Gaf’kM)aMgrbs;Exμr

h‘un Esn lk;Cati kat;TwkdIeGayyYn

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑ rkSasiT§i

GarmÖkfa (Preface)  

esovePAenHsresreLIgkñúgeKalbMNgedIm,Idas;sμartI kUnecAEx μrCMnan;eRkay RbCaBlrdæEx μr TaMgGs;BIRKb;RsTab;kñúgsgÁm TaMgkñúg nigeRkARbeTs RBmTaMgRbCaCatiTaMgGs;enAkñúgtMbn; Edl rgeRKaHedaysarkareKobsgát;CiHCan;BIyYnkumμ úynisþ eGayPJak;rlwkemIleXIjBIeRKaHfñak;RbeTs Cati CaBiesscg;bgðajBI b£sKl;bBaða Edl)annigkMBugekItmanenAkñúgRbeTsEx μrbc©úb,nñ. kñúgnam eyIgCakUnEx μrmYyrUb EdlkMMBugGanesovePAenHenAkñúgéd eyIgRtUvrYbrYmKñaKitKUrBIGayuCIvitRbeTsCati rbs;eyIg edayminRtUvbeNþayeGay Cati sasna RbCaCatiiEx μr enArgTukçevTna Føak;cUleTAkñúg kNþab;édyYnkumμúynisþ dUcRbeTscm,a: nig km<úCaeRkameLIy. eyIgCaExμrRtUvBicarNafa etIeyIgrs; enAelITwkdIExμr smCaBUCEx μrsagGgÁrb¤eT? ebIsinCa eyIgmin)ansagGIVCaRbeyaCn_CUnCati EfmTaMg eyIgminGackarBarplRbeyaCn_Cati karBarekrþ×mt’krbs;dUntaeyIgEdl)ansagTuksMrab;kulbuRtEx μr eGay)anKg;vgSenaH? eyIgminRtUvbeNþayeGayCnBukrlYy mYykþab;tUc bMpøajCati lYcCatiyk eTAeFIVCaRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn b¤bMerIplRbeyaCn_neya)ayeGaybreTsbnþeToteLIy. eyIgTaMgGs;Kña minRtUvbeNþayeGayRbeTsEx μr CatiExμrkøayCakm<úCaeRkamTI2 tamneya)ayRtCak;rbs;yYn Edl manrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn CYybiT)aMgenaHeLIy. esovePAenHlatRtdagbgðajb¤sKl;énbBaðaenA kñúgRbeTsEx μr edIm,IeGayRbCaCatiEx μrTaMgGs;)aneXIjnUvGIVEdlCnpþac;kar BYkkumμ úynisþxitxMlak; )aMgkb;Tuk mineGayRbCaBlrdæExμryl;dwgBIEpnkarneya)ayd¾ex μARkxVk;rbs;yYnkumμ úynisþ Edlman mhicätaelbykTwkdIExμr. edaysarmhicätaneya)ayyYnkum μ úynisþenHehIy Edl)aneFIVeGay RbCaBlrdæEx μr Ex μreRkam nigRbCaBlrdækñúgtMbn;rgeRKaH søab;)at;bg;CIvitrab;lannak;knøgmk. Cak;Esþg bc©úb,nñeyIgeXIjRsab;ehIyfa bBaðaCaeRcInkMBugEtekItmanenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr dUcCakar kab;rukranéRBeQI CIkEr: kayPñM rwbGUsdIFøIRbCaBlrdæ BukrlYy biTsiTi§esrIPaB CnGenþaRbevsn_ yYnxusc,ab; kgT½ByYnTaMgÉksNæan TaMgsIuvilenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr Etrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn enH K μanqnÞ³BitR)akdedaHRsayrkyutþiFm’CUnRbCaBlrdæEx μr nigK μankarBarplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr eyIg eLIy. müa:gvijeTot tamry³esovePAenHEdr GñkniBnæcg;bgðajGMBIGIVEdlRbCaBlrdæEx μrcg;)an RbCaBlrdæcg;eXIjkarpøas;bþÚrneya)aydwknaMRbeTsnigemdwknaM BIrbbkumμ úynisþpþac;kareRkamyYn RtYtRta eTACaRbeTsmYyman ÉkraCü snþiPaB siTi§esrIPaB nigRbCaFibetyüBitR)akd.

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒ rkSasiT§i

RbCaBlrdæEx μrCaCnrgeRKaHBImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan; edaysarEtemdwknaMrbs;xøÜnelaPln; GMNac KitRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜnCagplRbeyaCn_Cati suxelIKMnrTukçRbCaBlrdæ CaBiessdUcBYkemdwknaM kum μúynisþpþac;karbc©úb,nñ h‘un Esn ehg sMrin Ca sIum )anlg;kñúgmenaKmn_kumμ úynisþyYn. yYn)anykliTi§kumμ úynisþenHCameFüa)ay mksabeRBaHelIEx μr eGayEx μrEbk)ak; eRbobdUcTwkexμAmYy tMNk;EdlRsk;elITwks¥atl¥brisuT§ eRBaHEtcg;deNþImrwbGUsykplRbeyaCn_BIExμr elbTwkdIEx μr . yYnmanectnarMelIgb£sKl;Ex μreGayFøak;exSay enAkñúgrbb b:ul Bt edIm,IbMeBjmhicätaelbTwkdIEx μr ehIyRtYtRtaEx μrtaMgBIéf¶7 mkra 1979 mk.

RbeTsEx μrCaRbeTstUcmYy Edlsm,ÚredayFnFanFm μCati esIÞrEtRKb;Ebbya:g b:uEnþCa Gkusl eRkamkardwknaMrbs;BYkRtYtRtabc©úb,nñ Edlsuxcitþ»nk,aleRkamyYnRtYtRta eGaymkbMpøaj FnFanFm μCatiEx μr nigrwbGUsykeTARbeTseKKμansl; manCaGaT× dI éRBeQI Er: RtI stVéRB nigCaeRcIneTot. yYnkum μ úynisþ)aneFIVGaNaniKmn_EbbfμIelIRbeTsEx μr edayeRbIsini§sBaØaxusc,ab; Edl)aneFIVeLIgCamYy h‘un Esn Ca sIum ehg sMrin taMgBIqñaM 1979 1982 1983 1985 sþIBImitþPaB snþiPaB shRbtibtþikar nigcuHhtßelxasin§isBaØabMeBjbEnßméf¶TI 10 Extula qñaM2005. eyIgeXIjehIy rdæaPi)albc©úb,nñpþl;dIsm,TaneGayRkumh‘unyYn Edlmanry³eBl 99 qñaM Gs;cMnYn 45 PaKry eRkamBaküfa vinieyaK nigGPivDÆn _. karrwbGUsdIEdleFIVeLIgedayRkumh‘unyYnenH )aneFIVeGayb:HBal;dl;CIvPaBRbCaBlrdæEx μrRkIRkya:gxøaMg eRBaHdIERsdIcMkarenaHehIyCaqñaMg )ayrbs;BlrdæRkIRk.

eRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn CaCnlYcCati lk;Cati dUcr)aykarN_købl viFENs)anpSBVpSay eyIgeXIjfa BYkenHmin)ankarBarplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr min)anbMerIpl- RbeyaCn_eGayRbCaBlrdæEx μrTUeTAeT pÞúyeTAvij BYkenHRbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYy lYcCati lk;Cati eGayyYn EdlCnCMBUkenH ebItamkarbeRgonrbs;RBHsm μasm<úT§fa mRnþIraCkarEdlGyutþiFm’ BukrlYy KWCaecarEdl eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæevTna BYkCnRbePTenH GaRkk;CagecarFmμtaeTot BIeRBaHfaBYkenH lYcTaMgRTBü sm,tþiCati nigRTBüsm,tþiRbCaBlrdæ ehIyeFIVeGayCatimanbBaða minecHcb; RbCaBlrdæ Cam©as;GMNac mansiTi§eBjelj edIm,IdkmRnþITaMgenaH nigdak;TNÐkmμBYkeK.

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓ rkSasiT§i

ebIsinCaRbCaBlrdæEx μr)andwgehIy B¤ehIy eXIjehIy minrYbrYmKñaedaHRsaybBaðaenH eGay cb;eT vasnaEx μrnigrgTukçevTnadUcCaEx μrenAkm<úCaeRkam tkUn tecA eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; yYnEkøg ePTCaEx μr CaminxaneLIy.

cugbBa©b;enH ´rIkrayTTYlnUvkarriHKn;Eklm¥RKb;Ebby:agBIGs;elakGñkGan nUvral;kMhusqÁg TaMgLayNa EdlmanenAkñúgesovePAenH.

sUmTMnak;TMng tamGIuEm:l sar_dharmmarainsey@yahoo .com

(2)   

 

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔ rkSasiT§i

esckþIepþIm (Introduction)

RbeTsEx μr CaRbeTsmYymanTItaMgsißtenAGasIuPaKGaeKñy_ manépÞdIcMnYn 181 035 KILÚ Em:Rtkaer: RBMRbTl;xaglicCab;RbeTséf xageCIgCab;RbeTséfnigRbeTsLav nigxagekItCab;RbeTs yYn. RbCaBlrdæExμrmancMnYn 14 5 00 000 nak; kñúgenaHmanCnCatiyYncMnYn 4 500 000 nak; kMBugrs;enAkñúgRbeTsEx μr nigmYycMnYneTotCacarkm μyYnEkøgePTCaEx μr kMBugRtYtRtaExμrenAkñúgRksYg sMxan;²sBVéf¶ manTaMgsIuvil eyaFa nigb:UlIseTotpg. ExμrPaKeRcInCaGñkkan;RBHBuT§sasna nigEx μrcMnYntictYckan;sasna GIusøam nigRKwsþ. RbeTsEx μrbc©úb,nñenHRtYtRtaedayrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn EdlyYnelIkbnþúbeLIgeGayeFIVCaGay:g kan;GMNactaMgBITsvtS 1980. enAqñaM 1999 RbeTsEx μr)ankøayCasmaCikeBjsiTi§rbs;smaKmRbCaCatiGasIuGaeKñy_ ehAkat;fa ¬Gas‘an¦.

RbeTsEx μrFøab;)anyYnRtYtRtamþgmkehIy enAkñúgrC¢kalesþcGgÁmIu cenøaHqñaM 1835-1841 EtRtUvEx μrerIbMr:HrYcBIGaNaniKmn_enH edayEx μrrYbrYmsamKÁIKña egIbeLIgedjyYnecj kalenaHemT½ByYn eRTOg mijya:g CaGñkkan;kab;RbeTsExμr. eRkaymkeTot Ex μr)anFøak;;kñúgGaNaniKmn_)araMgenAcenøaH qñaM 1863-1954 cab;BIesþc neratþm rhUtmkdl;esþc neratþm sIhnu. Exμrk¾Føab;enAeRkamkar RtYtRtarbs;Cb:unmYyry³eBlxøI enAkñúgsm½ysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 Edr. eRkayBIExμr)anrYcBIGaNa niKmn_)araMgmk RbeTsEx μr)anFøak;cUlenAkñúgsRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI2 . enAkñúgeBlenaH BiPBelak sßitenAkñúgdMNak;kalsRgÁamRtCak; rvagkumμ úynisþ nigesrI ¬shPaB sUevot nig shrdæGaemrik ¦. cMENkÉRbeTsEx μr)angakeTArkb:Ulfμ ImYyeTot Rbkan;neya)ayGBüaRkit ¬mincUlbkSsm<½n§¦ KWcin. eBlenaH sRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 2 )ancab;epþImeLIg EdlmanyYnxageCIg ¬yYnkumμ úynisþ¦ dwknaMeday hU CImij KaMRTeday cin )ancab;epþImeFIVsRgÁamCamYyeyokNamxagt,ÚgdwknaMeday eg:a Dijyim EdlKaMRTedayshrdæGaemrik enAqñaM1958 edIm,IbRgYbbRgYmeyokNamTaMgBIr. eKalbMNg BitR)akdrbs;yYnkumμ úynisþmanmhicäta vatTITwkdIcUlmkkñúgTwkdIEx μr edIm,Ikan;kab;\NÐÚcinTaMgmUl . kalenaH sIhnu nig sa Lútsr ¬b:ul Bt¦ CaGñkKaMRT CYyxagkum μ ú μúynisþ ¬eyokkug¦ edIm,IRbqaMg Ex μrsaFarNrdæ ln; nl; EdlKaMRTedayshrdæGaemrik. eBlEdleyokkug)anTTYlC½yCMnHelIEx μr saFarNrdæenAelITwkdIExμr enAéf¶TI17 Exemsa qñaM1975 yYn)anbMBak;C½yCMnHenH nigelIkGMNac eTAeGay sIhnu nig b:ul Bt EdlbMerIxagkum μ úynisþ. 13éf¶eRkayBIeyokkugQñHelIrbb

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๕ rkSasiT§i

saFarNrdæEx μr ln; nl; KW enAéf¶TI 30 Exemsa qñaM1975 yYnkum μ úynisþ)anbBa©b;sRgÁamrvag yYnxageCIg nigyYnxagt,ÚgPøam. Rtg;enHbBa¢ak;eGayeXIjfa sRgÁamEdlyYneFIVeLIg maneKal bMNgvatTITwkdInigplRbeyaCn_rbs;CatieK edIm,Idak;RbeTsTaMgGs;eGayeTACacMNuH shB½n§\NÐÚ cin. dUecñH éf¶ 17 emsa 1975 Caéf¶C½yCMnHrbs;BYkkumμ úynisþ\NÐÚcin EdlmanyYneFIVCaemekøag. enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü yYn)anerobcMEpnkarl¥itl¥n;tameKalkarN_shB½n§\NÐÚcin mkkkUr sßankarN_kñúgRbeTsEx μrkñúgrbbenH rYmCamYyEx μrkum μ úynisþTaMgBIrRkum EdlyYn)anbMBak;bMb:n menaKmn_kumμ úynisþrYcCaeRsc. ktþaTaMgGs;enHehIy CabuBVehtueFIVeGayRbeTsExμrFøak;eTAkñúgeRKaH mhnþraymYyya:gF¶n;F¶reTAkñúgrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_. yYnykliTi§kumμ úynisþCameFüa)ay eFIVeGay Ex μr TaMgEx μreRkam nigExμrbc©úb,nñ søab;rgÁalGs;rab;lannak; kñúgcenøaHqñaM 1975-1979. enAcenøaH eBlenaHRbeTsEx μrdwknaMeday neratþm sI hnu nig saLút s ehAfa b:ul Bt. kñúgsRgÁamCamYy Ex μrsaFarNrdæ ln; nl; eyokkug)anesøokBak; nigBak;rUbqayl½kçsemþc« edIm,IykQñHxag citþsaRsþ bMP½nþRbCaBlrdæExμreGayKaMRT edayEkøgeFIVCakgT½BsIhnu. eRkayBIQñHEx μrsaFarN³rdæ yYn)anbþÚrexaGavBIeyokkug eTAesøokBak;exaGavex μAbMP½nþCaEx μrRkhmvij rYmCamYyRkumEx μrRkhm EdlbNþúHbNþalBIhaNUy)ansmøab;bBaØvnþEx μr GñkR)aCJEx μr GñkesñhaCatiEx μr eFIVeGayRbeTs vikvrenAkñúgrbb b:ul Bt. eRkaymk yYn)anpøas;bþÚrneya)ayf μ I bBa¢ÚnkmøaMgT½B cUlmkQøanBanEx μr kan;kab; TwkdIEx μrenAéf¶TI7 Exmkra qñaM1979. CemøaHrvag yYn nig cin )aneFIVeGayyYnedaHédBIcin ehIy)angakeTATMnak;TMngCamYysUevot cMENkÉneya)ayEx μrvij yYn)anbþÚrEx μrkum μ úynisþcas;Edl niymcin nigelIkEx μrkum μ úynisþfμIniymyYn dUcCa ehg sMrin h‘un Esn Ca sIum CMnYsvij eGaykan; GMNacbMerIneya)ayeGayxøÜn. RbeTsEx μr)anFøak;cUleTAkñúgsRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI3 rvagyYn QøanBan nig rbbkum μ úynisþ h‘un Esn xusc,ab; CamYynigRkumEx μresñhaCati Ex μrGñkts‘UtamCayEdn. sRgÁamenH minxusBIsRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 2 EdlmanEx μrmçagkum μ úynisþyYn sIhnu nig b:ul Bt ¬enATsSvtS 60-70¦ cMENkEx μrmçageTotxagesrI Ex μrsaFarNrdæ ln; nl; esrImt³eLIy. sRgÁamenH)anbnþrhUtdl;sRgÁamRtCak;rvagkumμúynisþ nigesrI bBa©b;enAqñaM 1989. yYnk¾)andkkg T½BÉksNæaneyaFaecjBIRbeTsEx μr Etbgáb;TukkgT½BesøokBak;sIuvilRtYtRtaExμrbnþeTot enAkñúgCYr KNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn edayminGnuBaØateGayGgÁkarshRbCaCatiRtYtBinitüeLIy. rhUtdl;kic© RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIséf¶TI23 Extula qñaM1991 ExμrbYnPaKI)ancuHhtßelxa elIkic©RBmeRBogsnþiPaB

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๖ rkSasiT§i

ebIk»kaseGayyYnedaHédecjBIqakGnþrCati rYcxøÜnBIkarecaTRbkan;fa yYnQøanBanEx μr eRBaHyYn man h‘un Esn nig sI hnu CakUnGuk eFIVeGayGnþrCatiemIleXIjfa sRgÁamEdlekItmanenAkñúg RbeTsEx μr CasRgÁamsIuvileTAvij. enAqñaM 1993 RbeTsExμrTTYl)anBnøWénliTi§RbCaFibetyü tam ry³karerobcMe)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþiFm’ EdlerobcMeLIgedayGgÁkarshRbCaCati. xN³eBl enaH GgÁkarshRbCaCatiminTan;bBa©b;ebskkm μeBjeljpg Rsab;EteBlEdl h‘un Esn caj;eqñat enAqñaM1993 h‘un Esn )anbegáIttMbn;Gb,Kmn_enAeRtIyxagekIt KMrameFIVsRgÁam eRBaH h‘un Esn sMGagyYnenABIeRkayxñg EdlkalenaHmanneratþmcRkBgS CaGñkdwknaMeFIV. esþc sIhnu )anedj GgÁkarshRbCaCatieGaydkecjBIRbeTsEx μr ehIyEbgEckGMNaceGayBYkkumμ úynisþ h‘un Esn eFIVCanaykrdæmRnþITI2. b:uEnþeTaHCaya:gNak¾eday RbCaBlrdæEx μrKμanvasnaTTYl)annUvsuxsnþiPaB RbCaFibetyü nigkarGPivDÆn_BitR)akd dUcGIVEdlGgÁkarshRbCaCatixitxMenaHeLIy eRBaHenAéf¶ 5-6 kkáda 1997 Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn )aneFIVrdæRbhardeNþImGMNac smøab;GñkesñhaCatiExμr GñkRbCaFibetyü enAkñúgKNbkShViunsIunbiuc nig smaCikelakta sWn san Gs;Cag 280nak;. enHCa emeronEx μrRtUvcgcaMfa BYkkumμ úynisþminEdlcat;TukEx μrGñkesñhaCati CaEx μrenaHeT vaEtgEtsþab; ecAhVayyYnrbs;va eRbIl,ice)akR)as;Ex μr eGaycUleTAkñúgRTug bnÞab;mkeKcab;smøab;Ex μrtamcitþ. bBaðaTaMgenHk¾edaysarkarlg;eCOemdwknaMe)akR)as;dUcCnkum μúynisþ sI hnu mþgehIymþgeTot. cMENkkare)aHeqñateRkay²mkCabnþbnÞab; vaCakarerobcMrbs;KNbkSRbCaCn edIm,IbMP½nþEPñkCati nigGnþrCatiEtb:ueNÑaH lT§ple)aHeqñatTaMgGs;enaH minEmnecjBIqnÞ³RbCaBlrdæExμrBitR)akdeT. karerobrab;bgðajxagelI)ansreGayeXIjfa RbeTsEx μrbc©úb,nñkMBugEtFøak;eTAkñúgrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn eRkamGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμ I EdleFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæEx μrrgTukç\tElðrhUtmkdl;eBlenH.

