Gramatica Simplificada - Bom

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http://www.easygermanlanguage.com/german-language-grammar.html

German Language GrammarWelcome to our Easy German Language Grammar lessons! Grammar is obviously theleast enjoyable part of learning any new language, but what it does is take you to the nextlevel where you can speak and understand German well!

n this overview lesson, we will be looking at essential German grammar to get you started"#se the menu on the right, and follow the links throughout this lesson, for more detailedlessons on individual grammar points" $o, let%s get started!

German Language Grammar #1 - NOUNS

&irst in our German language grammar lesson are German 'ouns" Let%s take a look atsome of the key facts you need to know(

)ll German nouns start with a capital letter" *his goes for allof them! 'ames,

people, places, even abstract nouns"

Every German noun has agender"*here are + genders masculine, feminine and

neuter" $ome of these are logical eg" masculine nouns include words like man,boy, etc" and feminine nouns include mother, sister, woman, etc"- .ost you will just

need to learn" *he way to identify the gender of a noun is by the word for /the/which precedes it" n German, the word for /the/ is der(masculine nouns), die(feminine nouns),or das(neuter nouns.)&or plural nouns, it is die"

0lural nouns must be learned individually, since there is no universal way to form

them, like adding an %s% in English" &eminine nouns often add nor en, but this is notalways the case" Good dictionaries will always clearly identify the plural form of anoun" &or more information refer to our lesson on German noun plurals"

German Language Grammar #2 - CASES

*he German language consists of four /cases/" *his is a grammatical term referring to thefunction that the words perform in a sentence" n practical terms, you need to be aware thatGerman words change their endings depending on which case they are in"

'ominative 1ase this could also be referred to as /dictionary form/, since no

change is re2uired for words in this case" t is the form that is used for the subject ofa sentence and all words attached to this subject, such as identifiers, adjectives,etc"-

)ccusative 1ase this case is used to identify the direct object in the sentence" &or

example, in the sentence I saw you, the word /you/ is the direct object" t re2uiresaccusative case"
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Genitive 1ase this case identifies that the object belongs to someone" &or

example, in the sentence This is the National Anthem of Germany, /of Germany/re2uires the Genitive case since the object the national anthem- belongs toGermany"

3ative 1ase this case is used to identify the indirect object in other words, the

receiver of the direct object or action"- &or example, in the sentence I wrote a letterto you, /to you/ is the indirect object and re2uires the dative case"

German Language Grammar #3 - ADJECTIVES

German )djectivesmust match the noun in + aspects(

4- *he gender of the noun masculine, feminine, neuter-, singular and plural5- Whether the noun is preceded by /the/ der, die, das- or /a6an/ ein, eine-

+- Which case the noun is in nominative, accusative, genitive, or dative-"

German )djectives are easy to use once you know how to change word endings for each ofthe German cases listed above" 7ou will need to memorise adjective endings that are usedwith /the/ der, die, das, die-, /a6an/ ein, eine, ein-, or when no article is present"

Let%s take an example using the adjective for small klein-"

German Adject!e Endng" t$ der% de% da"&

Ca"e 'a"cu(ne )emnne Neuter *(ura('ominative der kleine die kleine das kleine die kleinen

)ccusative den kleinen die kleine das kleine die kleinen

Genitive des kleinen der kleinen des kleinen der kleinen

3ative dem kleinen der kleinen dem kleinen den kleinen

German Adject!e Endng" t$ en% ene&

Ca"e 'a"cu(ne )emnne Neuter *(ura(

'ominative ein kleiner eine kleine ein kleine" kleinen

)ccusative einen kleinen eine kleine ein kleine" kleinen

Genitive eines kleinen einer kleinen eines kleinen kleinen

3ative einem kleinen einer kleinen einem kleinen kleinen

German Adject!e Endng" $en n+ artc(e " ,re"ent&


'ominative kleiner kleine kleine" kleine
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)ccusative kleinen kleine kleine" kleine

Genitive kleinen kleiner kleinen kleiner

3ative kleinem kleiner kleinem kleinen

'ote that there are some German adjectives that are invariable, or indeclinable in otherwords, they do not change their endings ever" Good dictionaries will always indicate this"

German Language Grammar # - *.ONOUNS

German pronouns are also affected by the four german cases" n nominative case, thepersonal pronouns are as follows(

Su/ject German *r+n+un"

ich

7ou familiar singular- du

8e 6 t masculine- er

$he 6 t feminine- sie

t neuter- es

We wir

7ou familiar plural as in /you guys/- ihr

7ou polite singular and plural- $ie

*hey all genders- sie

'ote that there are 5 different forms for /you/" *his is particularly important in the Germanlanguage, and you must be careful not to offend someone" 7ou should always use thepolite version when addressing anyone you do not know, superiors, or in formal situations"*he familiar version is appropriate for friends, family and children, or when someone asksyou to address them that way" f in doubt, use the polite version"

*o find out all of the pronoun forms in each case, please refer to our detailed lesson onGerman pronouns"

German Language Grammar #0 - *.E*OSITIONS

0repositions are indeclinable words that have little meaning on their own, but when used ina sentence they give specific meaning such as place, time, logical relationships, and manymore"

0repositions are usually followed by nouns and pronouns, and in German, these arere2uired to be in a certain case" n our lesson on German prepositions,we have a detailed
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table of the most common prepositions, indicating which case is re2uired and givingexamples of how these can be used in a sentence"

German Language Grammar # - VE.S

9erbs are one of the more difficult topics of German grammar, but they are important tolearn and by becoming familiar with these rules you will got a long way towards speakingfluently in German"

German verbs are classified as either weak or regular-, strong or irregular-, and mixed"*hese groups refer to the conjugation patterns that they take"

:egular verbsall follow a set /regular/- pattern of conjugation ie" the endings of theirverbs all change in the same way for each tense-" rregular verbsfollow different patterns,andmixed verbsfollow a combination of the patterns used for verbs that are regular and

irregular"

Ver/ Ten"e"(

German verb tenses do not correlate exactly with English tenses, so you will need to takeyour time with these to determine exactly which tense to use in each situation" *he maintenses are(

0resent *ense *his tense is used to describe things that are happening now, as well asregular actions or habits, and things that are going to happen in the immediate future" eg"ich mache 'I do/makeor I am doing/making%-"

0erfect *ense *his is used to talk about things that happened in the past, usually one timeactions as opposed to something that was happening regularly" eg" ich habe gemacht %Ihae done/made%-"

mperfect *ense *his is also used for the past, in relation to things that used to happen,what things were like, and repeated actions" eg" ich machte %I was doing/makingor Idid/made%-"

&uture *ense *his is used for future actions" eg" ich werde machen %I will do/make%-"

1onditional *ense *his tense is used when you want to talk about something that wouldhappen if certain conditions were met" eg" ich w;rde machen %I would do/make%-"

0luperfect *ense *his is used when speaking about a point in time in the past, about anaction that had already occurred" eg" ich hatte gemacht 'I had done/made'-"

*he $ubjunctive *he subjunctive is used to express uncertainty or speculation" eg" ichmache %I do/make%-"

C+njugatng German Ver/"

7ou also need to be aware that German verb endings change depending on whois doingthe action, as well as which tense" Let%s take an example of the verb machenin presenttense(
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*er"+n German Ver/ Ten"e - *.ESENT

ich mache

7ou familiar- du mach"t

8e 6 $he 6 t er 6 sie 6 es macht

We wir machen

7ou familiar plural %you guys%- ihr macht

7ou polite singular < plural- $ie machen

*hey sie machen

*o find out how to form each of the six tenses, please refer to our detailed lesson onGerman verb tense"
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German Ver/ Ten"e

n this lesson we are going to look at German 9erb *ense" 9erbs are one of the moredifficult aspects of German grammar, so take your time with each tense until you arecomfortable with them"

T,e" +4 Ver/"=efore we look at each of the German verb tenses, it is important to note that there arethree types of German verbs weak regular- verbs, strong irregularverbs, and mixedverbs"*hese groups refer to the conjugation patterns that they take"

:egular verbsall follow a set /regular/- pattern of conjugation ie" the endings of theirverbs all change in the same way for each tense-" rregular verbsfollow different patterns,andmixed verbsfollow a combination of the patterns used for verbs that are regular andirregular"

