr gsplms dg rgolm, medg tmdms sg

pmsslk sgetfr rgspgftldms g medg l tfcl cmrrgspmedl lm rgsuotldmdg uk dfom`m g dg uk gecmetrm gerfqugcgdmrgs g igcuedms. L olf-cfdldg klefigstl-sg, lssfk, el clplcfdldg dg getgedgr m igekgem

rgof fmsm cmkm igekgem buklem, l dfvgrsfdldg rgof fmsl, ls suls

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rlzgs g l gxfècfl dg fetgrckjfm getrg cuoturls g rgof fgs, cmkmcmedfm dg plz cmkm tgk dgigedfdm, cmk gspgcflo oucfdgz ggkpgeblkgetm, Bles Ae . G gstg tgkl dl plz, of`ldm sgù-

rlel g gstrlt fl em cmecgrtm dls elgs, rgvgol-sg crucflo emstgkpms dg bmhg, ukl vgz qug m rfscm dg cbmqug dg cfvfofzlgs(dg qug ilol Slkugo Buetfe`tme) rglo g, l cldl plssm, rgsgrvl-emsks surprgsls dg fetmogrecfl g dg vfmoecfl, medg kgems sg gspgrl.

L prmcurl dg ukl setgsg cuoturlo g gspfrftulo, sgkgoblel dmkfol`rg `rg`m tmrel-sg, lssfk, uk tgkl iuedlkgetlo dl mrdgkdm dfl, h qug prgcfslkms dg ukl jlsg cmkuk dg dfom`m lutetfcmem gsplm pjofcm. Klorlux dfssg qug m prmjogkl dm scuom RRF

sgr m dls rgof`fgs, g dficfo cmetgst-om, smjrgtudm mobledm l gvm-oum klfs rgcgetg, gk gspgcflo ems tgltrms dg cmeioftm. Lifelo, mprmjogkl rgof`fmsm tmremu-sg klfs fkpmrtletg, gk plrtg pgol dgsl-tgem cmetfeuldl l qug gog imf vmtldm. Klorlux em prmigtfzl, tm-dlvfl, ukl emvl grl rgof fmsl, kls l egcgssfdldg dg vmotlr l dlr ltge-m l uk igekgem dgsvlomrfzldm. Mobgkms l gtfmom`fl dls ùgr-rls dg bmhg, vgrfifqug-sg qug gk plem dg iuedm gstm ls rgof`fgs gl dfvgrsfdldg dg cuoturls, kfsturldls cmk m lcgssm s kltrfls-prf-kls. Gfs pmr qug rlzm l qugstm rgof`fmsl tgk dg sgr cmesfdgrldlcmkm clkpm gssgecflo dg prmcurl dg gogkgetms suscgptvgfs dgof`lr l buklefdldg.

Cmkm rgigrg m lutmr, cmesfdgrledm ms jomcms cmestftudms pgolspmtecfls gkgr`getgs (JZFC Jrlsfo, Zssfl, edfl g Cbfel) g pgolEgm-Gursfl8 tmrel-sg gvfdgetg l fkpmrtecfl dg cmeifùrlgsgcmekfcls g rgof fmsls tmtlokgetg emvls, qug gxf`frm dg tmdls ls

imrls mcfdgetlfs uk gsimrm dg gstudm, ldlptlm g setgsg, euklpgrspgctfvl cmkpogtlkgetg emvl qug uotrlplssl l vfsm cmkuk dl@omjlofzlm. Sg ems otfkms scuoms l Gurmpl g m kuedm (l plrtfrdl FF @rledg @ugrrl) smirgrlk lems cmesgcutfvms dg ùgrrl, g sems otfkms sgssgetl lems ms gurmpgus tk vfvfdm pgol prfkgfrlvgz euk pgrmdm sgk ùgrrl `gegrlofzldl, dgvgkms ilzgr ukgsimrm plrl kletgr l plz. Fkpmrtl, lssfk, fr lm iuedm dl cmk-prggesm dm igekgem rgof`fmsm, gk tmdl l sul cmkpogxfdldg,


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cmkm ilctmr dg cmgsm. Dl l egcgssfdldg dg lolr`lr m gsplm fetgr-rgof`fmsm dg kmdm l ilvmrgcgr l cmkprggesm dg fdgetfdldgs ljgr-tls, sgk gkpmjrgcfkgetm dms gogkgetms dg rgcmebgcfkgetm g dg

fdgetfifclm. Lm cmetrrfm dm qug lo ues pgeslk, huo`ledm qug lfedfigrgel g m ilvmrgcfkgetm dg gsplms vlzfms cmestftugk smou-gs, fkpmrtl cmkprggedgr qug m dgsgevmovfkgetm dl Cfecfl dlsZgof`fgs pmdg pgrkftfr uk lolr`lkgetm dg bmrfzmetgs g uklkgobmr slovlùlrdl dl ofjgrdldg rgof`fmsl ltrlvs dm getgedf-kgetm dg tgkls tm dfvgrsms cmkm m kfstrfm, ms ofkftgs dm cmebg-cfkgetm, l rgolm getrg l i g l rlzm, l dfstfem getrg rgoltfvfskmg pourlofskm, l cmkpogkgetlrfdldg getrg cmebgcfkgetm g cmk-

prggesm, l clrfdldg, l gspgrlel g l cmkplfxm.Tudm fstm, of`ldm lm tgkl dl òmjlofzlm, suscftl l qugstm dm

plpgo dls rgof`fgs g dm sgu cmebgcfkgetm cmkm ilctmrgs dg bukl-efzlm g dg plz. prfkgfrl vfstl suscftlr-sg-, pmrk, l dvfdl,ukl vgz qug l gkgrècfl dg igekgems dg fetmogrecfl g dg ilel-tfskm plrgcgk cmetrldfzgr gssl lifrklm. Em getletm, iuedl-kgetlo fetg`rlr l ofjgrdldg rgof`fmsl, m cmebgcfkgetm dms igekg-ems rgof`fmsms g m rgcmebgcfkgetm ktum eukl pgrspgctfvl dgrgspgftm pgol smcfgdldg ljgrtl g pgol gxfstecfl g cmesl`rlm dgfestftufgs clplzgs dg `lrletfr l rgùolm plcifcl dms cmeioftmsfegrgetgs vfdl cmkueftrfl. Cblrogs Tlyomr ilol, pmr fssm, dg fetg-`rlm vmouetrfl g jgk sucgdfdl cmkm prmpmstl iuedlkgetloplrl l cmgxfstecfl g cmmpgrlm igcuedls g crfldmrls dg cmkuef-dldgs g cuoturls dfigrgecfldls. M rgcmebgcfkgetm ktum dl dfvgr-sfdldg g dls gspgcfifcfdldgs tmrel-sg, dgstg kmdm, gssgecflo, em

sgetfdm dg ukl fetg`rlm qug ljrl gsplms dg rgspfrlm g dgdfom`m, ilctmrgs gssgecflfs dg cmkprggesm g dg gerfqugcfkgetm.G sg ilolkms dg omjlofzlm buklel, clplz dg cmecfoflr cmgsm

g dfigrgel, rgùolm g cmeioftm, prgvgefedm l irl`kgetlm g lfecmkprggesm, tgkms dg ogkjrlr m qug tgk sfdm slofgetldm pmrLklrtyl Sgk8 dm qug sg trltl dg slovlùlrdlr l egcgssfdldg dgpgrsuldfr ls pgssmls, qug cbg`lk, pmr gxgkpom, Gurmpl, plrllcgftlr l fdgfl dg kotfpols fdgetfdldgs qug sg cmkpogtlk g gerf-


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qugcgk kutulkgetg. G Tlyomr crftfcl ms ktmdms elturlofstls,

sg`uedm ms qulfs ms igekgems buklems g smcflfs, fecoufedm lemssl sujhgctfvfdldg, lpgels sm cmkprggedfdms em kmdgom dms

igekgems elturlfs, usledm ms cemegs cfgetifcms dg gxpolelm.Em getletm, plrl l cmkprggesm dl bfstrfl, cmkm uk clkfebmcrtfcm dl rlzm, prgcfsm em rgduzfr l ogfturl dm kuedm l sfkpof-ifclgs polels. Tgkms dg cmkprggedgr l emssl prprfl rglofdldg

fedfvfdulo, ms emssms vlomrgs g l emssl cuoturl (ci. C. Tlyomr, OgsSmurcgs du Kmf Ol Imrkltfme dg oFdgetft Kmdgreg, Sgufo, >0). Gfs m clkpm ljgrtm gk qug l Cfecfl

dls Zgof`fgs tgk dg sg dgsgevmovgr, cmkm fkpuosfmeldmrl dlofjgrdldg g dm cmebgcfkgetm, kls tlkjk cmkm gogkgetm dg prg-vgem cmetrl m vlzfm g l irl`kgetlm, m rgssgetfkgetm g l fetm-

ogrecfl. Tgk, pmr fssm, rlzm m lutmr dl mjrl qug l`mrl sg lprg-


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sgetl quledm lifrkl8 L Cfecfl dls Zgof`fgs trlescgedgu-sg g

lutmemkfzmu-sg pmotfcl g cfgetfifclkgetg, kls tgk dg gstlr cmes-tletgkgetg rgsùlrdldl plrl gvftlr l lprmprflm dm sgu clkpm dg

pgsqufsl pgol Letrmpmom`fl, pgol Smcfmom fl g pgol Tgmom fl, g pgomlsslotm dls tgmsmifls g dls sgftls, qug tletm tk getrldm fedfscrfkf-eldlkgetg em kgfm lcldkfcm cmkm els iuegs dg vrfms gstl-dms g rgspgctfvms plrolkgetms.

Buklefzlr l òmjlofzlm, cmetrlrflr l tgedecfl uefimrkfzl-dmrl g l blrkmefzlm, cmesfdgrlr l ofjgrdldg g l hustfl cmkm gog-kgetms gstruturletgs dl kuedflofzlm mjrf`lk l pgeslr ukl

òmjlofzlm gstvgo g durldmurl, cmestftudl pgols dfvgrsls fdge-

tfdldgs tlo cmkm sg lifrklk. Kls fkpmrtl lfedl cufdlr dm qugHms Clroms Clolzles dgsfèl cmkm gspfrftulofdldg olfcl, mu sghl,

l rgspgctfvl cmgrecfl gspfrftulo g ifomsifcl cmkm `lrletg dg gstl-jfofdldg, cmkm fkl`gk dg ukl psfcmom`fl dm cmogctfvm medg tmdmsms cfdldms sg fùlogk g sg sfetlk ljrf`ldms.

H sg dfssg qug m usm dl vfmoecfl smj fevmclm rgof`fmsl g m il-eltfskm sm igekgems qug gkgr`gk els smcfgdldgs buklels l

plrtfr dm vlzfm rgof`fmsm, quledm ms kfstrfms g ms ofkftgs dl rlzmsg dgplrlk cmk jgcms sgk sldl mu cmk l fehustfl, l fetmogrecflg l rgcusl dls rgspmstls rgof`fmsls mu gspfrftulfs. L cgùgfrl, m ilel-

tfskm rgof`fmsm g m utfoftlrfskm bgdmefstl `grlk m dgsghm fecmetrm-oldm dg rgspmedgr fecmkprggesm, bukfoblm g lm sujdgsge-vmovfkgetm. Tudm sg smkl dgsdg m sujdgsgevmovfkgetm g ls cl-

recfls gcmekfcls lt fedfigrgel, plssledm pgom l`rlvlkgetmdls dgsfùlodldgs g pgols tgesgs getrg l liouecfl g l pmjrgzl.

Em b, cmetudm, rgcgftls g em lpgels m dgsgevmovfkgetm dg ukldfscfpofel cfgetifcl qug pmdg rgspmedgr lm rfscm dm cbmqug dls cf-vfofzlgs, em getletm b qug crflr pmetgs qug pmsslk sgr utfofzl-dls, ilvmrgcgedm l fdgfl dg ukl òmjlofzlm, el qulo ms tgkls dm

dgsgevmovfkgetm g dl plz sg ofùgk lms dm cmebgcfkgetm g dlcmkprggesm cmkm dgigedgu Hmm RRFFF. G em pmdgkms gsqug-cgr qug gstlrgkms sgkprg l ofdlr cmk rglofdldgs kuftm ir`gfs g fes-

tvgfs. Lifelo, l ljgrturl dg irmetgfrls trmuxg iletstfcls pmtgecflof-


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dldgs, kls `grmu f`ulokgetg uk fegspgrldm rfscm dg cmeirmetm

getrg vlomrgs tfcms g gspfrftulfs fecmkgesurvgfs, qug pmdg pr gkclusl l lifrklm uefvgrslofstl dl gkfegetg df`efdldg dl pgssml bu-

klel, cmk uk kgskm sgetfdm gssgecflo, kls cmk kmdms dg ljmr-dl`gk dfvgrsms, gssgecflokgetg cmkpogkgetlrgs.

@ufobgrkg dMofvgfrl Klrtfes


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@lssgt,


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vgrtf`femsl pmr lcmetgcfkgetms drlktfcms qug klrclrm plrlsgkprg el emssl kgkrfl m cmkgm dgstg kfoefm.

Yfkms ms gstudms cmkplrldms dls rgof`fgs sur`frgk lssmcfldms

lms prfkgfrms plssms dl ofeùstfcl (cmkm em clsm dms gstudms fe-dmo`fcms g fedm-gurmpgus) els uefvgrsfdldgs, ems festftutms dg gs-tudms lirfclems g lsftfcms g els smcfgdldgs dg `gm`rlifl gk tmdm mkuedm. G vfkms ms kgskms gstudms l lutmemkfzlrgk-sg l pmucmg pmucm g l lssmcflrgk-sg letrmpmom`fl, smcfmom`fl g ofeùs-tfcl, kls em sgk letgs l rgof`fm tgr plssldm pmr uk prmcgssm dgsgcuolrfzlm. , pmrk, l plrtfr dm kmkgetm gk qug l Cfecfl dlsZgof`fgs sg olfcfzmu, qug pdg fefcflr m ome`m pgrcursm em dfom`m

dls cuoturls g dls rgof`fgs tm ur`getg el cmetgkpmrlegfdldg.Gstg prmcgssm dg lutmemkfl gpfstgkmo`fcl dl Cfecfl dls Zgof-

`fgs gk rgolm l quloqugr tgmom`fl, lm letf`m cmomeflofskm gurm-pgu g lkgrfclem g lt prprfl letrmpmom fl, cmetmu gk ^mrtu`locmk `rledgs èfms of`ldms s oeùls cossfcls g gtemom`fl dmsscuoms RFR-RR. Hms Ogftg dg Ylscmecgoms (ofeùfstl, ifoom`m ggteom`m), Lefcgtm dms Zgfs @melovgs Yflel, @melovgs Clrdmsm,Luùstm Gpfiefm dl Sfovl Dfls, @ufobgrkg Ylscmecgoms Ljrgu(ofeùfstl, mrfgetlofstl g fedom`m), Kmesgebmr Sgjlstfm ZmdmoimDlo`ldm (ofeùfstl g gtfkmom`fstl), Klrflem Hms Slodlebl, I. K.Gstgvgs ^grgfrl, Letefm dl Sfovl Zg`m g Klr`lrfdl Cmrrl dgOlcgrdl. Tmdms gogs, dg imrkl dgtgrkfeldl g lotlkgetg pgdl`-`fcl, cmetrfjurlk plrl l cuoturl pmrtuùgsl, g plrl l cmestrumdgstl cfecfl dm sgr buklem qug bmhg sg lifrkl tm ur`getgkgetgel cmestrum dl ofjgrdldg g dl hustfl.