3

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๗ rkSasiT§i

esckþIEføgGMNrKuN (Acknowledgement)

Cabzm´sUmelIkhtßfVaybgÁM RBHBuT§ RBHFm’ RBHsgÇ CaTIskáar³d¾x<g;x<s; nigCamøb;d¾RtCak; sMrab;sgÁmCatiEx μrRKb;sm½ykal. ´sUmRkabfVaybgÁM elak»Buk Gñkmþay EdlCaGñkmanKuN d¾elIslub )anpþl;kMeNIteGaykUnekItCaCatiEx μr ciBa©wmbI)ac;EfrkSakUn edayK μanKitkarenOyht;. ´sUmEføgGMNrKuNdl; elakRKU GñkRKU saRsþacarüTaMgGs;Edl)anxitxMGs;BIkmøaMgkaycitþ edIm,Ipþl; cMeNHdwgdl;´ nigsisSanusisSRKb;rUb edIm,ICaRbTIbmYysMrab;bMPøWpøÚvkñúgCIvit. CaBiess ´sUmEføg GMNrKuNdl;bgb¥ÚnCnrYmCatiEx μr GñkesñhaCatiEx μrTaMgGs;Edl)ancUlrYm]btßmKaMRT edIm,IeGay esovePAenHelcecjCarUbrageLIg kñúgkarpþl;cMeNHdwgfμI² dl;RbCaCatiEx μrTaMgGs; EdlminFøab; )aneXIj minFøab;)anB¤BIerOgra:vRbeTsrbs;xøÜnknøgmk edaysarEtkarlak;)aMg karbMP½nþsMrab; cMeNjneya)ay plRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn GMNac nigEpnkarrbs;yYnhaNUy edIm,ImkelbykTWkdI Ex μreyIgEtmþg.

esovePA b£sKl; 7 mkra Edl´)ancgRkgeLIgenH CakarrMlwkKuNdl;virPaBGñk esñhaCatiExμrRKb;sm½ykal Edl)ants‘UedIm,IbuBVehtuCatiExμr TaMgGñkEdl)an)at;bg;Civit nigGñk EdlenAmanCivitEtBikar nigrgeRKaHepSg²edaysarBYkkumμ úynisþyYn nigh‘un Esn. vaCakUn esovePAtUc mYysMrab;rYmcMENkkñúgkarpþl;cMeNHdwg CaÉksarsMrab;GñksikSaRsavRCav eGayyl;dwg bEnßmEpñk neya)ay ehIyCYyykBt’manenHeTApSBVpSaydl;RbCaCatiEx μrTaMgGs; GñkesñhaCatiEx μr GñkCatiniym GñkRbCaFibetyü eGayemIleXIjbBaðaBitR)akdEdl)annwgkMBugekItmanenAkñúgsgÁm Ex μr. GaRs½yehtuenH eyIgCaEx μrRtUvh‘anegIbeLIg ebþCJacitþTaMgGs;KñaedaHRsay b£sKl;bBaða enHeGaycb; ha‘nlHbg;RKb;Ebbya:gedIm,I buBVehtu Cati sasna RbCaCatiEx μr rbs;eyIg edayminbeNþay eGayCnmYykþab;tUc EdleGank,albMerIneya)ayeGayyYnkumμ úynisþ dUcKNbkS RbCaCn h‘un Esn lk;Cati bMpøajCati eGayrlay tamEpnkarshB½n§\NÐÚcinenaHeLIy.

cugbBa©b;´sUm]TiÞsdl;vtßús½kþisiTi§TaMgGs;EdlEfrkSaRbeTsEx μr CYyEfrkSabgb¥ÚnCnrYm CatiEx μr CaBiessGñkesñhaCatiEx μrTaMgGs; Edlh‘anegIbeLIgRbQmmuxedaHRsaybBaðaRbeTsCati eGay)anesckþIsuxcMerIn suPmgÁl manCIvPaBFUrFar tamkarb:gR)afña. cMeBaHbgb¥ÚnCnrYmCatiExμr EdllHbg;CYyftcMlgesovePAenHpSBVpSaybnþeGayRbCaBlrdæEx μr sUmeGayGs;elakTTYl)an buNükusleRcIn CYbEtsuxsuPmgÁl rYcputBITukçevTnanigeRKaHcéRgepSg²EdlekItmanbc©úb,nñ nig GnaKt.

eFIVenATIRkugva:sIunetan éf¶TI 9 Ex kBaØa qñaM 2009 bNÐit s FmμrgSI

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๘ rkSasiT§i

matika esckþIepþIm ------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 GarmÖkfa ------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 esckþIEføgGMNrKuN ----------------------------------------------------------- 7

CMBUkTI 1

b£sKl;bBaða I-edImkMeNItEx μrkum μ úynisþenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr ----------------------------------------- 11 II-b£sKl;énrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_Ex μr --------------------------------------------- 20 III-ehtuGIV)anCaExμrFøak;kñúgrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_ ------------------------------------- 21 IV-b£sKl; éf¶ 7 mkra ------------------------------------------------------- 25 V-yYnkumμúynisþQøanBanRtYtRtaEx μr éf¶ 7 mkra 1979 ------------------------------- 26 VI-sRgÁamrvagEx μrGñkts‘U CamYyyYnQøanBan nigrbbkum μúynisþ h‘un Esn xusc,ab; ----------- 27 VII-sn§isBaØaTIRkug)a:rIs ------------------------------------------------------ 28 VIII-kMeNItliTi§RbCaFibetyüenAkñúgRbeTsEx μreLIgvij ------------------------------- 29 IX-karFøak;cuHliTi§RbCaFibetyü ------------------------------------------------- 30 X-RbeTsEx μrFøak;kñúgrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn eRkamGNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμ I ------------------- 31 XI-K μantulüPaBxagnitibBaØtþi nitiRbtibtþi nigtulakar -------------------------------- 32

1-B½t’man ---------------------------------------------------------- 32 2-karGb;rM ---------------------------------------------------------- 33 3-kare)aHeqñat ------------------------------------------------------- 34 4-esrIPaBbeBa©jmti --------------------------------------------------- 34 5-c,ab; ------------------------------------------------------------- 35

XII-emdwknaMpþac;karbc©úb,nñ)aneFIVGIVxøH b:HBal;RbCaBlrdæ ------------------------------ 35 1-karbeNþjRbCaBlrdæ rwbGUsykdI -------------------------------------- 35 2-GMeBIBukrlYy ------------------------------------------------------- 36 3-PaBRkIRk -------------------------------------------------------- 37 4-kat;eTasEx μrRkhm ------------------------------------------------- 37 5-GaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμ I ------------------------------------------------ 39 6-FnFanFm μCati ------------------------------------------------------ 39

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๙ rkSasiT§i

CMBUkTI 2 bBa©b;bBaða

I-etIRbCaBlrdæEx μrcg;)anGIV? --------------------------------------------------- 42 II-etIEx μrRtUveFIVGVIxøHedIm,ICYyseRgÁaHEx μr? ------------------------------------------ 42 III-etIRbCaBlrdækñúgtMbn;EdlrgeRKaH Lav m:ug cam Ex μr RtUveFIVdUcemþc? ---------------------- 43

IV-etIshKmn_GWr:ub nigshrdæGaemrik CYyGIVxøHdl;RbCaCatirgeRKaH? ----------------------- 43

V- RbeTsExμrRtUvdwknaMtameKalkarN_RbCaFibetyüÉkraCüBitR)akd - ------------------- 44 1-nitibBaØtþi ---------------------------------------------------------- 45 2-tulakar ---------------------------------------------------------- 45 3-nitiRbtibtþi -------------------------------------------------------- 45 4-B½t’man ----------------------------------------------------------- 45 5-bM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy --------------------------------------------------- 46 6-begIánCIvPaBRbCaBlrdæ ----------------------------------------------- 46 7-KNbkSneya)ay --------------------------------------------------- 46 8-KN³km μkarerobcMe)aHeqñat -------------------------------------------- 46 9-CnGenþaRbevsn_ nigcarkm μyYn ------------------------------------------ 47

VI-karsnñidæan -------------------------------------------------------------- 47 Éksareyag --------------------------------------------------------------- 48

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๐ rkSasiT§i

CMBUkTI 1

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๑ rkSasiT§i

b£sKl;bBaða (The Root of Problems)

I-edImkMeNItExμrkumμ úynisþenAkñúgRbeTsExμr (Origin of Khmer Communism in Cambodia)

kñúgdMNak;kalEdlliTi§kum μ úynisþkMBugEtrIkraldalxøaMgenATIVbGWur:ub ekItmansRgÁamelakelIk TI 2 ehIysRgÁamenH)anbBa©b;enAqñaM 1945. GgÁkarshRbCaCatiRtUv)aneKbegIáteLIg edIm,IedaH RsaybBaðaBiPBelak kñúgenaHmanRbeTssMxan;²CasmaCikGciéRnþy_ dUcCa shrdæGaemrik shPaBsUevot cin Gg;eKøs nig)araMg. BiPBelak)anFøak;eTAkñúgsRgÁamRtCak;. kalenaH BiPBelak)anEbgEckCaBIr kumμ úynisþ nigesrI. RbeTskum μúynisþmancMnYn 97 RbeTs nigmYycMnYn epSgeTotCa RbeTskan;liTi§RbCaFibetyüesrI. kumμ úynisþmanRbPBedImecjmkBIRbeTsr:UsSIú¬elnIn sþalIn¦ GaLWm:g; ¬GIuEtø kalma:kS¦ GIutalI GWur:ubxagekIt )araMg cMENkRbeTskan;liTi§RbCaFibetyü esrIvijKWman shrdæGaemrik Gg;eKøs nigRbeTsmYycMnYneTot. liTi§kum μ úynisþ)anrIksayPay enAGWur:ubnig mktMbn; GasIu kñúgenaHmanRbeTscin ¬emA: esTug ¦ RbeTseyokNam ¬hU CImij¦ nigRbeTsEx μrCaedIm Edl)anykliTi§kum μ úynisþmkGnuvtþn_. RbeTsEx μr)aneFIVtammenaKmn_kumμ úynisþ eBlEdleyokNamykliTi§enHmkpSBVpSay cab;taMgBIEx μrenAkñúgsm½yGaNaniKmn)araMg. enAeBl enaH eyokNamdwknaMeday hU CImij eFIVbdivtþn_pøas;bþÚresþc e)A day nigrMedaHRbeTseGayrYcecj BIGaNaniKmn_)araMg. edayrs;enAeRkamGaNaniKmn_)araMg KμansiTi§esrIPaB Bi)akevTna eBlenaH esþcyYn e)A day )anmanKtibNÐitTukfa eFIVCaRbCaraRsþsamBaØkñúgRbeTsÉkraCü mansiTi§esrIPaB RbesIrCageFIVesþc mRnþIeRkambreTsRtYtRta. eTIbenAqñaM 1945 e)A day )andak;raCüRbKl;eGay hU CImij dwknaM. hU CImij )anpøas;bþÚrrbbRKb;RKgBIrbbraCaniymeTACasaFarNrdæsgÁmniymeyok Nam ehIybnþts‘Uedj)araMgecjBITwkdIrbs;xøÜn. nisSitExμrmYycMnYn Edl)anecjeTAeronenA eRkARbeTs CaBiess nisSitEdl)aneTAsikSaenARbeTs)araMg dUcCa saLúut s eGog sarI )annaMyk liTi§kumμ úynisþmksabeRBaHenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr. liTi§kumμúynisþenHminEmnecjBIqnÞ³neya)ayrbs;xøÜn BitR)akd Edlman\sSrHPaB ÉkraCü edIm,IplRbeyaCn_CatiEx μreLIy EtCaliTi§kum μ úynisþsaxa rbs;bkSkumμ úynisþ\NÐÚcin Edl)anerobcMdwknaMedayyYn hU CImij. GñkdwknaMmanyYneQμaH swug g:ukmij ehAGacarü emon bnøMxøÜneFIVCab¥Ún swug g:ukfaj; CaRbFanbkSkumμ úynisþkm<úCa ¬saxabkS kum μúynisþ\NÐÚcin¦. TU samut nig sa Lútsr )ancUleTAeFIVkareRkambkSkum μ úynisþenaH. eBlenaH ehIyEdlyYn)anykliTi§kumμúynisþenH mkbNþúHbNþaldl;kUnecAExμr Edlekμgx©I minTan;dwg GMBIRbvtþisaRsþ nigneya)ayc,as;las; edIm,IeGayEx μrbMerIneya)ayrbs;eK kñúgeKalbMNgRtYtRta elbTwkdIEx μr enAtMbn;\NÐÚcinTaMgmUl.

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๒ rkSasiT§i

kñúgdMNak;kalEdlRbeTsTaMgbI Exμr eyokNam Lav enAeRkamGaNaniKm)araMg edayman CMnYyBIbkSkum μ úynisþcin KUmIgtaMg nigRsbeBlEdl hU CImij )ancUlCasmaCikbkSkumμúynisþ GnþrCati yYn)anerobcMeFIVbdivtþn_mYyedIm,Iedj)araMgecjBITwkdI\NÐÚcin. yYn)anykliTi§kum μ úynisþ CameFüa)ay GMBavnaveGayRbCaCnkñúgtMbn;cUlrYmts‘Uedj)araMgecjBITwkdI\NÐÚcin edIm,IRbeTs TTYl)anÉkraCü. sUmbBa¢ak;fa menaKmn_kumμ úynisþEdlyYnbNþúHbNþalExμrenaH KWCamenaKmn_ kum μúynisþxusTwssMrab;bMerIneya)ayeGayyYnb:ueNÑaH. kareFIVdUcenH eRBaHyYncg;rMelIgCatiEx μreGay exSay dUcCaenAkñúgrbb b:ul Bt edIm,IelbykTwkdIEx μr. yYnkumμúynisþ)ancUlmkbBa©úHbB©aÚlEx μrCa sm¶at;enAkñúgTwkdIExμr bNþúHbNþalExμrenAkñúgTwkdIEx μr edIm,IeGayExμrcUlCasmaCikbkSkum μ úynisþyYn cab;taMgBIqñaM1946 . eRkaymk yYn)ancab;kUnEx μrcMnYn 3 500 nak; eTA 4 000 nak; ykeTA bNþúHbNþalmenaKmn_viC¢akumμúynisþenATIRkughaNUy. BYkekμgEx μrTaMgenaHenAek μgx©IxagRbvtþisaRsþ nigneya)ay eFIVeGayEx μrTaMgenaHlg;kñúgmenaKmn_kum μúynisþyYn ehIybMerIneya)ayeGayRkug haNUy ekobsgát;CiHCan;CatiÉgCabnþbnÞab;mkrhUtdl;sBVéf¶.

emdwknaMyYn eQ μaH egVog éGkuk ¬hU CImij¦

bkSkum μ úynisþ\NÐÚcinRtUv)an hU CImij begIáteLIgenATIRkug hug kug naéf¶ 3 kumÖ³ 1930. bkSkum μ úynisþenHmankarKaMRTBIcin nigbkSkumμ úynisþGnþrCatir:UsSúI. cin)anbNþúHbNþalkmμaPi)alyYn pþl;CMnYyEpñkesdækic© smÖar³sBVavuF nigpþl;kEnøghVwkhat;eGay hU CImijenAPaKxagt,ÚgénRbeTscin xageCIgRbeTséf RbeTslav cMENkÉrU:sIuvijCYyxaghVwkhat;kmμaPi)alyYnsMxan;². hU CImij )anyklTi§kum μ úynisþ BIma:kS elnIn mksabeRBaHenAtMbn;\NÐÚcin eRkayBIxøÜn)ancUlCasmaCik bkSkum μ úynisþGnþrCatimYyenH. hU CImij )andwknaMRbeTsTaMg 3 enA\NÐÚcin edIm,IrMedaHRbeTs ecjBIGaNaniKmn_)araMg nigpøas;bþÚrkardwknaM RbeTsrbs;xøÜnBIrbbraCaniymeTACarbbsaFarNrdæ

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๓ rkSasiT§i

sgÁmniym EdlkalenaH RbeTseyokNamsißt enAkñúgkardwknaMrbs;esþc e)A day enAeLIy. TIbBa©b; hU CImij )anTTYlC½yCMnHesþcelI e)A day enAqñaM1945 bþÚrRbeTseTACasaFarNrdæ. hU CImij )anbnþneya)ayrbs;xøÜnedIm,IedjGaNniKmn_ )araMgecjBI\NÐÚcineTot. hU CImij maneQ μaH TaMgGs; 19 nigCaGñkmanRbCaRbiymYyrUbkñúgcMeNamRbCaCnevotNam . hU CImij ekItenAéf¶TI 19 Ex]sPa qñaM1890 enAkñúgPUmi KIm elon kñúgextþ ejGan RbeTseyokNam. enAqñaM 1911 hU CImij )ancakecjBIRbeTsevotNameTARbeTs)araMgtamka)a:l;Twk edayeFIVCacugePArbs;)araMg. hU CImij )ankøayCasmaCikbkSkumμ úynisþ)araMgenAqñaM 1920 ehIy)anbþÚreQ μaHeTACa egVog éGkuk mann½yfa GñkesñhaCati. enAqñaM 1921-1929 hU CImij )ancUlrYmskm μPaBneya)ayCamYybkSkum μúyniisþ GnþrCati nigpSBVpSayesovePAmYymancMNgeCIgfa pøÚvbdivtþn_ enAqñaM 1927. enAqñaM 1923 hU CImij )aneTAshPaBsUevot edIm,IEsVgrkkarKaMRT GMBIbuBVehtuénkarts‘Urbs;Kat;kñúgcMeNamCnCati eyok Nam EdlCaGñkRbqaMg ehIy)annireTseTAeRkARbeTs. hU CImijk¾)aneFIVdMeNIreTAkan;RbeTscin PUma nig\NÐapgEdr. clnaneya)ay yYneyokmij)ancUlmkeFIVclnas¶at;²enATwkdIExμr Edlkal enaHmanyYnPaKeRcIn eFIVCakmμkrekAs‘U EtBYkeKCaCnkumμ úynisþdMbUg cUlmkeFIVclnaneya)ay enARbeTsEx μr dUcCaenAtamextþkMBg;cam extþkMBt nigextþmYycMnYneTot. yYn)ancab;epþIm eFIVkareXasna nigeFIVcitþsaRsþCamYyEx μr EdleFIVkmμkrenATIenaH edIm,IeGayEx μrcUlCasmaCik rbs;bkSkumμ úynisþ\NÐÚcin bMerIneya)ayeGayBYkkum μ úynisþyYn. tamry³kareXasnayYnkumμúynisþ ¬eyokmijeF μjex μA¦ Ex μrmYycMnYn)anlg;eCO cUlbMerIskm μPaBneya)ayeGaybkSkum μ úynisþyYnenaH. enA cenøaHqñaM 1946-1954 ekμgEx μr CaeRcInBan;nak; 3500-4000nak; RtUv)aneKcab;ykeTAbMBak; bMb:nmenaKmn_kum μ úynisþBIRkughaNUy EdleBlenaH Ex μrehAfaRbma:t;Rbm:g; eRkay²mkeTotyYn enAEtbnþykkUnExμreTAbNþúHbNþalCabnþbnÞab;. hU CImij )aneFIVkarts‘UCamYy)araMgrhUtdl;QñH sRgÁamenA eDon ebonPU enAqñaM 1954 ehIy)ancab;Tahan)araMgCacMNab;x μaMg bgçMeGay)araMg cuHhtßelxa RbKl;ÉkraCümkeGay\NÐÚcin enAéf¶TI20 Exkkáda qñaM1954. yYncab;epþImbnþeFIV neya)ay edIm,IRtYtRta\NÐÚcinCMnYs)araMgbnþeTot.

kUnExμrEdlyYnkum μúynisþ bMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_kum μ úynisþ eGaysmøab;Exμr

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๔ rkSasiT§i

cMENknisSitEx μrEdlTTYl)anGaharUbkrN_eTAsikSaenARbeTs)araMgvij dUcCa sa Lút sr

eG‘og sarI CYn mMu hU‘ nwm hU‘ yn; )ancab;GarmμN_nigesovePARkhmrbs;kum μúynisþ ma:kS elnIn EdlkalenaHRTwsþIkum μ úynisþkMBugEtmanRbCaRbiyenATIVbGWur:ub. enAeBlenaHnisSitExμrTaMgGs;enaH )ancab;ykliTi§kumμ úynisþ eFIVkarRbqaMgneya)ayCamYyrbbskþiPUmirbs;semþc sI hnu . TIbMput neratþm sIhnu )ankat;pþac;GaharUbkrN_rbs;nisSitmYycMnYn kñúgenaHman sa Lútsr EdlCaGñk RbqaMg neratþm sIhnu . enAqñaM 1951 eBlEdl sa Lútsr RtLb;mkRbeTsEx μrvijTaMgminTan; eroncb;EpñkxageGLicRtUnicpgenaH sa Lútsr )aneFIVCaRKUbeRgon nigbegIátsalaeronÉkCneQμaH km<úCbuRt. sa Lúts )aneFIVclnaneya)ayRbqaMgneratþmsIhnuCasm¶at; . eBlEdlEbkkarN_ neratþm sIhnu )anRbkasecaTRbkan;edjcab; sa Lútsr nigbkSBYkmYycMnYn bnÞab;mkRkumrbs;Kat; )anrt;cUléRB cUlrYmts‘UCamYybkSbdivtþn_RbCaCnkm<úCa EdlCasaxarbs;bkSkum μ úynisþ\NÐÚcin. bkSbdivtþn_RbCaCnkm<úCaenH dwknaMedayyYneQμaH suwg g:ukmij ehAfa Gacarü emon EdlbnøMeFIVCa Ex μr. karEdlyYndak;eQ μaH swug g:ukmij KWedIm,IbMP½nþEx μrfaCab¥Únrbs; swug g:ukfaj; mkdwknaMExμr BIeRBaH swug g:ukfaj; CaemdwknaMEx μr manRbCaRbiymYyrUbEdlRbCaBlrdæExμrsÁal;faCaGñk esñhaCatiExμrnasm½yenaH. bkSbdivtþn_RbCaCnEx μrenaH )ankøayCaKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCadwknaM eday ehg sMrin Ca sIum h‘un Esn naeBlbc©úb,nñenH. dUcenH tamkarsegáteXIjfa enAéf¶TI28 Exmifuna qñaM 2009 CaqñaMKMrb;xYbTI 58 rbs;KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa.

eRkayBIsin§isBaØa TIRkughSWENv RbeTsTaMgbI Exμr Lav yYn enA\NÐÚcin)anTTYlÉkraCü BI)araMgenAqñaM1954. eyokmijEdlenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr RtUv)aneKtMrUveGaydkecjBIRbeTsExμr. eBlEdlyYneyokmijdkecjeTA yYn)ancab;ykkUnEx μrmYycMnYneTAbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_kumμúynisþ xusTws nigEx μrmYycMnYn)aneTAtamk)a:l;yYn. ExμrTaMgGs;enaHehIy EdlyYnbBa¢ÚnmkRbeTsEx μrvij edIm,IeFIVCaBiCXatsmøab;Ex μr enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. Ex μrEdlyYnbNþúHbNþalTaMgGs;enaH ehIy Cab£sKl;énkarRbl½yBUCsasn_Ex μr eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrRbmaNCag 1>7 lannak;søab; ¬1975-1979¦. cMENkÉvasnakUnExμrTaMgGs;enaH k¾RtUvyYnerobcMEpnkarsmøab;bMbiTPsþútag CabnþbnÞab; eRkayBIyYneRbIR)as;Gs;plRbeyaCn_ehIy edIm,IkMueGayxUcEpnkarRkughaNUy Edlman bMNgelbTwkdIEx μr.