5+ t+ C+njugate German Ver/" n Eac$ Ten"e

&or full details on how to conjugate German verbs in each verb tense, please refer to ourdetailed tutorial on German verb conjugations"

'ow let%s take a look at each of the German verb tenses"""

617 *re"ent Ten"e

German present tense verbs are used to describe things that are happening now, as wellas actions that happen all the time, such as routines or habits"

&or example(

ich mache 'I do/make% or 'I am doing/making%

sie schlafen 'They slee!'or 'They are slee!ing'

*his German verb tense is also used for things that are going to happen in the immediate

future" *o emphasi>e the future aspect of an action, the future tense is used see below"-
http://www.easygermanlanguage.com/regular-german-verbs.htmlhttp://www.easygermanlanguage.com/irregular-german-verbs.htmlhttp://www.easygermanlanguage.com/mixed-german-verbs.htmlhttp://www.easygermanlanguage.com/mixed-german-verbs.htmlhttp://www.easygermanlanguage.com/german-verb-conjugations.htmlhttp://www.easygermanlanguage.com/regular-german-verbs.htmlhttp://www.easygermanlanguage.com/irregular-german-verbs.htmlhttp://www.easygermanlanguage.com/mixed-german-verbs.htmlhttp://www.easygermanlanguage.com/german-verb-conjugations.html


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627 *er4ect Ten"e

German perfect tense verbs are used to talk about things that happened in the past" nparticular, it is usually used to refer to one time actions as opposed to something that washappening regularly"

&or example(

ich habe gemacht %I hae done/made%

sie haben geschlafen 'They hae sle!t'

637 Im,er4ect Ten"e

German imperfect tense verbs are also used for the past, but in this instance they are usedto refer to repeated actions, things that used to happen, or what things were like at thatpoint in the past"

&or example(

ich machte %I was doing/making% or 'I did/made%

sie schliefen 'They were slee!ing'or 'they sle!t'

67 )uture Ten"e

German future tense verbs are naturally used to talk about future actions" )s mentionedabove, the present tense is often used to talk about things that are going to happen in theimmediate future" *he future tense, then, is used when you want to emphasi>e the futureaspect of an action" t can also be used to express doubt about the future"

&or example(

ich werde machen %I will do/make%

sie werden schlafen 'They will slee!'

607 C+ndt+na( Ten"e

German conditional tense is used when you want to talk about something that would

happen if certain conditions were met" )n example of this in English is a phrase such as 'Iwould go, if it wasn't raining.'


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&or example(

ich w;rde machen %I would do/make%

sie w;rden schlafen 'They would slee!'

67 *(u,er4ect Ten"e

German pluperfect tense verbs are used when speaking about a point in time in the past,about an action that had already occurred"

&or example(

ich hatte gemacht 'I had done/made'

sie hatten geschlafen 'They had sle!t'

687 T$e Su/junct!e

*he $ubjunctive is a German verb tense used to express uncertainty or doubt aboutwhether something will happen, or whether it is true or not" t is also commonly used forindirect speech, which is where you report what someone else said as opposed to directly2uoting them"

*he subjunctive is used mainly in three tenses, the!resent su"#unctie, im!erfectsu"#unctie, and!lu!erfect su"#unctie"

&or example(

Er sagt, sie schlafe '$e says she's slee!ing'

Ot$er Ver/ )+rm"

*he Imperative formis the verb form you use when giving orders or instructions ie" tellingsomeone what to do"- &or full details, please refer to our imperative German verbs lesson"

Reflexive Verbsare verbs which in combination with the reflexive pronoun myself,yourself, etc- are used when the subject and object of the sentence are the same" &orexample, 'I dress myself', '%he fed herself', '$e locked himself out', etc. &or full details,please refer to our detailed lesson on German reflexive verbs"
http://www.easygermanlanguage.com/imperative-german-verbs.htmlhttp://www.easygermanlanguage.com/german-reflexive-verbs.htmlhttp://www.easygermanlanguage.com/german-reflexive-verbs.htmlhttp://www.easygermanlanguage.com/imperative-german-verbs.htmlhttp://www.easygermanlanguage.com/german-reflexive-verbs.html


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.egu(ar German Ver/"

:egular German verbs also known as weak German verbsfollow a set conjugationpattern, hence the name %regular%" *he best way to remember these patterns is to learn howto alter a verb from its infinitive form, and then memori>e the endings that are added toform the relevant verbs in each tense" We will go through each of these steps now"

Ste, 1 - T$e In4nt!e )+rm +4 .egu(ar German Ver/"

*he infinite form of a verb in English is the base form preceded by %to%" &or example, %togo%, %to eat%, %to sleep%, etc"- n German, this infinitive form is the standard form that appearsin the dictionary"

*he infinitive form of almost all regular German verbs ends in -en" &or example, %holen tofetch%, %reden to talk%, and %machen to do6make%-" *he infinitive form of a few weak verbsends in -elnor -ern" &or example, %handeln to trade6act% and %wandern to roam%"-

Ste, 2 - Endng" 4+r .egu(ar German Ver/"

=efore adding the endings, you must first work out what the %stem% of the verb is" &or thoseregular German verbs ending in &en, this is simply formed by removing those last 5 letters"&or the few verbs ending in &elnor &ern, the stem is formed by removing the last letter &n-"&or example(

In4nt!e Stem

holen to fetch- hol

reden to talk- red

machen to make 6 to do- mach

handeln to trade 6 to act- handel

wandern to roam- wander

'ow that you know how to work out the stem, your next task is to add the correct ending":emember that the ending will vary depending on two things(

4" Who 6 what is doing the action5" Which tense is re2uired eg" present tense, future tense, etc"-


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Let%s look at each of the verb tenses now and learn the correct endings to use with allregular German verbs"

.egu(ar German Ver/" n *re"ent Ten"e

*he present tense is used to describe things that are happening now, as well as things thathappen regularly eg" habits-, and things that are going to happen in the very near future"

Let%s take a look at how to form correct endings of regular verbs in present tense" We willuse the verb %machen% as our example" :emember, the stem will be %mach%"-

9$+: Endng E;am,(e

ich - -e ich mache

du you familiar single- -"t du machst

er 6 sie 6 es he 6 she 6 it- -t er6sie6es macht

wir we- -en wir machen

ihr you familiar plural- -t ihr macht

$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- -en $ie machen

sie they- -en sie machen

)dditional 'otes(

Addt+na( N+te" E;am,(e

&or verbs ending in &elnor &ern, you add -nnot &en- whenreferring to wir, %ie or sie"

%wandern to roam%%wir wandern%

f the stem of a regular verb ends in -dor -t, you need to add anextra -e prior to the ending when referring to du, er/sie/es, and

ihr"

%reden to talk%%du redest%

%er redet%

f the stem of a regular verb ends in -mor -n, you need to addan extra -e prior to the ending when referring to du, er/sie/es,and ihr"

f the &mor &nis preceded by l, r or h, this &eis '@* added"

%atmen to breathe% %duatmest%%er atmet%

%lernen to learn%%du lernst%

f the stem of a regular verb ends in -s, -z, -ssor , you onlyadd -tinstead of &stwhen referring to du.

%hei>en to heat%%du heit'


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.egu(ar German Ver/" n *er4ect Ten"e

*he 0erfect tense is used to talk about things that happened in the past, usually a onetimeaction as opposed to a repeated action"

*o form the perfect tense re2uires the use of an auxiliary verb either haben& 'to hae', orsein& 'to "e'- in addition to the main verb you are using" *he main verb is then put into itspast participleform" *he combination of the auxiliary verb and the past participle is similarto the English form 'hae "een / hae done / hae told, etc...