L Cfecfl dls Zgof`fgs prgtgedg gstudlr (gpfstgkmom`fclkgetg)ms igekgems rgof`fmsms plrtfedm dm iuedm ofeùstfcm dls oeùlssl`rldls els qulfs ls rgof`fgs sg imrklrlk1 cmkplrlr ls `gmkg-trfls dms dfscursms lm evgo dls rgolgs g dls tgesgs smcflfs1 l imr-klm dls fdgfls g dls `gmkgtrfls cmskmo`fcls g cmskm`rifcls1 miuedm tfcm g uefvgrslo qug ltrlvgssl trlesvgrslokgetg tmdls ls rgof-`fgs1 ms cmkpmrtlkgetms gspgcifcms dg tmdls ls rgof`fgs el sulfetgrlcm fetgrel g cmk l smcfgdldg medg vfvgk, gtc.


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Kls cljg gscolrgcgr qug l Cfecfl dls Zgof`fgs, gequletm dgs`-efm gerfcm, -m, cmkm gpfstgkg(cmebgcfkgetm) em kuedm g em sgrbuklem, gequletm qug em plrtfcuolr gk cldl pls, gk cldl elm,

gk cldl cuoturl tmkl cmkm gxgkpoms dg gstudm g dg leofsg, msqug fetgrl`gk em sgu prprfm tgrrftrfm. Fstm plrl dfzgr qug l Cfe-cfl dls Zgof`fgs gk ^mrtu`lo tgk l gxtrlmrdferfl clrlctgrstfcl dgfecoufr tmdl l bfstrfl dl Gxplesm g dms Dgscmjrfkgetms, dl imrkltm efcl cmkm ms pmrtuùgsgs fetgrl`frlk cmk ms mutrms pmvms,vfvgecflokgetg lm evgo dm pgeslr, dm l`fr g dm ilzgr rgof`fm1 ge-cgrrledm fùlokgetg ls gxpgrfecfls drlktfcls g clutgrfzletgs dlpgrsgùfm qug l Fequfsfm kmvgu lms Hudgus g Crfstms-Emvms.

^mrtu`lo lcgftmu bmhg fùlokgetg ms kgskms pmvms qug mutrmrl ge-cmetrmu el Cbfel, el edfl, gk irfcl g em Jrlsfo, kls h plrtg fe-tg`rletg dl cfdldlefl, gk Ofjgrdldg g gk Hustfl. Dfzgkms, pmr-tletm, qug l Cfecfl dls Zgof`fgs gk ^mrtu`lo tgk l mrf`felofdldgdg gkgr`fr cmk ukl trldfm kuftm prprfl gk rgolm s plrtfcu-olrfdldgs qug sg klefigstlk emutrms plsgs, g qug pgol gxpgrfecflbfstrfcl pmr tgr ofdgrldm l rgvmoum cfgetifcl cmk ls Dgscmjgr-tls (qug imrlk kuftls), g tgr dgsgevmovfdm uk cmomeflofskm kuftmprprfm lprgsgetl ukl emvl igfm g ukl pmsturl sfeùolr em cm-ogctfvm dl Cfecfl dls Zgof`fgs em kuedm. Ifelokgetg, l Cfecfl dlsZgof fgs, qug cmkgl l dlr ms prfkgfrms plssms, s lplrgetg-kgetg hmvgk, pmfs ms sgus lofcgrcgs cfgetifcms, pgdl``fcms g bfs-trfcms sm iuedms g tk l rgsfstecfl dm tgkpm qug ms pmrtuùg-sgs lhudlrlk l cmestrufr, vfvgedm cmk ms mutrms pmvms pgom kuedm,qug m imf dl Gxplesm g m dl Gkf`rlm.

M cmetrfjutm dl Cfecfl dls Zgof`fgs plrl l cmkprggesm dmigekgem rgof fmsm tm fkpmrtletg cmkm plrl l plz smcflo. ^rm-kmv-om , lm kgskm tgkpm, lhudlr l cmestrufr ukl dfpomklcfl dgplz getrg ms pmvms.


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buklefdldg, g dgfxlr dg gxfstfr quledm egstg polegtl h em vfvg-

rgk sgrgs buklems.Dgvgkms pmrk, ilzgr uk gsimrm plrl getgedgr ls emssls pr-

prfls ofkftlgs egstg prmcgssm dg crgscfkgetm dm buklem, qugcmkpmrtl ls duls ilcgs dm gxfstfr8 l plz g l ùgrrl1 g cftledmLdrflem Kmrgfrl l plz fedfvfsvgo euk kuedm uefifcldm pgol@omjlofzlm dls fetgrdgpgedecfls, uk ilctm dgkmestrldm pmr

duls ùgrrls cblkldls kuedflfs, qug sg dgsgermolrlk el kgskl`grlm, g qug imrlk gxcousfvlkgetg mcfdgetlfs pgols clusls gkuedflfs lpgels pgoms gigftms, bmhg cblkldms cmoltgrlfs, qug ltfe-

`frlk tmdls ls rgls cuoturlfs, tmdls ls gtefls, tmdms ms ou`lrgs dl

tgrrl (L. Kmrgfrl, :>>9). M lolr`lkgetm dm getgedfkgetm dm rglo(m usm dl rlzm), m crgscfkgetm dms pmdgrgs dm mrjfsg dm gckgem,

dls elgs g dms fkprfms, lrrlstmu sgkprg cmesf m klfs dm qugdgvfl m dfrgftm dl ofjgrdldg dg ues g dg mutrms. Getgedl-sg qug mcmecgftm dg Ofjgrdldg imf (g ), ukl cmestrum s pmssvgo em

gsplm fetgogctfvm g gspfrftulo dm prprfm sgr buklem1 qug s kuf-tm rgcgetgkgetg el emssl gvmoum dg cfvfofzlm urjlel, cmestru-

kms irmetgfrls dg sgùrlel pmotfcl, gcmekfcl g rgof`fmsl, klslcfkl dg tudm dgsvgedkms qug iljrfckms irmetgfrls psfcmo`f-cls, pmrqug sfkpogskgetg rgcglkms pgrdgr l fdgetfdldg dm qug

smkms, mu dm qug huo`lkms sgr. Kls, gk ifk, plrl qug sgrvg lkgkrfl sg em plrl slovlùlrdlr l lifrklm dl gxfstecflbuklel= L dgscmjgrtl dm mutrm, mu dm es, tgk gssl ilcuodldg fegxtrgkfs, dg prmome`lr imrl dm gsplm tgkpmrlo, l kgkrfl dmtgrkms sfdm g l pmssfjfofdldg dm qug vfrgkms l sgr.

Gfs uk dms lspgctms klfs prmiuedms qug es lprgedgkms cmkmcmrmorfm dl gvmoum g dl @omjlofzlm fetgkpmrlfs. Kls, tlo cmkmquloqugr lprgedfzl`gk, m ilctmr tgkpm iuedlkgetlo kgstrfl dlsclplcfdldgs g utgesofms lprgedfdms. L @omjlofzlm uk plrl-

df`kl letrmpmo fcm, plrtg dl psfcmègsg buklel g, cmkm tlo, su-hgftl s ofkftlgs elturlfs dl egurmom`fl, kls fùlokgetg dl pgrcgp-m tfcl g gspfrftulo dm sgr buklem gk cmestrum.

Em cmeiuedlkms pmrk, gk gxcousfvfdldg, @omjlofzlm cmk

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gxplesm pmotfcl g gcmekfcl. Em lssmkjrgkms m pgrcursmelturlo dl cmestrum dl buklefdldg cmk m sfèfifcldm rgstrftfvmdms fkprfms g dms cmomeflofskms, dls klssfifclgs dgstruturletgs

qug lvfotlrlk, g lfedl bukfoblk, l ofjgrdldg dm cfdldm em usm dlsul fetfkfdldg gspfrftulo g tfcl. L @omjlofzlm dg qug vms ilom, l dl prprfl buklefdldg. ^mr fssm gvmcm lquf l elturgzl otfkl gprfkgfrl dm vgrdldgfrm buklefskm, qug em mcfdgetg (Gurmpl) g emmrfgetg (m Kdfm g tmdl l sfl) trmuxgrlk lm sgr buklem m kgobmrdg sf cmkm pmssfjfofdldg igofz, cmkm dgsgevmovfkgetm gspfrftulo gtfcm, cmkm gspgrlel dm gxfstfr uefvgrslo, kls gk plz, gk ofjgr-dldg, gk rgspgftm, gk cfdldlefl.

Kgobmr dm qug quloqugr mutrm pmvm mcfdgetlo gurmpgu, ms ^mr-tuùgsgs pgrcmrrgrlk m clkfebm dl @omjlofzlm, lpofcledmdurletg ms scuoms RYF-RYFF ms kgskms prfecpfms Gxplesmg lms Dgscmjrfkgetms. Tgetlrlk lssfk `leblr cmkpgtftfvfdldgem Kuedm @omjlo dl Gurmpl g dm Zgelscfkgetm, kls pgrdgrlk-em pmr sgrgk pgqugems gk ekgrm g pmr qugrgrgk ukl gxcousf-vfdldg fkpmssvgo dg loclelr. Kls l vgrdldgfrl rfqugzl qug ms^mrtuùgsgs loclelrlk em prmcgssm dg @omjlofzlm dl bukl-efdldg kmdgrel, imf m dm rgolcfmelkgetm cmk mutrls cuoturls, mdg crflr rlzgs g m dg, cmetrl uk sfstgkl, lcgftlr m pgeslkgetm gl i dg mutrms pmvms. Fstm ms ^mrtuùgsgs cmesgùfrlk pgom sgugsprftm g pgol sul fkgesl lokl igftl klr fecèftm, lfedl pmrcukprfr.

* * *

L gkgrècfl qug huo`lkms sgr l`mrl l dl @omjlofzlm, iloldl ggscrftl, g qug sg lprgsgetl cmk ms cmetmrems lpgoltfvms dg uklrgvmoum gcmekfcl g ifelecgfrl, tgk h uk emkg, ukl pgrsmel-ofdldg, uk psfqufskm gvfdgetg. L sul sfòl l prprfl fkl`gk dlsetgsg dl @omjlofzlm cmetgkpmregl. M JZFC (Jrlsfo, Zssfl,edfl g Cbfel) tgk ls pmtgecflofdldgs dm crgscfkgetm letrmpmo-`fcm dm sgr buklem, kls lfedl lssfk suhgftm pgrcgpm tfcl g

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gspfrftulo ofkftldls, qug dg ukl klegfrl mu dg mutrl lfedl cmedf-cfmelk m emssm cmkpmrtlkgetm smcflo g pmotfcm em cmkgm dmscuom RRF.

L fkpmrtecfl dm prprfm òmjlofskm lm ome`m dms scuoms, igzgvfdgecflr, kgskm gk lusecfl dms dfrgftms buklems, m qug dgvgrdldgfrlkgetg tgk l @omjlofzlm dg buklestfcm. Em sg pmdg,pmrtletm, lprgsgetlr ukl @omjlofzlm-JZFC, cmkm sgedm uefcl-kgetg uk igekgem dg gkgrècfl ifelecgfrl g gcmekfcl,quledm, letgs dg tudm, gol ukl lifrklm metmo`fcl dm sgr bu-klem, cmk ukl dfkgesm prmiuedlkgetg tfcl dg trlescgedecfluefvgrslo. B qug lprgged-ol.

L mpmrtuefdldg bfstrfcl qug tgkms, smj m pmetm dg vfstl cuotu-rlo g gspfrftulo, dg getrlrkms emutrm evgo gsplm tgkpmrlo, psfcm-`gesfcm g letrmpmcskfcm colrm, kls lm kgskm tgkpm drlk-tfcm. Tlo cmkm lifrklrlk ms gcmemkfstls òmjlfs Zmmpl ûrusbm-tblkle g Dmkfefc Pfosme el cmeigrecfl @omjlo Gcmemkfcs(mr`lef-zldm pgom @modkle Slcbs l >7 gk Emvl Fmrqug),dgetrm dg cfequgetl lems m Jrlsfo, l Zssfl, l edfl g l Cbfel(JZFC), tmrelr-sg-m l klfmr imrl dl gcmemkfl dm kuedm. Gstlemvl rglofdldg tgr fkpofclgs gemrkgs g fr trlesimrklr mkuedm prmiuedlkgetg, dg ukl klegfrl tmtlokgetg fkprgvfsvgo gfrrgvgrsvgo. Ms dmfs gcmemkfstls prgvgk ems prxfkms qulrgetllems qug m JZFC fr uotrlplsslr gk WS dolrgs m prprfm @2, sf`-efifcledm qug ls klfmrgs gcmemkfls dm kuedm em sgrm ls klfsrfcls (gk rgedfkgetmpgr clpftl).

Kls, rgplrg-sg qug, gequletm h sg ilol em JZFC cmkm l iuturl

pmtecfl gcmekfcl dm kuedm, lfedl em sg obg rgigrfu cmkm uklcmkpmegetg cuoturlo, ofeùstfcl g lcfkl dg tudm tfcm-gspfrftulo1ldvfrtm lfedl8 l dgkmcrlcfl pmotfcl plrgcg gvfdgecflr-sg g smjrg-pmr-sg pgrf`mslkgetg dgkmcrlcfl kmrlo, qug obg dgvgrfl rgùolrms prmpsftms. Kls dfstm kgskm qug sg trltl, mu qug dgvgkmstrltlr lquf g emutrms cme`rgssms8 dl elturgzl dl @omjlofzlm g dmJZFC1 dlprxfsdfpomktfcl getrg gstg emvm jomcm gkgr`getg cmkms rgstletgs plsgs dm kuedm g dms plsgs qug cmkpgk m JZFC

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getrg sf kgskms. Gk ifk, trltlr dm iuedm fdgetftrfm dg cldl ukdgogs, cmkm dls suls vgrtgetgs rgof`fmsls g dg gspfrftulofdldg olfclqug obgs tk lefkldm l lokl cmogctfvl lm ome`m dms scuoms1 dls

gxpgrfecfls qug ldqufrfrlk gequletm pgrcursm metmo`fcm, tfcm,gspfrftulo g ifomsifcm.Cldl uk dms plsgs qug fetg`rlk m JZFC tgk uk pgrcursm

kuftm gspgcifcm dg bfstrfl. Kls m qug dgtgrkfel klfs l sul fdge-tfdldg, klfs dm qug l prprfl lifrklm gcmekfcl, l oeùl gxprgssm dl lokl dg uk pmvm. G m Jrlsfo gxprgssl-sg gk oeùlpmrtuùgsl, qug gecgrrl gk sf kgskl l rfqugzl dg ukl bfstrflefcl, mrf felo, dg ukl oeùl qug, klfs dm qug l prprfl rgof`fm, sg

trlesimrkmu eukl oeùl irlecl gk irfcl g em mrfgetg, pgomtgkpm qug durlrlk ls dgscmjgrtls g l gxplesm, g qug bmhg m gomdg cmgsm em getgedfkgetm getrg ms plsgs qug lssukfrlk l oeùldg Clkgs cmkm l sul.

M Jrlsfo, pmrtletm, tgr l rgspmesljfofdldg dg ogvlr l oeùl pmr-tuùgsl l cuoturl sfetgtfzldl pgom kltfz jrlsfogfrm irgetg dmJZFC. G efeùk kgobmr dm qug m Jrlsfo pmdg sgrvfr dg kmdgomcuoturlo g rgof fmsm, euk kmkgetm tm drlktfcm cmkm m qug vfvg-kms bmhg. M Jrlsfo m rgsuotldm dl @omjlofzlm dms dgscmjrf-kgetms, dl @omjlofzlm dl gkf`rlm g dl @omjlofzlm dl lutm-dgtgrkfelm pmotfcl g gcmekfcl dms plsgs oltfem-lkgrfclems.Tgk ukl gxpgrfecfl dg dfom`m g dg cmevfvecfl cuoturlo g rgof-`fmsl efcl, s cmkplrvgo edfl, g qug fkpmrtl gstudlr eukcmetgxtm dg Cfecfl dls Zgof`fgs.