enAqñaM 1958 yYnkumμúynisþ)ancab;epþImeFIVsRgÁamCamYyyYnxagt,ÚgeTot edayman eKalkarN_fa edIm,IbRgYbbRgYmRbeTsTaMgBIr rvageyokNamxageCIg nigeyokNamxagt,Úg. EttamkarBit sRgÁamenHyYnmaneKalbMNgBRgIkTwkdI vatTIenAtMbn;\NÐÚcinEtb:ueNÑaH. yYn

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๕ rkSasiT§i

kum μúynisþ)anecaTyYnxagt,ÚgEdldwknaMeday eg:a DijyIm faCaGay:gbrivarbs;GaemrikkaMg. yYneyokkugsMueGayEx μrCYypþl;CMrkdl;T½BeyokkugRCkenAelITwkdIEx μrPaKxagekIt edIm,IeFIVsRgÁam edjGaemrikkaMg. eRkamelsfa eFIVsRgÁamedjGaemrikaMg BYkRbtikiriyaecjBITwkdI\NÐÚcin sI hnu )ancuHhtßelxas¶at;²CamYy hU CImij enAqñaM1965 GnuBaØateGayyYndak;kgT½BeyokkugenAkñúg TwkdIExμrPaKxagekItman extþRkecH mNÐlKIrI éRBEvg sVayerog nigkMBg;camCaedIm. yYndak;T½BenH edaysMueGayEx μrCYy edIm,IvayyYnxagt,Úg nigedjGaemrikaMgecj EtenHCal,icx©IpøÚvedIr edIm,I x©b;ykbUrIrbs;yYnkumμ úynisþEtb:ueNÑaH eRBaHfayYn)anBRgIksRgÁam enaHFøak;mkelIRbeTsEx μr. smr PUmisRgÁamBitR)akdKW TwkdIEx μr eRBaHmUldæanT½BéRByYneyokkugtaMgenAelITwkdIEx μr ehtuenH TaMg yYnxagt,Úg nigGaemrikaMg)anvaylukcUlmkkñúgTWkdIExμr eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæEx μrsøab;)at;bg;Civit nigrgeRKaHya:gxøaMg.

enAéf¶TI 9 Ex kBaØa qñaM 1969 hU CImij )anTTYlmrNPaB ehIysaksBRtUv)aneKrkSaTuk rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. emdwknaMEx μrman sIhnu nig h‘un Esn k¾eGank,aleKarBsBhUCImijEdr. enApÞH h‘un Esn )anerobcMGasn³dak;taMgrUb hU CImij fVaybgÁM eRbob)andUcCaRBHBuT§.

sIhnu kMBugeKarBex μachUCImij sRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI2 enH yYnTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn plRbeyaCn_TaMgenaH man

dUcCa EpñkhirBaØvtßú EpñksmÖar³ nigsBVavuF nigTwkdIEx μr.l. kalEdlhUCImijRtUvsøab; BIeRBaHyYn RtUvedaHédecjBIcin edaymin)ansgbMNulepSg²eTARbeTscin EdlCYyyYntaMgBIqñaM 1930 . yYn)anplRbeyaCn_BICMnYyBIGaemrikaMg EdlCYyyYnxagt,Úg eg:a DijyIm nigcMeNjTwkdIExμr Ex μreRkam TwkdIlav. edIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_TaMgGs;enH yYn)angakeTAcgsm<½n§CamYyshPaB sUevotvij. dUcenHeyIg segáteXIjfa yYnTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_CaeRcInBImhaGMNacTaMg3 ehIy nigplRbeyaCn_BIRbeTstUc² dUcCa lav Ex μr nigcamCaedIm. kñúgeBlsRgÁamenaH yYneyokkug)an CMritesdækic©Ex μr tamkare)aHBum<luyEkøgkøay TijTMnijEx μr )aj;eKaRkbIExμr eFIVCacMNIGahar ¬x©IdI nigesdækic©Ex μr edIm,IciBa©wmkgT½B¦. cMENkyYnxagt,Úgvij )anTTYlCMnYyBIGaemrikkaMg nigkan;kab; TwkdIExμrenAkm<úCaeRkam. hUCImij suxcitþlHbg;Civitsøab;enAqñaM 1969 edIm,IplRbeyaCn_Cati eyok

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๖ rkSasiT§i

NamTaMgmUl edaymincaM)ac;sgsMNgTaMgLayeTAeGaycin nigGaemrikehIypøas;neya)ay gak eTArkRbeTsrU:sISú edIm,IRbqaMgnigshrdæGaemrik nigbM)at;kic©snüarvag sI hnu nig hU CImij edIm,I)anRKb;RKgelbTwkdIEx μreTotpg.

sIhnu CYypþl;es,ogeGayyYn nig pþl;CMrkeGayyYn ¬kum μ úynisþ¦ b¤eyokkug hU CImij CasmaCikkumμ úynisþGnþrCati KU mIgtaMg . edIm,IBRgIkkum μ úynisþenAtMbn;GasIu hUCImij

CasmaCikmYyrUbrbs;bkSkum μúynisþGnþrCatiEdlerobcMbegIátedaycin )aneTARbeTséf m:aeLsIu nigsigðbUrI edIm,IeFIVCaGFibtIkñúgkarbegIátsaxabkSkumμúynisþenAkñúgRbeTsTaMgenH. shPaBsUevot )anRbKl;eGay hU CImij TTYlxusRtUvbegáItsaxabkSkumμ úynisþenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr nigLav EdlCaEpñk mYyénbkSkum μ úynisþGnþrCati tamkaryl;RBmpþl;mUlniFiedayshPaBsUevot. GIVEdlCaEpnkarrbs; hU CImij begIáteLIgedIm,IBRgIkTwkdIevotNameGayFMedayQøanBanRbeTsEx μr lav ehIyeRkay mkeTot RbeTsenAGasIuGaeKñy_ dUcGIVEdlsþalIn nigrU:sSIú)aneFIVeLIg cMeBaHRbeTsCitxagrbs;eK kñúgkarbegIátshPaBsUevotEdr. enAkñúgsRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 2 edaymanCMnYy]btßmÖnigGnuBaØatBI neratþm sIhnu yYn)aneRCotcUlTwkdIExμrkan;EteRCAeTABaseBjTwkdIExμr edayyYn)anx©ITwkdIEx μr edIm,IeFIVCasmrPUmiRbyuT§ e)aHBum<luyEkøgkøay edIm,ITijTMnijsac;es,og dUcCa Ggár RCUk eKa ykeTAciBa©wmkgT½BeK. cMENk sI hnu min)anenAedaHRsaybBaðaEdlkMBugEtvikvrenAkñúgRbeTseT dUcCa)atukmμdutsßanTUteyokkug eyokkugenABaseBjRbeTs edayRtUvmehsI mU:nic nig mþayek μk naMeTAkMsanþenARbeTs)araMgeTAvij. tMNagraRsþ 2 rUb)aneTAyagRBHGgÁmkBIRbeTs)araMg edIm,IedaH RsaybBaðaTaMgLay EdlRBHGgÁ)anbegáIteLIg dUcCakgT½BeyokkuglukluycUlTwkdIEx μrPaKxag ekIt nigBIkMBg;esam rhUtmkdl;kMBg;s<WCaedIm. b:uEnþRBHGgÁminRBmyagRtLb;mkvij edaysþab;tam eyabl;mþayek μk nigmehsI EdlelIkeCIgbeBa¢arfa RBHGgÁCaGñkmanbuNü CaRBH)aTFmμik K μan nrNaeFIVGIVekIteT. eTaHCaRBHmata kusm³ TUrs½BÞeTAedIm,Iyagmkk¾eday k¾sIhnucecs minsþab;

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๗ rkSasiT§i

eyabl;GñkNaTaMgGs;. ehtuenHehIyeTIb ln; nl; esrImt³ )anTMlak;semþc sIhnu enAéf¶TI 18 ExmIna qñaM 1970 edaykare)aHeqñatdkesckþITukcitþBIsPa edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðakgT½ByYneyokug EdlkMBugEtQøanBanelITwkdIExμrPaKxagekIténRbeTs. eRkayBI sI hnu Føak;BIGMNacRBHGgÁmin RBmKg;enAes¶omenaHeT eTaHCaeKsnüafanigRbKl;GMNacmkeGayRBHGgÁvij eRkayBIedaHRsay bBaðaeyokkugQøanBanecjBITwkdIcb;k¾eday. RBHGgÁ)anyageTARbeTs r:UsSIú nig RbeTscin edIm,I EsVgrkkarKaMRT. eBlenaHcin)anKaMRT yYnCaGñkCYyBIeRkayxñg snüadeNþImraCblø½gÁmkeGay RBHGgÁvij. tamkarjúHjg;rbs;BYkkumμ úynisþ sIhnu eGaybegIátrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa enAéf¶TI 23 ExmIna qñaM 1970 edayRBHGgÁCaRbFanrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa rYmCamYyBYkEx μrRkhm EdldwknaM eday b:ul Bt eGog sarI exov sMpn. cMENkÉyYnkum μúynisþvij CaGñkCYyEx μrRkhmxagRKab;rMesv kaMePIøgtUc FM es,og kmøaMg nigkarhVwkhVWneFIVeGaymanC½yCMnHelIExμrsaFarNrdæ enAéf¶TI 17 Exemsa qñaM1975. eRkayBITTYl)anC½yCMnHelIBYksarFarNrdæEx μr ln; nl; yYn)anelIkGMNaceGayExμr Rkhm ¬Ex μrkumμúyniisþ¦. yYnEdl)anEkøgePTeTACaEx μr nigExμrEdlyYnbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_ kum μúynisþenaH )anTTYlbBa¢aBIhaNUy eGaymke)assMGatEx μrsaFarNrdæEdlRbqaMgyYn CaehtunaM eGaymanrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_Exμrrab;lannak;ekItmanenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr nigEx μrenAkm<úCaeRkam enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. edIm,Icab;Ex μrGñkRbqaMgnigyYnkumμúynisþ eKrkelsecaTRbkan; TMlak;kMhus dUcCa eKecaTRbkan;faPñak;gar sIu Gay eG rbs;Gaemrik ka es eb b¤x μaMgrbs;bdivtþn_ ehIycab;ykeTAsmøab; . Ex μrPaKeRcInenAkñúgsaFarNrdæExμr mannisSit bBaØvnþ GñkesñhaCati RtUveKkab;smøab;Gs;enAkñúgrbbenaH. rbbRbl½yBUCsasn_enH eFIVeGayExμrxUceQ μaHya:gxøaMgenA elIqakGnþrCati faEx μrCatisasn_eXaeXA smøab;Catisasn_Ég cMENkÉyYncMeNjTaMgTwkdI nigRTBü sm,tþiEx μr edayéf¶TI 7 Exmkra qñaM1979 yYn)ancUlmkbþÚrneya)ayf μ I elIkbnþúbEx μrevotmij EdlyYn)anbNþúHbNþal dUcCa Eb:n suvNÑ can; sIu ehg sMrin h‘un Esn Ca sIum eGayeFIVtam neya)ayrbs;xøÜn.

éf¶ 7 mkra 1979 minEmnCaéf¶EdlyYnrMedaHEx μreT b:uEnþCaéf¶EdlyYnQøanBanEx μr bøn;RTBü sm,tþiEx μr bnþkab;smøab;Ex μrtamyuT§saRsþ edayecaTfa b:ul Bt nigbBa¢ÚnEx μreGaysøab;enA tMbn; k 5eTot. yYn)andak;kgT½B 120 000 nak; eFIVGaNaniKmn_elITwkdIExμr ehIyEkERbneya)aytam sßankarN_ CabnþbnÞab;rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. BYkkum μúynisþEdlRbqaMgyYn¬Ex μrRkhm¦ RtUvpøas;bþÚrf μ I edayBYkkumμúynisþ¬Ex μrRkhm¦niymyYn ehIyyYnhaNUyelIkbnþúbeGaykan;GMNac dUcmanBYk h‘un Esn ehg sMrin nigCa sIum Edl\LÚvenH BYkenHkMBugEtRtYtRtaRbeTsExμr.

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๘ rkSasiT§i

dUcenHbkSkum μ úynisþ\NÐÚcin hU CImij )ancab;epþImneya)ayGaNaniKmn_Ebbf μ IelIRbeTsEx μr nig RbeTslav edaycat;TukCnCatievotNamPaKeRcInEdlrs;enAkñúgRbeTsTaMgenH CaCnCatiExμr b¤ CnCatilav . karGnuvtþEpnkaredIm,IRtYtRtaEx μrenH eK)anbBa©ÚlPñak;garyYnkumμúynisþEdl)anGb;rM bNþúHbNþalenAhaNUyrYcehIy edIm,IbegIátmuxrbrepSg²edayxøÜneKenAkñúgRbeTsTaMgenH ehIy\LÚv enHkUnRbus nigkUnRsIrbs;CnCatievotNamTaMgenaH)anerobcMdwknaMrebobkumμ úynisþenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr niglav. eRkayBIcb;sRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 3 yYn)anrkSaTukkgT½ByYnenAkñúgRbeTslav mancMnYn ya:geRcInedIm,ICYykumμ úynisþRbeTsLav kñúgkarbRgáabBYk m:ug EdlKaMRTedayshrdæGaemrik. cMENkRbeTsEx μrvij eRkayBIkarcrcarKña nigcuHhtßelxa elIsni§sBaØaRkug)a:rIs 23 tula 1991 yYn)andkEtkgT½BÉksNæan edayyYn)anbgáb;TukkgT½BsIuvilCaeRcIneFIVkarenAkñúgRksYgsMxan;² enA kñúgRbeTsEx μr tamkarGnuBaØatedayKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa kñúgkarbRgáabBYkGñkRbqaMgnigyYn kum μúynisþ . cMeBaHRbCaCnyYn)anhUrmkrs;enAelITwkdIExμr CaCnGenþaRbevsn_xusc,as;ya:g GaNa Fibetyü manGtþsBaØaNb½NÑCaCnCatiEx μreTotpg dUcCaenA bwgTenøsab c,arGMeBA GñkelOg RkecH kMBg;qñaMg nigkMBg;camCaedIm. karbRgáabrbs;yYnkumμ úynisþeTAelIBYkRbqaMgTaMgBIrRbeTsEdleK ecaTfaCabrivaGaemrikaMg b¤BYkRbtikiriya KWeKeFIVdl;b£sKl;vaEtmþg EdlmanBaküesøakeKniyayfa CIkesμACIkTaMgb£s mann½yfasmøab;GñkRbqaMg brivaGaemrikkaMgeGayGs; enHCaBakümenaKmn_ EdlyYnsabeRBaHelIEx μr edIm,IeGayEx μrsmøab;Ex μr edaymindwgxøÜn EtpÞúyeTAvij yYnCaGñkcMeNjkñúg karelbTwkdIEx μr eBlEdlGñkR)aCJ bBaØvnþEx μrsøab;Gs;.

RbFanaFibtIGaemrik rIqat nicsun Bnül;BIkarQøanBanrbs;yYnkumμ úynisþenA\NÐÚcin bc©úb,nñenH yYn)anbnþneya)aykumμúynisþ\NÐÚcinrbs; hU CImij edIm,IRtYtRtaEx μr nig lav

edayeFIVeGayeKemIleXIjfa RbeTslavCaextþmYyrbs;yYnxageCIg. cMENkRbeTsEx μrvij yYn)an rkSaTukkgT½BesøokBak;sIuvilcMnYn 3000 nak; edayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgPñak;garcarkmμ nigkmøaMgBiess EdlmanrfeRkaH nig]T§mÖcRksßitenAcMgayRbmaN 2 KILÚEm:RtknøHenAeRkATIRkugPñMeBj Cab;TYl

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๙ rkSasiT§i

RksMag Ek,rtaex μA CaBiessTahanyYn EdlesøokBak;sIuvilmkeFIVCakmμkrcMkarekAs‘U nigtamry³ rUbPaB Rkumh‘unvinieyaK deNþImrwbGUsykdIRbCaBlrdæExμrCabnþbnÞab;. TahanyYnmanenATIenaH edIm,I FanaGegátemIlfa Gay:grbs;haNUy h‘un Esn mingakerBIneya)ayrbs;RkughaNUykMBugdak; GaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμ IenAelIRbeTsEx μr. cMENkGgÁrkSrbs; h‘un Esn EdldwknaMeday Gwug b‘un ehog CaCnCatiyYnlayLMCamYyEx μrmancMnYn 40 000 nak;.

kum μúynisþeyokNam)ancab;epþImdak;GaNaniKmn_Ebbfμ IelIRbeTsEx μr nigRbeTslav tam eKalneya)ayBRgIkTwkdIrbs;xøÜn edaydMbUgeKykkgT½Bmkkan;kab;TwkdIRbeTsTaMgBIr ehIybnÞab; mkeKykRkumRKYsarrbs;eKmktaMgCMrkenAkñúgTwkdIf μ I. eRkaymkeTot yYnpøas;bþÚrkgT½BTaMgenaH eTA esøokBak;CasIuvil eFIVCaRbCaBlrdæsamBaØ nig)anpøas;bþÚrTahanTaMgenaHCakgT½BmYyfμ I edIm,IBRgIk kmøaMgbEnßmeTot.

enAqñaM 1989 eRkayBIyYn)ancaj;eRbobxagneya)aykarTUtrbs;clnats‘UTaMg 3 RkumenA tamRBMuEdnEx μréf yYn)anbgçMGay:g h‘un Esn eGaycuHhtßelxaxusc,ab;GnuBaØatpþl;dIPaKxagekIt énRbeTsEx μreGaykgT½ByYn nigBlrdæevotNamTaMgenaHCag 500 000 nak; dUckalEdl sI hnu cuHhtßelxas¶at;²eGayeyokkugenAqñaM1965 Edr. ehtudUecñHehIy yYnnUbnIykm μenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr ekItmantaMgBIyYn)ankan;kab;RtYtRtaExμrenAéf¶ 7 mkra 1979 mk. yYnbgçMeGayrbbGay:g RkugPñMeBjecjpSayenAqñaM 1982 saracrN_elx 240 sr mc hh nigsaracrN_GMBavnav eGayRbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;BicarNaGMBIkarBRgIksamKÁIPaB CamYyRbCaBlrdæevotNam nigPar³kic© rbs;eKkñúgkarCYyCnCatievotNamedIm,IRCkekanenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr. enAqñaM 1989 cMnYnCnCatiyYn taMgCMrkenAkñúgRbeTsEx μrmanrhUtdl; 1 250 000nak;. eRkaymkyYn)anbegIátEpnTIfμ I bgçitRBMEdn fμ IBRgIkrhUtdl; 40 KILÚEm:RtcUlmkTwkdIExμr nigTwkdIlav. h‘un Esn )ankat;dItamRBMEdn kat; ekaHRtl; nigekaHesHTaMgenaHeGayRkughaNUyCapøÚvkar tamry³snii§sBaØaCabnþbnÞab; nigfμ I²bMput sn§isBaØabMeBjbEnßmelIsn§isBaØaxusc,ab;naTsvtS 1980 EdlcuHhtßelxaenAéf¶TI 10 tula 2005 edayRBHmhakSRt neratþm sIhmunñI. RbCaBlrdæyYnPaKeRcInenAxagekIténRbeTsdUcCa extþ sVayevog nigéRBEvg.

yYnkumμ úynisþ)anbnþneya)ayrbs;xøÜneFIVGaNaniKmn_EbbfμI edayBRgIkmktamRBMEdn dUcCa tameqñrsmuRT nigekaH ¬ekaHRtl; ekaHRkckesH¦tamsni§sBaØaxusc,ab;EdlrbbGay:gRkugPñMeBj )aneFIVxusrMelaPelIsni§sBaØaTIRkug)a:rIs.

\LÚvenH GgÁkarmitþPaBkm<úCaevotNamEdlmaneQμaHfa rNsirSrYbrYm edIm,IksagCati nig karBarkm<úCa CarNsirSrbs;yYn)anbegIáteLIgenAextþRkugTaMgGs;enAkñúgRbeTsEx μr. rNsirSenH

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๐ rkSasiT§i

eRbobdUcCarNsirSrMedaHCatiEdlbegIáteLIgeday haNUy GMLúgeBlsRgÁamevotNam EdlehAfa sRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 2Edr.

enAeBlfμ I²enH naqñaM 2004 evotNam)anbBa¢aeGayrbbkum μ úynisþGay:g lav nigExμr cuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBogGPivDÆn_tMbn;RtIekaN. kic©RBmeRBogenHeFIVeGayyYnBRgIkTwkdIeday Rsbc,ab;eq<aHmkTwsxaglic mkextþ cMnYn 3 enAPaKxag|sanþénRbeTskm<úCaman sÞwgERtg rtnKIrI nigmNÐlKIrI ehIyextþ 3 énRbeTslav man GatW BW eskug nig sarava:n;. Rkumh‘uncMkarekAs‘U nigRkumh‘unepSg²cMnYn 400 Rkumh‘un EdlCaKMrbbiT)aMgkgT½ByYncUlmkenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr eFIVCa km μkr ehIynigviTüúyYn EdlniyayPasayYnenARkugRBHsIhnuCaedIm.

eTaHbICa hU CImij søab;eTAehIyk¾eday k¾b:uEnþEpnkarrbs;hUCImijenAEteKykmkGnuvtþ CabnþbnÞab;rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ edayyklMnaMtamrebobshPaBsUevot. RbeTsEx μr\LÚvenHRKb;RKg edayGay:grbs;haNUy h‘un Esn nig RtYtRtaBIeRkayxñgminecjmuxedayyYnkum μúynisþ.