$o, let%s look at this one step at a time(

$tep 4" #se the present tense form of the auxiliary verb habenor sein- depending on whois doing the action" .ost verbs form their perfect tense in combination with ha"en" 9erbswhich do not take a direct object, such as verbs of movement like 'gehen' & to go, and'kommen' & to come, are used in combination with sein" .ost weak / regular er"suseha"en"-

9$+: $a/en "en

ich - $a/e /n

du you familiar single- $a"t /"t

er 6 sie 6 es he 6 she 6 it- $at "t

wir we- $a/en "nd

ihr you familiar plural- $a/t "ed

$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- $a/en "nd

sie they- $a/en "nd

$tep 5" #se the past participle form of the main verb" *o form the past participle of weak 6

regular verbs, add geto the beginning of the verb stem, and -tto the end" &or example(

machen A %mach% A gemacht

wandern A %wander% A gewandert

'ote that when the stem ends in dor t, you need to add an extra eprior to the ending" &orexample(

reden A %red% A geredet

:egular German verbs ending in &ierendo not add geto the beginning in the pastparticiple"-


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E;am,(e +4 *er4ect Ten"e Ver/"


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f the stem of a regular verb ends in -mor -n, you need to addan extra -e prior to the ending when referring to all !ersons"

f the &mor &nis preceded by l, r or h, this &eis '@* added"

%atmen to breathe% %ichatmete%%du atmetest%

%lernen to learn%%du lerntest%

.egu(ar German Ver/" n )uture Ten"e

*he &uture tense, naturally, is used to talk about things that will happen in the future" )spreviously mentioned, the 0resent tense of German verbs can be used to talk about

something that will happen in the near future" *he future tense then is used to emphasi>ethe future aspect, or to express some doubt about the future"

*he future tense is rather simple to form" &irst, you take the present tense form of the verbwerden('to "ecome'- in the correct form depending on who is doing the action" *hen yousimply add the infinitie formthe standard form that appears in the dictionary- of the mainverb"

Let%s look at this one step at a time(

$tep 4" *ake the present tense form of the verb werden('to "ecome'- depending on who isdoing the action"

9$+: erden

ich - erde

du you familiar single- r"t

er 6 sie 6 es he 6 she 6 it- rd

wir we- erden

ihr you familiar plural- erdet

$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- erden

sie they- erden

$tep 5" *hen simply add the standard form of the main verb" n our example, this will be%machen%"

9$+: (( d+ = (( ma>e


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ich - c$ erde mac$en

du you familiar single- du r"t mac$en

er 6 sie 6 es he 6 she 6 it- er="e=e" rd mac$en

wir we- r erden mac$en

ihr you familiar plural- $r erdet mac$en

$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- Se erden mac$en

sie they- "e erden mac$en

.egu(ar German Ver/" n C+ndt+na( Ten"e

*his tense is used if you want to talk about something that would happen if certainconditions were in place" )n example of this in English is a phrase such as 'I would go, if itwasn't raining.'

&orming the conditional tense is very similar to the future tense" &irst, you take thesubjunctive of the verb werden('to "ecome'- in the correct form depending on who is doingthe action" *hen you simply add the infinitie formthe standard form that appears in thedictionary- of the main verb"


$tep 4" *ake the subjunctive of the verb werden('to "ecome'- depending on who is doingthe action"

9$+: erden

ich - ?rde

du you familiar single- ?rde"t

er 6 sie 6 es he 6 she 6 it- ?rde

wir we- ?rden

ihr you familiar plural- ?rdet

$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- ?rden

sie they- ?rden

$tep 5" *hen simply add the standard form of the main verb" n our example, this will be%machen%"


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9$+: +u(d d+ = +u(d ma>e

ich - c$ ?rde mac$en

du you familiar single- du ?rde"t mac$en

er 6 sie 6 es he 6 she 6 it- er="e=e" ?rde mac$en

wir we- r ?rden mac$en

ihr you familiar plural- $r ?rdet mac$en

$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- Se ?rden mac$en

sie they- "e ?rden mac$en

.egu(ar German Ver/" n *(u,er4ect Ten"e

*he 0luperfect tense is used when you are referring to a point in time in the past, aboutsomething that had already happened, or something that was true, at that point in time"

&orming the pluperfect tense is similar to the perfect tense" &irst, take the imperfect tenseof the auxiliary verb haben& 'to hae', or sein& 'to "e'*hen add thepast participleof themain verb"


$tep 4" #se the imperfect tense form of the auxiliary verb habenor sein- depending onwho is doing the action" )gain, most weak / regular er"suse ha"en"-

9$+: $a/en "en

ich - $atte ar

du you familiar single- $atte"t ar"t

er 6 sie 6 es he 6 she 6 it- $atte ar

wir we- $atten aren

ihr you familiar plural- $attet art

$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- $atten aren

sie they- $atten aren

$tep 5" #se the past participle form of the main verb" *o form the past participle of weak 6regular verbs, add geto the beginning of the verb stem, and -tto the end" &or example(

machen A %mach% A gemacht wandern A %wander% A gewandert


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$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- -en $ie machen

sie they- -en sie machen

B 'ote that the ich, wirand %ie/sieforms are the same as present tense"

5- *he imperfect subjunctiveform of regular verbs is exactly the same as the imperfecttense" t is very commonly used"

9$+: Endng E;am,(e

ich - -te ich machte

du you familiar single- -te"t du machtest

er 6 sie 6 es he 6 she 6 it- -te er6sie6es machte

wir we- -ten wir machten

ihr you familiar plural- -tet ihr machtet

$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- -ten $ie machten

sie they- -ten sie machten

+- *o form thepluperfect subjunctiveof regular verbs, take the imperfect subjunctive ofthe auxiliary verb ha"enor sein, then add the past participle" Let%s take this one step at atime"""

$tep 4" #se the imperfect subjunctive form of the auxiliary verb habenor sein- dependingon who is doing the action"

9$+: $a/en "en

ich - $@tte @re

du you familiar single- $@tte"t @r6e7"t

er 6 sie 6 es he 6 she 6 it- $@tte @re

wir we- $@tten @ren

ihr you familiar plural- $@ttet @r6e7t

$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- $@tten @ren

sie they- $@tten @ren


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$tep 5" #se the past participle form of the main verb" *o form the past participle of weak 6regular verbs, add geto the beginning of the verb stem, and -tto the end" &or example(

machen A %mach% A gemacht

wandern A %wander% A gewandert






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Irregu(ar German Ver/"

rregular German verbs including strong German verbsfollow a conjugation pattern that isdifferent from regular verbs, hence the name %irregular%" *he best way to remember thesepatterns is to learn how to alter a verb from its infinitive form, and then memori>e theendings that are added to form the relevant verbs in each tense" We will go through each ofthese steps now"

Ste, 1 - T$e In4nt!e )+rm +4 Irregu(ar German Ver/"

*he infinite form of a verb in English is the base form preceded by %to%" &or example, %togo%, %to eat%, %to sleep%, etc"- n German, this infinitive form is the standard form that appearsin the dictionary"

*he infinitive form of most irregular German verbs ends in -en" &or example, %essen toeat%, %gehen to go%, and %sprechen to speak%-"

Ste, 2 - Endng" 4+r Irregu(ar German Ver/"

=efore adding the endings, you must first work out what the %stem% of the verb is" &or

irregular German verbs ending in &en, this is simply formed by removing those last 5 letters"&or example(
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In4nt!e Stem

essen to eat- ess

gehen to to go- geh

sprechen to speak- sprech



The main difference between regular and irregular erman verbsis that irregular verbsoften change the vowel sound contained in the stem itself" *his varies depending on whichtense is being used, and we will highlight these as we continue the lesson below"

Let%s look at each of the verb tenses now and learn the correct endings to use for irregularGerman verbs"

Irregu(ar German Ver/" n *re"ent Ten"e

*he present tense is used to describe things that are happening now, as well as things that

happen regularly eg" habits-, and things that are going to happen in the very near future"

.ost irregular German verbs take the same endings in present tense as regular verbs,*hese endings are as follows"""

9$+: Endng E;am,(e - ge$en 6t+ g+7

ich - -e ich gehe

du you familiar single- -"t du gehst

er 6 sie 6 es he 6 she 6 it- -t er6sie6es gehtwir we- -en wir gehen

ihr you familiar plural- -t ihr geht

$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- -en $ie gehen

sie they- -en sie gehen

8owever, the vowels in the stem for the du, and the er!sie!esforms will usually changewhen the following vowels are present"""
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V+e( C$ange" t+ E;am,(e

long e e "e$ento see-A ich seheA du siehstA er!sie!es sieht

A wir sehenA ihr sehtA $ie sehenA sie sehen

short e e""ento eat-A ich esseA du isstA er!sie!es isstA wir essenA ihr esstA $ie essenA sie essen

a @ "c$(a4ento sleep-A ich schlafeA du schl"fstA er!sie!es schl"ftA wir schlafenA ihr schlaftA $ie schlafenA sie schlafen

au @u (au4ento run-A ich laufeA du l"ufst

A er!sie!es l"ftA wir laufenA ihr lauftA $ie laufenA sie laufen

+ "t+Bento push-A ich stoCeA du st#tA er!sie!es st#tA wir stoCenA ihr stoCtA $ie stoCen