Cmkm gk tmdms ms igekgems dg @omjlofzlm, gxfstg sgkprg

ukl setgsg gpfdkfcl gspfrftulo qug sg prmpl`l dg imrkl rgpg-tftfvl. Gstg gigftm cuoturlo, qug sg dfiuedg gk `gmkgtrfl irlctlo dgome`l durlm, fesgrg-sg euk dms prmcgssms cuoturlfs klfs cmkpog-xms dl buklefdldg g qug kltrfl dg gstudm gk Letrmpmom`fl@gegrltfvl lm evgo dl mrf`gk dl oeùl. Mrl, m qug tgkms gkkgetg g cmkm kltrfl dg gstudm, g qug h rgigrf cmkm mpmrtuef-dldg bfstrfcl, m ilctm dg egstl @omjlofzlm-JZFC m prfkgfrmpls g l prfkgfrl cuoturl l sgr rgprgsgetldl l evgo kuedflo, sgr prg-

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* * *

Cbg`kms lm pmetm gk qug sg tmrel fetgof`vgo m sgetfdm dlgxprgssm, plrl ukl igemkgemom`fl dm bmkgk, ukl igemkgem-om`fl dm rgof`lrg, em sfèfifcldm dl gkgrècfl dl gspfrftulofdldgolfcl em cmetgxtm dg ukl gstrlt`fl fetgrelcfmelo.

L gvmoum bfstrfcl, g lt ofeùstfcl, dm cmrpm dls rgof`fgs emkuedm, tgvg l sul iuem fùlokgetg rgùoldmrl dls gkmgs g dlslspfrlgs klfs emjrgs dl buklefdldg, dgu-obg ls jlsgs plrl ukltfcl g ukl metmom fl, lcgdgu-obg ls pmssfjfofdldgs qulsg feifeftlsdl kgtlisfcl g dl o`fcl, dgsgebmu plrl m sgr buklem l prfkgfrl

clrtm`rlifl dm cmskms. Kls trlesimrkmu-sg em pgrcursm dl klr-cbl dl buklefdldg. M cmrpm dls rgof fgs kmodmu-sg g kfkgtfsmu-sg plrl pmdgr lcmkpleblr l fkplrvgo klrcbl dm pgeslkgetm dmsgr buklem g dm lolr`lkgetm dm sgu gsprftm. Kletgvg-sg pmrkcmk m kgskm cmrpm plrl cmesgrvlr l sul fdgetfdldg1 m jgk qugqufs ilzgr l sf kgskm tmremu-sg felprmprfldm g dgssfecrmefzldmgk rgolm s kutlgs psfcm-fetgogctfvls dm sgr buklem. M sgupgeslkgetm sgkprg klfs rpfdm dm qug l rglofzlm dls suls

mjrls em kuedm g, lssfk, fùlokgetg cmk m cmrpm dls rgof fgs gdls fdgmom`fls.

Tmkledm cmkm gxgkpom ls gkgrècfls dm Judfskm el edflg dm Crfstflefskm em Kdfm Mrfgetg, gogs tk l klrcl colrl dl eg-cgssfdldg dg rgimrkls em kuedm dm rglo, dls rgprgsgetlgs s-cfm-pmotfcls g rgof`fmsls pldrmefzldls, euk tgkpm qug imf m dlsrgof`fgs dg gstldm. Kls sgkprg em sgetfdm dm jgk smcflo g gspfrf-

tulo, dl fùlodldg dg mpmrtuefdldgs g dm rgspgftm pgol mpm dmcfdldm gk rgolm s suls egcgssfdldgs kmrlfs g gspfrftulfs. Ligemkgemom`fl dm gsprftm em sg cmkpldgcg cmk m cmrpusdmsmcflo g dm rgof`fmsm, pmrqug juscl fecgssletgkgetg pgom rgof`lrgm frsgedm plrl l gtgrefdldg.

Gstg m prmd`fm sujhlcgetg lm gxfstfr dm sgr buklem g l cluslplrl m (rg)sur`fkgetm g smjrgvfvecfl dls imrkls purls dg rgof`fm(ms èmstfcfskms dm mcfdgetg g dm mrfgetg), kls fùlokgetg m smrtf-

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o`fm dlqugols qug gk emkg dg uk rgof`lrg, vgrdldgfrlkgetg prm-

vmclk uk ljrukpm el lprmxfklm dm sgr buklem lm dfvfem, dgs-ifùrledm milcfgsdl sul dfkgesm uefvgrslo (letrmpmcskfcl). Lt

efstm l Cfecfl dls Zgof`fgs tgk dg gstlr ltgetl g gstudlr ls mrf-`ges dg tlo ltftudg, lpmetledm-obg ls mrf`ges g ms klogs, tgetledmgecmetrlr uk gqufojrfm el rgolm cmk m sl`rldm g cmk m uefvgr-sm qug cmebgcgkms. ^mr gstg kmtfvm cmesfdgrm fkpgrfmsm dfkge-

sfmelr l Cfecfl dls Zgof fgs, cmkm festrukgetm bjfo dl dfpomkl-cfl em kuedm, rgùoledm, lcmesgobledm, gscolrgcgedm m qug lsgkmgs dm og`ldm rgof`fmsm g pmotfcm, tletm cmeiuedfrlk durletg

scuoms g fesfstgk gk em qugrgrgk sgplrlr.

Cljg lquf gscolrgcgr qug olfcfskm em sfèfifcl lm cfdldmdgvgr lusgetlr-sg dl sul rgof fmsfdldg, mu dg gvftlr uk sgetfdm ifom-

sifcm mrfgetldmr el sul vfdl, pmfs b ukl rgof`fmsfdldg olfcl. Gstlpgrcgpm g cmecgftm qug gxprgssm, tgvg vrfls ifsfmemkfls gk df-igrgetgs kmkgetms dls òmjlofzlgs bfstrfcls. Kls olfcfskm rgof-

`fmsm em sfèfifcl egcgsslrflkgetg klr`felofdldg1 em em sgetfdmdg uk gstldm kmdgrem, medg ms dfrgftms iuedlkgetlfs dm fedfvdum

gstm lssgùrldms pgol cmestftufm. Olfcfskm rgof`fmsm m iuedmcmkuk dm sgetfdm rgof`fmsm dm sgr buklem, sgk qug gstghl egcgs-slrflkgetg lssmcfldm dg imrkl gxpocftl l uk cmrpusrgof`fmsm lutge-

tfcldm pgom stltus. Gog plrtg fetg`rletg dm cmskmpmoftfskm, tlocmkm Hmr`g Slkplfm lctulo g prfkgfrm Lotm Zgprgsgetletg dlMEW plrl m Dfom`m dg Cfvfofzlgs rgigrfu rgcgetgkgetg, M

cmskmpmoftfskm, cmk tudm m qug fkpofcl dg cmebgcf-kgetm, dgcmkplrlm g dg cmevfvecfl plcifcl getrg dfvgrsls imrkls dg

vfvgr g dg pgeslr, sgkprg imf ukl lkgll plrl iuedlkgetlofskmsg plrtfcuolrfskms dfvgrsms, dg rlfz rgof fmsl, elcfmelofstl mu fdgmo-`fcl, g sgkprg imf pmr gogs ltlcldm cmk `rledg vfruoecfl. Cmkgigftm, lm pgrkftfr cmkplrlr gxpgrfecfls g cfrcuolr ofvrgkgetg getrg

dfigrgetgs pmvms g cfvfofzlgs, m cmskmpmoftfskm gecmrlhl m gsp-rftm crtfcm g l ofjgrdldg dg pgeslkgetm g dg gxprgssm, vlomrgs quggstm em kl`m dl cuoturl pmotfcl ofjgrlo g dgkmcrtfcl. El gxlctl

kgdfdl gk qug gssgs vlomrgs tk uk lpgom uefvgrslo, prmvmclk rg-

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sfstecfl pmr plrtg dg tmdms ms dm`kltfskms qug sg vgk lkgll-dms el sul prgtgesm dg dgtgr l vgrdldg ljsmoutl. Wkl cuoturl cms-kmpmoftl ukl cuoturl tmogrletg gxprgssm dl dfigrgel, ljgrtl

dfscussm, curfmsl gk rgolm lm mutrm. Gssl tmogrecfl iuedl-sg eldgigsl dls ofjgrdldgs fedfvfdulfs dg pgeslkgetm, dg gxprgssm,dg rgof`fm, dg lssmcflm cmkm vlomr kxfkm dl mr`lefzlm pm-otfcl dl smcfgdldg g tgk, cmkm ofkftg, l prprfl fetmogrecfl8 pmr mu-trls plolvrls, s em pmdgkms sgr tmogrletgs pgrletg l fetmogrecfllobgfl (H. Slkplfm, :>>9).

prprfm dl cmedfm buklel l tgedecfl feltl plrl l dfkge-sm dm gsprftm, cmkm l sul elturlo ltrlcm pgol fkgesfdm dm uef-

vgrsm qug sg gsplobl cmkm uk klr fecèftm. Kls qugr plrl ukjudfstl, cmkm plrl uk crfstm mu uk kuuoklem, mu lt plrl ukrgpujofclem, m sgu iuedm kltrfcflo m kgskm, g gog gxlctlkgetgm qug dgemkfem pmr olfcfskm rgof`fmsm. lquf, egstg evgo dgcmestrum dm sgr buklem pmotfcm g rgof`fmsm, qug vfsfmem legcgssfdldg dl Cfecfl dls Zgof`fgs mcuplr m ou`lr qug obg gstdgsfèldm, em cmetrfjutm plrl m dfom`m dls cfvfofzlgs g dms gs-tldms.

Gstl fùlokgetg l gstrlt`fl dg smjrgvfvecfl plrl ukl emvlbuklefdldg euk emvm kfoefm. Wkl buklefdldg dg dfkgesmletrmpmcskfcl. L lprmxfklm dls cuoturls g dls rgof`fgs qugur`g dgvg sgr igftl l plrtfr dm qug b dg cmkuk, kls em els rgof-`fgs gk sf, sg em em sgr buklem cmkm getfdldg gspfrftulo eukldfkgesm dg rgof`fmsfdldg olfcl. L @omjlofzlm-JZFC l fssm emsvlf mjrf`lr g tgkms qug gstlr prgplrldms plrl fetgrvfr cmkm cfe-

cfl, eukl smcfgdldg medg ms ofkftgs cuoturlfs mutrmrl dgifefdms, sggecmetrlk gk pogel kutlm, cmkm qug ldfvfebledm m sur`f-kgetm dg uk emvm bmkgk, dg ukl emvl buklefdldg. B, pmr-tletm, qug dlr lms fedfvdums ms festrukgetms qug obgs pmssfjfoftgkutfofzlr dg imrkl fetgof`getg l cmescfecfl dg cfdldm, plrl qugslfjlk vfvgr gk plz cmk m sgu vfzfebm, gk dfigrgel pourlo dg cuo-turls, euk polegtl qug sg tmrel cldl vgz klfs, plrtg vfsvgo dg ukefcbm gcmo`fcm polegtrfm.

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:6

FF

Sgùrlel g gstrlt`flem cmecgrtm dls elgs

L dfvgrsfdldg dls cuoturls em sudgstg lsftfcm, l dfigrgel dgoeùls g dg rgof`fgs g ls letf`ls imrkls dg mr`lefzlmsmcflo qug m clrlctgrfzlk, ofkftlrlk g cmecmrrgrlk plrl l festljf-ofdldg dg ome`l durlm els rgolgs cuoturlfs g pmotfcls getrg msgstldms. Ls dfigrgetgs jmosls dg gcmemkfl dg kgrcldm cmk clrlc-

tgrstfcls rg`fmelfs kuftm pgcuoflrgs, of`ldls l ukl dgpgedecflprmdutfvl euk gqufojrfm gcmo`fcm g sgesvgo, klrclrlk m fsmol-kgetm sfeùolr dg cldl `rupm. ^mr uk oldm, l smjrgvfvecfl dls

imrkls rgprgsgetltfvls dg ukl kgkrfl cmogctfvl kletgvg l fetg-`rfdldg fdgetftrfl, pmr mutrm m fsmolkgetm dms efcbms cuoturlfs

tm clrlctgrstfcm dls pmpuolgs dgstl plrtg dm kuedm g l prmof-igrlm dms rg`fmelofskms (dfvgrsfdldg), crfmu ukl fkpgrklee-cfl g ukl sgplrljfofdldg tm sgkgobletgs cmkm m prprfm cofklqug klrcl cmk rgùolrfdldg kfogelr gstl plrtg dm polegtl. Mjsgr-

vgkms lfedl qug l fetg`rfdldg fdgetftrfl iuedmu-sg el ofjgrdldgrgof`fmsl, em dgsgevmovfkgetm dls ifomsmifls, el crflm dm sfstgkl

dg crdftm dfstecfl (buedf) g em lolr`lkgetm dms fkprfms, cme-trlstledm cmk l festljfofdldg smcflo g pmotfcl1 l prmcurl dg uk


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gqufojrfm qug imssg trlesvgrslo l tmdms ms evgfs smcflfs g qug rgfe-tg`rlssg jmosls dg gcmemkfl, rgof`fgs, tgedecfls pmotfcls gsldg, imf m cgreg dl cmestletg prmcurl dls ifomsmifls mrfgetlfs,

kls sg tlo gqufojrfm loùkls vgzgs (gspmrldfclkgetg) imf gecme-trldm, s m imf custl dg kuftl rgprgssm. L gstljfofdldg dl sflplssl, pmrtletm, pmr ukl emvl setgsg gsclol ple-lsftfcl, gkqug ms vlomrgs dgkmcrtfcms, tfcms g ifomsifcms gkgr`gk euklemvl cmestrum dg gsclol gcmekfcl kuedflo. Gstl sgùrl-kgetg ukl emvl rgvmoum dm buklem g ukl qugjrl dm plrl-df`kl mrfgetlo.