II-b£sKl;énrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_Exμr (The Root of Khmer Genocide) rhUtmkdl;eBlenH RbCaBlrdæExμrPaKeRcInenAEtmancm¶l; nigmin)andwgc,as;GMBImUlehtu

énkarsøab;BlrdæExμrRbmaNCag 1>7 lannak;enAkñúgrbb b:ul Bt . CaBiessEx μreyIgmYycMnYn Edl )ak;s,atedaykarKMramkMEhgrbs;BYkkum μ úynisþ EdleFIVRKb;Ebbya:gmineGayEx μryl;dwgB¤GMBIerOg neya)ay niyayerOgneya)ayCati KwtKUrerOgCati edayBYkvaxitxMlak;)aMgRbvtþisaRsþBitrbs;Exμr. BYkkumμ úynisþ)anBgVk;eGayEx μrvegVgtamkarbMBulmenaKmn_epSg² kareXasna EdlCakarerobcM rbs;BYkkum μ úynisþ . BYkvaeFIVeGayEx μrenAvegVgCamYykarbMP½nþrbs;kumμ úynisþyYn nigkareRbIkll,ic eXasna rMlwkEtsm½y b:ulBt edIm,IeGayEx μrcgkMhwgnigEx μrKñaÉg Ebk)ak;samKÁI ehIydwg KuNyYnéf¶ 7 mkra 1979 faCaGñkl¥mkCYyseRgÁaHEx μrCaedIm. EtBYkenHmin)anlatRtdag GMBI RbvtþisaRsþBitR)akdrbs;Ex μr taMgBIsm½ysgÁmraRsþniym saFarNrdæExμr cab;BITsvtSqñaM 60 rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ edIm,IeGayEx μr)andwgenaHeT. eRBaHfa ebIniyayBIkarBitenAkñúgRbvtþisaRsþ vab:HBal;GñkmanGMNacsBVéf¶ nigneya)ayQøanBanrbs;yYnkumμúynisþ. cab;BIeBlenHeTAEx μrQb; vegVgeTotehIy kalBIeBlEdlBYkyYnkumμ úynisþ ¬eyokkug¦QøanBandeNþImC½yCMn³elIEx μrTaMg Rsug enAéf¶ 17 emsa 1975 BYkeK)anbMpøaj Km<Irk,Ünxñat nigsmøab;Ex μrGñkecHecalGs; edIm,I pþac;b£sKl;Ex μr mineGaydwgGMBIRBwtþkarN_ nig RbvtþisaRsþekIteLIgcenøaHeBlenaH. BYkyYnkumμ úynisþ CaGñkerobcMEpnkareGayEx μrFøak;eTAkñúgrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_enH edayyYn)anyklTi§kum μ úynisþ Ca meFüay)ay mksabeRBaHbNþúHbNþalelIEx μr KYbpSMCamYyemdwknaMExμr dUc sI hnu nig b:ul Bt EdlelaPln;GMNac lg;eCOkare)akR)as; cin nigyYn eFIVeGayExμrekItklyuK RkLab;cak;Føak;cuH

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๑ rkSasiT§i

kab;smøab;Kña. kl,icx©IkmøaMgEx μr tamkareRbImenaKmn_enHehIy eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæEx μr eyIgenAEt yl;RcLMfa Ex μrsmøab;Ex μr rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶. yYnkum μúynisþEkERbneya)aybnþicmþg² tamry³eRbI h‘un Esn CakUnGuk bnþRtYtRtaExμr edayminecjmux. eBlEdlExμrFøak;cuHexSaydl;kMritsUnü K μanKm<Ir Éksar søab;GñkecHdwgGs;ehIy yYngayRsYlRtYtRtaEx μr EkERbRbvtþisaRsþ edIm,IelbykTwkdIExμr nigdeNþImplRbeyaCn_BIEx μrdUcsBVéf¶. dUcenHGñkEdlsmøab;Exμr KWyYnkumμ úynisþ b¤kumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin EdlykliTi§kum μúynisþCameFüa)ay bMBak;bMb:nEx μr eGaysmøab;Ex μr nigemdwknaMEx μrmYycMnYn Edllg; kñúgGMNac raCblø½gÁ bMerIeFIVCa]bkrN_yYn edIm,IeFIVeGayEx μrvwkvr kab;smøab; elbykTwkdIExμr tamEpnkarshB½n§\NÐÚcin. edIm,IrMelIgCatiEx μreGayFøak;exSay gayRsYleKRKb;RKgRtYtRta ÉksarRtUveKbMpøajecal bBaØvnþRtUveKsmøab; cMENkÉRbvtþisaRsþExμreRkaymkeTot RtUv)aneK lak;)aMg EkERbbM)at;kñúgeKalbMNgcMeNjneya)ay CaBiessKWÉksar RbvtþisaRsþneya)ay Bak;B½n§eTAnwgemdwknaMkum μ úynisþpþac;karnaeBlbc©úb,nñ. ehtudUecñHehIy b£sKl;énrbbRbl½yBUC sasn_Exμr KWCaEpnkarrbs;yYnkum μ úynisþEdlykliTi§kum μ úynisþCameFüa)ay BgVk;emdwknaMEx μr Edlmanesþc sIhnu b:ul Bt h‘un Esn eGayedIrtammenaKmn_kumμúynisþ EdleKalbMNgcugeRkay KWedIm,IelbTwkdIEx μr dak;CacMNuHyYntamEpnkarshB½n§\NÐÚcinrbs;yYnhaNUy. III-ehtuGIV)anCaExμrFøak;kñúgrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_? (Why Cambodia fell in Genocide?)

dUc)anerobrab;xagelImkehIyfa kumμ úynisþEx μr manedImkMeNItmkBIbkSkum μúynisþ\NÐÚcin EdlCasaxarbs;bkSkum μ úynisþGnþrCati begIáteLIgedayyYn hU CImij enATIRkug hug kug éf¶TI 3 kumÖ³ 1930. bkSkumμ úynisþ\NÐÚcinenHmankarKaMRT pþl;hirBaØvtßúBIkum μ úynisþGnþrCati. bkSkum μ úynisþ \NÐÚcin)anbegIátsaxarbs;xøÜnenARbeTsEx μr nigenARbeTslav KWbkSkum μ úynisþEx μr nigbkSkumμúynisþ lav RBmTaMgsaxaenARbeTsmYycMnYneTot dUcCa éf ma:eLsIu nigsigðbUrICaedIm. karEdlEx μrsøab; TaMgExμreRkam nigEx μrknøgmk vaCaEpnkard¾ex μARkxVk;rbs;yYnkum μúynisþ kñúgkarrMlayBUCsasn_Exμr edIm,IbMeBjmhicätarbs;xøÜnkñúgkarelbTwkdIrbs;RbeTsCitxagenAtMbn;\NÐÚcinEtb:ueNÑaH. BYkeK)an eRbIviFIbMP½nþlak;)aMgExμr EkRkéLRbvtþisaRsþEx μreTACaRbvtþisaRsþ\NÐÚcin ¬sRtUvbgb¥Ún¦ eGaykUnEx μr eron eFIVtamRKb;meFüa)ay eKobsgát;Ex μrmineGaymansiTi§esrIPaB mineGayEx μrdwgBIneya)ay niyayBIerOgRbeTsCati edayecaTRbkan;tamviFIepSg²cMeBaHGñkEdlniyaykarBit b¤RbqaMg. eFIV eGayEx μrxøac mineGayEx μrniyayGMBIerOgneya)ay nigRbvtþisaRsþrbs;xøÜn edaymankarKMramkMEhg cab; nigsmøab;tamkareRbIvIFIRKb;Ebbya:g. bkSkum μúynisþEx μrdwknaMedayyYnbnøMxøÜn eFIVCaEx μreQ μaH swg g:ukmij b¤Gacarü emon nigTUsamut sa Luútsr EdlCasaxarbs;bkSkumμ úynisþ\NÐÚcin. yYnkumμ úynisþ)ancUlmkeFIVclnaneya)ayCasm¶at;enAkñúgTwkdIExμrenAtMbn;cMkarekAs‘U extþkMBg;cam

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๒ rkSasiT§i

enAsMLÚt nigkMBt cab;taMgBIqñaM 1946. yYn)aneXasnaeGayEx μr niglavcUlrYbrYmCamYyeK edIm,IedjGaNaniKmn_)araMgecjBITwkdI EtenABIeRkayxñgneya)ayenH yYn)anerobEpnkarRtYtRta \NÐÚcinCMnYs)araMgvij eRBaHyYnman cin nigsUevot CaGñkenACYyBIeRkayxñg. enAqñaM1954 )araMg)an cuHhtßelxaenATIRkughSWENv RbKl;ÉkraCümkeGay\NÐÚcin eBlEdlyYn)aneFIVsRgÁamQñH)araMgenA eDon ebonPU. eRkayBIyYnTTYl)anÉkraCüBI)araMgehIy tamsn§isBaØaRkughSWENv)antMrUveGay kgT½ByYn ¬eyokmij¦ dkecjBIRbeTsEx μr niglavTaMgGs;. eBlenaHyYn)andkecjBIRbeTsEx μr edayyYn)ancab;kUnEx μrtUc²eTACamYypg edIm,IykeTAbNþúHbNþal enATIRkug haNUy.

cMENkÉ sa Lútsr EdlTTYl)anGaharrUbkrN_eTAsikSaRbeTs)araMgEpñkGKÁIsnI)ancab; GarmμN_erOgneya)ay ehIy)anGanesovePAkum μúynisþ¬esovePARkhm¦enARbeTs)araMg. dMbUg eLIy sa Lútsr )andwknaMeFIVkarts‘URbqaMg nigkardwknaMrbbskþiPUmirbs; neratþm sI hnu taMgBI Kat;kMBugsikSaenARbeTs)araMg eRkaymkesþc neratþm sIhnu )ankat;pþac;GaharUbkrN_vij edayKat; minTan;eroncb;pg k¾RtLb;mkRbeTsExμrvij. eRkayeBlEdlKat;mkdl;RbeTsEx μr edaykarmin eBjcitþnigrbbskþiPUmi dwknaMeday sIhnu Kat;)anerobcMeFIVneya)aybdivtþn_enAkñúgRbeTsEx μr ehIy Epnkar)anEbkdwgdl;GaCJaFr sIhnu eTIb sIhnu )anRbkasedjcab; sa Lúts nigGñkcUlrYm kñúgkic©karenHmYycMnYneTot mancMnYn 63 nak;kñúgenaHman sun esn Edr. eBlenaH sa Lútsr )anrt;cUléRBehIy)ancUleTAeFIVCaelxarbs; TU samut EdldwknaMeday swug g:ukmij. eyIgeXIjfa yYn)anCYyExμrRkhmeGayRbqaMg nigneratþm sIhnu

sIhnu CaemEx μrRkhm bMerIneya)ayeGayBYkkumμúynisþ yYn nig cin

EtBIeRkayxñgmçageTotyYn)ansMueGay sIhnuu CYypþl;es,ogGarhar nigTwkdICMrkdl;yYn eyokkugedIm,IeFIVsRgÁamCamYyeyokNamxagt,Úg nigshrdæGaemrik. sRgÁamenH)anFøak;mk elIRbeTsEx μr eFIVeGayvinasGnþray dUcykePøIgmkdutpÞHxøÜnÉg. yYnxageCIgcab;epþImsRgÁamCamYy

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๓ rkSasiT§i

yYnxagt,ÚgtaMgBIqñaM 1958 ehIysRgÁamenH)anrIkraldalenAelITwkdIExμrCabnþbnÞab; cab;BIqñaM 1965 edaysarEt sI hnu )anGnuBaØatpþl;TwkdIEx μrPaKxagekItcMnYn 5 extþ eGayyYneyokkugdak;T½BcMnYn 60 000 nak; eTA 80 000 nak; eFIVsRgÁamEdlkalenaHkgT½BExμrmanEtcMnYn 30 000 nak; . cMENkEx μrenAkm<úCaeRkam RtUv)anyYneXasnaeGaycUlbMerIxagyYnkumμ úynisþ edayyYnkumμ úynisþyk eQ μaH sIhnu eTAeXasnafarMedaHTwkdIkm<úCaeRkam ÉExμreRkammYycMnYneTot)ancUleTAxagyYnxagt,Úg ¬esrI¦ edIm,IRbqaMgnigkarQøanBanrbs;BYkyYnkumμ úynisþ. yYnkumμúynisþykrUbftsemþc sIhnu nig fasftsemøg edIm,IeFIVkareXasnaeGayEx μreCO sIhnu cUlrYmCamYysemþc edIm,IeFIVsRgÁamrMedaHExμr km<úCaeRkam. ehtuenHEx μrCaGñksøab;TaMgsgxag kumμúynisþ nigesrI edayyYnx©IédEx μrsmøab;Ex μr. cMENkEx μrxagelIvij Ex μrmçagxagsaFarNrdæ Ex μrmçageTotxag sIhnu b:ul Bt nigkumμ úynisþyYn. BYkyYneyokkug)anykrUbsBaØa sIhnu Bak;bMP½nþEx μreGayKMaRTfaCakgT½B semþc« edIm,IeGayEx μr KaMRT. sRgÁamrvagyYnxageCIg nigyYnxagt,Úg)anbBa©b;enAéf¶ 30 emsa 1975 KW 13 éf¶b:ueNÑaH eRkayBIyYnkum μ úynisþQñHEx μrsaFarNrdæenAéf¶ 17 emsa 1975. yYnTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_ cMeNjCaeRcIn dUcCa CMnYyBIcin EdlCYyyYnkum μ úynisþ CMnYyBIGaemrik EdlCYyyYnxagt,ÚgesrI EtEx μreRkam nigEx μrsøab;rab;lannak; ebIk»kaseGayyYnlukluy cUlmkkan;kab;elbTwkdIEx μr bc©úb,nñeTot. eBlEdlkgT½BeyokkugenABaseBjTwkdIExμrPaKxagekItnigtamRkugRBHsIhnu dl; extþkMBg;s<W sI hnu min)anenAedaHRsaybBaðakgT½ByYnenAelITwkdIExμr EdlxøÜnGnuBaØatCasm¶at; enaHeT EtEbrCacakecjeTAedIrkMsanþenARbeTs)araMgCamYyPriya mU:niceTAvij . RBHmata kusm³ )ansresrsMbuRt eTAyagRBHGgÁmkvij EtRBHGgÁsuxcitþsþab;Priyanigmþayek μk min)anyag RtLb;mkvij edIm,IedaHRsayeyokkugenAeBjTwkdIEx μr eTaHbICaRBHGgÁ)ansnüaCamYyGñktMNag raRsþfa RBHGgÁnigyagmkRbeTsEx μr enAéf¶TI 17 ExmIna qñaM1970 edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaenaHk¾eday EtpÞúyeTAvij RBHGgÁ)anbdiesFkñúgkaryagRtLb;mkvij. ehtudUecñH edIm,IedaHRsayyYnkum μ úynisþ EdlkMBugEtQøanBanTwkdIEx μr eTIbenAéf¶ 18 mIna 1970 sirimt³ ln; nl; eFIVkarRbCMusPa TMlak;neratþm sIhnu ecjBIGMNac edIm,IedjyYneyokkugecjBITwkdIEx μr. eRkayBI ln; nl; TMlak;esþc sIhnu mk sIhnu )aneFIVdMeNIreTARbeTsr:UsISú nigbnÞab;mkeTARbeTscin edIm,IEsVgrkkar KaMRT deNþImGMNac raCblø½gÁmkvij . edaymancin nigyYnenABIeRkayxñg cin)anbBa©úHbBa©ÚleGay saLút s nigsIhnurYbrYmKñabegIátCarNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCamYyenATIRkugeb:kaMg enAéf¶TI 23 ExmIna qñaM1970 eFIVsRgÁamCamYyEx μrsarFarNrdæ Edlman ln; nl; nigesrImt³ CaedIm. kñúgenaH cinCaGñkCYy xagsBVavuF es,og cMENkyYnCaGñkCYyxagbec©keTs hVwkhat; bBa©ÚlmenaKmn_ nigCYykmøaMgc,aMg dl;ExμrRkhm. edIm,IEtGMNac nigraCblø½gÁ sIhnu min)anKitBIplRbeyaCn_

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๔ rkSasiT§i

RbeTsCati nigGayuCivitrbs;RbCaBlrdæEx μrEdlsøab;enaHeLIy. kgT½Beyokkug EdlmanenAkñúg TwkdIExμrRsab;)anBak;pøakrUbPaB sI hnu R)ab;RbCaBlrdæEx μrCakgT½B semþc« edIm,IeGay RbCaBlrdæEx μrCYyKaMRT eRBaHyYndwgfaeBlenaHesþc sIhnu enAmanRbCaRbiycMeBaHRbCaBlrdæExμr enAeLIy. Ex μrPaKeRcIn)anCYyKaMRTCYyyYneyokkugTaMgenaH edIm,IeFIVsRgÁamCamYykgkmøaMgExμr saFarNrdæ Ex μrGñkesñhaCati Edlman nisSit bBaØvnþ RBHsgÇ RbCaBlrdæExμr)anrYbrYmKñaeLIg. cMENkEx μrmYycMnYneTotlg;eCO kareXasnarbs;yYneyokkug EdlykeQμaH sIhnu mkeRbI nigkarRbkasrbs; esþc sIhnu eGayEx μrrt;cUléRBma:KI edIm,Ic,aMgdeNþImGMNac nigraCblø½gÁmk eGayRBHGgÁvij. TIbMputBYkEx μrRkhm Edl RbqaMg neratþ sIhnu )anrYbrYmKña edayman cin nigyYn eyokkugCaGñkCYy edIm,Ic,aMgnigEx μrsarFarNrdæ ln; nl; EdlRtg;cMNucenH Ex μr)anedIr eRkamyuT§saRsþrbs;BYkkumμ úynisþ eFIVtamBYkkum μ úynisþ x©IédEx μr eFIVsRgÁamCamYyEx μr Ex μrCaGñkxat RbCaBlrdæEx μrCaGñksøab; TwkdIExμrRtUvbMpøajedaysarsRgÁam TIbMputRbeTsEx μrRtUvFøak;kñúgkNþab;éd yYnkumμ úynisþ.

eBlEdlkgT½BshrdæGaemrik)andkecjBI\NÐÚcin eRkayBIcuHhtßelxaCamYyyYnenATIRkug hSWENvenAqñaM1973 edIm,IbBa©b;sRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 2 yYn)anenAEtbnþeFIVsRgÁamQøanBanEx μreTot eRkampøak sIhnu nigExμrRkhm CaGñkbiT)aMgeGayGnþrCatiemIleXIjfa sRgÁamsIuvil rhUtdl;yYn kum μúynisþ)anQñHsaFarNrdæEx μrenAéf¶ 17 emsa 1975 ehIyelIkC½yCMnHenaHeTAeGayEx μr Rkhm Edlman sIhnu nigb:ul Bt CaemdwknaM cMENkyYnvij)anpøas;bþÚrexaGaveyokkugeTABak;Gav bnøMxøÜneFIVCaExμrRkhm bnþsmøab;Ex μr. enAeBlEdlEx μrRkhmTTYl)anC½yCMnHenaH kalenaHEx μrRkhm manbIRkumTI1 Ex μrRkhm EdlyYncab;eTAbNþúHbNþaledayRkughaNUy BYkenHsMrab;eFIVCa BiCXatsmøab;Ex μrEdlRbqaMgyYnedaykarecaTRbkan;epSg² dUcCaecaTfa Pñak; sIu Gay eG kareseb nig brivaGaemrikaMgCaedIm. TI2 Ex μrRkhmEdlKaMRT sIhnu TI3 ExμrRkhmEdlKaMRT b:ul Bt Ex μrTaMgbIRkumenH suT§EtbNþúHbNþalmenaKmn_viC¢aneya)ayxusTws BIhaNUy ¬cgkMhwgnigEx μr smøab;Ex μrEtKaMRTyYn¦. ehtudUcenHehIy GñkEdlbgávinasskmμsmøab;Ex μrenAkñúgRbeTsEx μrenAkñúg rbbenH KWRkumBiCXatEdlyYn)anbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_kumμúynisþmk ehIyBYkBiCXatTaMgenaHRtUv )aneKbBa¢ÚnCabnþbnÞab; BIRkughaNUycUlmkkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü edIm,Ismøab;Ex μr ¬yYnyk liTi§kumμ úynisþenHCameFüa)ay x©IédEx μreGaysmøab;Ex μr edIm,IbMP½nþExμreGay emIleXIjfaEx μrsmøab;Ex μr cMeNjneya)ayyYn 7 mkra 1979¦. RkumTaMgenHTTYlEpnkar pÞal;BIRkughaNUy edIm,Ismøab;Ex μr CIkesμACIkTaMgb£s. menaKmn_rbs;BYkkum μúynisþyYn RbqaMgnigBYkRbtikiriya brivar EdlsMedArMelIg b£sKl;rbs;CatiEx μr eGaydYlrlMFøak;cuH eFIVeGayEx μrRcbUkRcbl; CaehtunaMeGayExμrRkhmxag

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๕ rkSasiT§i

b:ulBt mankarsgS½y ehIybegIáteGaymankarkab;smøab;tbtvij eRkayBIyYnkkUrsßankarN_kñúg sgÁmEx μr enHCakareRKagTukrbs;yYn eRkayBIExμrRcbUlRcbl;vikvrkñúgRbeTsehIy yYn)ancUlmk EkERbneya)ayf μ I 7 mkra 1979. eBlEdleKsmøab;Ex μr GñkecHdwgGs;ehIy dUcenHRbeTsRtUv Føak;kñúgkarRKb;RKgrbs;BYkkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcinEdlmanyYnCaemekøagrhUtmkdl;eBlenH. cMeBaHEx μr EdlenAsl;sBVéf¶ xøac)ak;s,at minh‘anniyaykarBit manEtkarQWcab;eFVIKr eFIVføg;minh‘anniyay bBaðaBitEdlekIteLIgenAkñúgsgÁm nigeGank,aleRkamyYnedIm,ICivitrs; edaykarekobsgát;RKb;Ebb ya:gtamkareRbIGMNacpþac;karrbs;BYkkum μ úynisþsBVéf¶ etIeyIgbeNþayTukeGayCatiEx μrTaMgmUlRtUv rlay)at;bg; ehIyTukçevTnaRtUvFøak;elIkUnecAeyIgCMnan;eRkayeTot b¤mYyya:gNa?.