A sie stoCen

)dditional 'otes(

f the stem of an irregular verb ends in -s, -z, -ssor , you only add -tinstead of &stwhenreferring to du.7ou can see this in the above examples for essenand stoen"-

Irregu(ar German Ver/" n *er4ect Ten"e


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*he 0erfect tense is used to talk about things that happened in the past, usually a onetimeaction as opposed to a repeated action" #se this tense when you are speaking from /now/in reference to an action that happened to completion at some point in the past" f theaction began in the past and is still happening, you should use the !resent tensereferabove-"



$tep 4 #se the present tense form of the auxiliary verb habenor sein- depending onwho is doing the action" .ost verbs form their perfect tense in combination with ha"en"9erbs which do not take a direct object, such as verbs of movement like 'gehen' & to go, and

'kommen' & to come, are used in combination with sein"-

9$+: $a/en "en

ich - $a/e /n



wir we- $a/en "nd



sie they- $a/en "nd

$tep 5 #se the past participle form of the main verb" *o form the past participle of irregularGerman verbs, add geto the beginning of the verb stem, and -ento the end" &or example(

sehen A %seh% A gesehen

fahren A %fahr% A gefahren geben A %geb% A gegeben

n many cases, the vowel in the stem of irregular verbs will also change for the pastparticiple form" &or example(

sprechen A %sprech% A gespr+chen

heben A %heb% A geh+ben

finden A %find% A gefunden

trinken A %trink% A getrunken

liegen A %lieg% A gelegen

riechen A %riech% A ger+chen


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n some cases, a slight variation will occur to aid pronunciation" &or example(

essen A %ess% A gegessen

)nd as always, there are some exceptions that don%t fit a pattern" &or example(

gehen A %geh% A gegangen

sit>en A %sit>% A ge"e""en

>iehen A %>ieh% A ge+gen



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essen ess aC

finden find fand

trinken trink trank

bieten biet bot

n some cases, the stem will change completely" &or example(

In4nt!e Stem


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$tep 4" *ake the present tense form of the verb werden('to "ecome'- depending on who isdoing the action"

9$+: erdenich - erde



wir we- erden



sie they- erden

$tep 5" *hen simply add the standard infinitive- form of the main verb" n our example herewe will use the verb %gehen% to go-"

9$+: (( g+

ich - c$ erde ge$en

du you familiar single- du r"t ge$en

er 6 sie 6 es he 6 she 6 it- er="e=e" rd ge$en

wir we- r erden ge$en

ihr you familiar plural- $r erdet ge$en

$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- Se erden ge$en

sie they- "e erden ge$en

.egu(ar German Ver/" n C+ndt+na( Ten"e

*his tense is used if you want to talk about something that would happen if certainconditions were in place" )n example of this in English is a phrase such as 'I would go, if itwasn't raining.'

&orming the conditional tense is very similar to the future tense" &irst, you take thesubjunctive of the verb werden('to "ecome'- in the correct form depending on who is doingthe action" *hen you simply add the infinitie formthe standard form that appears in the

dictionary- of the main verb"


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$tep 4 *ake the subjunctive of the verb werden('to "ecome'- depending on who is doingthe action"

9$+: erden

ich - ?rde



wir we- ?rden


$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- ?rdensie they- ?rden

$tep 5 *hen simply add the standard form of the main verb" n our example here we willuse the verb %gehen% to go-"

9$+: +u(d g+

ich - c$ ?rde ge$en

du you familiar single- du ?rde"t ge$en

er 6 sie 6 es he 6 she 6 it- er="e=e" ?rde ge$en

wir we- r ?rden ge$en

ihr you familiar plural- $r ?rdet ge$en

$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- Se ?rden ge$en

sie they- "e ?rden ge$en

Irregu(ar German Ver/" n *(u,er4ect Ten"e


&orming the pluperfect tense is similar to the perfect tense" &irst, take the imperfect tenseof the auxiliary verb haben& 'to hae', or sein& 'to "e'*hen add thepast participleof the

main verb"


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$tep 4 #se the imperfect tense form of the auxiliary verb habenor sein- depending onwho is doing the action"

9$+: $a/en "en

ich - $atte ar



wir we- $atten aren






fahren A %fahr% A gefahren

geben A %geb% A gegeben

n many cases, the vowel in the stem of irregular German verbs will also change for thepast participle form" &or example(







E;am,(e +4 *(u,er4ect Ten"e


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sie they- "e $atten ge"e$en

Irregu(ar German Ver/" and T$e Su/junct!e

*he $ubjunctive is a form used to express uncertainty or doubt about whether somethingwill happen, or whether it is true or not" t is also commonly used for indirect speech, whichis where you report what someone else said as opposed to directly 2uoting them"

*he subjunctive is used mainly in three tenses, the!resent su"#unctie, im!erfect

su"#unctie, and!lu!erfect su"#unctie"

4- *o form thepresent subjunctiveof irregular verbs, add the following endings to thestem of the main verb"""

9$+: Endng E;am,(e

ich - -e ich gehe

du you familiar single- -e"t du gehest

er 6 sie 6 es he 6 she 6 it- -e er6sie6es gehe

wir we- -en wir gehen

ihr you familiar plural- -et ihr gehet

$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- -en $ie gehen

sie they- -en sie gehen


5- *he imperfect subjunctiveform of irregular verbs is formed in a similar manner to theim!erfect tense"

$tep 4 *ake the stem of the verb

$tep 5 1hange the vowel in the stem" n this tense, if there is an a, oor u, then you needto add an umlaut" &or example(

In4nt!e Stem Im,er4ect Su/junct!e


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sehen seh sah A "@$-

fahren fahr fuhr A 4?$r-

geben geb gab A g@/-

sprechen sprech sprach A ",r@c$-

essen ess aC A @B-

finden find fand A 4@nd-

trinken trink trank A tr@n>-

bieten biet bot A /t-

$tep + )dd the appropriate as follows"""

9$+: Endng E;am,(e - "e$en

ich - -e ich sDhe

du you familiar single- -6e7"t du sDhst

er 6 sie 6 es he 6 she 6 it- -e er6sie6es sDhe

wir we- -en wir sDhen

ihr you familiar plural- -6e7t ihr sDht

$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- -en $ie sDhen

sie they- -en sie sDhen

B 'ote that an extra eis added in duand ihrforms when it helps pronunciation"

+- *o form thepluperfect subjunctiveof irregular verbs, take the imperfect subjunctive ofthe auxiliary verb ha"enor sein, then add the past participle" Let%s take this one step at atime"""

$tep 4 #se the imperfect subjunctive form of the auxiliary verb habenor sein- dependingon who is doing the action"

9$+: $a/en "en

ich - $@tte @re

du you familiar single- $@tte"t @r6e7"t

er 6 sie 6 es he 6 she 6 it- $@tte @re


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wir we- $@tten @ren

ihr you familiar plural- $@ttet @r6e7t

$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- $@tten @ren

sie they- $@tten @ren



fahren A %fahr% A gefahren

geben A %geb% A gegeben

n many cases, the vowel in the stem of irregular German verbs will also change for thepast participle form" &or example(







E;am,(e +4 *(u,er4ect Su/junct!e

ich - c$ $@tte ge"e$en

du you familiar single- du $@tte"t ge"e$en

er 6 sie 6 es he 6 she 6 it- er="e=e" $@tte ge"e$en

wir we- r $@tten ge"e$en

ihr you familiar plural- $r $@ttet ge"e$en

$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- Se $@tten ge"e$en

sie they- "e $@tten ge"e$en

';ed German Ver/"

.ixed German verbs get their name because their endings take a mixture of the patternsused for regularweak- and irregularstrong- verbs" *here are nine mixed verbs inGerman, and they are used fre2uently"
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German ';ed Ver/" 'eanng

brennen to burn

bringen to bring

denken to think

kennen to know be familiar with-

nennen to call 6 name

rennen to run

senden to send

wenden to turn

wissen to know possess knowledge-

*he best way to remember the endings for these mixed verbs is to learn how to alter a verbfrom its infinitive form, and then memori>e the endings that are added to form the relevantverbs in each tense" We will go through each of these steps now"