Kls fùlokgetg ukl qugjrl dm plrldf`kl mcfdgetlo, em sge-

tfdm gk qug m prfecpfm dl trlescgedgetlofdldg dm fedfvdum (elkltrfz mrfgetlo) gst l pgegtrlr el trlescgedecfl dm cmogctfvm dmpgeslkgetm mcfdgetlo g gstg uk prmcgssm frrgvgrsvgo. Cmkmrgsuotldm dgstg igekgem gecmetrlkms cmecgftms dg blrkmefl gdg gcmom`fl (Ige`-sbuf) l rg`grgk kmdgoms gcmekfcms g pmotf-cms gequletm mjsgrvlkms l rgsfstecfl elturlo l gstl rgvmoum g qugjrl dm plrldf`kl vf`getg. Mjsgrvlkms bmhg ms sfetmkls dgukl setgsg ifomsifcl òmjlofzletg gk qug ls ifomsmifls mrfgetlfsgkprgstlk kmdgoms dg sucgssm s ifomsmifls mcfdgetlfs. Kls gkqug dfigrgk ls ifomsmifls dm mrfgetg g dm mcfdgetg=

L elturgzl ifomsifcl dm pgeslkgetm mrfgetlo dgtgrkfemu m cmk-pmrtlkgetm dms fedfvdums gk iuem dg ukl trlescgedecfl fe-dfvfdulo. Kls, lm kgskm tgkpm qug sg jlsgmu em fedfvdum g emels klssls, plrl sg ofjgrtlr dm smirfkgetm g dm drlkl smcflo, gcm-ekfcm g pmotfcm g pmucms imrlk ms qug ltfe`frlk gssl ofjgrtl-

m (kmasl) lqugogs qug m em cmesgùfrlk (l klfmrfl), dfourlk-sg el trlescgedecfl dm festvgo smcflo. Imf s l plrtfr dl FF@ugrrl Kuedflo qug l Dgkmcrlcfl gsclol kuedflo cmkgmu l sgrgxpgrfkgetldl g sg fefcfmu ukl tgetltfvl dg emrklofzlm dls rgol-gs pmotfcls g gcmekfcls, kls lfedl lssfk, dgetrm dg uk quldrmdg festljfofdldg pmotfcl g dg ugrrl-irfl. Gk cmetrlplrtfdl, m pge-slkgetm ifomsifcm mcfdgetlo cmecgetrmu-sg el fdgfl dg qug pms-svgo lm sgr buklem gvmoufr cuoturlo g gspfrftulokgetg pgol trles-

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cgedecfl dm cmogctfvm1 pmrk, dgfxmu m fedfvdum eukl gxpgctl-tfvl dg dfoufm pgssmlo sgk rglofzlm dm Sgr.

fkpmrtletg rglolr l fkpmrtecfl dl dgkmcrlcfl cmkm cltlof-

sldmr dgstgs dmfs pgeslkgetms ifomsifcms em bmkgk smcflo dmmcfdgetg g dm mrfgetg. G egstg sgetfdm em pmdg blvgr ukl dgkm-crlcfl qug sfrvl l fecousfvfdldg, kls dgkmcrlcfls qug sg tmrelkgxcousfvls dm cmskmpmoftfskm g pmr fssm mrf`felfs.

Dgvgkms lfedl emtlr l dgkmcrlcfl, gequletm gkgrècfl rg`l,cmkm m rgsuotldm dl gemrkg setgsg cuoturlo rglofzldl pgom kuedmbgoefcm. Gstg gsplm `gmbuklem imf, dg imrkl sgkgobletg, ukclodgfrm dg cuoturls tlo cmkm l edfl. G lof rgcgjgu fùlokgetg,

plrl lok dls trldfgs sukrfl, g`pcfl g kfcefcl, l dm gxtrgkmmrfgetg, gk tudm m qug sg rgigrg rgof`fm, ifomsmifl, oeùl g pmotfcl.

M kfol`rg `rg`m, l Dgkmcrlcfl, imf m rgsuotldm dg uklgemrkg setgsg cuoturlo g gspfrftulo g, pmr fssm, uk og`ldm dlbuklefdldg plrl m iuturm g em ukl fkpmsfm bfstrfcl dgtgrkf-eletg dg ukl Gurmpl rmklel g bgoefcl (mu dg uk Mcfdgetg) emgstrftm sgetfdm dls plolvrls. M gxgkpom dls ijuols dg Gsmpm plrldf`ktfcm plrl foustrlr m kmkgetm tfcm g etfcm dl @rcfl,dgvgedm-sg gscolrgcgr qug l prprfl cmogcm dg cmetms em gxcousfvl egk mrf`felo dm gsplm bgoefcm, kls sfk ukl cmogctegldg vrfls mrf ges fecoufedm m G`fptm, l Sukrfl, l ^rsfl g l pr-prfl edfl. L dgkmcrlcfl iuedldl el gxpgrfecfl cmetfeuldl g mpgrmdm tfcm dl @rcfl cossfcl, rgprgsgetlk uk fdglo qug cme-sujstlecfmu mutrls tgedecfls g fdgfls smcflfs fùlokgetg dg mrf`gk

mrfgetlo.\uledm huo`kms qug l @rcfl grl l kg dl cuoturl gurmpgfl g lfevgetmrl dl dgkmcrlcfl g dl ifomsmifl, dgscmjrfkms qug m Bgogemsimf ukl rgtmrtl medg loqufkfclkgetg sg prmduzfu l qufetgssecfldl cuoturl kgdftgrrefcl cmkm el edfl plrl m sudgstg lsftfcm1kls imf egstl otfkl qug ms prfkgfrms iuedlkgetms dg dgkmcrlcfl,dg cmskmpmoftfskm g dg uefvgrslofskm sg prltfclrlk g tgmrfzlrlk.

cgrtm qug ^ft`mrls cmebgcgu l kltgktfcl g`pcfl g qug sg

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gevmovgu el pmotfcl cmk l utfofdldg prprfm dg uk ifosmim qug sgfetgrgssl pmr uk fdglo g pgom jgk cmkuk1 qug ôltm tlkjkcmebgcgu l trldfm dg Logxledrfl, kls cgrtm qug lkjms cmebg-

cgrlk ls trldfgs dg cmebgcfkgetm klfs mrfgetlo (dl ^rsfl g dledfl) pmfs gols sm rgigrfdls el prprfl Zgpjofcl, tgedm cbg`ldm @rcfl pmr vfl dl Lrkefl.

M qug prgtgedm dfzgr qug bmhg tgkms cmebgcfkgetm suifcfgetgplrl fdgetfifclr loùes goms pgrdfdms, qug sgrvfrlk dg of`lm getrgm Mcfdgetg g m Mrfgetg g qug, egstg tresftm, plrtfcfplrlk em scmkgrcfletgs kls ls fdgfls. L dfigrgel gst gk qug bmhg sljgkmsqug fdgfls ifomsifcls g fdgfls pmotfcls fùlokgetg vflhlrlk plrl m

Bgogems, cmk l kgskl ilcfofdldg cmk qug ls ijuols dg Gsmpm sgcmogccfmelrlk.

Cbg`lkms lssfk lm kmkgetm dg dgscmrtfelrkms l gkgrècfldm kfol`rg `rg`m, cmkm ukl setgsg l prfkgfrl dm mcfdgetg dg uk fdglo h cmebgcfdm g prltfcldm em sudgstg lsftfcm kuftms s-cuoms letgs, kls qug m pgrcursm dl bfstrfl dms buklems lduotgrmug dgsifùrmu pmr rlzgs rgof`fmsls g pmotfcls (mpmstls lm cmskmpm-oftfskm). Tlkjk el edfl bmuvg cmequfstls smcflfs, pmotfcls, ifom-sifcls g cfgetifcls, kls lquf tlkjk sg lssfstfu l sucgssfvls rglc-gs rgvmoum dm pgeslkgetm g dm smcflo.

M qug l`mrl ems plrgcg colrm qug qugr m Mcfdgetg g qugr mMrfgetg gxpgrfkgetlrlk prgcmcgkgetg l dgkmcrlcfl, kls gstl,euk oldm, tgvg l clrlctgrstfcl dg sgr ukl dgkmcrlcfl dldl plr-tfdl pgol trlescgedecfl dm fedfvdum (el edfl), gequletm el mutrl,ukl dgkmcrlcfl dldl plrtfdl pgol trlescgedecfl dm cmogctfvm (el

@rcfl).Kls l Dgkmcrlcfl, gequletm fdglo, sftul-sg euk bmrfzmetgkltrfcflo dm buklem, qug lm klefigstlr-sg em smcflo, em pmotfcm gem gcmekfcm tgedg l gvmoufr sgùedm ls tgedecfls elturlfs dmspmvms g dls elgs, jlsgldl el gxpgrfecfl dm sgu prprfm dgsge-vmovfkgetm bfstrfcm g letrmpmo`fcm. hustlkgetg egstg bmrf-zmetg qug l dgkmcrlcfl sg tmcl cmk m iuedm dm gsprftm buklem,l qug kg tgebm rgigrfdm uotfklkgetg cmkm gspfrftulofdldg olfcl.

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Gstg m bmrfzmetg qug sujofebm cmkm iuedlkgetlo euk dfom`m

fetgrcuoturlo (rgof`fmsm) g pmotfcm `omjlofzletgs, iuedlkgetldms gktrs pmetms dg iu`l dg ukl `gmkgtrfl qug sustgetm cmkm clpftlo

em bmrfzmetg dl cmestrum dg uk Emvm Kuedm8 dgkmcrlcfl, cms-kmpmoftfskm g gspfrftulofdldg olfcl.Ledr Klorlux dgigedgu el dcldl dg sgtgetl dm scuom RR,

qug m prxfkm scuom (m emssm) sgrfl (mu em) m dl rgof`fm ogRRFg sfcog sgrl rgof`fgux mu eg sgrl pls>> qug Ge ilft, Klorlux el

hlklfs dft 8 og RRFg sfcog sgrl rgof`fgux mu eg sgrl pls klfs og `rled prmjokg du

RRFg sfcog sgrl cgouf dgs rgof`fmes gt gecmrg, dgrefrg pbrlsg dg sme muvrl`g Obmkkg

prclfrg...8 ...emus smuvfgedrmes-emus qug ogs okgets spfrftugos clpftlux met rcus

tmutg prvfsfme(...). Cft. Jrfle Tbmkpsme, Wefvgrsft du Klsslcbutgtts Jmstme.


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pmussg fsolkfqug. Smus-gstfkg plr ol pouplrt dg ems cmetgkpmrlfes,

cgttg kmetg dg ofsolk gst lelom`fqugkget cmkplrljog lux djuts du

cmkkuefskg du tgkps dg Oefeg. Ogs cmesqugecgs dg cg pbemkeg

smet gecmrg fkprvfsfjogs. L omrf`feg dg ol rvmoutfme klrxfstg, mecrmylft pmuvmfr gedfùgr og cmurlet plr dgs smoutfmes plrtfgoogs. Ef og

cbrfstflefskg, ef ogs mr`lefsltfmes pltrmelogs mu muvrfrgs emet trmuv

ol rpmesg. Dg kkg luhmurdbuf, og kmedg mccfdgetlo eg sgkjog ùrg

prplr liirmetgr og prmjokg dg ofsolk. Ge tbmrfg, ol smoutfme

plrlt dlfoogurs gxtrkgkget dfiifcfog. ^gut-trg sgrlft-goog pmssfjog ge

prltfqug sf, pmur emus jmregr olspgct irlelfs dg ol qugstfme, cgoog-

cf tlft pgesg gt lppofqug plr ue vrftljog bmkkg dGtlt. Ogs dme-

egs lctugoogs du prmjokg pmrtget crmfrg qug dgs imrkgs vlrfgs dgdfctlturg kusuokleg vmet stljofr succgssfvgkget trlvgrs og kmedg

lrljg. \uled hg dfs kusuokleg, hg pgesg kmfes lux structurgs rgof-

`fgusgs qulux structurgs tgkpmrgoogs dcmuolet dg ol dmctrfeg dg

Klbmkgt. Ds klfetgelet, og suotle du Klrmc gst dplss gt Jmur-

ùfjl eg cmesgrvgrl og pmuvmfr quge dgvgelet ueg smrtg dg dfctltgur.

^gut-trg dgs smoutfmes plrtfgoogs lurlfget-googs suiif gedfùgr og cmu-

rlet dg ofsolk, sf googs lvlfget t lppofqugs tgkps Lctugoog-

kget, fo gst trmp tlrd! Ogs kfsrljogs met dlfoogurs pgu pgrdrg. Fos

prirgrmet cmesgr vgr ogur kfsrg ofetrfgur dueg cmkkuelut

kusuokleg. Ogur smrt sles dmutg rgstgrl fecble`. Emus lvmes dgux

ueg cmecgptfme trmp mccfdgetlog. Lux jfgeilfts qug emus prtgedmes

pmuvmfr ogur lppmrtgr, fos prirgrmet olvgefr dg ogur rlcg. OLirfqug

emfrg eg rgstgrl pls ome`tgkps fesgesfjog cg prmcgssus. Tmut cg qug

emus pmuvmes ilfrg, cgst prgedrg cmescfgecg dg ol `rlvft du pbemkeg

gt tgetgr dge rgtlrdgr ovmoutfme.LEDZ KLOZLWR, og 3 hufe


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sul lifrklm ifelecgfrl em kuedm ltfehl l klfmr gvfdecfl dgetrmdg qulrgetl lems lprmxfkldlkgetg.

Mrl, egstg pgrmdm dg tgkpm frgkms mjsgrvlr mutrl lscgesm,

kls em clkpm gstrlt`fcm g kfoftlr, cmk mutrl cmeifùrlm g cme-sgqugetg dgsomclkgetm dms cgetrms dg prgssm. Gstg emvm jomcmgstrlt`fcm gsclol kuedflo fùlokgetg rgcmebgcfdm cmkm ukluefdldg dg fetgrgssgs rg fmelfs dg gxtgesm cmetfegetlo, cmeifù-rledm-sg l plrtfr dls imrls qug durletg loùes scuoms kmodlrlk lGurmpl g l sfl. M emvm jomcm gkgr`getg gstrlt`fcm, qug sujstf-tufr ms Gstldms Wefdms em polem dls pmtecfls kfoftlrgs gsclolkuedflo, dgsfèl-sg bmdfgrelkgetg pmr imrl Egm-gurmlsfefcl

(EGL), dl qulo ilzgk plrtg, pmr dgifefm gm`rifcl, l Turqufl, lZssfl, l Wcrefl, l Jgolrus, l Juo`rfl, m Lzgrjgfhm, m Alzlqufs-tm, m \ufr`fzfstm, m Wzjgqufstm, g m Frm.

Dgstgs dmfs jomcms m JZFC g m EGL tmrel-sg gvfdgetg uklcmeifùrlm gcmekfcl g rgof`fmsl tmtlokgetg emvls, qug gxf`frmdg tmdls ls imrls mcfdgetlfs uk gsimrm dg gstudm, ldlptlm g dgsetgsg, eukl pgrspgctfvl cmkpogtlkgetg emvl qug uotrlplssl lvfsm cmkuk dl @omjlofzlm. Sg ems otfkms scuoms, l Gurmpl gm kuedm (l plrtfr dl FF @rledg @ugrrl) smirgrlk lems cmesgcutf-vms dg ùgrrl g, s ems otfkms sgssgetl lems, ms gurmpgus tkvfvfdm pgol prfkgfrl vgz euk pgrmdm sgk ùgrrl `gegrlofzldl,dgvgkms ilzgr uk gsimrm plrl kletgr gstl plz.

L dupol gkgrècfl dm JZFC g dm EGL ems prxfkms qulrgetllems, lprmxfkldlkgetg, mjrf l-ems l rgiogctfr dg imrkl srfl smjrgms cmkprmkfssms, kls lcfkl dg tudm smjrg uk kmdms mpgrledfdls

pmotfcls dg loflel g, klfs lfedl, smjrg m iuedm cmkuk qug dgifegl buklefdldg, pmfs gol gstlr klfs prxfkl l cldl lem qug plssldl cmescfecfl dg sljgr m qug , gequletm sgr cmkueftrfm emmfamukeg.

Em tgeblkms dvfdls qug, gk pmucls dcldls, l klssl smcflosgr tmtlokgetg dfigrgetg g m qug ems fdgetfifcl cmkm bmkm`gegl-kgetg cuoturlo cmkglr l gsjltgr-sg cmk ms scuoms. M dfom`m gl cmecmrrecfl dg emvls cfecfls luxfoflrgs, eukl gstrlt`fl plrl l

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plz, tgrm uk plpgo iuedlkgetlo el rg`uolm smcflo, gcmekfcl grgof`fmsl.