IV-b£sKl; éf¶ 7 mkra (The Root of 7 January) dUc)anerobrab;xagelImkehIyfa neya)ayrbs;yYnkumμ úynisþeFIVtamEpnkarrbs;hU CImij

EdlerobcMtaMgBIqñaM 1930. edIm,IeGayRbCaBlrdæCaeRcInrbs;xøÜnrs;enARsYl yYnRtUvvatTITwkdIenA tMbn;\NÐÚcin dUcmanRbeTs lav Ex μr cam nig Ex μrenAkm<úCaeRkam edIm,Idak;CacMNuHrbs; shB½n§\NÐÚcin. yYnkumμúynisþ)aneFIVsRgÁam lukluyRbeTsEx μr eRbIl,ickl, yuT§saRsþRKb;viFI edIm,IeFIVeGayCatiExμrFøak;exSay. yYn)anerobcMEpnkar pþac;b£sKl;CatiEx μreGaydYlrlMFøak;exSay enAkñúgrbbb:ul Bt dUcCakardutKm<Ir k,Ünxñat lubbM)at;RbvtþisaRsþ nigsmøab;GñkR)aCJ bBaØvnþCaedIm. sUmbBa¢ak;fa rbbExμrRkhm EdlmansIhnu CaRbFanrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCaeFIVkarshkarCamYy b:ul Bt enH KWmanyYnRkhm ¬kum μúynisþ¦ b¤ehAfaeyokkugnigcin CaGñkCYyRKb;Ebbya:g rab;taMgBIkar bNþúHbNþal pþl;sBVavuF RKab;rMesv CYyc,aMgCamYykgT½B ln; nl; esrImt³ rhUt)anC½yCMn³ enAéf¶17 emsa1975. BYkeyokkugTaMgenH )anelIkC½yCMn³eGayBYk Ex μrRkhm ¬Exμrkum μ úynisþ¦. eyokkugEdlenAkñúgExμrRsab; nig Ex μrEdlyYnbNþúHbNþal bþÚrexaGaveTAesøokBak;exaGavexμA bnøM eFIVEx μr ¬Rkhm¦ edIm,IbMP½nþeGayeXIjfa Ex μrsmøab;Ex μr enAkñúgrbbenH. eRkayBIyYnkkUrsßankarN_ eGayFøak;cuHdl;kMritsUnüehIy yYn)anbþÚrneya)ayf μ I vaylukQøanBanExμr kan;kab;TwkdIEx μrTaMgRsug bnþkab;smøab;Ex μréf¶TI 7 mkra 1979Etmþg. karbMpøajexÞcxÞIKm<Irk,Ünxñat smøab;GñkR)aCJ GñkecHdwg EdlCaRKwHya:grwugmaMrbs;Catisasn_Ex μr ehIybnSl;TukGñkEdlecHdwgBIneya)aytictYc. bnÞab;mk BYkeKxitxMEkRkéLRbvtþisaRsþf μ IeGaykUnecAEx μrCMnan;eRkayeron. edIm,IcMeNjneya)ayelbTwkdI yYnlak;)aMgRbvtþisaRsþBitR)akd mineGayEx μrCMnan;eRkay)andwgc,as;las; eFIVeGayExμrvegVgrkkar BitmineXIj. \LÚvenHtamRKb;salaeron nayksalaeKbgçMeGaykan;KNbkSRbCaCn hammin eGayEx μreronRbvtþisaRsþ niyayBIRbvtþisaRsþBitR)akd hamR)amRKUmineGayniyayBIerOgsgÁmBit nig RbvtþisaRsþBit. ebIelakRKUGñkRKUNah‘anniyaykarBit enaHeKecaTfaerOgneya)ay b¤beRgon

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๖ rkSasiT§i

neya)ay. EteKkMBugEtbeRgonRbvtþisaRsþ\NÐÚcinCMnYsvij ¬yYnCaGñkmanKuN CYyrMedaHEx μr CaedIm¦. dUcenHehIy eyIgeXIjfab£sKl;rbs; éf¶ 7 mkra KW yYnkumμ úynisþ ¬shB½n§\NÐÚcin ¦ Edl)anyklTi§kumμúynisþmksabeRBaHelIEx μr. yYnQñHExμr taMgBIéf¶ 17 emsa 1975 eday eRbIneya)ayTaMgRtCak;TaMgekþA eRbIBYkEx μrkum μ úynisþ b¤Ex μrRkhmEdlniymyYn ehg sMrin Ca sIum h‘un Esn eGaykan;GMNacCMnYs rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñedIm,IelbTwkdIEx μr sMerctamEpnkarshB½n§ \NÐÚcin.

CnCatievotEx μrlavrYmsamKÁImWunqña V-yYnkumμ úynisþRtYtRtaEx μr éf¶ 7 mkra 1979 (Vietnamese Communist Colonize Cambodia on January 7, 1979)

cab;BIéf¶TI 7 Exmkra qñaM1979 yYn)anpøas;bþÚrneya)ayf μ I edayyYn)anpøas;bþÚrExμr ¬Rkhm¦ kum μúynisþniymcinecjBIGMNac elIkbnþúbEx μrRkhm ¬kum μúynisþ¦niymyYnvij eGaykan;GMNac. BYk kum μúynisþEdlniymyYnmandUcCa Eb:n suvNÑ can; sIu ehg sMrin h‘un Esn Ca sIum say b‘Ufg nigCaeRcIneTot. yYnelIkExμr edIm,IeFIVCa]bkrN_neya)ayeGayxøÜn eRBaHyYn)angakBIcin ehIyP¢ab; TMnak;TMngCamYyr:UsIu. cinmanCemøaHCamYyr:UsIu cin)anbþÚrTMnak;TMngeTArkshrdæGaemrikvij. Cak;Esþg enAeBlEdlyYnelIk Eb:n suvNÑ nig can;sIu eGayeFIVCaGay:g bMerIneya)ayrbs;xøÜn EtEb:n suvNÑ nigcan; sIu mineFIVtamneya)ayrbs;xøÜn yYn)ancak;fñaM can; sIu smøab;enAelIynþehaHEdleTABüa)al enARbeTsr:UsIu. cMENkÉ Eb:n suvNÑvijRtUv h‘un Esn nig say b‘Ufg XubXitCamYyyYn cab;;yk eTAdak;KukenATIRkughaNUy cMnYn 10 qñaM 52éf¶ enHedaysaEb:n suvNÑ manRbBn§yYnCakUnRbsar paMva:n;dug emø:HRtUvsøab;dUc can; sIu. yYn)anelIkbnþúbCnel μaPGMNacdUc h‘un Esn Ca sIum nigehg sMrin eGaykan;GMNacrhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. yYn)anQøanBankan;kab;TwkdIEx μr rwbGUsbøn;ykRTBü sm,tþiEx μr cab;BIeBlenaHmk ehIyEfmTaMgedjsmøab;Ex μrEdlRbqaMgnigyYn rbbGay:gyYn eday

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๗ rkSasiT§i

ecaTfaBYk b:ul Bt. cMENkGñkEdlenAesssl;Rbus² EdlCaGñkmankmøaMg va)ancab;bgçMeGay eTAeFIVCaTahan nigxøHRtUvcab;mkeFIVCaBlkr eTAsøab;enAtMbn;k 5 PaKeRcInsøab;edaysarCm¶WRKuncaj; Can;mInCaedIm. enAkñúgeBlenaH yYnkum μ úynisþCaGñkkan;kab;RbeTsEx μrTaMgRsug. yYn)anedjsmøab; Ex μrGñkts‘UenAtamCayEdneTot edayeFIVsRgÁame)assMGat smøab;Ex μrEdlts‘UCamYyyYnenAtam CayEdnenAqñaM 1984. TIbMputEx μrts‘UtamCayEdn)ancaj;yYn ehIy)anRbmUlKñaeTArs;enA CMrMsayFU nigsayb‘Í CaedIm. enAqñaM 1985 eTIbshrdæGaemrikcab;epþImpþl;CMnYydl;Gñkts‘U eday pþl;TwkR)ak;RbmaN 5 landuløa pþl;smÖar³swk nighVwkhat;TahanenAkøaMgdug . cMENkyYnRtUv)an GnþrCati nigRbeTskñúgtMbn; dUcCa cin Gas‘an efáaleTasedaysar karQøanBanrMelaPGFibetyü PaBRbeTsEx μr elIkElgEtRbeTs\NÐÚensIuenACaGaBüaRkit cMENkRbeTsr:UsSIúb:ueNÑaHEdlKaMRTyYn. eRkayBIkardYlrlMrbs;shPaBsUevotenAqñaM 1989 sUevotQb;pþl;CMnYyeGayyYn eRBaHr:UsISúman vibtiþhirBaØvtßú edayGs;fivkaBITunbMrug. karGs;fvikaBITunbMrugenH eRBaHEtshPaBsUevotBRgwg EpñkeyaFaxøaMgeBk CaBiess xatCaeRcIncMeBaHneya)ayenA\NÐÚcin EtcMeNjenAxagGWur:ubxagekIt. yYncaj;eRbobxagkarTUt cMeBaHkmøaMgGñkts‘U EdlCYy]btßmÖedayshrdæGaemrik cin nigGas‘an. b:uEnþtamkarsikSaRsavRCaveXIjfa kgT½BGñkts‘UExμr BMumanbec©keTsRKb;RKan;kñúgkareFIVsRgÁam eFIVeGaycaj;eRbobkgT½ByYnEdlmankarhVwkhat;c,as;las; sBVavuFRKb;RKan;. eBlenaH eK)anbBa¢Ún kgkmøaMgts‘UEx μreGayeTAeronenA m:aeLsIu nigRbeTséf . eRkaymkeTIbkmøaMgts‘UmaneRbob elIyYnkum μúynisþ nigBYkGay:g ehg sMrin h‘un Esn eRBaHsUevotEdlCasm<½n§miRtrbs;yYn )ancaj;GaemrikkñúgsRgÁamRtCak; sUevot)angakeTArkshrdæGaemrikvij enAkñúgrdæaPi)al kU )aqUv edIm,IeGayesdækic©rbs;xøÜndMeNIrkarl¥vij. ehtudUcenHehIy eTIbyYn)anpøas;bþÚr\riyabfeGay h‘un Esn nigsIhnu ccarcuHsn§isBaØasnþiPaBTIRkug)a:rIsnaéf¶ 23 tula 1991 edIm,IRbmUlExμr GñkesñhaCati cUlkñúgRTugeGayBYkkum μ úynisþcab;Ex μrsmøab;mþgmYymþgmYy CabnþbnÞab;rhUtmkdl; bc©úb,nñ.

VI-sRgÁamrvagExμrGñkts‘U CamYyyYnQøanBan nigrbbkumμ úynisþpþac;kar h‘un Esn xus c,ab; (The War between Khmer Resistances with Vietnamese Aggressor and Illegal Dictactor Hun Sen)

cab;taMgBIsRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 2 naTsvtSTI 60 yYnEtgEteRbIExμr eRbIemdwknaMExμrEdlel μaP GMNac Ca]bkrN_bMerIneya)ayeGayxøÜn. dUckalBIqñaM 1970 yYn)aneRbI sI hnu nig b:ul Bt Ca]bkrN_ CaKMrbeGayGnþrCatiemIleXIjfasRgÁamEdlekIteLIgCasRgÁamsIuvil . cMENkenAqñaM 1979 yYn)aneRbIBYkkum μ úynisþ h‘un Esn Ca]bkrN_sMrab;bMerIneya)ayeGayxøÜn x©IédExμr eFIVsRgÁamCamYyEx μreTot dUckalEdlyYneFIVsRgÁamkalBIqñaM 1970 EdlyYnx©IédEx μrRkhm b:ul Bt nigEx μrRkhm sIhnu mkeFIVsRgÁamCamYyEx μrsaFarNrdæ. enAeBlenaH yYn)anlukluyRbeTsExμr

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๘ rkSasiT§i

BaseBjépÞRbeTs ehIycab;epþImeFIVneya)ayyYnnUbnIykm μenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr edayTahanyYn)an ykRbBn§Ex μr cMENkÉRsIyYn)anykbþIEx μr ehIyyYncMnYn 5 nak;enATIRkug b¤TIRbCMuCn 1 nak; cMENkenAtamCnbTyYn 1nak;Exμr 5 nak;. dMNak;kalenH KWminxusBIsRgÁamsm½ysaFarNrdæ b:unμaneT eRBaHEx μrmçagKaMRTedaykumμ úynisþyYn EdlmanBYkGay:g h‘un Esn ehIymçageTotKaMRTeday cin GaemrikkaMg Gas‘an CaehtueFIVeGayGñkts‘UtamCayEdnmaneRbobelIyYn nig rbbkumμ úynisþ h‘un Esn xusc,ab;. eBlEdlshPaBsUevot)andYlrlM ehIybBa©b;sRgÁamRtCak;CamYyGaemrik enAqñaM 1989 cMENkRbeTsGaløwm:g;)ankøayeTACaRbeTsEtmYy sUevot)anQb;CYy]btßmÖyYn eBlenaHyYn)ansMerccitþdkkgT½BesøokBak;ÉksNæanecjBIRbeTsExμrmun EtyYn)anbgáb;TukkgT½B yYn EdlesøokBak;sIuvilCaeRcInenAkñúgRbeTsEx μrvij. yYn)aneRbI h‘un Esn eTAcrcarCamYy sI hnu CabnþbnÞab;rhUtdl;mankic©RBmeRBogsnþiPaBTIRkug)a:rIsenAéf¶ 23 tula 1991. yYneFIVdUc enH edIm,IedaHédBIkarefáaleTasBIGnþrCati fayYnQøanBanExμr eFIVeGayGnþrCatiemIleXIjfaCa sRgÁamsIuvilrvagExμrnigEx μr. ebIeyIgRkeLkemIlenAkñúgrbbEx μrRkhmEdlmanEx μrsøab;rab;lan k¾yYn eFIVdUcenHEdr edayyYnykEx μreTAbNþúHbNþalmenaKmn_kum μ úynisþ eFIVCaBiCXadmksmøab;Ex μr ehIy eRbIEx μrRkhm sIhnu b:ul Bt edIrtamneya)ayrbs;xøÜn bMP½nþEx μreGayvegVgrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶. karcrcarrvag sIhnu nig h‘un Esn CabnþbnÞab;enA )a:taya: RbeTséf enAya:kata RbeTs\NÐÚensIu ehIyenATIbMputenA TIRkug)a:rIsRbeTs )araMgenAéf¶ 23 tula 1991. VII-sn§isBaØaTIRkug)a:rIs (Paris Agreement Treaties)

sn§isBaØaTIRkug)a:rIs)aneFIVeLIg eRkayBImankarcrcarCabnþbnÞab;rvag sIhnu nig h‘un Esn cab;BIqñaM 1987 mk. cMENksRgÁamRtCak;rvagkum μ úynisþ nigesrI)anbBa©b;enAqñaM 1989. shPaBsUevoteRbImenaKmn_kumμ úynisþ cMENkshrdæGaemrikeRbImenaKmn_esrI nigRbCaFibetyü. shPaBsUevotCaGñkKaMRTyYnkumμ úynisþTaMgxagbec©keTs GñkCMnajkar nigsmÖar³sBVavuF. kñúgeBl enaHCMnajkarsUevotTaMgcl½t nigGciéRnþy_CaeRcInRbmaN 1 Esnnak; eFIVkarenAkñúgRbeTs eyokNam. cMENkÉRbeTscin shrdæGaemrik nigGas‘anCaGñkKaMRTclnats‘UEx μrTaMg 3Rkum. Ex μrTaMg3Rkum enaHmanRkumTI1 rNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæEx μrdwknaMeday elakta sWn san RkumTI 2 km<úCa RbCaFibetyüdwknaMeday exov sMpn cMENkRkumTI3 hViiúnsiunbiuc dwknaMeday neratþm sI hnu. edaysarcin shrdæGaemrik nigGas‘an )andak;sm<aFkarTUteTAelIrdæa)alRkughaNUy nigenAeBlEdlshPaBsUevot)andYlrlM minGacKaMRTyYnbnþeTAeTot eFIVeGayyYncaj;eRbobEx μr Gñkts‘UxagkarTUt nigneya)aykñúgRbeTsyYn)andkkgT½BesøokBak;ÉksNæanRtLb;eTAvij EtTuk kgT½BesøokBak;sIuvil bgáb;TukenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr tamry³karbiT)aMgrbs;KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa h‘un

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๙ rkSasiT§i

Esn. yYn)aneGay h‘un Esn mkcrcarCamYy sI hnu EdltMNagGñkts‘UEx μrCMnYsvij. eBlenaH yYn)anedaHédecjBIkarefáaleTasBIqakGnþrCati edayGnþrCatiemIleXIjfasRgÁamEdlekIteLIgenA RbeTsEx μrCasRgÁamsIuvil minEmnCasRgÁamQøanBanenaHeT. karcrcarKñaCabnþbnÞab; rvag h‘un Esn nig sIhnu rhUtQaneTAdl;kic©RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIs enAéf¶ 23 tula 1991 Edlman \NÐÚensIu nig )araMg eFIVCashRbFankñúgeBlcuHhtßelxasn§isBaØasnþiPaBbYnPaKI sWn san tMNagrNsirS CatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr neratþm rNriTi§ hViúnsIunbiuc exov sMpn km<úCaRbCaFibetyü nig h‘un Esn rdækm<úCa. kalEdlRbeTsTaMg 2 enH eFIVCashRbFanenaH BIeRBaHRbeTsTaMg2 enH CaRbeTs GBüaRkitenAkñúgsRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI3enH edayminKaMRTxagyYn b¤KaMRTxagExμrGñkts‘U. kic©RBm eRBogTIRkug)a:rIs)annaMeGayRbeTsEx μr Qb;)aj;Kña nigeFIVeGayRbeTsQaneTArkliTi§RbCaFibetyü snþiPaB tamry³karerobcMe)aHeqñatEdlerobcMedayGgÁkarshRbCaCati ehAkat;fa G‘untak;enAqñaM 1993. enAeBlenaHKNbkShViúnsiunbiuc dwknaMeday neratþm rNriTi§ CaGñkQñHeqñat TTYlsemøg)an 58 ekAGI . KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa)ancaj;eqñatTTYlsemøg)an 51 ekAGI. h‘un Esn erobcMeFIV Gb,Kmn_enAeRtIyxagekItTenøemKgÁ edIm,IeFIVsRgÁam. sI hnu )anedjGgÁkarshRbCaCatiecjBITwk dIEx μr ehIyEckGMNaceGayBYkkumμ úynisþ h‘un Esn EdlmanyYnenABIeRkayxñgeFIVCanayk rdæmRnþITI2.

kic©RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIséf¶ 23 tula 1991 CacMNucrbt;neya)aymYyya:gsMxan;sMrab; RbvtþisaRsþEx μr nigCakþIsgÇwmsMrab;RbCaCatiExμrTUeTA BIeRBaHfa kic©RBmeRBogenH )annaMEx μrQan eTArksnþiPaB nigliTi§RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd. b:uEnþpÞúyeTAvij kic©RBmeRBogenaHRtUv)anlubbM)at; ecal ERbCa\tn½y edayCnkumμ úynisþpþac;kar h‘un Esn mineKarBtamkic©RBmeRBogenHeLIy EfmTaMg eFIVrdæRbharsmøab;GñkesñhaCatiExμr GñkRbCaFibetyü enAéf¶ 5-6 kkáda 1997 rMelaPsiT§imnusS CabnþbnÞab;. Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn EdlCa]bkrN_neya)ayrbs;yYn )annaMRbeTsEx μreGayFøak;cUl kñúgrbbkum μ úynisþeRkamyYnRtYtRtadEdl.