T$e Stem +4 ';ed German Ver/"

=efore adding the endings, you must first work out what the %stem% of the verb is" *his issimply formed by removing the last 5 letters of the verb" &or example(

In4nt!e Stem

brennen to burn- brenn

bringen to bring- bring

denken to think- denk



Let%s look at each of the verb tenses now and learn the correct endings to use with mixedGerman verbs"

';ed German Ver/" n *re"ent Ten"e


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*he present tense is used to describe things that are happening now, as well as things thathappen regularly eg" habits-, and things that are going to happen in the very near future"

.ixed German verbs take the same endings present tense as regular German verbs" Wewill use the verb %denken% as our example" :emember, the stem will be %denk%"-

9$+: Endng E;am,(e

ich - -e ich denke

du you familiar single- -"t du denkst

er 6 sie 6 es he 6 she 6 it- -t er6sie6es denkt

wir we- -en wir denken

ihr you familiar plural- -t ihr denkt

$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- -en $ie denken

sie they- -en sie denken

)dditional 'otes(

Addt+na( N+te" E;am,(e

When the stem of a mixed verb ends in -d, ie" senden,wenden-, you need to add an extra -e prior to the ending whenreferring to du, er/sie/es, and ihr"

%senden to send%%du sendest%%er sendet%

*he conjugation pattern of the mixed verb wissencontains avowel change in the ich, duand er/sie/esforms" $ee asfollows"""

%wissen to know%A ich weiCA du weiCtA er6sie6es weiCA wir wissenA ihr wisstA $ie wissenA sie wissen

';ed German Ver/" n *er4ect Ten"e

*he 0erfect tense is used to talk about things that happened in the past, usually a onetime

action as opposed to a repeated action"
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$tep 4 #se the present tense form of the auxiliary verb habenor sein- depending onwho is doing the action" .ost verbs form their perfect tense in combination with ha"en"9erbs which do not take a direct object, such as verbs of movement like 'gehen' & to go, and'kommen' & to come, are used in combination with sein"-

9$+: $a/en "en

ich - $a/e /n



wir we- $a/en "nd



sie they- $a/en "nd

$tep 5 #se the past participle form of the main verb" *o form the past participle of mixedGerman verbs, add geto the beginning of the verb stem, and -tto the end" n addition, likeirregular verbs, the vowel in the stem of mixed verbs will also change for the past participleform" &or example(

brennen A %brenn% A gebrannt

kennen A %kenn% A gekannt

nennen A %nenn% A genannt

senden A %send% A gesandt

wissen A %wiss% A gewusst

*wo of the mixed verbs also have a consonant change in addition to the vowel change( bringen A %bring% A ge/rac$t

denken A %denk% A gedac$t



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ihr you familiar plural- $r $a/t ge"andt

$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- Se $a/en ge"andt

sie they- "e $a/en ge"andt

';ed German Ver/" n Im,er4ect Ten"e

*he mperfect tense is also used to talk about things that happened in the past, but in thiscase it is used for things that used to happen, repeated actions, and for describing whatthings were like" *his is similar to English verbs ending in &edor 'was/were er"&ing'-"

To form the imperfect tense of mixed erman verbs$


$tep 5 Like strong verbs, you then need to change the vowel in the stem" )nd rememberthe 5 verbs that take a consonant change as well as a vowel change"- &or example(

In4nt!e Stem


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wir we- -ten wir sandten

ihr you familiar plural- -tet ihr sandtet

$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- -ten $ie sandten

sie they- -ten sie sandten

';ed German Ver/" n )uture Ten"e

*he &uture tense, naturally, is used to talk about things that will happen in the future" )spreviously mentioned, the 0resent tense of German verbs can be used to talk aboutsomething that will happen in the near future" *he future tense then is used to emphasi>ethe future aspect, or to express some doubt about the future"

*he future tense of mixed German verbs is formed exactly the same way as for regular andirregular verbs" &irst, take the present tense form of the verb werden('to "ecome'- thenadd the infinitie formthe standard form that appears in the dictionary- of the main verb"


$tep 4 *ake the present tense form of the verb werden('to "ecome'- depending on who isdoing the action"

9$+: erden

ich - erde



wir we- erden



sie they- erden

$tep 5 'ow added the infinitive of the main verb"

9$+: (( "end

ich - c$ erde "endendu you familiar single- du r"t "enden


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er 6 sie 6 es he 6 she 6 it- er="e=e" rd "enden

wir we- r erden "enden

ihr you familiar plural- $r erdet "enden

$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- Se erden "enden

sie they- "e erden "enden

';ed German Ver/" n C+ndt+na( Ten"e

*his tense is used if you want to talk about something that would happen if certain

conditions were in place" )n example of this in English is a phrase such as 'I would go, if itwasn't raining.'

&orming the conditional of mixed verbs is exactly the same as for regular and irregularverbs" &irst, take the subjunctive of the verb werden('to "ecome'-, then add the infinitie ofthe main verb"


$tep 4 *ake the subjunctive of the verb werden('to "ecome'- depending on who is doingthe action"

9$+: erden

ich - ?rde



wir we- ?rden


$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- ?rden

sie they- ?rden

$tep 5 'ow add the infinitive of the main verb"

9$+: E;am,(e -


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du you familiar single- du ?rde"t "enden

er 6 sie 6 es he 6 she 6 it- er="e=e" ?rde "enden

wir we- r ?rden "enden

ihr you familiar plural- $r ?rdet "enden

$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- Se ?rden "enden

sie they- "e ?rden "enden

';ed German Ver/" n *(u,er4ect Ten"e


*o form the pluperfect tense is similar to the perfect tense" &irst, you take the imperfecttense of the auxiliary verb haben& 'to hae', or sein& 'to "e', and then you add thepastparticipleof the main verb"


$tep 4 #se the imperfect tense form of the auxiliary verb habenor sein- depending onwho is doing the action"

9$+: $a/en "en

ich - $atte ar



wir we- $atten aren





brennen A %brenn% A gebrannt


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kennen A %kenn% A gekannt




*wo of the mixed verbs also have a consonant change in addition to the vowel change( bringen A %bring% A ge/rac$t


E;am,(e +4 *(u,er4ect Ten"e E;am,(e -


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sie they- -en sie senden


5- *he imperfect subjunctiveform of mixed German verbs is formed in two differentways"

*he following verbs are formed the same as for regular verbs(

/rennen>ennennennenrennen"enden

enden


$tep 5 )dd the following ending depending on who is doing the action"""

9$+: Endng E;am,(e

ich - -te ich sendte

du you familiar single- -te"t du sendtest

er 6 sie 6 es he 6 she 6 it- -te er6sie6es sendte

wir we- -ten wir sendten

ihr you familiar plural- -tet ihr sendtet

$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- -ten $ie sendten

sie they- -ten sie sendten

*he remaining + verbs are formed the same as for irregularverbs(

/rngenden>en""en


$tep 5 1hange the vowel in the stem" n this tense, if there is an aor u, then you need to

add an umlaut" &or example(


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In4nt!e Stem Im,er4ect Su/junct!e


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brennen A %brenn% A gebrannt kennen A %kenn% A gekannt




*wo of the mixed verbs also have a consonant change in addition to the vowel change(

bringen A %bring% A ge/rac$t


E;am,(e +4 *(u,er4ect Su/junct!e

ich - c$ $@tte ge"andt

du you familiar single- du $@tte"t ge"andt

er 6 sie 6 es he 6 she 6 it- er="e=e" $@tte ge"andt

wir we- r $@tten ge"andt

ihr you familiar plural- $r $@ttet ge"andt

$ie you formal sg" ? pl"- Se $@tten ge"andt

sie they- "e $@tten ge"andt


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German N+un *(ura("

n this lesson we look at German 'oun 0lurals" #nfortunately, there is no simple formula forforming plurals of German nouns" *he English /just add s/ does not apply here!