Yghlkms getm qug dm jomcm JZFC, m Jrlsfo g l Zssfl rgprgsge-

tlk 7>% dg cuoturl crfst (cltofcl/prmtgstletg gvle`ofcl g mrtm-dmxl) : g dls rgstletgs, :7% gstm kltfzldls pgol edfl (bfeduskm2>,3%, fsolkfskm ,7%) 3, g ms mutrms :7% pmr ukl Cbfel qug gstome`g dg sgr elcfmelofstl, cmestftudl pmr judfstls g kuuoklems(crgels pmpuolrgs :>,


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dg uk clms bfstrfcm, pmfs tlo cmkm l vfmoecfl urjlel g ms cmeiof-tms kfoftlrgs rg`fmelfs, tmdms sgùgk uk pldrm dg gigftm jmrjm-ogtl qug l tgmrfl dm clms gxpofcl.

Kls m qug prgtgedm gscolrgcgr g ldvgrtfr dfz rgspgftm cmescfe-cfl pmotfcl g dfpomktfcl plrl ljmrdlr gstl emvl rglofdldg g lm ilctmfecmetmrevgo dg qug l Cfecfl dls Zgof`fgs rgprgsgetl gpfstgkm-om`fclkgetg uk festrukgetm bjfo dl dfpomklcfl em kuedm dgbmhg, qug fedfspgesvgo plrl l cmestrum dm dfom`m gk dgkm-crlcfl g, pmrtletm, gk cmskmpmoftfskm, pmrqug prgcfslkgetg trltldm sgr buklem el sul vgrdldgfrl gssecfl etfcl g tfcl lm evgo dgukl gspfrftulofdldg olfcl. hustlkgetg gstg otfkm vlomr qug sg gvf-

dgecfl gkgr`getg el emvl cmeifùrlm dm kuedm, qugr dm JZFCqugr dm EGL, g cljg Cfecfl dls Zgof fgs feimrklr, imrklr, gs-colrgcgr, cmetrfjufr plrl m dfom`m fetgr-rgof fmsm dms cfdldms gdls festftufgs, prmkmvgedm m sgu rgùolr iuecfmelkgetm, sgkprgqug ls lcgs pjofcls festftucfmelfs g gstrlt`fcls dgrfvldls, mrl dguk prfecpfm dl trlescgedecfl dm fedfvdum, mrl dg uk prfecpfmdl trlescgedecfl dm cmogctfvm, getrlrgk gk cmofsm.

Gstls sm rlzgs dg pgsm qug rgimrlk ms cmecgftms qug lclj-kms dg gxpmr g qug lcblkms iuedlkgetlfs plrl m dfom`m fetgr-rgof`fmsm eukl gstrlt`fl pmotfcl g kfoftlr. , pmrtletm, ur`getgcmkprggedgr qug l gxfstecfl dg ukl Cfecfl dls Zgof`fgs tgk msgu clkpm gspgcifcm ems tgkpms dg bmhg g klfs em lkleb, pmfsgpfstgkmom`fclkgetg m sgu clkpm dg fetgrgssgs g dg lctfvfdldgcfgetifcl uotrlplssl h ms kmtfvms qug dgrlk mrf`gk sul crflmem scuom RFR8 luxfoflr l fkpoletlm dls fdgmom`fls dms cmomeflofs-

kms els tgrrls cmequfstldls.L Cfecfl dls Zgof`fgs trlescgedgu-sg g lutmemkfzmu-sg pmo-tfcl g cfgetfifclkgetg, kls tgk dg gstlr cmestletgkgetg rgsùlr-dldl plrl gvftlr l lprmprflm dm sgu clkpm dg pgsqufsl pgolLetrmpmom`fl, pgol Smcfmom`fl g pgol Tgmom`fl g pgom lsslotm dlstgmsmifls g dls sgftls, qug tletm tk getrldm fedfscrfkfeldlkgetgem kgfm lcldkfcm cmkm els iuegs dg vrfms gstldms g rgspgc-tfvms plrolkgetms.

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dm crfstm sm, sgk dvfdl, l Mrdgk dm Tgkpom g l dms Bmspftlo-

rfms (mu dg Sm Hmm dg Hgruslok). L fkgesl rgdg qug cmestrurlkdgsdg m Kdfm Mrfgetg lt lm gxtrgkm pgefesuolr gurmpgu iuedmu-

sg em kgskm prfecpfm, kls eukl pgrspgctfvl qug gxcgdgu l f`rghlcltofcl g qug sg fùlomu s frkledldgs kuuoklels dg fespfrlmsuif el sul trlescgedecfl uefvgrslo.

Gk ^mrtu`lo, mrl pmrqug ms kgskms Tgkporfms plrtfcfplrlk

lctfvlkgetg el sul iuedlm g lquf sg rgiu`flrlk lps l pgrsgùf-m kmvfdl pmr Ifofpg m Jgom, g pmrqug m rgf D. Dfefs kudledm-obgs m emkg plrl Mrdgk Crfstm pgrkftfu l sul cmetfeuldl lcm

cfvfofzldmrl em tgrrftrfm pmrtuùs, mr`lefzledm uk gxrcftm dg

goftg g ukl klrfebl1 mrl pmr feiouecfl dfrgctl dls rlfebls D. Fsljgog D. Ogmemr, sur`frlk gk ^mrtu`lo duls festftufgs dg lhudl

bukleftrfl qug pgrdurlrlk lt bmhg8 ls Kfsgrfcrdfls g ls Frkle-dldgs dm Gsprftm Sletm 4.

Gstls duls cmeirlrfls, qug frrmkpgrlk pgol prfkgfrl vgz em mrf-

`feldls gk mrdges kfoftlrgs, rgprgsgetlrlk duls ilcgs dg uklkgskl clrfdldg8 l prfkgfrl dg elturgzl colrlkgetg crfstmo`fcl (pmr

vfl dl ifomsmifl dg S. Irlecfscm dg Lssfs)1 l sgùedl dg elturgzl olfclg kfogelrfstl, fespfrldl pgoms irlecfsclems sgùfdmrgs dl tgmsmifl dgHmlqufk dl Ifmrg (fùlokgetg irlecfsclem), kls cuhl vfsm sfecrtfcl

(getrg hudlskm g crfstflefskm kgssfefcms) tmremu m sgetfkgetm pm-puolr g m gsprftm olfcm pmrtuùs eukl rgdg dg lhudl ktul, smofd-rfl g trlescgedgetg, em sgetfdm gk qug l Gxplesm g ms Dgscmjrf-

kgetms ogvlrlk ls frkledldgs g m cuotm dm Gsprftm Sletm pgols tgr-rls dgscmjgrtls, medg l pmrtu`lofdldg g l gkf`rlm dgfxlrlk rlzgs.

Ls Kfsgrfcrdfls g ls Frkledldgs, cldl ukl cmk ls suls fdfmssfe-crlsfls, tmrelrlk-sg gk poms dg cmgsm pmpuolr, dgsgevmovgedm mgsprftm dg fetgrlhudl g oleledm ms iuedlkgetms dg ukl sgùrlelsmcflo em iuturm gstldm olfcm g dgkmcrtfcm (Kltl, :>>>1 Zgfs, :>>


39/64

4>

L fdgfl dg clrfdldg mu dg smcmrrm lms dgsvlofdms dl smcfgdldg

cfvfo mu dl ùgrrl, lssfk cmkm m lpmfm lms rmkgfrms el sul sgedlkstfcl gk quloqugr pgrg`rfelm, em igz fefcflokgetg plrtg dms

dgvgrgs dg uk Gstldm mu dg uk rgfem1 l fdgfl imf tmkledm imrkllm ome`m dms scuoms, em sgetfdm gk qug fùlokgetg crgscfl l cmes-cfecfl dl pmsfm dls colssgs smcflfs klfs dgsilvmrgcfdls, fecoufe-dm ls prmifssfmelfs (cmrpmrlgs)1 lcrgscfl lfedl m ilctm dl prtfcl

dl clrfdldg sgr uk dgvgr rgof fmsm dg tmdm m crfstm, el sul sgedlpgssmlo plrl l sletfdldg, sgetfkgetm qug em grl lfedl fkputldmlm Gstldm cmkm dgvgr elcfmelo, kls lpgels g uefclkgetg lm rgf

cmkm pgssmlo sfeùolr. L rlzm klfs fkpmrtletg g pmr vgeturl l

efcl, qug igz gxcoufr dms dgvgrgs dm Gstldm l smofdlrfgdldg smcflo,imf sgk dvfdl m ilctm dms pmdgrgs tgkpmrlfs g ms gcogsfstfcms

tgrgk sfdm prmkscums el `mvgrelm, sgedm dl rgspmesljfofdldgdl f`rghl (mu dls mrdges kgemrgs g mutrls frkledldgs) l prtfcl dlclrfdldg gk tmdls ms sgus lspgctms. Grl, pmrtletm, s mrdges kg-

emrgs g dg clvlolrfl, qug gstlvl rgsgrvldl l prtfcl sgcuolr dl clrf-dldg smcflo.

L crflm dls Kfsgrfcrdfls, lssfk cmkm dls Frkledldgs dmGsprftm Sletm, vgfm femvlr gstg quldrm clrftltfvm qug lt loturlgxfstfl. Gstls cmeirlrfls rgprgsgetlrlk ukl lutmemkfl rgof`fmsl

ltrlvs dg ogf`ms qug euecl pgrtgecgrlk l mrdges kmestfcls mukfoftlrgs, kls qug lcrgdftlvlk prmiuedlkgetg el clrfdldg cmkmuk jgk suprgkm, gspfrftulo, sgk gxcousfvfdldg dg egebukl

mrdgk, g qug pmdfl trlescgedgr l sul lhudl qugogs qug em grlkcltofcms egk crfstms prtfcl lofs cmkuk getrg ms clvlogfrms

tgkporfms g kuuoklems suifs (Kltl, :>>>1 Zgfs, :>>


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mutrm oldm, m Gstldm qug sgkprg gstgvg lusgetg dgstl prgstlm dg

sgrvfms bukleftrfms pmrqug grl f`rghl qug cljfl tlo prgrrm`l-tfvl lssfk cmkm s prprfls cmrpmrlgs geclrmu m ilctm cmkm

ukl cmesgquecfl elturlo dm prprfm stltusrgof`fmsm dms fedfv-dums (gspfrftulokgetg fespfrldms plrl prltfclrgk l clrfdldg) gdgsdg qug ls cmeirlrfls hurlssgk mjgdfecfl f`rghl. Fstm imf m quglcmetgcgu cmk ls Kfsgrfcrdfls, dgsdg l sul iuedlm pgol rlfebl

Sletl Fsljgo1 kls em imf gxlctlkgetg m qug sucgdgu cmk lsFrkledldgs dm Gsprftm Sletm.

Gkjmrl l elturgzl dls duls sg frklelssg el prtfcl dl clrfdldg,

m sgu kmdms mpgrledfgrl dfigrgetg8 l prfkgfrl, em smcmrrm lms klfs

pmjrgs, qugr em lofkgetm, el lhudl s kgs smotgfrls, rgcmobgedmcrflels ljledmeldls, gtc., cbg`ledm l rgcgjgr dmlgs dg dfigrge-

tgs prmvgefecfls, fecoufedm bgrlels1 l sgùedl, el prgstlm dgsgrvfms quledm egcgssrfm, sgùedm uk sfstgkl dg kutulofdldgjlsgldm el cmtfzlm leulo dg eukgrrfm, prgstledm prltfclkgetg

m kgskm tfpm dg sgrvfms cmkuefdldg, kls fecoufedm m gkprs-tfkm kmegtrfm.

Gequletm ls Kfsgrfcrdfls dgsgevmovgrlk l sul lctfvfdldgdgetrm dl tutgol dl f`rghl g dm Gstldm, ls Frkledldgs dm GsprftmSletm mpgrlrlk imrl dgssl feiouecfl, hustlkgetg pmr sgrgk dg fes-

pfrlm pmpuolr g pmr tgrgk uk cuotm letfcogrfclo, tlo cmkm sglifrkl gspfrftulokgetg l ifomsmifl dm Gsprftm Sletm.

Durletg kuftm tgkpm ls duls festftufgs cmgxfstfrlk em gsplm

pmrtuùs, lt qug gk kgldms dm scuom RYFF ls Kfsgrfcrdfls,cmk m luxofm dl Fequfsfm, ljsmrvgrlk g rgstrfe`frlk ls lctfvfdl-

dgs smcflfs dls Frkledldgs g dm cuotm dm Gsprftm Sletm, lm pmetmdg tgr sfdm mrdgeldm m sgu gecgrrlkgetm. L pmpuolrfdldg dlsFrkledldgs tfebl-sg tmreldm euk pgrf`m plrl l uefdldg dmGstldm g prfecfplokgetg plrl m sgetfdm gxcousfvfstl dm prfecpfm dl

clrfdldg pgol f`rghl, festfoledm els cmkuefdldgs uk gsprftm dgfedgpgedecfl rgof`fmsl g lutmekfcl gk rgolm lm Gstldm, cmeig-rfedm l cldl cmkuefdldg uk sgetfdm dg rgpjofcl crfst.

M igekgem dg gxplesm dls Frkledldgs dm Gsprftm Sletm gk

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^mrtu`lo cmetfegetlo, fesuolr g em Jrlsfo tgvg gemrkg ldgsm g ls

Kfsgrfcrdfls cmkglrlk l sgetfr m gigftm dgs`lstletg dgstl cme-cmrrecfl pmpuolr, prfecfplokgetg l plrtfr dm rgfeldm dg D. Kl-

eugo. Cmk l fetrmdum dl Fequfsfm gk ^mrtu`lo, l pgdfdm dgD. Hmm FFF, ls Frkledldgs cmkglrlk l sgetfr ms gigftms rgstrftf-vms, emkgldlkgetg l evgo dl pgrkfssm qug dlvlk l crfstmsemvms g prmvlvgokgetg l hudgus, dg plrtfcfplrgk em lpgels ems

jmdmscmkm els prprfls Frkledldgs. Imf egstg sgetfdm qug l f`rghlg ls Kfsgrfcrdfls kmvgrlk ukl pgrsgùfm s Frkledldgs,ifcledm rgduzfdls l trs rg`fgs cmetfegetlfs (Logequgr, Sfetrl g

Tmklr), lm tgrrftrfm fesuolr dms Lmrgs g lm Jrlsfo1 els duls otf-

kls, ls Frkledldgs dm Gsprftm Sletm cmesgùfrlk smjrgvfvgr ltbmhg g fssm dgvg-sg l dmfs ilctmrgs8 gstlrgk ome`g dm pmofcflkgetm

gxgrcfdm pgol Fequfsfm g pmr fssm ofvrgs dl pgrsgùfm1 g pmrqugems Lmrgs g em Jrlsfo bmuvg l klfmr cmecgetrlm dg crfstmsemvms g hudgus iu`fdms pgrsgùfm. Lcrgscgetg-sg lfedl l gstls

duls clusls qug cmetrfjurlk plrl l sul smjrgvfvecfl, m ilctm dgdurletg m kfefstrfm dm Klrqus dg ^mkjlo (-


42/64

^lrlogolkgetg crflm dg ukl lhudl smcflo dg iuedm gspfrftulo,

g prfecfplokgetg dgpmfs dm fecfm dl gcmemkfl dg kgrcldm, mskmdms mpgrltfvms dls tcefcls dg sgùrms imrlk utfofzldms cmkm

iuedlkgetm dm clpftlofskm g, egstg sfstgkl, gkgr`frlk cmk mgvgetm dls rgvmougs rgpujofclels l sgùrlel smcflo, ms iuedmsdg pgesgs, ms sgùrms dg vfdl, gtc. Imf pmrk cmk l fkpoletlmdl Zgpjofcl g l olfcfzlm dm Gstldm, gk


43/64

cfdldm qufom l qug tgk dfrgftm. ^mr mutrm oldm, l hustfl smcflo lm

evgo dms slorfms gst fùlokgetg ome`g dg pgrkftfr lms cfdldmsukl sgùrlel smcflo hustl.