VIII-edImkMeNItliTi§RbCaFibetyüsareLIgvij (The Democracy Was Reborn) edImkMeNItliTi§RbCaFibetyüsareLIgvij KWenAeBlEdlGgÁkarshRbCaCati )anerobcM

e)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþiFm’enAkm<úCanaqñaM 1993. RbeTsCatiRtUvxatbg;CaeRcInenAkñúgsRgÁam lukluyrbs;yYnenH yYnCaGñkcMeNjRKb;Ebbya:g rab;cab;taMg RTBüsm,tþi elIdI eRkamdI EdlyYn qk;bøn;ykeTARbeTseK )at;Twk )at;dI tamsin§isBaØaxusc,ab;rvagGay:gyYn nigBYkQøanBan. karBlICivitrbs;Ex μrGñkesñhaCati nigbgb¥ÚnCnrYmCatiExμrTaMgGs; ERbCa\tn½y edaysaremdwknaM qáÜtlIla tamExSjak;neya)ayrbs;yYnkumμ úynisþ dUcesþc sIhnu nig h‘un Esn. eyIgsegát

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๐ rkSasiT§i

eXIjfaenAqñaM 1993 RbCaBlrdæ)aneTAe)aHeqñatya:geRcInkuHkr edaysarcg;eGayRbeTsmankar pøas;bþÚrRbeTsCatimankarrIkcMerIntamRbCaFibetyü BIeRBaH RbCaBlrdæEx μrrs;enArgnUvkareKob sgát;CiHCan; eFIVTukçbukemñj biTsiTi§esrIPaB BIBYkGay:g h‘un Esn nig yYnkumμ úynisþ CayUrmkehIy. GgÁkarshRbCaCati CaGñkerobcMkare)aHeqñatmYyedayesrI nigyutþiFm’. BIeRBaHEx μr EdlFøab;rs;enA rgkareKobsgát;CiHCan; eFIV)abRKb;Ebbya:grbs;BYkGay:g nigyYnkumμ úynisþ. b:uEnþRbCaBlrdæExμr Gs;sgÇwm edaysar sI hnu )anedjGgÁkarshRbCaCatiecjBIRbeTs ehIyRbKl;GMNaceGay BYkkumμ úynisþ h‘un Esn vij. kalenaH eKeXIjRbeTsExμrdwknaMedaynaykrdæmRnþI 2 KWnaykmRnþITI1 neratþm rNriTi§ nig naykrdæmRnþITI2 KW h‘un Esn. cab;BIqñaM 1993 mkdl;qñaM 1997 RbeTsEx μr)ansÁal;enABnøWRbCaFibetyümYyry³eBlxøI EteRkaymkBYkkumμ úynisþ h‘un Esn)an eFIVrdæRbharsmøab;GñkRbCaFibetyü GñkesñhaCatiGs;RbmaNCag 280 nak;. matuPUmiCaTIesñha rbs;eyIg )anFøak;cuHsnSwmbnþicmþg² cUleTAkñúgkNþab;édrbs;Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn EdlsißtenAeRkam yYnRtYtRtaminecjmux rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ.

IX-karFøak;cuHRbCaFibetyü (Declining down the Democracy) karFøak;cuHRbCaFibetyüeTAkñúgkNþab;édrbs;BYkkum μ úynisþKWcab;taMgBI h‘un Esn eFIVrdæRbhar

deNþImGMNacBIKNbkShVú‘nsiunbiuc dwknaMeday neratþm rNriT§ enAéf¶TI 5-6 kkáda 1997 emøH. h‘un Esn elIkbnþúb Gwug h‘Yt CatukátaCMnYsvij. kareFIVrdæRbharenH CaEpnkarrbs;BYkkumμ úynisþ EdlmanyYn Caemekøag edIm,Ipþac;b£sKl;GñkesñhaCati GñkRbCaFibetyüEdlmankmøaMgxøaMgeGayGs; edIm,IgayRsYlyYnnig BYkGay:g eFIV)abRbCaBlrdæEx μrdUcbc©úb,nñ. kalenaHeKeXIjmanGñk RbCaFibetyü nigGñkesñhaCatiCaeRcIn enAkñúgKNbkShV‘únsiunbiuc nig KNbkSRbCaFibetyü esIrIniymRBHBuT§sasnarbs;elakta sWn san RtUveKcab;ykeTAsmøab;dUcCa hY sux RkUc eyOm ecA sm,tþi Ca riTI§Qut nigCaeRcInnak;eTot RbmaNCit 300nak;. cMENkGñkEdlrYcxøÜnenAEss sl;)anrt;eTAkan;tMbn; GUsμac; ehIyeFIVkarts‘UCamYyBYk h‘un Esn nig yYnkumμ úynisþeTot. BYk h‘un Esn )anelIkGMNac xül;eTAeGay Gwug h‘Yt CMnYsvij dUckalEdlyYncUlmkQøanBanEx μr éf¶ 7 mkra 1979 ehIyelIkGMNacxül;eGay ehg sMrin nig hu‘n Esn Edr. eBlEdlBYk h‘un Esn minGacvayEbkRkumGñkts‘UenAGUsμac;RbmaN 300nak; . eBlenaH RBwT§sPashrdæGaemrik r:UNa EbK½r )ancuHmkRtYtBinitüpÞal;dl;tMbn;GUsμac; dMNwgenH)aneFIVeGay sIhnu R)ab;kUnneratþm rNriTi§ eGayehA jwk b‘unéq xan; saevOn RtLb;cUleTAkñúgRbeTsvij edaysnüafaeGaytMENgCaedIm EtTIbMputGMNacenaH RtUvBYkkumμ úynisþdkbnþicmþg²rhUtdl;cb;Etmþg. GIVEdlRbCaBlrdæExμrenAEt P½nþRcLMenaHyl;fa esþc sIhnu CaGñkRsLaj;kUnecARbCaBlrdæEx μrBitR)akd EdlGñkesñhaCatiExμr

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๑ rkSasiT§i

GñkRbCaFibetyüxMdEgðrtamRBHGgÁtaMgBIts‘UéRBma:KI ts‘UtamCayEdnEx μr-éf edaykaryl;RcLMs μan faesþc sIhnu bMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayCatiExμr RsLaj;karBarRbCaBlrdæExμr EtTIbMput esþc sIhnu CaCnkumμ úynisþ EdlEkøgxøÜneTAtamCMenarneya)aybMerIeGaykumμ úynisþ tamkarjak;RbmUlExμr GñkesñhaCati mkeGayBYkkumμúynisþsmøab;Cafμ I . sI hnu b:ul Bt h‘un Esn suT§EtCaCnkum μ úynisþ EdlehAfa Ex μr Rkhm.

dUecñHehIy eyIgeXIjfa kare)aHeqñatEdlekIteLIgCabnþbnÞab;eRkayBIrdæRbharqñaM 1997 CakarerobcMrbs;KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCaEtb:ueNÑaH lT§ple)aHeqñatTaMgGs;enaH minEmnecjBIqnÞ³ rbs;RbCaBlrdæEx μrBitR)akdeT. karFøak;eTAkñúgGMNacrbs;BYkkumμúynisþenHehIy eFIVeGayBYk RbCaFibetyü BYkGñkesñhaCatiExμr RtUveKsmøab;CabnþbnÞab;mkeTot edayKμanrkXatkrmkpþnÞaeTas eLIy. RbeTs)anFøak;kñúgkNþab;édrbs;mnusSEtmñak; rdæCaGñksMerckic©karRKb;Ebbya:g RbCaBlrdæ Ex μr K μansiTi§esrIPaBkñúgkarsMerckic©karTaMgLay eRBaHxøaceKeRbIRbB½n§ tulakar nigGMNac cab;dak;Kuk nigKMramkMEhgsMlab;CaedIm.

X-RbeTsEx μrFøak;kñúgrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn eRkamGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμ I (Cambodia fell into Hun Sen Dictatorship under Vietnamese Neo-Colonism)

ebIeyIgRkeLkemIlRbvtþisaRsþExμreyIg cab;taMgBIsm½yRtsk;Ep¥mmk eXIjfaGtItkal mankarRcbUkRcbl; minc,as;las; eRBaHKm<Irk,ÜnxñatRtUv)aneKbMpøajecal lubRbvtþisaRsþ Kμan karkt;Rtac,as;las;. ktþaTaMgenH eFIVeGayRbeTsEx μrFøak;kñúgPaBRcbUkRcbl; sRgÁamvwkvr minecHcb; edaysarkarBwgelIbreTs mineCO nigeGaytMélCatisasn_xøÜnÉg. KnøgRbvtþisaRsþenH )anFøak; mkelIRbeTsEx μrmþgehIymþgeTot rhUtmankarkab;smøab;Ex μr CitputBUCenAkñúgsm½y b:ul Bt. Km<Irk,Ünxñat RbvtþiBgSavtaRtUveKdutbMpøajGs; EfmTaMgEkøgRbvtþisaRsþEkøgkøay mkeGaykUn ecAEx μrCMnan;eRkayeronsURteTotpg. Cak;EsþgenAkñúgRbvtþisaRsþEx μrfμI²enH eRkayBIEx μr)anTTYl ÉkraCüBI)araMgmk eyIgeXIjfakarEkRkéLRbvtþisaRsþ edIm,IbMP½nþExμreGayKaMRT eRBaHGMNac nigraCblø½gÁb:ueNÑaH. yYn)anerobcMqakneya)ayenAkñúgtMbn;\NÐÚcin begIátCabkSkumμ úynisþ enAtam bNþaRbeTsnImYy² man lav Ex μr CaedIm. yYnCaGñkbegIáteGaymanExμrRkhm ¬Exμrkum μúynisþ¦. eRkaymkyYn)anbþÚrExμrRkhm EdldwknaMeday b:ul Bt nig sIhnu edayelIkExμrRkhm ehg sMrin Ca sIum h‘un Esn eGaykan;GMNac bMerIneya)ayeGayxøÜnbnþeTAeTot. dUecñHehIy eyIgeXIjfa RbeTsEx μr)an Føak;kñúgkarkan;kab;rbs;yYnkumμ úynisþtaMgBIéf¶ 7 mkra 1979. éf¶ 7 mkra 1979 minEmnCaéf¶yYnmkCYyEx μreT Caéf¶yYnQøanBanelbTwkdIEx μr pøas;bþÚrneya)ayfμ I edIm,IbMP½nþExμrEt b:ueNÑaH. Gñkkac;cgáÚtneya)ay KWecjBIyYnhaNUydEdl eRBaHyYn)anerobEpnkar pþac;b£sKl;Cati

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๒ rkSasiT§i

Ex μr KWsmøab;EtnisiStbBaØvnþ . BYkkumμ úynisþ kMBugEteXasnaRKb;Ebbya:g eGaymtiRbCaBlrdæ mtiCati nigGnþrCatiemIleXIjfa RbeTsEx μrCaRbeTsRbCaFibetyü EtpÞúyeTAvijRbeTsEx μr sißtenAkñúgrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn eRkamGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμ I. yYnEkøgePTCaEx μr RtYtRtaEx μr Bak;pøakRbCaFibetyü taMgesþcCarnaMg)aMg kMueGayEx μremIleXIjBIeKalbMNgneya)ayRtCak;rbs; BYkva edIm,IelbTwkdIExμrTaMgmUl. cab;BIyYndkT½BÉksNæaneyaFaeTA bnSl;TukkgT½B ÉksNæan sIuvil eGaykan;kab;tMENgx<s;² sMxan;² eFIVeGayEx μreyIgvegVg nig kll,icneya)ayrbs;yYn eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæEx μryl;fa RbeTsEx μr)ansuxsnþiPaB. EtpÞúyeTAvij Ex μrkMBugEtrgTukçevTnaRKb; Ebbya:g edayrbbpþac;karrbs; h‘un Esn EdlyYn)anelIkbnþúbtaMgBIqñaM 1979. \LÚvenH RbeTsEx μrmanEtsMbkxageRkAfaCaExμr EttamBitEx μrRtUvsßitenAkñúgGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμ I edayyYn ykrUbPaBRkumh‘un c,ab; karecaTRbkan; cab;dak;Kuk edIm,IKMramkMEhg bM)ak;s μartIEx μrxøacminh‘an RbqaMgCamYynigBYkva.

XI-K μantulüPaBxagnitibBaØatiþ nitiRbtibtþi nignititulakar (No Balance in Legislative, Executive and Court)

tameKalkarN_RbCaFibetyü GMNacrdæTaMgbI¬nitibBaØtþi nitiRbtibtþi tulakar¦ RtUvEtman GMNacesμIrKña ehIysißtenAdac;edayELkBIKña. b:uEnþ cMeBaHkardwknaMenAkñúgRbeTsEx μrvij minEmnCa RbeTsEdlkan;liTi§RbCaFibetyü mansiTi§esrIPaB BitR)akdeT eRBaHeyIgeXIjfaGMNacTaMg 3 enHsßitenAeRkamEtmnusSEtmñak; KWh‘un Esn. BYkkumμ úynisþykRbCaFibetyüesrIBhubkS mkbiT)aMg faCaRbeTsRbCaFibetyüesrI edIm,IbMP½nþEPñkRbCaBlrdæEx μr. eyIgsegáteXIjfa RbCaFibetyü enAkñúgRbeTsEx μrxusBIeKalkarN_RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd. GMNactulakar KμanÉkraCü BukrlYy GyutþiFm’ lMeGogeTAGñkmanluy nigGñkmanGMNac CaBiess GMNactulakar xøacGMNac h‘un Esn EdlCakUnGukrbs;yYn. tamBittulakarminRtUvsißtenAeRkam\Ti§BlbuKÁlNamñak; KNbkSneya)ay NamYyeLIy. cMENkÉGMNacnitibBaØatiþvij smaCiksPa RBwT§sPaPaKeRcIn min)anedIrtYrCaGñk tMNagraRsþ tMNagRbCaBlrdæ BitR)akdeT EbCatMNageGaybkSeTAvij. karCECkBiPakSaedaH Rsaymin)ansVHEsVgrkplRbeyaCn_Cati karBarplRbeyaCn_Cati EtnaMKñaxitxMedIm,IdeNþImGMNacKña karBarGMNac RbRBwtþi GMeBIBukrlYy eKgRbv½Ba© CBa¢k;QamBICati sasna nig RbCaCatiEx μr mkdak; plRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn b:ueNÑaH.

1-B½t’man (Information)

B½t’manRtUvEtÉkraCü manesrIPaBeBjeljebIkcMhr. cMeBaHRbB½n§sarB½t’manenAkñúg RbeTsEx μrvij eyIgeXIjfa esÞIrEtRKb;bNþajpSBVpSayBt’man viTüú TUrTsSn_ karEstPaKeRcIn RtUvRKb;RKgedayKNbkSkan;GMNac b¤sißtenAeRkam\Ti§Blrbs; ¬KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa¦. enHcMNuc

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๓ rkSasiT§i

mYYyeTot EdlpÞúyBIeKalkarN_rbs;RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd eRBaHfatameKalkarN_RbCaFibetyü BitR)akd Bt’manRtUveFIVtamviC¢aCIv³ ÉkraCüRtwmRtUvsMrab;qøúHbBa©aMgTegIVrbs;emdwknaM nigGIVEdlekIt manenAkñúgsgÁmBitR)akd. RbeTsEdlkan;liTi§RbCaFibetyüesrI RbB½n§sarB½t’manRtUvEtÉkraCü minlMeGogeTArkKNbkSneya)ayNamYyb¤sißtenAeRkamGMNacrbs;buKÁlNamñak;. ebIeyIgRkeLk emIlkardwknaMenAkñúgRbeTsEx μrvij etICaRbeTsRbCaFibetyü b¤pþac;kar ebImanemdwknaM Etmñak;kan;GMNac cMENkGñksarBt’man minh‘ansresrkarBitenAkñúgsgÁm PaKeRcInsresIrrdæaPi)al ebIsinCah‘anriHKn; RtUveKKMramkMEhg eKobsgát;ecaTRbkan; bþwgGMBIbTbriharekrþi_ júHjg; cab;b¤)aj;smøab;CaedIm. Cak;EsþgenAkñúgeBlfμ I²enH GñkkarEst Kwmsm,Úr RtUveK)aj;smøab; GñkniBn§karEstEx μrm©as;RsukmYyrUbeQμaH hgS cRka RtUveKbþwg ehIycab;dak;KukryHeBl 2 qñaM. ÉelakemOg sun RtUveKecaTRbkan;fa pSayB½t’manminBit nigjúHjg; edaysarEtelakniyaykarBit R)ab;RbCaBlrdæEx μr GMBIkarb:HBal;GcäriyvtßúEx μr GgÁrvtþ EdlRtUvBYkCnBukrlYy yYn sux Kg; kMBugEtdab;fμrR)asaTdak;GMBUlePøIg. ehtuenHehIy ebIsinCaExμreyIgh‘anniyayBIkarBitenAkñúg sgÁm BYkeKRtUvRbQmmuxeRKaHfñak;dl;GayuCivitnig suvtßiPaB RBYy)armÖ BIsuvtißPaB nigsnþisux. GñksarB½t’man GñkesñhaCati nigGñkRbCaFibetyüPaKeRcIn EdlXatkr)aj;smøab;GaCJaFr h‘un Esn minEdlcab;Xatkr b¤Cnel μ IsykmkpþnÞaeTaseLIy EtpÞúyeTAvij BYkeKcab;EtCnsøÚtRtg;mkdak; kMhusCMnYsvij. Bt’manmin)anebIkTUlMTUlaydl;RbCaBlrdæeGay)andwg pÞúyeTAvij GñkEdl sþab;viTüú GasIuesrI vIGUeG RtUveKbMPitbMP½y KMramkMEhg hammineGaysþab;.

yYn sux Kg; dab;fμR)asaTGgÁrvtþ bMpøajGcäriyvtßúExμr 2-karGb;rM (Education) karGb;rMRtUvmanTaMgKuNPaB nigbrimaNsMrab;RbCaBlrdæEx μrTUeTA. edaysarGMeBIBukrlYy

kMritGb;rMenAkñúgRbeTsEx μrenAEtminTan;manKuNPaBsikSaRKb;RKan; tamkMrittMbn; kMritGnþrCati b¤man kMrites μ InwgRbeTsCitxageLIy edayRbB½n§Gb;rMmanGMeBIBukrlYy xVHsmÖar³sikSa xVHeBlevla sikSa

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๔ rkSasiT§i

RsavRCavedaysarEtCIvPaBRkIRk RKUR)ak;ExminRKb;RKan; CaehtueFIVeGayRKUK μanTwkcitþkñúgkarbeRgon nigCaBiesssißtenAeRkamKMnab\Ti§Blneya)ay min)anelIktMekIgeGayeronRbvtþisaRsþEx μrBitR)akd nigmin)anGb;rMeGayecHRsLaj;Catirbs;xøÜn. karminR)ab;BIeKalbMNgeKaledAdl;sisSeGay)an c,as;las; edIm,IeFIVRbeyaCn_CUnCatimatuPUmi karBarplRbyaCn_Cati EtbeRgoneGayExμremIleXIj luyCaerOgsMxan; nigeronedIm,IEsVgrkkargar rkluyCaedIm. RKUbeRgonK μansiTi§esrIPaBRKb;RKan; kñúgkarniyaykarBit BIbBaðasgÁmenAkñúgRbeTs edaysarkareKobsgát;BInayksalaEdleKbgçM eGaybMerIKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa. GñkEdlh‘anniiyayR)ab;sisSBIerOgsgÁm RtUv)an eKKMramkMEhgfa xussIlFm’ b£dkhUtsiTi§mineGaybeRgon Cak;EsþgfμI²enH elakRKU su‘n Fun CaRKUbeRgonenA extþkMBg;FMCaedIm. enAkñúgRbB½n§Gb;rM)ankat;bnßymineGaysikSaeronRbvtþisaRsþ PUmisaRsþBitR)akd rbs;Exμr EdlGacb:HBal;eTAelIemdwknaMneya)ay kMBugEteFIVneya)ay bMpiøjbMpøajplRbeyaCn_Cati eFIVeGayEx μrvegVgrkkarBit mineXIjK μanÉkPaBKña eQøaHRbEkkKña Ebk)ak;tammenaKmn_neya)ay rbs;yYnkum μ úynisþ nigBYkGñkkan;GMNacEdlminniyaykarBit.

3-kare)aHeqñat (The Election) RbCaBlrdæmansiTi§e)aHeqñatdUc²Kña . kare)aHeqñatRtUverobcMedayesrI nigyutiþFm’. kar

e)aHeqñateRkay²mk elIkElgEtkarerobcMedayGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAqñaM 1993 vaCakare)aHeqñat EdlKμanyutþiFm’RtwmRtUveT. lT§ple)aHeqñatTaMgGs;enaH min)anecjBIqnÞ³RbCaBlrdæEx μr BitR)akdeT EtCalT§plEdlerobcMeLIgedayKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa EdlmanyYnenABIeRkayxñg nigcarkmμyYn EdlbnøMxøÜneFIVCaEx μrCaeRcInnak;. KN³km μkarerobcMkare)aHeqñat KμanÉkraCü GBüaRkitü RtwmRtUv eRBaHKN³kmμkarenHsißtenAeRkamGMNac \Ti§BlKNbkSRbCaCn nigh‘un Esn. smaCik EdleFIVkarenAkñúgKN³kmμkarerobcMkare)aHeqñatPaKeRcIn CasmasPaBKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa. ebIeTaHCakare)aHeqñatQñHelIGñkesñhaCati GñkRbCaFibetyüehIyk¾eday k¾BYkkum μúynisþTaMgenH EdlmanyYnlUkédya:geRCAkkUrsßankarN_neya)ayEx μrenaH eFIVrdæRbharsmøab;Ex μr deNþImGMNac dUc krNIrdæRbharéf¶ 5-6 kkáda 1997 eTotCak;CaminxaneLIy.