$o, the only sure formula for learning plural German nouns is to learn them individually"Good dictionaries will always have them clearly marked"

*here are, however, a few rough guidelines which can help you"""

German *(ura(" +4 )emnne N+un"

*he most common way that feminine nouns form the plural is by adding -nor -ento theirsingular form" &or example(

&rau woman- A &rauen

Fat>e cat- A Fat>en

$chwester sister- A $chwestern

#hr clock- A #hren

German *(ura(" +4 'a"cu(ne Neuter N+un"

4- .asculine and neuter nouns often add -e, -en, or -erto form the plural" &or example(

*isch table- A *ische

Wein wine- A Weine

8err gentleman- A 8erren

'ame name- A 'amen

Find child- A Finder

'est nest- A 'ester


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5- @ften, this plural form is accompanised by a changed in the sound of the vowels a, o, u,and au" &or example(

$aft juice- A $@fte

$ohn son- A $hne

$tuhl chair- A $t?hle

.aus mouse- A .@use

+- $ome masculine and neuter nouns do not change at all from singular to plural" &orexample(

immer room- A immer

=echer mug- A =echer

=ecken sink- A =ecken

:eifen tyre- A :eifen

H- $ome masculine and neuter nouns change only the vowel sound by adding an

umlaut-"&or example(

=ruder brother- A =r?der

9ater father- A 9@ter

$attel saddle- A $@ttel

*iergarten >oo- A *ierg@ten

)+regn German N+un *(ura("

$ome German nouns in all genders- that are of foreign origin add -"to form the plural" &orexample(

)uto car- A )uto"

1afe A 1afe"

3isko A 3isko"

:adio A :adio"


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*axi A *axi"

German N+mnat!e Ca"e

German 'ominative 1ase is the first of four German cases" n this lesson we will look atwhen to use the 'ominative 1ase, and what you need to know for changing word endingscorrectly"

*he 'ominative 1ase can also be thought of as /dictionary form/, since this case is the onethat is used for the subject of the sentence" *he correct endings to use are the ones givenin the dictionary, and hence you only need to learn the appropriate words relating to eachnoun gender masculine, feminine, and neuter-, as well as the plural form"

5+ t+ Ident4 German N+mnat!e Ca"e

*he best way to determine which case is re2uired is to ask yourself a 2uestion about thesentence" &or 'ominate case, ask yourself who or what are we tal%ing about ! who orwhat is doing the action&*his will help you identify the su"#ectof the sentence, andtherefore which words are to be put in 'ominative case"

German N+mnat!e Ca"e F


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German N+mnat!e Ca"e F '(er' 9+rd"

*here are a small group of words that are also commonly used prior to nouns" *hey followthe same patterns as der, die, dasabove" *hese words are(

diese this6that, these6those-

jene that, those rarely used-

jede each, every, any-

welcherwhich, what-

solch such-

manche 2uite a few-

*he German word %einmeaning /no, not a/- follows the same patterns as ein" $o too dothe possessive adjectives(

mein my-

dein your familiar-

sein his-

ihr her-

unser our-

euer your familiar plural-

hr your polite singular and plural-

ihr their-

Let%s take a look at one example from each of the above"""


#sing /dieser/ dieser diese diesesB diese

#sing /mein/ mein meine mein meineBB

'otes(B *he neuter ending in nominative case is esinstead of as" )ll other endings are identical toderforms"

BB *he German form of /a6an/ ein is not possible in plural form, but this is not so for thepossessive adjectives, as well as %einwhich can all exist with plural nouns" Whenconjugating euer, the second eis dropped whenever an ending is added to the root" eg"euer, euren, eures, eurem...-

German N+mnat!e Ca"e F Adject!e Endng"

Lastly, we also need to know how to change adjective endings" *his is probably the mostdifficult part of this lesson, as you will notice that the endings vary depending on whetherthe noun is preceded by /the/ weak declension-, /a6an/ mixed declension-, or when no

article is present strong declension-" &or more detailed explantion, please see our lesson


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on German adjectives"*he endings in the table below also apply to the other pronoungroups in the previous table"-

&or this example, we will use the adjective %leinsmall-" 'ote that there are + rows(

4" Weak 3eclension when the definite article is present-

5" .ixed 3eclension when the indefinite article is present-B+" $trong 3eclension when no article is present-

Gender E;am,(e"

.asculine 4" der kleine.ann5" ein kleiner.ann+" kleiner.ann

&eminine 4" die kleine&rau

5" einekleine&rau+" kleine&rau

'euter 4" das kleine)uto5" ein kleine")uto+" kleine")uto

0lural 4" die kleinenFinder5" meinekleinenFinder+" kleineFinder

B 'ote that we have used the possessive /my/ mein- in the example for mixed declensionin place of ein" *his is to avoid confusion between mixed and strong plural forms, since

there is no plural of ein"
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German Accu"at!e Ca"e

German )ccusative 1ase is one of the four German cases" n this lesson we will look atwhen to use the )ccusative 1ase, and what you need to know for changing word endingscorrectly"

*he )ccusative 1ase is used for the direct object of the sentence" t is also used aftercertainprepositions" *he correct endings to use are explained in the tables below" 0leasenote that it is recommended to learn 'ominative casefirst, since all word endings arereferred to in comparison to that base form" *he )ccusative case endings are only differentfrom 'ominative case in the masculinegender all other genders are the same"

5+ t+ Ident4 German Accu"at!e Ca"e

*he best way to determine which case is re2uired is to ask yourself a 2uestion about the

sentence" &or )ccusative case, ask yourself whom or what does the subject verb )see !eat ! etc***+&*his will help you identify the direct o"#ectof the sentence, and thereforewhich words are to be put in )ccusative case"

&or example, in this sentence""" $e sees a dog...

Who is doing the actionI $eis" *herefore he is the subject, and re2uires the

'ominative case-

Whom6What does he seeI a dog*herefore a dogis the direct object and

re2uires the )ccusative case-

German Accu"at!e Ca"e F


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#sing /a6an/ einen eine ein

E;am,(e" 'a"cu(ne )emnne Neuter *(ura(

#sing /the/ den.annthe man-

die &rauthe woman-

das )utothe car-

die Finderthe children-

#sing /a6an/ einen.anna man-

eine &raua woman-

ein )utoa car-

German Accu"at!e Ca"e F '(er' 9+rd"





welcherwhich, what-

solch such-

manche 2uite a few-


mein my-

dein your familiar-

sein his-

ihr her-

unser our-



ihr their-



#sing /dieser/ diesen diese diesesB diese

#sing /mein/ meinen meine mein meineBB

'otes(B *he neuter ending in accusative case is esinstead of as" )ll other endings are identical toderforms"BB *he German form of /a6an/ ein is not possible in plural form, but this is not so for thepossessive adjectives, as well as %einwhich can all exist with plural nouns" When


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conjugating euer, the second eis dropped whenever an ending is added to the root" eg"euer, euren, eures, eurem...-

German Accu"at!e Ca"e F Adject!e Endng"

Lastly, we also need to know how to change adjective endings" *his is probably the mostdifficult part of this lesson, as you will notice that the endings vary depending on whetherthe noun is preceded by /the/ weak declension-, /a6an/ mixed declension-, or when noarticle is present strong declension-" &or more detailed explantion, please see our lessonon German adjectives"*he endings in the table below also apply to the other pronoungroups in the previous table"-


4" Weak 3eclension when the definite article is present-5" .ixed 3eclension when the indefinite article is present-B+" $trong 3eclension when no article is present-

Gender E;am,(e"

.asculine 4" denkleinen.ann5" einenkleinen.ann+" kleinen.ann

&eminine 4" die kleine&rau5" eine kleine&rau+" kleine&rau

'euter 4" das kleine)uto5" ein kleine")uto+" kleine")uto

0lural 4" die kleinenFinder5" meinekleinenFinderB+" kleineFinder

B 'ote that we have used the possessive /my/ mein- in the example for mixed declensionin place of ein" *his is to avoid confusion between mixed and strong plural forms, sincethere is no plural of ein.