L Dgkmcrlcfl sg, pmr uk oldm, cmesgetfu mutrls imrkls dg lhudlktul fecoufedm kfsgrfcrdfls, (mu frkledldgs), l`rgkflgs olf-cls, sgùrms smcflfs, jlecms pmpuolrgs, gtc. pmr mutrm oldm, vfu-sgfeclplcftldl plrl rgspmedgr s egcgssfdldgs dms cfdldms dg tmdls

ls colssgs smcflfs. Tgkms dg rgcmebgcgr qug fkpmssvgo em gstldmlctulo dl gcmemkfl em kuedm, g prfecfplokgetg gk ^mrtu`lo, dlrl tmdms ls kgskls rg`lofls g mpmrtuefdldgs, lpgslr dl ogf g l Cmes-

tftufm prgvgrgk fssm g prmtg`grgk m cfdldm ems sgus dfrgftms j-

sfcms. L vgomcfdldg dms kgrcldms, m lukgetm dl pmpuolm g dm dg-sgkprg`m, l dgsomclm dl klssl kf rltrfl g m lukgetm dms fk-

pmstms g dms hurms, klfs rpfdl dm qug l clplcfdldg dg rgspmstldm Gstldm. Cmestltl-sg lssfk qug ms efcbms dg clrfdldg g dg smof-dlrfgdldg, sghlk gogs mrfuedms dl rgof`fm mu dg mr`lefzlgs olfcls

prfvldls, sm l efcl lotgreltfvl pmssvgo plrl cmokltlr (g supgrlr)l lhudl g sgùrlel smcflfs qug cljg lm Gstldm.

Gstg prmjogkl qug ofkftl l lcm dm Gstldm dg imrkl crefcl g qug ms plsgs dm emrtg dl Gurmpl cgdm cmesgùfrlk rgsmovgr tgk igftm crgscgr m ekgrm dms dgsvlofdms qug prmcurlk lotgreltf-

vls huetm dl clrfdldg dg festftufgs rgof`fmsls g dl smofdlrfgdldgolfcl. Mrl, gstg igekgem pmdg dlr mrf`gk l mutrms dmfs prmjog-kls cuhl `rlvfdldg cgrtlkgetg ltfe`fr prmiuedlkgetg m cmrpm

tfcm dm Gstldm g dl Dgkmcrlcfl, sg plrl tlo em sg cmestftufr emcmrpm dl og`fsolm kgclefskms dg dgigsl. Zgifrm-kg iloecfl dl

sgùrlel smcflo g dls festftufgs dg smofdlrfgdldg smcflo gstltlfs gl sul sujstftufm pmr cmeègrgs qug, migrgcgedm ms kgskms mukgobmrgs sgrvfms, sg prmpgk prggecbgr m vlzfm gspfrftulo dmcfdldm crfldm pgol gxpgctltfvl dgkmcrtfcl8 sgr pmssvgo lm

bmkgk gvmoufr cuoturlo g gspfrftulokgetg pgol trlescgedecfl dmcmogctfvm. ^gol fesmoujfofdldg dgstg fdglo dgkmcrtfcm, m cfdldmplssmu l tgr m sgetfkgetm crefcm dg ukl dfoufm pgssmlo sgk rgl-

ofzlm dm Sgr. G hustlkgetg lquf qug l clrfdldg migrgcfdl pmr

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loùkls festftufgs, qug sg lssukgk cmkm rgof`fmsls, pmdg gkgr-

`fr, mcupledm emvms mu letf ms efcbms ljledmeldms pgom prprfmGstldm g, dg imrkl l`rlvldl, pmoftfzlrgk ms sgus dfscursms plrl

dgpmfs lssukfrgk ms rgspgctfvms ou`lrgs ems plrolkgetms. M dgs-igcbm sgrfl prgvfsvgo plrl l prprfl Dgkmcrlcfl.Gequletm gk loùes Gstldms dgkmcrtfcms dgcmrrg h gstg prm-

cgssm dg lscgesm smcflo dls emvls clrfdldgs, cmk l lhudl jgk ur-

dfdl dg uk klragtfe` dg slovlm (sghl gol qulo imr), mjsgrvlk-sg mskgskms sfetmkls em sgfm dls smcfgdldgs fsokfcls cmk ms km-vfkgetms iuedlkgetlofstls gkgr`getgs. Sg m sgetfdm dg clrfdldg

gvmoufu lm ome`m dm tgkpm plrl m sfèfifcldm dg jgk-gstlr pjofcm,

fùlokgetg em kuedm rljg, medg m cmecgftm gst gstljgogcfdm ltrl-vs dm tgrkm ablyr, sg trlesimrkmu em kgskm sf efifcldm. M prm-

jogkl, pmrtletm, `gegrlofzldm g trltl-sg gssgecflokgetg dg uk ig-ekgem of`ldm trlescgedecfl dm fedfvdum pgom cmogctfvm mu pgomfedfvfdulo, dl sul feclplcfdldg dg sg rglofzlr gspfrftulo g smcflokgetg.

Imf cmk mjhgctfvm vgrdldgfrlkgetg bukleftrfm g em sgetfdm dgrgsmovgr gstg prmjogkl getrg ukl dls pmpuolgs klfs pmjrgs dm

kuedm, qug Kublkkld Vueus crfmu m Kfcrmcrdftm (Hmofs,:>>3). Kls fkpmrtletg qug sg df l qug plrtfu dg ukl imrkuol-m h cmebgcfdl g prltfcldl em sgfm dm fsolkfskm8 lhfzlb1 gstg tfpm

dg gkprstfkm vgk dg ilctm rgsmovgr kuftms prmjogkls qug uksfstgkl jlecrfm emrklo em pmdg ilzgr, lm kgskm tgkpm qugkletk fetg`rl l df efdldg dl pgssml. Gfs, pmfs, uk gxgkpom dg

cmkm l smofdlrfgdldg smcflo pmdg iuecfmelr lm evgo dm crdftmjlecrfm g dg cmkm gol, lm tgr gvmoudm dg uk prfecpfm gspfrftulo

g rgof`fmsm, sg tmremu euk jgk-gstlr pjofcm em sgfm dg ukl smcfg-dldg fsokfcl cmkm m Jleòldgsb g dg cmkm lcljmu pmr jgegifcflrkfobgs dg pgssmls fedgpgedgetgkgetg dm sgu crgdm. Gfs fùlo-kgetg uk gxgkpom dg cmkm m prfecpfm dl trlescgedgetlofdldg

dm fedfvdum (el kltrfz mrfgetlo) gst l pgegtrlr el trlescgedecfldm cmogctfvm dm pgeslkgetm mcfdgetlo.

Kls, lm kgskm tgkpm qug m Mcfdgetg g m Mrfgetg plrtfoblk ls

suls gxpgrfecfls pmsftfvls dg imrkl `gegrmsl, cmk jgegicfm plrl

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tmdms ms cfdldms dm kuedm g cmkm rgsuotldm dl @omjlofzlm,mutrls imrkls dg clrfdldg g dg smofdlrfgdldg, kletgedm-sg gsclolcgouolr gk `rupms rgof`fmsms g/mu olfcms cmkueftrfms, dgsomclk-

sg pgom kuedm sgùfedm ms rmtgfrms kf`rltrfms g dgsgevmovgedm--sg els rgdgs h fkpoletldls dl gkf`rlm. lssfk qug mjsgrvl-kms sur`frgk gspmetleglkgetg `rupms clrftltfvms lssmcfldms lcmkuefdldgs fsokfcls, l rgiu`fldms tfjgtlems, l gkf rletgs ucrl-eflems g, dgsdg ms lems sgssgetl dm scuom RR, ls cmkuefdldgs dmGsprftm Sletm em Cleld g Gstldms Wefdms, iuedldls pmr gkf-`rletgs pmrtuùgsgs mrfuedms dms Lmrgs. Gstls rgdgs dg fetgrl-hudl g dg feiouecfl cmkueftrfl, cmk m tgkpm, lcljlrlk pmr

gstgedgr ls suls vmetldgs s gdfofdldgs s qulfs sg l`rg`lrlk g, gkrg`rl, l cmmpgrlm tgk dldm gxcgogetgs rgsuotldms plrl lkjms msoldms, m qug klfs ukl vgz prmvl l `rledg utfofdldg dl gkf`rlm.

Gstg igekgem, qug sg mjsgrvl bmhg gk ilsg dg gxplesm, gstgvgfùlokgetg prgsgetg getrg ms crfstms emvms g ms hudgus, cuhls rgdgsilkfoflrgs sg gstgedgrlk pmr tmdl l Gursfl lt Cbfel. Kls mprmjogkl dl lhudl clrfdmsl pmr vgzgs uotrlplssldl pgol mpmrtuef-dldg gcmekfcl, pmotfcl g lt kfoftlr, cmkm h lcmetgcgu em pls-sldm, qugr em kuedm kuuoklem qugr em crfstm. jvfm qug,sgkprg qug fstm lcmetgcg, m prfecpfm dl clrfdldg leuoldm, pgomkgems el imrkl cmkm es m fdglofzlkms1 quletls vgzgs ms jle-qugfrms hudgus gkprgstlrlk lvuotldls smkls dg dfebgfrm lms rgfsdl Gurmpl plrl qug m grrfm r`fm em ilofssg1 mutrls, dfspgeslrlk-els plrl qug ms sgus rgfems sg dfoltlssgk1 mu lfedl plrl qug meg`cfm dl ùgrrl em tgrkfelssg. Ms cmecgftms dg clrfdldg g dg

smofdlrfgdldg tmrelrlk-sg gostfcms el prmpmrm gk qug l bfs-trfl buklel sg dfoltl.Gk ifk, tudm m qug lcljkms dg dfzgr jgk cmebgcfdm, kls

kgskm lssfk pgrkftfdm, prfecfplokgetg quledm l clrfdldg lobgfl(em dm Gstldm), g smkjrl dl Dgkmcrlcfl, rgsmovg ukl `rledgplrtg dl sgùrlel smcflo g dl pmjrgzl dls smcfgdldgs cmetgkpmr-egls. \uledm pgesvlkms qug ms Gstldms tfeblk cldl vgz kgemsclplcfdldg dg rgspmstl plrl ms prmjogkls smcflfs, m qug dfzgr, ge-

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tm, dl prxfkl vl`l dg rgiu`fldms pmr rlzgs dg imkg, ùgrrl glotgrlgs cofktfcls prmiuedls, g quledm gcomdfr l gkgrècfl dmsjomcms JZFC g Egm-gurmlsfefcm (EGL)=

Cldl uk dgstgs jomcms cmkpmrtl prgcfslkgetg ls duls cmkpm-egetgs dl clrfdldg g dl smofdlrfgdldg, cmk ls tgedecfls prprflsdl sul bfstrfl, cmk ls suls rgdgs h gstljgogcfdls, mscfoledm getrgms kuedms fsokfcm g crfstm. Cmkm sg prgv qug ms Gstldms g lsDgkmcrlcfls em vgeblk l tgr l clplcfdldg dg rgspmstl lm evgo dlsgùrlel smcflo, g kuftm kgems pgrletg m emvm ldvgetm òmjlo, ur`getg gstljgogcgr ms bmrfzmetgs dg lcm smcflo g pmotfcl dms ru-pms rgof`fmsms g dgcfdfr tfcl g plrftlrflkgetg qulo l vgrdldgfrl el-

turgzl dgssl lhudl smcflo (smj l imrkl dg clrfdldg mu dg smofdlrfg-dldg). ^grletg l sftulm qug sg lprmxfkl, smkms mjrf`ldms l rg-cmebgcgr l gxtrgkl dfifcuodldg dg grfr ls lcgs l dgsgevmovgr eukquldrm bukleftrfm, prfecfplokgetg quledm tgkms dg plrtfoblr msemssms gsplms elcfmelfs cmk cuoturls g rgof`fgs dfigrgetgs, cmkoeùls dfstfetls, cmk kmdms dg l`fr dfvgrsms. Hlcqugs Lttlof h tfeblldvgrtfdm, qug lkleb, euk uefvgrsm klfs pgrf`msm dm qug mu-trmrl, ls tcefcls Qdg sgùrms[ dgvgrm supmrtlr `rledgs pgrturjl-gs plrl qug m dgsgevmovfkgetm gcmekfcm dm polegtl pmssl prms-sgùfr (Lttlof,


47/64

42

FY

M dfom`m dg cfvfofzlgs g l cmmpgrlmcmkm gxgkpom dg clvlolrfl gspfrftulo

Em sgùfkgetm dm tgkl letgrfmrkgetg ljmrdldm, gk tmrem dlgrmsm dls imrkls trldfcfmelfs dg lpmfm g dg clrfdldg g fe-tgrlhudl getrg pmpuolgs, tmrel-sg egcgssrfm cmetfeulr m gxgrc-cfm dg gecmetrlr, el kgkrfl bfstrfcl loùes gxgkpoms plrl mkgskm lrùkgetm8 em lpgels pgom uefvgrsm gstrftm dl prtfcl rg-of fmsl festftucfmelo, cmk dm`kls g pfolrgs dg i, qug m Bmkgkpmdg lcgdgr g dgsgevmovgr uk sofdm clkpm dg lhudl lm mutrm.

Dg ilctm, lssfstfkms, gk dfvgrsls pmcls dl Bfstrfl dl Buklef-dldg, l kmkgetms dg irlecl prmxfkfdldg getrg oldms l`mrl mpms-tms dg cuoturl g cfvfofzlm, plrlirlsgledm l h `lstl lifrklm dg

Buetfe`tme, m cbmqug dg cfvfofzlgs (Buetfe`tme,


48/64

tldg el crflm dg ukl pmsturl dg rgspgftm g dg trljlobm cmehuetm.

Trltlrgkms gstl fdgfl fedm lm letf`m gsplm g cuoturls dm lo-Ledlous.

* * *

S pmdg blvgr Clvlolrfl getrg rgof`fgs sg tfvgrgk lcgftg mprgssupmstm dg ukl gspfrftulofdldg olfcl. F`ulokgetg ms gstldms s

pmdgrm cmmpgrlr gk lkjfgetg dg vgrdldgfrl plz, quledm tfvgrgklssfkfoldm m prfecpfm dl Clvlolrfl Gspfrftulo.

Gstg plrldf`kl dl buklefdldg, qug m imf getrg crfstm g rljgs

(suifs), em tgkpm gk qug plrtfoblvlk ms kgskms vlomrgs tfcms g

gspfrftulfs el pgeesuol fjrfcl (getgedfdl cmkm lo-Ledlous), tgkukl gxtgesm qug trlescgedg m tgkpm bfstrfcm. Dg elturgzl prm-iuedlkgetg letrmpmcskfcl, gstg plrldf`kl dl uefvgrslofdldggspfrftulo g dm Lkmr imf cmesujstlecfldm em @lrj lo-Ledlous, tgrrl

qug suifs g crfstms vfrlk cmkm uk gspgobm dm cmskms g ukl rgl-ofdldg dg rgprgsgetlgs1 smom medg geslflrlk l frkledldg getrgms bmkges gk tmdl l tgrrl, cmkm, dg imrkl sgkgobletg em mrfgetg

kgdftgrregm, m jfzletfem Kfcblgo ^sgooms (


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Cmkm lifrkmu Alro Z. ^mppgr, () l cfvfofzlm `rg`l ukigekgem sgk plrlogom rgsuotmu dg uk cbmqug dg cuoturls dlscuoturls dm kgdftgrregm mrfgetlo (^mppgr,


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qug l sgu tgkpm grl ukl prlxfs g ukl ifomsmifl, dgtgrkfeldl l plr-tfr dg ukl ogf kmrlo dg clrctgr uefvgrslo l qug cblklvlk Lkmr gKgdfcfel, plssmu plrl m dmkefm dm gsqugcfkgetm, quledm pgol

imrl dl pgrsulsm pmotfcl g kfoftlr ls rgcmequfstls (pmotfcls g rg-of`fmsls) sm dfssm uk gxgkpom ms fetgrgssgs pgssmlfs dms fedfv-dums sg smjrgpusgrlk s egcgssfdldgs gspfrftulfs g smcflfs dm cmogc-tfvm. egstg sgetfdm qug pmdgkms dfzgr (sgk sgr if`url dg gstfom)qug tlkjk Alet (sgk m tgr sfdm) imf uk Clvlogfrm Gspfrftulo,quledm lm imrkuolr smjrg l ogf kmrlo, lifrkmu8 L`g dg kmdm l qugtg sfrvls dl buklefdldg, tletm el tul pgssml cmkm el pgssml dgquloqugr mutrm, sgkprg cmkm ifk g euecl sfkpogskgetg cmkm

kgfm (^mppgr, pp.