4-esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmiti (Freedom of Expression) esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmitisMrab;RbCaBlrdæEx μr manEtenAelIRkdas manEtelIrdæFm μnuBaØ Etkar

GnuvtþCak;EsþgKμan. BYkGaCJaFr h‘un Esn biTsiTi§esrIPaB eKobsgát;CiHCan; vayeFIV)ab TaMgRBHsgÇ TaMgRbCaBlrdæedayK μanRtaRbNIeLIy. RbCaBlrdæRtUveKhamXat;mineGayniyay GMBIerOgRbeTs Cati KμansiTi§kñúgkarCYbRbCMuepSg² KμanesrIPaBRKb;RKan;kñúgkarbeB©ajmtienATIkEnøgsaFarN³. naeBlfμ I²enH eBlEdlGaCJaFrGbSra)andab;f μR)asaTGgÁrvtþ edIm,Idak;ePøIg eFIVeGayb:HBal;

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๕ rkSasiT§i

dl;R)asaTGgÁrvtþ CavtßúGcäriy CaGtþsBaØaNrbs;Ex μr EdlbuBVbursExμr)anksagTukeGayEx μr. kareFIVEbbenHbuBVbursEx μrmankarekþARkhay eFIVeGayGñkesñhaCatih‘anegIbeLIg edIm,IkarBar R)asaTGgÁrvtþ karBarTWkdI edayminbeNþayeGayGñkbMpøajCati GñkbMpøajvtßúbUraN eFIVeRscEtcitþ enaHeLIy. GñkEdlniyayBIerOgRbeTsCati RtUveKecaTfaCaerOgneya)ay ehIyRtUv)aneKKMram kMEhg RtUv)aneKcab;dak;Kuk b¤tamsmøab;edIm,IbM)ak;sμartI dUcCaeRbIRbB½n§tulakartamcab; elak emOgsun ecaTRbkan;cab;elak hgS cRka dak;Kuk dkGP½yÉksiTi§rbs;GñkRsI mUsuxhYr nig GñktMNagraRsþ hU va:n; CaedIm. GñkEdlha‘nkarBarplRbeyaCn_CatiRtUveKtamcab;tamsmøab; dUcCa elak Ca viC¢a RtUveKsmøab; TUc RsInic Bisidæ BalIkarRtUveK)aj;smøab; nigRBHetCKuN Twm saxn RtUv)aneKcab;ykeTAdak;KukyYnCaedIm. RBwtþikarN_TaMgGs;enH pÞúyBIRbeTsEdlmansiTi§esrIPaBeBj elj EdlRbCaBlrdæmansiTi§esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmti RbCaBlrdæCam©as;GMNac.

5-c,ab ; (The Law) c,ab;enAkñúgRbeTsEx μr Cac,ab;sMrab;karBarGñkmanGMNac GñkRbRBwtþTuc©rit RbRBwtþBukrlYy

minEmnCac,ab;sMrab;karBarplRbeyaCn_Cati karBarplRbeyaCn_RbCaBlrdæGñkTn;exSayenaHeLIy. eyIgeXIjehIyfa Cm¶Wd¾F¶n;F¶renAkñúgsgÁmExμrsBVéf¶ KWGMeBIBukrlYy. c,ab;minRtUveKGnuvtþn_eGay )anRtwmRtUveLIy eRBaHmankarsIusMNUk sUk)a:n; BukrlYy nigniTnþPaB. BYkeKykEtc,ab;Ebb kum μúynisþ ykmkeRbIsMrab;ekobsgát;GñkTn;exSay. c,ab;sißtenAeRkamGñkmanGMNac nigbkSBYkrbs; KNbkSRbCaCn. c,ab;TaMgenHCa c,ab;Ebbkum μ úynisþ eRBaHfaTaMgRbeTskumμ úynisþ nigRbeTsesrIman c,ab;dUcKña EtRKan;Etc,ab;mYyekItecjBIbuKÁlmYyRkumtUcsMrab;plRbeyaCn_mYyRkumtUc dak;eGay RbCaBlrdæTUeTAGnuvtþn_ EtsMrab;RbeTsRbCaFibetyüesrIvij c,ab;ekItecjBIRbCaBlrdæ BItMNag RbCaBlrdæ edIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_RbCaBlrdæ nigplRbeyaCn_Cati. Cak;Esþg eyIgemIlGMeBI GyutþiFm’EdlekItmanenAkñúgRbeTsExμr eBlEdl h‘un tU RtUvCakμ Üyrbs; h‘un Esn )aj;eKsøab;enA tamdgpøÚv Etc,ab;min)ancab;]RkidæCnmkpþnÞaeTaseLIy eRBaH h‘un tU CakμÜy h‘un Esn Edlman TaMgluy nigGMNac. GñkRsI Bisidæ BlIkar RtUv b‘un ra:nI EdlCaRbBn§rbs; h‘un Esn )anbBa¢aeGay eK)aj;smøab; EtKμannrNarkXatkrmkpþnÞaeTaseLIy rhUtmkdl;eBlenH. XII-etIemdwknaMpþac;karbc©úb,nñ)aneFIVGIVxøH Edlb:HBal;RbCaBlrdæ (What Does Present Dictator Leader Do to Suffer People)

1-karbeNþjRbCaBlrdærwbGUsykdI ( People Eviction for Grabbing Land) karbeNþjRbCaBlrdæExμrecjBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYy edIm,IrwbGUsykdI CaGMeBI]RkidæmYy

ya:gF¶n;F¶renAkñúgrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn . karrwbGUsykdItamrUbPaBRkumh‘un nigGPivDÆn_enH eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæERskRTehayMesÞIrEtRKb;extþRkugenAkñúgRbeTsExμr. tamBiteTAyYnykrUbPaB

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๖ rkSasiT§i

Rkumh‘un CakarbiT)aMg cMENkÉBYkGay:g ykBaküfa GPivDÆn_ mkeFIVCaels edIm,IbMeBjmhicäta rbs;yYn Edlcg;elbTwkdIExμr dUckalEdlyYn)aneFIVenAkñúgTwkdIExμrkm<úCaeRkamEdr. bBaðaenH )annwgkMBugekIteLIgCabnþbnÞab;enAkñúgRbeTsEx μr. BYkGaCJaFrpþac;kar h‘un Esn )anRbKl;dIsm,Tan eGayRkumh‘un yYnmanryHeBlya:gtic 99qñaM. BYkenHrwbGUsykdIRbCaBlrdæ EdlkarrwbGUsdIenH )anb:HBal;ya:gF¶n;F¶rd;l;CIvPaBRbCaBlrdæEx μrsBVéf¶. dUckñúgkrNIfμ I²enH enAPUmisMbukcab enAPUmidI Rkhm shKmn_rIkray nigenAtambNþaextþepSg²eTotCaeRcIn. cUreyIgnaMKñaBicarNaemIleTA karpþl;sm,TandIEdlmanry³eBl 99qñaM eTAeGayyYn etIGnaKtTwkdIExμrGackøayCakmμsiT§ rbs;yYn)anb¤eT ebIsinCaCIvitmFümrbs;Ex μrrs;)anRtwmEt 50qñaMenaH. cMENkkarbiTsiT§esrIPaBEx μr karbMéPølubbM)at;RbvtþisaRsþExμrBitR)akd eKeFIVEkERbCabnþbnÞab;. CaBiess enAeBl\LÚvenH CnGenþaRbevsn_yYnrs;enAya:geRcInkuHkrenA elIkTwkdIEx μrsBVéf¶enHeTot .

karrwbGUsykdIFøIRbCaBlrdæeRkamrUbPaBRkumh‘un nig GPivDÆn_ 2-GMeBIBukrlYy (Corruption) GMeBIBukrlYyCaCm¶WmYyd¾FMenAkñúgsgÁmEx μr EdlrdæaPi)albc©úb,nñK μanqnÞ³ nigKμansmtßPaB

edaHRsayeGay)ancb;. GMeBIBukrlYyenH CarUbPaBmYyEdleKbiT)aMg GMeBITuc©ritepSg² dUcCakar lYYcCati lk;RTBüsm,tþiCati ykeTAdak;plRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn CaBiessbgðÚrplRbeyaCn_eTAeGay RbeTsd¾éTeTot)angayRsYl edayGMeBIBukrlYy. dUecñHehIy eyIgeXIjfa fvikarCati)anxat bg;Gs; 250-500 landuløa kñúgmYyqñaM² enHebItamsMdIrbs;elakRsI GKÁraCTUtshrdæGaemrikRbcaM enAkm<úCaeQ μaH xar:Ul r:UdlI. eyIgRtUvBicarNaGMBIKNbkSRbCaCn etImanR)ak;Exb:unμanEdlBYkva manluyrab;lan duløaeTAdak;FanaKareRkARbeTs etIluyTaMgGs;enaHminEmnCarbs;CatiEx μr b£luy )anmkBIBukrlYy lYcCati? etIRTBüsm,tþiTaMgGs;enaH minEmnCasm,tþirbs;CatiEx μr eyIgTaMgGs; KñaeTb£? GMeBIBukrlYyenH rIkraldalya:gxøaMgenAkñúgsgÁmEx μr enAkñúgRbB½n§Gb;rM enAkñúgRbB½n§tulakar nigtulakar Ex μrRkhm pgEdr.

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๗ rkSasiT§i

3-PaBRkIRk (Poverty) RbCaBlrdæEx μrcMnYn 40 PaKry sißtenAeRkambnÞat;RkIRk. nisSitCaeRcIn EdlbBa©b;karsikSa

ehIyK μankargareFIV. km μkrR)ak;ExticminRKb;RKan;kñúgkarcMNaysMrab;CIvPaBRbcaMéf¶. BYkeKeFIVkar RKan;EtbMerInayTuneragcRkEtb:ueNÑaH. RKUbeRgonR)ak;ExTabd¾Edl EtTMnijenAelITIpSar ekIneLIg CalMdab; CaBiess saMg EdleFIVeGayb:HBal;dl;CIvPaBRbCaBlrdæya:gxøaMg eRBaHkalTMnijeLIgéfø R)ak;ExdEdleFIVeGaycMNayeRcInCagcMNUl R)ak;snSMTab ¬RkIRk¦. RbCaBlrdæEx μrcMnYn 85 PaKry CaksikrRbkbmuxrbrksikmμ. muxrbrciBa©wmCIvitBYkKat;GaRs½yelIdIERs dIcMkar edIm,IciBa©wmCIvit Et\LÚvenH dIERsdIcMkarbs;Kat;mYycMnYn RtUv)anyYnEdlEkøgePTCaExμr nigbkSBYk h‘un Esn eRbIR)as;CarUbPaBRkumh‘undeNþImdIERsdIcMkarrbs;Kat;Gs; etIGnaKtvasnakUnecAKat;EdlCaEx μreTA Cay:agNa? kUnecARkIRk min)aneronsURt ehIyGs;dIERsdIcMkareTot. tamsm,tþiFnFanrbs;Exμr EdlmandUcCacMNUl)anBIeTscrN_ R)asaTGgÁrvtþ Er:mas eBRCt,Úg éRBeQI CaedIm eFobeTAnig RbCaBlrdæEx μrRbmaNCag 10 lannak;enaH RbCaBlrdæEx μrminKYrRkIRkedIrsMuTaneKenaHeLIy. etIFnFanTaMgGs;enaH Føak;eTAdl;édGñkNa? RTBüsm,tþirbs;Exμr plRbeyaCn_Exμr RtUvFøak;elI BYkCnBukrlYyKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCaenHÉg EdleKgRbvB½a©ykeTAdak;plRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn. yYn rwbGUsykeTAbMerIplRbeyaCn_Cati nigRbeTsrbs;eK.

etIGnaKtkUnEx μreTACaya:gNa? 4-kat;eTasEx μrRkhm (Khmer Rouge Trial) emdwknaMEx μrRkhmKW sIhnu Edl)anRbkaseGayExμrcUléRBma:kKIrYmCamYy h‘un Esn

Edl)ancUleFIVCaEx μrRkhmtaMgBI sI hnu eFIVCaRbFanrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa begIáteLIgenARkugeb:kaMg éf¶23 mIna 1970. sUmsalakþIEx μrRkhmkat;eTas sIhnu nigh‘un Esn pg. ebIsinCamin)an kat;eTas sI hnu pgeT vaCakarlak;)aMgkMhusemdwknaMEx μrRkhmd¾sMxan;mñak; eRBaHedaysar sI hnu enHehIyEdleFIVeGaykmøaMgEx μrRkhm nigT½BeyokkugGacykC½yCMnHelIEx μrsaFarN³rdæ varwtEteFIV eGayEx μrkan;EtvegVgeRCAeTAminGacrkXatkrBitR)akdeXIjeTotpg. b:uEnþ eyIgCaCnrgeRKaHEx μr

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๘ rkSasiT§i

RKb;Kñadwgc,as;faXatkrBitR)akd KWBYkkumμ úynisþyYn ¬\NÐÚcin¦ Edl)anerobcM nigbMBak;bMb:n lTi§kumμúynisþeGayEx μr ¬Rkhm¦ Edlrt;cUléRBma:KItamkarGMBavnavrbs; sIhnu nig Exμr ¬Rkhm¦ EdlKaMRT b:ul Bt eGaysmøab;Ex μr rYcehIyerobcMEpn smøab;CabnþbnÞab; edIm,IbM)at;bM)at;dan nig sakSI. eBlEdlyYnkum μ úynisþQñH elIkGMNaceGayEx μrkum μ úynisþ eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrsøab;rab; lannak; TaMgEx μreRkam nigEx μrbc©úb,nñ ehIyyYnbBa¢ÚnBlrdæxøÜnmkCMnYs eFIVCaEx μrfμ IelITwkdIEx μrvij. sI hnu nig h‘un Esn CaCnkumμúynisþ bMerIneya)ayeGayyYnkumμ úynisþ edIm,IGMNac nigplRbeyaCn_ pÞal;xøÜnÉg nigbkSBYkEtb:ueNÑaH edayCnkumμ úynisþTaMgenH min)anbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayCatiEx μr nigRbCaBlrdæEx μreT. RbCaBlrdæExμrkMBugrgcaMyutþiFm’BitR)akdBIsalakþIenH. yYnmincg;eGayEx μr dwgkarBit cMENk h‘un Esn k¾mincg;rkyutþiFm’eGayCnrgeRKaHEx μrBitR)akdeT eRBaHxøac)at;bg; GMNac. Cak;Esþgf μ I²enH h‘un Esn )anniyayfasuxcitþeGaysalakþIenHbraC½y ebIsinCanaM GñkBak;B½n§bEnßmeTotmkkat;eTas. karbegIátsalakþIenHcMeNjeTAkum μ úynisþyYnPaKeRcIn ¬ 1-Ex μr enAEtEbk)ak;KñaQWcab;nigExμr ¬Rkhm¦ b:ul Bt 2-dwgKuNyYn 7 mkra 3-RbCaBlrdæExμrenAEt mindwgkarBitfanrNaCaXatkrBitR)akd 4-ebIk»kaseGayyYnkumμ úynisþ RtYtRtaEx μrelbTwkdIExμr bnþ ¦.

éf¶ 17 emsa 1975 KWBYkkumμ úynisþ EdlyYnelIkGMNaceGayEx μr ¬Rkhm¦ dUcKñanig éf¶ 7 mkra 1979 EdlBYkkum μúynisþyYnQøanBanelIkbnþúbGMNacEx μr¬Rkhm¦ h‘un Esn Ca sIum nig ehg sMrin Edr cMENkÉ sI hnu EdlFøab;eFIVCaemExμrRkhm begIátExμrRkhm ¬kum μ úynisþ¦ k¾minh‘anecj mksarPaBTTYlkMhuseTot.

GgÁkarshRbCaCatiEdlcg;;rkyutiþFm’eGayRbCaBlrdæExμr nigcg;bM)at;niTnþPaB)ancMNay luyCaeRcInmkeGayBYkCnBukrlYy. edIm,IyutþiFm’sMrab;CnrgeRKaHEx μr sUmeGayGgÁkarshRbCa Cati beBa©jeGayGs;smtßPaB edIm,IsMercnUvkic©karCaRbvtþisaRsþenH.

ebIcg;rkyutiþFm’eGayExμr RtUvkat;eTas b:ul Bt sIhnu h‘un Esn nigyYn Edr

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๙ rkSasiT§i

5-GaNaniKmn_EbbfμItamrUbPaBRkumh‘un nigkarpþl;dIsm,Tan (The Neo-Colonism through the Picture of Company and Land Concession) yYn)anbþÚrBIrUbPaBGaNaniKmn_edaypÞal; dUckalBIqñaM 1979 mkeRbIGaNaniKmn_EbbfμIvij

edayyYn)anEkøgePTCaExμr edIm,IRKb;RKgExμr. yYn)aneRbIR)as;Rkumh‘unCakarbMP½nþEx μr biT)aMgmin eGayEx μremIleXIj faEx μrenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;kumμ úynisþyYn.Rkumh‘unTaMgenaH PaKeRcInCa Rkumh‘un evotNam EdlykTahanmkeFIVCakmμkr RtYtRtaemIlsPaBkarN_enAkñúgRbeTsEx μr. tamryHBaküfaGPivDÆn_ nig c,ab;sm,Tan yYn)andeNþImdIRbCaBlrdæ EdleFIVeGayb:HBal;dl; plRbeyaCn_ nigCIvPaBRbCaBlrdæya:gxøaMg. RbCaBlrdærgTukçevTna \tElð QWcab;minecHcb; GMBIkarrwbGUsdIFøI BIGñkkan;GMNac edayKμannrNaCYyrkyutþiFm’eGay)ansmrmüeLIy. CaBiess eBlfμ I²enH Rkumh‘un 7 EGnCI Edl)andeNþImdIRbCaBlrdæ nigRkumh‘unenAextþkMBg;s<W enAPñMRsYc )an)aj;eKaRbCaBlrdæ ehIyrwbGUsykdIRbCaBlrdæCaedIm.

karEdlyYneRbIrUbPaBGaNaniKmn_Ebbfμ IenH edIm,IkMueGayRbCaBlrdæEx μremIleXIj nigdwgGMBI mhicätarbs;yYn. ebIsinCaExμreyIgdwg Ex μreyIgemIleXIj GacnaMeGayRbCaBlrdæEx μr egIbeLIg RbqaMgCamYyyYn dUckalsm½yemT½B eRTOg mijya:g cUlmkRtYtRtaExμr. ehtudUcenHehIy karpþl; dIsm,TaneGay Rkumh‘unyYn Edlmanry³eBl 99 qñaM enH )anbgðajeGayeXIjfa kñúgeBl GnaKtd¾xøIxagmux RbeTsCatiEx μrGacnwgFøak;kñúgkNþab;édyYn EdlEkøgePTeFIVCaEx μrTaMgRsugminxan eLIy. RbCaBlrdæEx μrBitR)akd rs;enACaCnCatiPaKticrbs;yYn enAelITwkdIxøÜnÉgdUccam nig Ex μrkm<úCaeRkam.

6-FnFanFmμCati (The Natural Resource) FnFanFm μCatirbs;Exμr mancab;taMgBIéRBeQI RtIsac; stVéRB Er: RtUvbMpøajedayBYkCn

BukrlYy XubXitKñalYcCatiykmkdak;;plRbeyaCn_buKÁl lk;CatiykmkeFIVCaRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn ehtudUecñHehIy ebIeyIgeFobFnFanExμreTAnigRbCaBlrdæExμrEdlmancMnYnEtRbmaNCag 10lanenaH RbCaBlrdæEx μr minKYrRkIRk edIrsMuTaneK rt;ecjBIRbeTsExμreTAeFIVkarenARbeTseKenaHeLIy. eRBaHeK eFIVeGayemIleXIjfa RbeTsEx μrK μantMélGIVTaMgGs; nigBi)akkñúgkarrs;enA edaysarCIvPaB nigK μankargareFIVCaedIm. neya)ayrbs;yYnkumμ úynisþ eFIVkarekobsgát;Ex μrRKb;Ebbya:g eday mineGayEx μremIleXIjGMBItMélénCatirbs;xøÜnÉg EsVgrkedIm,Irs;b:ueNÑaH. yYn)aneRbIRkumh‘un eGaydwkCBa¢ÚneQI Er:RKb;Ebbya:geTARbeTseK. Rkumh‘unyYn nigcin eFIVRKb;Ebbya:geGayExμr hinehacFnFansm,tþiFm μCatiTaMgGs;enaH. Cak;Esþg eyIgeXIjPñMmYycMnYnRtUv)aneKQUsqay eFIVeGayxUcRTg;RTay FmμCatiGs;dUcCaenAtMbn;GUk½ør mNÐlKIrI EdlmanRkumh‘uncineTACIkmas enAPñMCI

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔๐ rkSasiT§i

Rsukrevog enATIenaHkñúgmYyExrab;etanmas EtebIsinCa RbCaBlrdæEx μrvijBYkvaminGnuBaØateGayCIkeT eBlEdlEx μrrkeXIjkEnøøgman mas cin nigyYnvadeNþImEx μr edayminGnuBaØateGayEx μrCIkeLIy.

FnFanExμr kñúgTwk elIdI eRkam nigkñúgdI RtUvBYkCnBukrlYylk;CatiTaMgbI bMpøaj

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔๑ rkSasiT§i

CMBUkTI 2

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔๒ rkSasiT§i

bBa©b;bBaða (End Problems)

I.etIRbCaBlrdæExμrcg;)anGIV? (What Does Cambodian People Want?) RbCaBlrdæEx μrTaMgGs;Edlrs;enAkñúgRbeTsEx μrbc©úb,nñ KμansiTi§esrIPaBeBjeljeT PaKeRcIn

CYbRbTHPaBRkIRk GyutþiFm’ nigkarrMelaPCiHCan;BIGñkkan;GMNacsBVéf¶. RbCaBlrdæExμrcg;eGay RbeTsCatiman \sSrPaB ÉkraCü minRBmrs;enAeRkamGaNaniKmn_énRbeTsNamYy CaBiess GaNaniKmn_énRbeTsevotNamsBVéf¶. RbCaBlrdæcg;)anRbCaFibetyü snþiPaBBitR)akd rYcput BIPaBRkIRk nigGMeBIBukrlYyCaedIm. edIm,IsMercnUveKaledAenH RbCaCatiEx μrTaMgGs;BIRKb;RsTab;kñúg sgÁm eTaHenATINak¾edayRtUvrYbrYm samKÁIKña edaHRsaybBaðaTaMgGs;enHeGaycb;. RbCaBlrdæEx μr enOyNay nigQb;cg;rs;enAeRkamkareKobsgát; biTsiTi§rbs;BYkRtYtRtakum μ úynisþdEdl²eTotehIy eRBaHfaGs;ry³eBlCag 2 TsvtSknøgmkenH RbCaBlrdæmankarlM)ak edaysarkareKobsgát; CiHCan; nigkareFIVTukçbukemñj. ehtudUecñHehIy eBlEdlmankarerobcMe)aHeqñat EdlerobcM nig RtYtBinitüedayGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAqñaM1993 RbCaBlrdæExμr)aneFIVkarsMerccitþ e)aHeqñat eRCIserIsemdwknaMfμ I nigpøas;bþÚrrbbRKb;RKg. EtKYreGayesaksþay GIVEdlRbCaBlrdæExμrcg;)an ecjBIqnÞ³ RtUv)at;bg;eTAvij edaysaresþcsIhnu RbKl;GMNaceGayBYkkum μ úynisþ h‘un Esn EdlCa Gay:gyYnvij. cMENkÉGgÁkarshRbCaCati minTan;bMeBjtYrnaTIcb;pg sI hnu )anedjGgÁkar shRbCaCatiecjBIRsukEx μr ehIyKNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn )aneFIVrdæRbharbøn;GMNac smøab;Gñk esñhaCati smøab;GñkRbCaFibetyüenAéf¶TI 5-6 kkáda 1997. cMENkÉkare)aHeqñateRkay² mkCabnþbnÞab; vaCakarerobcMeLIgedayKNbkSRbCaCn edIm,IbMP½nþEPñkRbCaBlrdæExμr nigbMP½nþ mtiGnþrCati EtlT§ple)aHeqñatTaMgGs;enaH minEmnecjBIqnÞ³rbs;RbCaBlrdæEx μrBitR)akdeT. II-etIEx μreFIVya:gNaedIm,ICYyseRgÁaHExμr ?(How can Khmer help Khmer?)