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German Gent!e Ca"e

German Genitive 1ase is one of the four German cases" n this lesson we will look at whento use the Genitive 1ase, and what you need to know for changing word endings correctly"

*he Genitive 1ase indicates that this noun "elongs to someone or something" t is alsoused after certain prepositions" *he correct endings to use are explained in the tablesbelow" 0lease note that it is recommended to learn 'ominative casefirst, since all wordendings are referred to in comparison to that base form" *he Genitive case endings aredifferent from 'ominative case in allgenders"

B n addition, when Genitive case is used, the masculine and neuter nounitself alsochanges, usually adding esor s" @nesyllable nouns typically add es, while those withmore than one syllable just add s"-

5+ t+ Ident4 German Gent!e Ca"e

*he best way to determine which case is re2uired is to ask yourself a 2uestion about thesentence" &or Genitive case, ask yourself whom or what owns this&*his will help youidentify the ownerof the noun in 2uestion, and therefore which words are to be put inGenitive case"

&or example, in this sentence""" The National Anthem of Germany...

Who 6 what are we talking aboutI The National Anthem" *herefore The National

Anthem is the subject, and re2uires the 'ominative case- Whom6What owns thisI Germany*herefore Germanyre2uires the Genitive

case-

German Gent!e Ca"e F


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#sing /the/ de" der de" der

#sing /a6an/ eine" einer eine"


#sing /the/ de".anne" der&rau de")uto" derFinder

#sing /a6an/ eine".anne" einer&rau eine")uto"

German Gent!e Ca"e F '(er' 9+rd"





welcherwhich, what-

solch such-

manche 2uite a few-


mein my-

dein your familiar-

sein his-

ihr her-

unser our-



ihr their-



#sing /dieser/ diese" dieser deise" dieser

#sing /mein/ meine" meiner meine" meinerB

B 'ote *he German form of /a6an/ ein is not possible in plural form, but this is not so forthe possessive adjectives, as well as %einwhich can all exist with plural nouns" When



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German Gent!e Ca"e F Adject!e Endng"



4" Weak 3eclension when the definite article is present-5" .ixed 3eclension when the indefinite article is present-B+" $trong 3eclension when no article is present-

Gender E;am,(e"

.asculine 4" de"kleinen.anne"5" eine"kleinen.anne"+" kleinen.anne"

&eminine 4" derkleinen&rau5" einerkleinen&rau+" kleiner&rau

'euter 4" de"kleinen)uto"

5" eine"kleinen)uto"+" kleinen)uto"

0lural 4" derkleinenFinder5" meinerkleinenFinderB+" kleinerFinder

B 'ote that we have used the possessive /my/ mein- in the example for mixed declensionin place of ein" *his is to avoid confusion between mixed and strong plural forms, sincethere is no plural of ein"


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German Dat!e Ca"e

German 3ative 1ase is one of the four German cases" n this lesson we will look at when touse the 3ative 1ase, and what you need to know for changing word endings correctly"

*he 3ative 1ase is used for the indirect object of the sentence (the receier of the directo"#ect or an action)" t is also used after certain verbs and prepositions" *he correct endingsto use are explained in the tables below" 0lease note that it is recommended to learn'ominative casefirst, since all word endings are referred to in comparison to that baseform" *he 3ative case endings are different from 'ominative case in allgenders"

B n addition, when Genitive case is used, the plural nounitself changes an nis addedunless the plural form of the noun already ends in &n or &s-"

5+ t+ Ident4 German Dat!e Ca"e

*he best way to determine which case is re2uired is to ask yourself a 2uestion about thesentence" &or 3ative case, ask yourself to whom or to what is the subject doing this&*his will help you identify the indirect o"#ectof the sentence, and therefore which words areto be put in 3ative case"

&or example, in this sentence""" $e gae the letter to his mother...

Who is doing the actionI $eis" *herefore he is the subject, and re2uires the

'ominative case- Whom6What does he giveI the letter*herefore the letteris the direct object and

re2uires the )ccusative case-

*o whom 6 to what is he giving the letterI his mother*herefore his motheris the

indirect object and re2uires the Genitive case"-

German Dat!e Ca"e F


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#sing /the/ dem der dem den

#sing /a6an/ einem einer einem


#sing /the/ dem.ann der&rau dem)uto denFindern

#sing /a6an/ einem.ann einer&rau einem)uto

German Dat!e Ca"e F '(er' 9+rd"





welcherwhich, what-

solch such-

manche 2uite a few-


mein my-

dein your familiar-

sein his-

ihr her-

unser our-



ihr their-



#sing /dieser/ diese" dieser deise" dieser

#sing /mein/ meine" meiner meine" meinenB

B 'ote *he German form of /a6an/ ein is not possible in plural form, but this is not so forthe possessive adjectives, as well as %einwhich can all exist with plural nouns" When


55/66


German Dat!e Ca"e F Adject!e Endng"



4" Weak 3eclension when the definite article is present-

5" .ixed 3eclension when the indefinite article is present-B+" $trong 3eclension when no article is present-

Gender E;am,(e"

.asculine 4" demkleinen.ann5" einemkleinen.ann+" kleinem.ann

&eminine 4" derkleinen&rau5" einerkleinen&rau

+" kleiner&rau

'euter 4" demkleinen)uto5" einemkleinen)uto+" kleinem)uto

0lural 4" denkleinenFindern5" meinenkleinenFindern+" kleinenFindern

B 'ote that we have used the possessive /my/ mein- in the example for mixed declensionin place of ein" *his is to avoid confusion between mixed and strong plural forms, sincethere is no plural of ein"


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German Adject!e Endng"

Welcome to our lesson on German )djective Endings" *his is perhaps one of the mostdifficult aspects of German Grammar, particularly for native English speakers" *he conceptof changing the ending of a word in multiple situations is difficult to grasp at first, but in timeyou will come to understand the logic behind this and it will be easy once you havememori>ed the different endings"

&irstly, it is important to note that the German adjective can appear either "eforethe nouneg" the tallman-, or after the verb eg" that man is tall-" When the adjective appears afterthe verb, n+ c$ange " reHured. When the adjective precedes the noun, however, thenthe endings need to be changed"

5+ t+ C$ange t$e Endng" +4 German Adject!e"

German )djective Endings change in a regular pattern depending on three things(

4- *he gender of the noun masculine, feminine, neuter-, singular and plural5- Which case the noun is in nominative, accusative, genitive, or dative-"+- Whether the noun is preceded by the definite article /the/-, the indefinite article /a6an/-,or when no article is present"

When the adjective follows the definite article der, die, das and other words declined likethem-, German adjectives take the 9ea> Dec(en"+n 6Ta/(e A /e(+7

When the adjective follows the indefinite article ein, eine, ein as well as kein, and thepossessive adjectives-, German adjectives take the ';ed Dec(en"+n 6Ta/(e /e(+7

When there is no article before the noun, German adjective endings take the Str+ngDec(en"+n 6Ta/(e C /e(+7

Let%s take an example using the adjective for small klein-"


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Ta/(e A 69ea> Dec(en"+n7 - German Adject!e Endng" t$ t$e de4nteartc(e&


'ominative der kleine die kleine das kleine die kleinen

)ccusative den kleinen die kleine das kleine die kleinen

Genitive des kleinen der kleinen des kleinen der kleinen

3ative dem kleinen der kleinen dem kleinen den kleinen

)s you can see, the endings are 2uite easy" )ll use -en, except for five which take -e"

When to use the Weak 3eclension(

)fter the definite article der, die, das...-

)fter the words which decline in the same manner as the definite article diese,#ene, #ede, welche, solch, manche-

)fter personal pronouns mir, dir, ihm"

Ta/(e 6';ed Dec(en"+n7 - German Adject!e Endng" t$ t$e nde4nteartc(e&


'ominative ein kleiner eine kleine ein kleine" kleinen

)ccusative einen kleinen eine kleine ein kleine" kleinenGenitive eines kleinen einer kleinen eines kleinen kleinen

3ative einem kleinen einer kleinen einem kleinen kleinen

)gain, the endings are 2uite easy" *hey are identical to the weak declensions listed in *able), except for three masculine and neuter nominative, and neuter accusative"-

When to use the .ixed 3eclension(

)fter the indefinite article ein-

)fter kein

)fter the possessive determiners mein, dein, ... -

Ta/(e C 6Str+ng Dec(en"+n7 - German Adject!e Endng" $en n+ artc(e" ,re"ent&


'ominative kleiner kleine kleine" kleine

)ccusative kleinen kleine kleine" kleineGenitive kleinen kleiner kleinen kleiner


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3ative kleinem kleiner kleinem kleinen

$ince no article exists, all endings transfer to the adjective" 7ou will notice here that theendings are the same as for the declension of the definite article itself, except that the

neuter ending in nominative and accusative is -esnot -as, and masculine and neuterGenitive and in -en, since the noun itself in this case ends in -)e+s"