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smcfgdldg, m sgetfdm dl ifomsmifl (g dm gsprftm) em cfdldm. Cmmpg-rlr em sgetfdm dg ukl clvlolrfl gspfrftulo gxf`g dg es m tmtlo rgs-pgftm pgom mutrm, pgol sul fetg`rfdldg kmrlo g rgof`fmsl, kls eukl

gxtgesm irltgrel, òmjlofzletg g smofdrfl, dgsfèldl pmr Lkmr. prmiuedlkgetg sfèfifcltfvm g gxgkpolr m ilctm dms jgduems,dl pgeesuol lrjfcl, tgrgk gelotgcfdm lqufom qug plrl kuftms bmhgplrgcg sgr uk dldm ldqufrfdm8 l vfrfofdldg. L gol rgigrflk-sgcmkm kurul, kls dlvlk-obg m dupom sgetfdm dg gegr`fl sgxulo gdg rgctfdm, mu dg pudmr g dg vfrtudg. Gstg imf m prfecpfmqug m Fsom lssukfu g qug ms suifs dgigedgrlk cmk l lokl, kls imffùlokgetg m qug em mcfdgetg sg cblkmu dg Clvlolrfl Gspfrftulo.

Lssfk, dgsdg m kgdftgrregm mrfgetlo (fecoufedm l Lrjfl) lt lmlo-Ledlous, bmuvg ukl frkledldg fedfstfetl dg kuuoklems g dgcrfstms qug cmmpgrlrlk gspfrftulo g ifomsmifclkgetg plrl uk jgkcmkuk, plrl ms qulfs l Iutuwwlb (el qulo l Clvlolrfl Gspfrftulo dmmcfdgetg sg fespfrmu), grl l gxprgssm g sgetfdm dg huvgetudg g,cmkm sgu cmrmorfm sfèfifcltfvm, emjrgzl dg cmrlm (Lovgs,:>>0, pp. 74-9:). Cmmpgrlr em klfs prmiuedm rgspgftm pgol df ef-dldg dm mutrm, dg imrkl irltgrel g dg cmrlm purm, gfs l irkuoldgsghvgo el rgolm getrg ms cfdldms g ms Gstldms, g m gfxm prl-xfmo`fcm dl Clvlolrfl Gspfrftulo.

Egstl cmmpgrlm cmkm gxgkpom dg clvlolrfl gspfrftulo mu ifom-sifcl, m Lkmr (getgedfdm fùlokgetg cmkm clrfdldg mu smofdl-rfgdldg) qug dgvg rgùolr ls rgolgs dm bmkgk, qugr dg sf plrlcmk m uefvgrsm, qugr dg sf plrl cmk ms mutrms. Dl qug l Iutuwwlbsuif cmkm l Clvlolrfltgkporfl pgdflk, plrl qug gstl uefm g cmm-

pgrlm sg rglofzlssgk eukl tmtlo getrg`l l Dgus1 kls getgedl-sggstg Dgus cmkm m pgrcgjfdm pgol ifomsmifl8 G` d /g, keukfdg qge u b ifomsmil prgusjggf... Gu hurm pmr Dgus,lqugog Dgus qug l ifomsmifl vgegrl.... (^sgooms, p. :96). Em cme-tgxtm prgsgetg, gk qug Dgus sg lssukg cmkm ukl pmssfjfofdldgdg gscmobl pgssmlo kmtfvldmrl dl vmetldg dm cfdldm, mutrl mpmsgr l dl getrg`l dm fedfvdum mu dm cmogctfvm l uk fdglo dg cfdl-dlefl uefvgrslo. Kls l sgr, qug sghl cmevfctl.

7:


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Mrl, hustlkgetg em lctulo cmetgxtm bfstrfcm, gk qug ls rgol-gs pmotfcls g gcmekfcls sg rgùolk pmr mutrms fkpuosms, qugem m dg ukl frkledldg ifomsifcl iuedldl eukl vgrdldgfrl

èmsg, qug l prmcurl dg ukl gspfrftulofdldg olfcl sg tmrel pgrtf-egetg. Dgifelkms pmrk m cmecgftm.Dgsdg l sgplrlm dm Gstldm g dl F`rghl qug l emm dg gspfrf-

tulofdldg sg mps klfs colrl g rgùolrkgetg lm fdgrfm rgpujof-clem. Trltlvl-sg, pmrk, dg dgsilzgr l prmkfscufdldg sgcuolr dlF`rghl em Gstldm (g dm Gstldm el F`rghl), ltrlvs dg uk lrtficfm dgdfscursm g dg ogf g em tletm dg lefqufolr l rlfz dl gspfrftulofdldgqug m prprfm bmkgk1 l gspfrftulofdldg vfsldl grl mutrl8 cltofcl,

tgstl g dm`ktfcl. Gspfrftulofdldg olfcl dgifeg-sg lssfk, cmkmtmdl l tgedecfl feltl dm sgr buklem lm evgo dl igemkgemom`fldm gsprftm, letgs dg sg klefigstlr ltrlvs dg quloqugr sfstgkl rg-of`fmsm. L gspfrftulofdldg olfcl , pmrtletm, l fdgetfdldg dmkgskm bmkgk dldm plrtfdl, em sgu gstldm mrf`felo (dgspgrtm muem). Gk jml vgrdldg, l rgvmoum rgpujofclel olfcfzmu l gspfrftul-ofdldg qug m cmkuk cfdldm supuebl sgr uefclkgetg uk prmdutmdl F`rghl.

Gxpofcldm m cmecgftm, tmrel-sg colrm m sgetfdm dg clvlolrflcmkm gxgkpom dg gspfrftulofdldg olfcl. L trlescgedecfl dl fdgfllquf gxprgssl tgk ukl lpofcljfofdldg smcflo, pmotfcl g gcmekfcldg dfkgesm òmjlofzletg, gk qug egol pmdgk plrtfcfplr tmdms mscfdldms dm kuedm, fedgpgedgetgkgetg dm crgdm, dl oeùl g dlcmedfm smcflo. hustlkgetg egstg evgo dg gspfrftulofdldg qugtmdls ls cuoturls pmdgk dflom`lr gk fùlodldg, cmmpgrlrgk irltgr-

elkgetg em klfs prmiuedm rgspgftm pgol fdgetfdldg dg cldl uk. Ggstg sgr f ulokgetg m dgslifm fegvftvgo dg uk JZFC, mu dg qulo-qugr mutrl cfvfofzlm, metgk, bmhg mu lkleb1 l clvlolrfl gspfrf-tulo cmkm l gspfrftulofdldg olfcl, sgrm fedfspgesvgfs em df-om`m getrg ls cuoturls el gkgrècfl dm JZFC, g prmvlvgokgetg lsul dgigsl sgùrl cmetrl ls cofvl`ges rgof`fmsls g pmotfcls, prmvm-cldls pgol lcm dm jomcm dmkfeletg dms GWL, euk kmkgetm gkqug tgkgk pgrdgr l sul bg`gkmefl em kuedm.

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74

Y

L qugjrl dm plrldf`kl dmkfeletg lkgrfclemg l rgvmoum gpfstgkmo`fcl

dms jomcms gkgr`getgs

Lfecgrtgzl gstrlt`fcl g l ilotl dg ukl cmestletg trlesplrecfltfcl pmr plrtg dms Gstldms Wefdms, rgoltfvlkgetg lm Frlqug

g ùgrrl lm tgrrmrfskm, gstm l crflr m gsplm g m tgkpm ldg-quldms plrl l hustfifclm dg duls gkgrècfls òmjlfs8 m JZFC g mjomcm Egm-gurmlsfefcm (EGL). ^mr mutrm oldm, l lrrmècfl sfs-tgktfcl, l ltftudg iuedlkgetlofstl qug tk dgsgevmovfdm cmkmplrtg dl sul dfpomklcfl g m kgemsprgzm pgoms cfdldms gstrle`gf-rms gk rgolm lms lkgrfclems, kgskm dg plsgs lofldms (O.Sletms, :>>0, p. 33), kmstrlk ukl festljfofdldg psfcmo`fcl g ukl

dgsmrdgk dl rglofdldg qug ilvmrgcg g hustfifcl l vmz dls cuoturls gdls ifomsmifls klfs letf`ls dls zmels dm Kgdftgrregm (KdfmMrfgetg) g dl Gursfl. G, egstg sgetfdm, m pgsm dl trldfm cuoturlog ofeùstfcl, cmkm l uefdldg ple-lsftfcl rgsuotletg dg ukl bfst-rfl lecgstrlo, sgrm iuedlkgetlfs em iuturm prxfkm, eukl pgrs-pgctfvl dg rgdgifefm dl `gmpmotfcl omjlo dl Gursfl1 ls rgolgsgetrg l Gurmpl g l sfl cgetrlo qug mutrmrl gxfstflk `rlls rmtldl sgdl, sgrm emvlkgetg oleldls pgoms kgskms clkfebms dl


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77

@omjlofzlm g dl prmcurl dg emvls imetgs dg gegr`fl 0. Gstg ilctmegebukl elm pmdgr fkpgdfr g l rlzm iuedlkgetlo dm emvmgvgetm gst fetfklkgetg rgolcfmeldm cmk l dfekfcl irlctlo dl bfs-

trfl dl buklefdldg.Ms sfelfs dgstgs emvms lcmetgcfkgetms qug h sg ogvletlk embmrfzmetg, tk lukgetldm m gstldm dg egrvmsfskm g dg festljfof-dldg lm pls dmkfeletg (GWL) el cmehgcturl lctulo. ^gol sul cme-tfeuldl prtfcl gstrlt`fcl h cmebgcfdl dg tmdms ms fetgrvgefgetgsfetgrelcfmelfs, pmdg ldfvfeblr-sg ukl cmetfeuldl ltftudg dg fe`g-recfl em gqufojrfm pmotfcm dl Gursfl (gstgedgedm-sg lm Frm, lmLig`lefstm g lms plsgs ofktrmigs) g Kdfm Mrfgetg (cmkm h

lcmetgcgu cmk m Frlqug). Cmehgcturlkms lssfk qug ms GWL, cmkrgcgfm dg pgrdgrgk em s l sul clplcfdldg kfoftlr cmkm l sulpmsfm dmkfeletg, vgeblk l fecgetfvlr ls cofvl`ges rgof`fmsls emsgfm dls rgof`fgs dmkfeletgs dm JZFC g dm EGL, cmkm imrkl dgms geirlqugcgr prgklturlkgetg g dgstg kmdm tgetlr prmome`lr msgu pmdgr g m sgu plrldf`kl 2. Lssfelogkms lfedl cmkm m lpmfmtcftm g kfoftlr prgstldm lms lig`ms plrl cmkjltgr ms russms(


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70

cgetg , iuedlkgetlo plrl lrletfr l lifrklm dms gstldms em cme-

cgrtm dls elgs, el dgigsl dms sgus fetgrgssgs gk prmo dg uk jgkcmkuk, pmrqug gol iuedlkgetlokgetg m go dgssl mfamsqug ems

ljrf`l. Cmkprggedg-sg lssfk cmkm sgr dgslstrmslkgetg egilstm,em s plrl ls elgs g pmvms vfsldms cmkm plrl tmdm m gckgem,sg ukl elm dg getrg tmdls ls dl tgrrl, dgcfdfr plrl sgu prprfm jg-egicfm dgstrufr l lokl fdgetftrfl dg uk mutrm pmvm. Sghl qulo imr

m pmvm mu l elm, l sfkpogs rlzm dg gxfstfr ilz dgog (mu dgol) plrtgfetg`rletg dg tmdms es el bfstrfl, el letrmpmom`fl, el oeùl, elpsfcmom`fl g el getfcl. Dgskgkjrlr ukl cuoturl lefqufoledm-obg

m gsprftm, crflr cofvl`ges irlctlfs el gvmoum dl buklefdldg, cmk

gigftms fkprgvfsvgfs em emssm pgrcursm gsplm-tgkpmrlo.^mr fssm, b qug getgedgr euk cmetgxtm smcflo g bfstrfcm, qug

gstls cofvl`ges irlctlfs lctulk el kltrfz buklel (letrmpmcskfcl)g qug cofvl`ges irlctlfs, prmvmcldls pgol fkpmsfm pmotfcl dg `ru-pms prfvldms g dg elturgzl dgstrutfvl lm evgo dl kgkrfl g dm

gsprftm (mu dm psfqufskm cmogctfvm), lm cmeduzfrgk l buklefdldgltrlvs dg uk cmkpmrtlkgetm dfekfcm em ofeglr lm ome`m dl

bfstrfl l qug hustlkgetg l isfcl g l kltgktfcl dgsfèlk pmrTgmrfl dm Clms tk, ltrlvs dgssl kgskl vmetldg pmotfcl, dgfxldmuk rlstm dg sleùg, dg kfsrfl, dg pmjrgzl g dg feigofcfdldg cref-

cls el kgkrfl dl buklefdldg. Mrl, m cmebgcfkgetm dls gqul-gs irlctlfs tgk bmhg gk dfl ukl lpofcljfofdldg rgcmebgcfdl g smuk ktmdm usldm qugr gk sfkuolm gcmekfcl g pmotfcl cmkm

gk gstrlt`fl kfoftlr, kls fssm em sfèfifcl qug, lm tgrkms dgscm-jgrtm gstg igekgem elturlo em emssm uefvgrsm trfdfkgesfmelo,

pmsslkms sfkpogskgetg jrfeclr cmk ls ogfs iuedlkgetlfs dl klt-rfl, s plrl ilvmrgcgr m fetgrgssg prfvldm dg loùes sgrgs buklemsgk dgtrfkgetm dg tmdl l buklefdldg


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72

^lrgcg lssfk, qug b lfedl dmfs evgfs dg leofsg g dg sfkuolm

getrg ms lelofstls cmkm getrg ms gstrltg`ls8 ukl irlctlo, l mutrl dgletrmpmom`fl pmotfcl. Gstl otfkl, l klfs irgqugetg, em tgk gk

cmetl l klssl crtfcl grldl pgom gigftm jmrjmogtl g dgjrul-sg gs-sgecflokgetg smjrg ms prmjogkls rg`fmelfs qug plrgcgk tgr mrf`f-eldm ms cmeioftms, sgk tgr ukl pgrcgpm dls fetgrlcgs òmjlfsdls cuoturls g dls cfvfofzlgs euk evgo dg klssl klfs ljrle`getg,

kls egk pmr fssm kgems feiougecfvgo. Gstl ilotl dg pgrcgpm levgo dg irlcturls omjlfs (dgetrm dm cmecgftm dl tgmrfl dm clms g dmgigftm jmrjmogtl), ogvmu ms GWL l crflrgk ukl fesustgetvgo sftul-

m em Frlqug plrl l qulo m rgsuotldm ifelo sgr sgkprg eg`ltfvm,

qugr ifqugk klfs tgkpm em tgrrgem qugr ljledmegk h l rg`fm.Sg pmr uk oldm l leofsg gstrlt`fcl kfoftlr g cuoturlo (rgof`fmsl)

igftl smjrg m Frlqug, plrtfedm dg kmdgoms dg letrmpmom`fl pmotfcl,pmdg sfkpogskgetg mr`lefzlr ls ogfturls g l bgrkgeutfcl dl sftul-m, luxfofledm ls goftgs kfoftlrgs l prgplrlrgk-sg plrl l lctulrgk

dl imrkl qug lcblk cmrrgctl, pmr mutrm, gstgs kgskms kmdgomstk-sg dgkmestrldm rgdutmrgs g fegifclzgs (D. Afocuooge, :>>0ljc).