When to use the $trong 3eclension(

When there is no article present

)fter ein "isschena little-, wenigfew-, etwassome-, mehrmore-, mehrer

several-, ielmuch-, or allall-"

)fter personal pronouns other than mir, dir, ihm"

When the adjective is preceded by another regular nonarticle- adjective"

9$ d+ German Adject!e" C$ange t$er Endng":

*he rationale behind changing the endings of German adjectives is so that thecharacteristics letters in the endings of each gender and case are not lost" )ny letters in theendings of d&words, which may be lost when in combination with ein&wordsor when noarticle is present, are then transferred to the adjective ending"

In!ara/(e German Adject!e"

*here are some German adjectives that are invariable, or indeclinable in other words,they do not change their endings ever" Good dictionaries will always indicate this"

Summar Ta/(e"

9ea> Dec(en"+n


'ominative e e e en

)ccusative en e e en

Genitive en en en en

3ative en en en en

';ed Dec(en"+n


'ominative er e e" en

)ccusative en e e" en


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Genitive en en en en

3ative en en en en

Str+ng Dec(en"+n


'ominative er e e" e

)ccusative en e e" e

Genitive en er en er

3ative em er em en

German *r+n+un"

n this lesson, we take a look at German 0ronouns" ) pronoun is a word that is used toreplace another noun or pronoun for the purpose of simplifying a sentence and avoidingrepetition" Like many German words, pronouns change according to their function in thesentence ie" which /case/-"

*here are several types of pronouns" *he most obvious are personal pronouns such as I,you, he, she, they"""-, and possessive personal pronouns my, your, his, her, their"""-")nother common type are known technically as demonstrative pronouns" *hese wordssuch as this, that, these, those, etc"""- are used to identify nouns and personal pronouns"

German *er"+na( *r+n+un"

When the personal pronoun is the su"#ectof a sentence ie" in nominative case-, they are

as per the pronouns table below" 'ote that German /you/ varies according to whether youare addressing someone in a familiar way, or a formal, polite version" *he polite version isalways written with a capital letter"-

Su/ject German *r+n+un"

ich

7ou familiar singular- du

8e 6 t masculine- er

$he 6 t feminine- sie


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t neuter- es

We wir

7ou familiar plural as in /you guys/- ihr


*hey all genders- sie

When the personal pronoun is the direct o"#ectof a sentence ie" in accusative case-, theyare as per the pronouns table below" )s you will notice, some of these forms are the sameas for the subjective form above"

Drect O/ject German *r+n+un".e mich

7ou familiar singular- dich

8im 6 t masculine- ihn

8er 6 t feminine- sie

t neuter- es

#s uns

7ou familiar plural as in /you guys/- euch


*hem all genders- sie

When the personal pronoun is the indirect o"#ectof a sentence ie" in dative case-, they areas per the pronouns table below"

Indrect O/ject German *r+n+un"

*o .e mir

*o 7ou familiar singular- dir

*o 8im 6 t masculine- ihm

*o 8er 6 t feminine- ihr

*o t neuter- ihm

*o #s uns

*o 7ou familiar plural- euch

*o 7ou polite singular and plural- hnen

*o *hem all genders- ihnen


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.e4(e;!e *er"+na( *r+n+un"

:eflexive pronouns are words such as myself, yourself, himself, herself, etc" *hese areused when the subject of the sentence is also the direct or indirect- object" 'ote that the4st person singular and plural, as well as 5nd person singular, use the same forms asabove" *his is because there is no confusion by doing so" n all other forms, whereconfusion could arise, a new word sich is used"

.e4(e;!e *er"+na( *r+n+un" Drect O/ject Indrect O/ject

.yself mich mir

7ourself familiar singular- dich dir

8imself 6 itself masculine- sich sich

8erself 6 itself feminine- sich sich

tself neuter- sich sich

@urselves uns uns

7ourselves familiar plural- sich sich

7ourselves polite singular andplural-

sich sich

*hemselves all genders- sich sich

B '=" *he reflexive pronouns are used in all situations where the re2uired pronoun relatesto the subject of the sentence, even when English would not use one such as myself,yourself, etc"

*+""e""!e *er"+na( *r+n+un"

0ossessive pronouns are words such as my, your, his, her, etc, which are used togetherwith a noun and indicate ownership or possession"

*+""e""!e *er"+na( *r+n+un" German *r+n+un"

.y mein

7our familiar singular- dein

8is 6 its masculine- sein

8er 6 its feminine- ihr

ts neuter- sein

@ur unser

7our familiar plural- euer 7our polite singular and plural- hr


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*heir all genders- ihr

When using possessive personal pronouns, these must agree with the noun that they

accompany in regards to gender, number and case" f you are already familiar with Germancases, note that all of these words take the same endings as for ein" :efer to our lessonson German nouns, and German case endings for further detail"-

Let%s take meinas an example to show how it must be changed" )ll other possessivepersonal pronouns also change in this same format-"""


'ominative mein meine mein meine

)ccusative meinen meine mein meine

Genitive meine" meiner meine" meiner

3ative meinem meiner meinem meinen

Dem+n"trat!e *r+n+un"

3emonstrative pronouns are used to identify certain nouns or pronouns" &or example(

dasthis6that- as ist das* What%s this6thatI-die hierthese- Ich "rauche die hier+ need these!-

die dathose- Ich "rauche die da+ need those!-


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German *re,+"t+n"

Welcome to our lesson on German 0repositions" 0repositions are indeclinable words thatusually precede nouns or pronouns" *hey have little meaning on their own, but link togetherand give specific meaning- to nouns, adjectives and verbs"

1ommon prepositions include words for at, in, to, of, "y, for, etc"*hey can also be longerwords and phrases" *heir use identifies meanings such as!lace, time, logical relationshi!s,and many more"

German prepositions are followed by nouns or pronouns in a certain case" )ll gooddictionaries will indicate which case is re2uired" =elow is a German prepositions chart withsome of the more common prepositions and the cases they re2uire"

German *re,+"t+n Ca"e .eHured E;am,(e

a/from-

3ative ab .orgenfrom tomorrow

anon to, up to-

)ccusative toexpress movement orchange of place"-

3ative when no

3er Lehrer schrieb an die *afel"The teacher wrote on the "lack"oard.


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on, by, at-on with days anddates-

change of place- an @sternat aster

au4on to the top of-

on the top of-

)ccusative toexpress movement or

change of place"-

3ative when nochange of place-

$tell die *asse auf den *isch-ut the cu! on the ta"le

3ie *asse steht auf dem *ischThe cu! is on the ta"le

au"out of, from-

3ative ch komme aus 3eutschland"I come from Germany.

/enear, at, on, during-

3ative bei 'achtat night

/"until, by, as far as, up

to-

)ccusative bis .orgenuntil tomorrow

ch fahre bis =erlinI'm going as far as erlin

durc$through, by, bymeans of, throughout,owing to-

)ccusative durch die )ltstadtthrough the old town

4?rfor-

)ccusative 3as ist f;r dich"This is for you.

gegenagainst, towards,round about-

)ccusative gegen diese deeagainst this idea

gegen drei #hrround a"out three o'clock

$nterbehind-



$tell dich hinter deine .utterstand "ehind your mother

ch saC hinter meiner .utterI was sitting "ehind my mother

n

in, into-

)ccusative to

express movement orchange of place"-


ch gehe in die )ltstadt

I'm going to the old town

Er ist in der )ltstadt$e is in the old town

mtwith, by-

3ative mit dem )uto"y car

nac$to, after, accordingto-

3ative nach links 6 rechtsto the left 6right

ne/ennext to, apart from-

)ccusative toexpress movement or

$tell 3eine *asser neben meine-ut your "ike net to mine


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change of place"-

3ative when nochange of place- 3eine *asser neben meiner

0our cu! is net to mine

+$newithout-

)ccusative ohne etwas >u tunwithout doing something

"etsince-

3ative seit let>em Jahr since last year

"tattinstead of-

Genitive or 3ative $ie kam statt ihrer .utter%he came instead of her mother

?/erover, across, via,about, through-


3ative when no

change of place-

;ber dem *isch hDngt eine Lampe1er the ta"le hangs a lam!

3as &

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