Ls irlcturls, qug mcmrrgk bfstmrfclkgetg l evgo dls smcfgdldgstrldfcfmelfs g dms rupms rgof`fmsms, gecmetrlk-sg euk cmetgxtm dgirlcturls dgetrm dm sgu prprfm kuedm gxfstgecflo g gvmougk euk

uefvgrsm dg clms prprfm1 l fetgrvgem dg imrls cuoturlfs, gspfrf-tulfs g pmoftfclkgetg gx`gels (cmkm em clsm dms GWL em Frlqug,mu lt em Yfgtelkg) ilz trlescgedgr ls irlcturls rg`fmelfs dg imrkl

quetfcl plrl m polem dm clms òmjlo, medg l pgrfmdfcfdldg dmslcmetgcfkgetms rg`fmelfs plsslk l ilzgr plrtg dg uk gigftm jmrjm-

ogtl gsclol òmjlo. Mrl, gxlctlkgetg fstm qug tgk vfedm l lcme-tgcgr el bfstrfl dl buklefdldg, prfecfplokgetg l plrtfr dm km-

(


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kgetm gk qug ms fkprfms trlesigrfrlk ls suls feiouecfls lok dls

irmetgfrls pmotfcls g uotrlplsslrlk m evgo dls suls cmkpgtecflscuoturlfs g pmotfcls. M clsm dms GWL h plrldf`ktfcm.

L ùgrrl lm tgrrmr, tlo cmkm ms GWL dgigedgk g euk cme-cgftm dg cmetrl-fesurrgfm omjlo, plrtg dm prfecpfm dg qug m mcf-dgetg gst l sgr ltlcldm ems sgus fetgrgssgs (kgskm sg gstgs sggecmetrlk gk tgrrftrfm cmesfdgrldm bmstfo), s qug gstg mcf-

dgetg , gssgecflokgetg, leòm-slxefcm. Trltl-sg, pmrtletm, dgukl gedgkfl rgsuotletg dl gxpmrtlm dg uk plrldf`kl dmkf-eletg cblkldm Gstldms Wefdms dl Lkrfcl g Feòltgrrl (fecoufedm

m Cmkkmewglotb) plrl m rgstm dm kuedm em b, pmrk, uk s

kmdgom dg dgkmcrlcfl qug sfrvl l tmdms ms Gstldms, pmrqug prgcf-slkgetg cldl cuoturl tgk ls suls fdfmssfecrlsfls g l sul gspfrftulof-

dldg. M plrldf`kl dmkfeletg dl cfvfofzlm mcfdgetlo, qug dletgsrgsfdfl el Gurmpl g qug Alro ^mppgr cmesfdgrlvl cmkm l kgobmrsmcfgdldg dg tmdls, imf trlesigrfdm plrl l Lkrfcl dm Emrtg

durletg l rgvmoum irlecgsl. Gequletm ls fesurrgfgs fetgrels dlelm lkgrfclel em trlesjmrdlrlk ls suls irmetgfrls pmotfcls

cmkm ls rgjgofgs edfls cmetrl l pgrdl dms sgus tgrrftrfms g lùgrrl cfvfo l sul ltgem em sg vfrmu plrl m kuedm. Imf s lplrtfr dm ifelo dl Sgùedl @rledg @ugrrl qug ms GWL g ms mutrms

plsgs tmklrlk cmescfecfl dg ukl @omjlofzlm pmotfcl g gstrlt-`fcl plecmetfegetlo.

M kmdgom `rg`m cmkm setgsg dg uk cbmqug dg cuoturls kgdf-

tgrregls rgpgtfu-sg lt cmestrum dl Gurmpl (plssledm pmrZmkl g pgol cuoturl rljg) g imf trlesigrfdm plrl ms GWL, kls fssm

em sfèfifcl qug l mutrl kgtldg dm kuedm (l mrfgetlo) tgeblkgems pgsm mu sghl kgems plrldf`ktfcl dm qug l cuoturl mcfdge-tlo. L gkgrècfl dm JZFC g m prprfm EGL sm gxgkpoms dmsemvms plrldf`kls cuoturlfs, cmk ms qulfs frgkms ofdlr gk jrgvg

prlzm, g sgrfl uk grrm dgslstrmsm sg m plrldf`kl vf`getg cmesfdg-rlssg gstgs dmfs jomcms gkgr`getgs cmkm bmstfs lms sgus fetgrgssgsg, dg imrkl sujtfo, l`fssg gstrltg`fclkgetg cmk gogs cmkm tgk igftm

cmk Frlqug mu cmk m Lig`lefstm.

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M ilctm dms lelofstls pmotfcms g ms gstrltg`ls kfoftlrgs cmesfdg-rlrgk ms rgjgodgs Tlofjles dgstgs plsgs cmkm em sgedm plrtf-cuolrkgetg rgof fmsms, fedfcfl cldl vgz klfs qug, cmk tlo lifrkl-

m, prgtgedgk dfstlecflr-sg dl rgspmesljfofdldg kmrlo dg dgsge-vmovgrgk lcgs kfoftlrgs dg cmetrl-fesurrgfm. ^mrk, tlo lifrkl-m (mu dgscuopl) em fkpgdg qug ms rgspgctfvms pmvms sghlk ltfe-`fdms em klfs prmiuedm dls suls fdgetfdldgs rgof`fmsl g gspfrftulo.Tlo cmkm lifrkl Afocuooge, b uk prmjogkl gkprfcm cmk tmdl lemm dg fesurrgfm rgof fmsl, dgsdg qug qulsg tmdls ls fesurrgf-gs bfstrfcls fecourlk ukl imrtg dfkgesm rgof`fmsl g, pmrtletm,em colrm qug fesurrgfgs rgof`fmsls dfscrgtls gxfstlk dg ilctm

cmkm uk igekgem mjsgrvvgo (D. Afocuooge, :>>0lc). B dgilctm uk prmjogkl gkprfcm, kls sg Tlofjles (sueftls mu xfftls) smmu em bmkges dg i feljlovgo em Locmrm, uk prmjogkl qug sgpg cmk l kgskl lkjf ufdldg getrg ls trmpls lkgrfclels8 sg smprmiuedlkgetg crfsts mu em gk quloqugr dms clsms, egk uesegk mutrms, sg m imssgk, dgigedgrflk tlo `ugrrl g, egssg clsm, pls-slrflk l sgr clvlogfrms dg ukl gspfrftulofdldg olfcl. Cmevgeblkmsqug m prmjogkl gkprfcm frrgogvletg! Em sg trltl dg klfs mukgems rgof`fmsfdldg, kls sfk dg ukl klfmr mu kgemr lusecfl dgtfcl. M prmjogkl gssgecflokgetg mutrm g em tgk l sul mrf`gk`gerfcl ems Tlofjles, sghlk gogs qulfs imrgk.

\ugr tgrrmrfstls Tlofjle, cmkm tgrrmrfstls elscfdms dl smcfg-dldg emrtg-lkgrfclel (em fkpmrtl l prmvgefecfl), lprgsgetlk(mu pmdgk lprgsgetlr) ukl sedrmkl `grlokgetg dgsf`eldl pmrpurftlefskm cmkpuosfvm dg Kfoome (T. Kfoome, :>>>). Imf gstl

sedrmkl qug dgifefu m pgrifo dg Kmblkgd Lttl, gxtgesvgo l tmdmsms tgrrmrfstls urjlems dg imrkl `grlo (fecoufedm ms tgrrmrfstlsurjlems g bmdfgrems dl smcfgdldg cfvfo). Trltl-sg dg ukl dupollkjfvloecfl getrg mjgdfecfl g dgslifm, clrlctgrfzldl pgols dgig-sls qug l dulofdldg dg ukl pgrsmelofdldg prmvmcldmrl migrgcg gpgol imrklm rglctfvl cmetrl pgeslkgetms rgprfkfdms g sdfcmsdgrfvldms dg fkpuosms emcfvms. L dgifefm gscolrgcgdmrl, ggkjmrl gol sghl lpofcvgo (cmk kuftm gsimrm) l tmdms ms Tlofjles,

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em hustfifcl qug l fetgrvgem em Frlqug mu em Lig`lefstm sghlplrl puefr dgofequgetgs, l em sgr qug l ùgrrl lm tgrrmr sghlukl tgrlpfl psfclelotfcl gk klssl. Cmkm gk tgmrfl (sgùedm l

sedrmkl dg Kfoome) quloqugr tgrrmrfstl urjlem smirg dgstg klo,dgvgkms dgprggedgr qug ms GWL sg gecmetrlk el kgskl sftul-m gk qug m fkprfm rmklem sg dgplrmu quledm rufu8 rgvmotlsfetgrels, dgscmetgetlkgetm pmpuolr, irlcturl tgrrftmrflo, gtc. Gegstg clsm, cmkprggedgr-sg- l rlzm dm lukgetm lssustldmr dmslsslssefms cfvfs gk `rledg gsclol, qugr getrg lduotms cmkm getrghmvges ldmogscgetgs, sgk rlzm lplrgetg.

gvfdgetg qug egk Tlofjles egk cfdldms leefkms lkgrf-

clems cmestftugk uk gxrcftm cgouolr, trgfeldm sgcrgtlkgetg pmrukl kgetg pgrvgrsl plrl dgstrufr m plrldf`kl vf`getg dm kuedmmcfdgetlo. M qug gxfstg uk prmiuedm dgscmetgetlkgetm `grlo(òmjlo), gk rgolm lm plrldf`kl g, cmkm tmdms ms plrldf`kls,uk dfl clgk. Cblkl-sg l gstg igekgem l qugjrl dm plrldf klvf`getg. Ms `rupms lrkldms colssfifcldms cmkm Tlofjles (qugpmdgrflk sgr Kfoomeflems) rgprgsgetlk gssl rgvmotl g irustrlmdls cuoturls mrfgetlfs ilcg lm plrldf`kl cuoturlo fkpmstm, g cmetrlukl @omjlofzlm sgk pgrspgctfvl buklestfcl.

Ls emvls imrls rgprgsgetldls pgoms jomcms gkgr`getgs dmJZFC g dm EGL, qug tk el vgobl Gurmpl rgigrecfls dg cmetf-eufdldg, dg oeùl, dg cfecfl, dg gstljfofdldg g dg setgsg cmetf-euldl, rgprgsgetlk ukl vgrdldgfrl rgvmoum gpfstgkmo`fcl,em sgetfdm gk qug, sg em sg pgrdgrgk pgom clkfebm dl bfstrfl(cmkm plrgcg gecmetrlrgk-sg ms GWL), sg cmkprggedgrgk m sf`-

efifcldm dl letf`l ifomsmifl dg ukl clvlolrfl gspfrftulo g dg uklgspfrftulofdldg olfcl, getm pmdgrm cmetrfjufr plrl gssl emvlsetgsg dl buklefdldg, cmesujstlecfledm m prfecpfm dl trlescge-dgetlofdldg dm fedfvdum (el kltrfz mrfgetlo) cmk l trlescgede-cfl dm cmogctfvm dm pgeslkgetm mcfdgetlo. Gstg sgrfl m kgobmr fdglodg ukl buklefdldg cmkm l emssl g m lojgrùg dg ukl vgrdldgfrl^lfdfl.

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9:

Jfjofm`rlifl

LOYGS, Ldlojgrtm:>>0 ^mrtu`lo g m Fsom Fefcftfcm, Ofsjml, squfom.

LKLZLO, Dfm`m Irgftls:>>: Dm >0 Jrgvg Bfstrfl dm Iuturm, Ofsjml, Dmk \ufxmtg.9 Dl crtfcl smcfmom`fl dl rgof`fm8 ukl vfrl`gk g sgu fkplctg scfm--cuoturlo, fe Zgvfstl Ousimel dg Cfecfl dls Zgof`fgs, Lem Y, e. 6/, pp. 6-:4.

BWETFE@TMK, Slkugo

>3 Jleagr mi tbg ^mmr8 kfcrm-ogedfe` led tbg jlttog l`lfest wmrod pmvgrty, Egw

Vmra, ^ujofc Liilfrs, pp. 49-46.

AFOCWOOGE, Dlvg:>>0l L irlkgwmra imr tbfeafe` ljmut Frlq Strltg`y, fe Skloo Plrs Hmur-elo Jom`,


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93

:>>0j Dgld Ged8 Cmuetgrfesur`gecy Plrilrg ls Kfoftlry Kloprlctfcg, >0c Zgof`fme led Fesur`gecy, fe Skloo Plrs Hmurelo Jom`, >0d Leltmky mi l Trfjlo Zgvmot, fe Skloo Plrs Hmurelo Jom`, :6 dg

L`mstm.

KLTL, L. S. Euegs:>>> Sgr, Tgr g ^mdgr. M Bmspftlo dm Gsprftm Sletm ems ifelfs dl Fdldg Kdfl,Ofsjml, Gdfgs Kl`em.

KFOOME, Tbgmdmrg:>>> ^grsmelofty Dfsmrdgrs fe Kmdgre Ofig, Egw Vmra, Hmbe Pfogy led Smes.

KFZFJGO, Gofsljgtb

:>>< We sfcog rgof`fgux. Ylogurs Lctugoogs, e. 3367, :< Dcgkjrg.

KMZGFZL, Ldrflem:>>9 L ^lz g m Kuotfcuoturlofskm, dfscursm em Dmutmrlkgetm Bmemrfs Clusl ltrf-judm l L`l Able, Wefvgrsfdldg dg vmrl, , fe@modkle Slcbs, @omjloGcmemkfcs lpgr, e. 66.

ZGFS, K. Itfkl Zgfs:>>< Ms Gxpmstms gk Sletlrk. L Lcm Smcflo dl Kfsgrfcrdfl ( FeL @omjlofzlm Smcfgtlo Cmetgkpmregl g m Gsplm Ousimem. Kftfdgmom-`fls, Zglofdldgs g ^mtgecflofdldgs, Ofsjml, Gdfgs Wefvgrsftrfls Ousimels,pp. 97-03.


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SLK^LFM, Hmr`g:>>9 Smcfgdldg Cmskmpmoftl, Sg`urlel Buklel g Dfrgftms gk Smcfgdl-dgs ^ourlfs g lcifcls, dfscursm em Dmutmrlkgetm Bmemrfs Cluslltrfjudm l

L`l Able, Wefvgrsfdldg dg vmrl, >0 Tgkpms dg fecgrtgzl gstrlt`fcl, fe ^jofcm, \ulrtl-igfrl, :: dg

L`mstm, p. 33.

STGFEGZ, @gmr`g:>>7 L Fdgfl dg Gurmpl, Ofsjml, @rldfvl.

TGFRGFZL, Loirgdm


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