K μannrNaRsLaj;Ex μrCaCagCatiEx μrxøÜnÉgenaHeT ehIyk¾KμannrNaGacCYyEx μr eRkABIEx μrxøÜn ÉgEdr enHebItam»vaTrbs;RBHsmμasm<úT§EdlCaRBHbrmRKU)anTUn μaneRbonRbedAmkfa xøÜnTIBwgxøÜn . enAeBlEdlCatieyIgkMBugEtmanbBaða eyIgCaExμrmñak;² minRtUvbENþtbeNþayTukeGayCatieyIg enAEtmanbBaðaEbbenHeLIy eyIgTaMgGs;KñaRtUvrYbrYmKñaedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgGs;enHeGaycb;. EteyIg minRtUvnaMKñaedaHRsaycugbBaðaenaHeLIy eyIgRtUvedaHRsayb£sKl;bBaða eTIbbBaðaTaMgGs;enaHcb;. eyIgmñak;² k¾minRtUvmanemaTPaBfa manEtGtμaGjxøaMgGaceFIVGIVekIt b¤GYtxøÜnykmuxmat; ekrþ×eQμaH buNüs½káenaHk¾eT ktþasMxan;Kwfa KMniteRcIn RbesIrCagKMnitmYy eyIgCaExμrTaMgGs;RtUveGanlMeTan eGaytMélKñaeTAvijeTAmk rYbrYmKña Kit niyay eFIV edIm,IeGaysMerceKaledArYmEtmYy KWedIm,I Cati sasna nig RbCaCatiEx μrBit². kalNaeyIgeFIVGIVmYyRBmKña RsuHKña kñúgyuT§saRsþrYm EtmYyenaH

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔๓ rkSasiT§i

eRbob)andUcCaTwkEdlhUrcUlkñúgsmuRTEtmYyya:gdUecñaHEdr etInNamYyminxøac TwksmuRT. eyIgRtUv rYbrYmKñaedaHRsayedImbBaðaeRkamyuT§saRsþrYmEtmYy eTIbbBaðaenaHcb; . ehtudUecñHehIy Ex μrRKb;rUb RtUvPJak;rlwkBIRKb;TwsTIRKb;mCÄdæan rYbrYmsamKÁICaFøúgmYy ebþCJacitþ TaMgGs;Kña edIm,IrMedaH karBar Cati sasna RbCaCatiEx μr eGayrYcputBITukçevTna Edlrs;enAK μansiTi§esrIPaB eRkamrbbkum μ úynisþpþac;kar h‘un Esn EdlmanyYnRtYtRtaeFIVGaNaniKmn_EbbfμIenH edayeyIgQb;eRbIviFIe)aHeqñat EdlK μanesrI nigyutþiFm’. III-etIRbCaBlrdækñúgtMbn;EdlrgeRKaH Lav m:ug cam Ex μrRtUveFIVdUcemþc? (What do the People in the Region Lao, Hmong, Cham and Khmer do?)

eyIgCaRbCaBlrdærgeRKaH edaysaryYnkum μ úynisþTaMgGs;enAkñúgtMbn;\NÐÚcin mandUcCa RbCaBlrdæ Lav m:ug cam Exμr RtUvEtdwgfa siT§iesrIPaB RbCaFibetyü ÉkraCü GFibetyüPaB sMrab;eyIgTaMgGs;KñaCaktþasMxan; kñúgnamCamnusS. eyIgminRBmsuxcitþrs;enAedayK μansiTi§esrIPaB eRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;RbeTsNamYyeLIy. eyIgrs;enACaRbCaBlrdæsamBaØ EdlmansiTi§esrIPaB ÉkraCü RbCaFibetyü eBjeljBitR)akd RbesIrCagkarrs;enAeFIVCaesþcmRnþIeRkamGaNaniKmn_ breTs. RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;dUcCa Lav m:ug cam Ex μr EdlsißtenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYnkumμ úynisþ RtUvEtmankarPJak;rlwk naMKñarYbrYmKñaeRkakeLIg edIm,IsiTi§esrIPaB \sSrPaB ÉkraCürbs;CatixøÜn nImYy². eyIgminbeNþayeGayRbeTsrbs;eyIgnImYy²sißtenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYnkumμ úynisþ biTsiTi§esrIPaBCaerogrhUt dl;eyIg)at;eQ μaHenAkñúgBiPBelakenaHeLIy. enAeBlEdlGs;elak GñkmanesovePAenHGanenAkñúgédehIy RtUvEtmankarPJak;rlwk naMKñaeRkakeLIgtamyuT§saRsþrbs; emdwknaM nigGnuvtþn_PaBCaemdwknaM edIm,IQaneTArkeCaKC½y edayminRBmsuxcitþrs;enAeday K μansiTi§esrIPaB )at;bg;GtþsBaØaNCaCatimYy Edlrs;enAesμ ImuxeKenAelIBiPBelakeLIy. eyIgTaMgGs;KñaRtUvEtnaMKñaegIbeLIg edIm,IÉkraCüCati \sSrPaBrbs;eyIg. IV-etIshKmn_GWr:ub nigshrdæGaemrik CYyGIVxøHdl;RbCaCatirgeRKaH? (What Does EU and US help Cambodian Victims?)

shKmn_GnþrCati nigshrdæGaemrik EdlCaRbeTsmhaGMNac EtgEtEsVgrkyutþiFm’ eGayRbCaCatiEdlrgeRKaH eRkamkareKobsgát;biTsiTi§esrIPaB. EtktþasMxan;RbCaCatinImYy²RtUv mankarxitxMRbwgERbgxøÜnÉgCamun edayminbENþtbeNþaytameRBgvasna b¤k¾facaMEtBwgelIGñkdéT enaHeLIy. ktþaEdlnaMeGayeyIgeCaKC½yenaH KWGaRs½yelIxøÜneyIgCaktþacMbg ehIycMENkRbeTs RbCaFibetyüeKemIleXIjGMeBIGyutþiFm’ KμansiTi§esrIPaB eKnwgCYyelIkTwkcitþ nigCYyrkviFIedaH RsaybEnßmelIkarxitxMRbwgERbgrbs;eyIg. edIm,IEsVgrkyutþiFm’CUndl;RbCaCatienAkñúgtMbn;TaMgenH

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔๔ rkSasiT§i

eGayrYcputBIkarbiTsiiTi§esrIPaB TTYl)annUvsiTi§esrIPaBeBjelj nigRbCaFibetyütamGIVEdl RbCaCatienAkñúgtMbn;enHcg;)an. V-RbeTsEx μrRtUvdwknaMtameKalkarN_RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd (Cambodia Must Lead Country Through the Real Principle of Democracy)

RbeTsEx μrRtUvmanneya)aymYyEdlman \sSrPaB ÉkraCü nigRbCaFibetyüBitR)akd tamRbCaCatiEx μrcg;)an edayminsißtenAeRkam\Ti§Blrbs;RbeTsNamYyeLIy. RbeTsTaMgGs;Edl enACitxag RtUveKarBGFibetyüPaBKñaeTAvijeTAmk edayesμ IPaBcMeBaHmuxc,ab;GnþrCati. ehtuenH edIm,IeGayRsbeTAnigdMeNIrkardwknaMrbs;BiPBelak Edlpþl;siTi§esrIPaBeBjeljcMeBaHRbCaBlrdæ RbeTsEx μrRtUvdwknaMtamrebobRbCaFibetyüBitR)akd. karBarEfrkSaplRbeyaCn_Cati nigGPivDÆn_ CatieGayrIkcMerIneTAmux edaykarcUlrYmBIRbCaBlrdæCakarcaM)ac; sMrab;emdwknaM nigGñkesñhaCati Ex μr. eyIgRtUvelIktMekIgRBHBuT§sasna eGaytMélelIRBHsgÇ nigKm<Irk,Ünxñatrbs;RBHsm μasm<úT§ ehIy ebIkesrIPaBdl;sasnaepSg²eTot. karerobcMsnþisuxsgÁm CaktþacaM)ac;sMrab;karrs;enArbs; RbCaBlrdæ nigTMnukTukcitþBIbreTs GñkvinieyaKTunepSg² EdlCaCMhanQaneTArkkarbegIánkargar sMrab;RbCaBlrdæ nigkMeNInesdækic©. karlubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy GyutþiFm’enAkñúgsgÁm edaykar begIátc,ab; nigGnuvtþeGaymWugma:t;bMput CaktþasMxan;bMputsMrab;sgÁmEx μr edIm,IeGaymanesckþIéføfñÚr s¥ats¥M edayKitplRbeyaCn_CatiCaFM. karelIktMélbuKÁlEdleFIVRbeyaCn_eGayCati buKÁlEdl eFIVl¥kñúgsgÁm GñkesñhaCati erobcMRbB½n§Gb;rMeGaymanKuNPaB nigeKaledAc,as;las; EbgEck R)ak;cMNUleGaymanlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKña edIm,IecosevogGñkmankan;Etman cMENkGñkRk kan;EtRk edaykarpþl;R)ak;ebovtS eGaysmtamCIvPaBrs;enA eBalKWrkTIpSarCUnRbCaBlrdæ. kMrit R)ak;cMNUleGay)aneRcInCagR)ak;cMNay eTIbRbCaBlrdæmanCIvPaBFUrFar CaBiess KWelIkTwkcitþ xøaMgcMeBaHGñkEdlRkIRk GñkTn;exSay . RbCaBlrdæEx μrTaMgBIrePT RtUv)anelIkTwkcitþeGayman karGb;rMx<s;manKuNPaBdUcKña nigsiTi§esrIPaBes μ IKñacMeBaHmuxc,ab;.

CabzmeyIgRtUvBRgwgkgkmøaMgRbdab;GavuF nKr)aleGaymansmtßPaB mansIlFm’l¥ edIm,IFanasnþisux karBarplRbeyaCn_RbeTsCati ecosvagkarrMelaPQøanBanBIsMNak; RbeTsCit xag. kgkmøaMgRbdab;GavuFenACakmøaMgGBüaRkitü edayminsßitenAeRkamKNbkSneya)ayNamYy b¤Rbkan;ninñakarneya)ayKNbkSCaedIm. kgkmøaMgRbdab;GavuFeFIVtamtYrnaTICaGñkkarBar bMerICati sasna RbCaCatiEx μr edayes μaHGs;BIdYgcitþ.

cMENkÉmRnþIraCkarRtUveKarBc,ab;CamUldæan. c,ab;Gnuvtþn_cMeBaHCnTUeTAminerIsmux RbCa CatiEx μrTaMgGs;RtUves μ IPaBKñacMeBaHmuxc,ab; BRgwgkarGnuvtþc,ab;. KμannrNamñak;enAelIc,ab;)aneLIy bM)at;GMeBIBukrlYyenARKb;mCÄdæanTaMgGs;enAkñúgRKb;mCÄdæanTaMgGs;. kmøaMgTaMgGs;RtUvmansIlFm’

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔๕ rkSasiT§i

smrmü manyutþiFm’ minRbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYy ehIyRtUvelIkTwkcitþCanic© edIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_ Cati.

1-nitibBaØtþi (Legislative) GgÁnitibBaØtþiCaGñktMNageGayRbCaCatiEx μr tMNageGayRbCaBlrdæ minsißtenAeRkamGMNac

buKÁlNamñak; b¤KNbkSneya)ayNamYy . GgÁnitibBaØatþiCaGgÁkarkMBUlrbs;Cati. tMNagraRsþ RtUvykcitþTukdak;GMBIsuxTukçrbs;RbCaBlrdæCaTUeTA edaytaMgxøÜnCatMNageGayplRbeyaCn_rbs; RbCaBlrdæ tMNageGayplRbeyaCn_Cati ehIyenAkñúgsßab½nenHRtUvenACaÉkraCü dac;edayELk BIGMNacnitiRbtibtþi sMrab;RtYtBinitüemIlkarGnuvtþrbs;nitiRbtibtþi.

2-tulakar (The Court) tulakarmantYnaTIsMxan; sMrab;EsVgrkyutþiFm’eGayRbCaBlrdærgeRKaHenAkñúgsgÁm tulakar

RtUvEtÉkraCü edayminsßitenAeRkam\Ti§Blneya)ay b¤sißtenAeRkamKNbkSneya)ayNamYy CaBiess GMNactulakarenHRtUvsißtenAdac;edayELkBIGMNacnitibBaØtþi nigGMNacnitiRbtibtþi. edIm,IeGaymanyutþiFm’enaH karBRgwgEpñkGnuvtþn_c,ab;CaktþasMxan; nigsIlFm’sgÁm eFIVya:gNaRtUv bM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy. tulakarRtUvmansuqnÞ³ÉkraCü kñúgkarEsVgrkyutþiFm’CUnRbCaCatiEx μrTUeTA.

3-GMNacnitiRbtibtþi (The Executive) GMNacnitiRbtibtþimantYnaTIsMxan;Nas; sMrab;eFIVeGayRbeTsCatimYyrIkcMerInrugerOg . rdæaPi

)alRtUvEtmanqnÞ³neya)ayBitR)akd eKalneya)ayc,as;las;. GMNacnitiRbtibtþiminRtUv eRCotERCkGMNacnitibBaØtþi nigGMNactulakar EdlnaMeGay)at;bg;GBüaRkitüPaB nig)at;bg;ÉkraCü enaHeLIy . kareRCotERCkenaH CakarxusBIeKalkarN_RbCaFibetyü. GMNacnitiRbtibtþi CaGñk Gnuvtþn_eKalkarN_RbCaFibetyü edayebIksiTi§esrIPaBeBjelj nigkareKarBc,ab;. RbCaBlrdæman siTi§esrIPaBeBjeljkñúgkarniyaysþIbeBa©jmti karCYbRbCMu nigkartva:edaysnþiviFICaedIm. kar e)aHeqñatedayesrInwgyutþiFm’ edayRbB½n§eXasna ÉkraCüminlak;)aMg lMeGogeTArkbuKÁl b¤KNbkS NamYy. GMNacnitiRbtibtþi mantYnaTIsMxan;CaGñkkac;cgáÚtRbeTsCatieGayrIkcMerIn karBar plRbeyaCn_Cati nigbMerIRbCaBlrdæeGaymanesckþIsuxsanþ.

4-B½t’man (The Information) bNþajsarB½t’manRtUveFVItamviC¢aCIv³sarB½t’manRtwmRtUv edaysißtenACaGBüaRkitü ÉkraCü

nigmansiTi§esrIPaBeBjelj. karniBn§ nigsresrB½t’man minsßitenAeRkam\Ti§Blneya)ayrbs; KNbkS b¤buKÁlNamYyeLIy. RbB½n§B½t’manRtUvebIkcMhrya:gTUlMTUlaydl;RbCaBlrdæTUeTA edIm,I eGayKat;yl;dwgGMBIsßankarN_TUeTAenAkñúgRbeTs. bNþajsarB½t’manRtUveKarBRkmsIlFm’rbs;

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔๖ rkSasiT§i

xøÜn . sarB½t’manCakBa©k;qøúHbBa©aMgsgÁmBit edayniyayGMBIkarBit EdlekItmanenAkñúgsgÁm. bNþa bNþajsarB½t’man EdlKaMRTKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa BukrlYylMeGog minecjmux nigminh‘anniyay karBit edaysarkarP½yxøacBIsuvtißPaB kar)at;bg;GaCIBnigkarKMramkMEhgepSg²BIGñkmanGMNac nigsm<aFneya)ayCaedIm.

5-bM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy (Corruption Elimination) karlubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy CaktþamYysMxan; ehIyCaGTiPaBTI 1 EdleyIgRtUvEtedaHRsay

enAkñúgsgÁmEx μr eGaymanPaBéføfñÚr s¥ats¥M. karlb;bM)at;GMeBIBukrlYyenH eFIVeGaymnusSman esckþIesμaHRtg; eFIVRbeyaCn_CUnCati edayminKitBIGtμaniym nigRbRBwtþGMeBIGaRkk;epSg²eTot. begIátc,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nigkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;edaymWugma:t; manRbB½n§bec©kviTüasMrab;RtYtBinitü CaktþacMbgnaMeGaybM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy. CMhanbnþRtUvGb;rMEklm¥eGaymnusSmanKMnitl¥.

6-begIánCIvPaBRbCaBlrdæ (Increase the Standard Living of People) Tukçrbs;RbCaBlrdæ CaTukçrbs;emdwknaMCatiEx μr suPmgÁlrbs;RbCaBlrdæ CasuPmgÁl

rbs;emdwknaMCatiEx μr. eyIgRtUvbegIánCIvPaBRbCaBlrdæeGay)anl¥tamry³ karpþl;nUvcMeNH dwgviC¢aCIv³mYyBitR)akd karEsVgrkTIpSarsMrab;lk;plitpl karbegIátkargar nig R)ak;ebovtSsmrmü eTotTat;. eyIgsegáteXIjbc©úb,nñenH CIvPaBRbCaBlrdæFøak;kñúgPaBRkIRk edaysarkarminykcitþ Tukdak;BIemdwknaM. CaBiess KW yYnmanneya)aycg;elbTwkdI rMlayBUCsasn_Exμr eGayexSay køayCaCnCatiPaKtic køayCanreTsCnecalRsukTwkdIkMeNIt . TaMgGs;enHCaneya)ayrbs;BYkyYn kum μuynisþ edIm,IelbTwkdIEx μr.

7-KNbkSneya)ay (The Political Parties) KNbkSneya)ayTaMgGs;RtUvtMkl;plRbeyaCn_CatiTaMgmUlCaFM edaymineGaymankarEbk

)ak;Kña edaysarEtplRbeyaCn_buKÁl b¤GMNac eFIVeGayplRbeyaCn_Cati)at;bg;enaHeLIy. KNbkSneya)ayTaMgGs;RtUveKarBc,ab;CaFM eKarBrdæFmμnuBaØ edayQrelIeKalkarN_RsLaj;Cati sasna RbCaCatiEx μrBitR)akd. KNbkSneya)aynImYy² minRtUvbMerIneya)aybreTseLIy KNbkS neya)aynImYy² RtUveFIVkarRbkYtRbECgedIm,IplRbeyaCn_CatiExμrBit².

8-KN³kmμkarCatierobcMe)aHeqñat ( National Election Committee) sPaCatiRtUvbegIátc,ab;erobcMKN³kmμkarCatie)aHeqñatmYy EdlCMhrÉkraCü GBüaRkit esrI

PaB yutþiFm’ EdlKYrCaTITukcitþ)anBIsMNak;RbCaBlrdæ. c,ab;erobcMkare)aHeqñat RtUvmanRbsiT§PaB edaykarGnuvtþeGaymanyutþiFm’ kñúgkarcat;EcgerobcMkare)aHeqñat. ebkçCnEdleRCIserIssMrab; eFIVKN³kmμkarCatierobcMkare)aHeqñat RtUvEtCaKN³km μkarEdlmanPaBs¥ats¥M ÉkraCü GBüaRkitü

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔๗ rkSasiT§i

ehIymankare)aHeqñatTukcitþBIsPaCati. BYkeKRtUvEtmanqnÞ³erobcMkare)aHeqñat mYyRbkbedayPaB yutþiFm’RtwmRtUv.

9-CnGenþaRbevsn_ nigcarkmμyYn (Immigrants and Vietnamese spies)

CnGenþaRbevsn_TaMgGs;RtUveKarBtamc,ab;GenþaRbevsn_ nigeKarBc,ab;rbs;RbeTsEx μr. cMeBaHCnGenþaRbevsn_EdlmineKarBc,ab;rbs;Ex μr RtUvbBa¢ÚnRtLb;eTARbeTskMeNItvij. cMeBaHCn GenþaRbevsn_EdlmansBa¢atiEx μr EdlmanlkçN³eBjeljCaCnCatiExμr mansiTi§esμ IKñanigBlrdæEx μr TUeTAEdr. RKb;Pñak;garTaMgGs;rbs;yYnTaMgsIuvil nig eyaFa RtUvbBa¢ÚnRtLb;eTARbeTsedImvij.

carkm μyYn EkøgePTCaEx μr VI.esckþIsnñidæan (Conclusion)

tamkarsikSaRsavRCav )anbBa¢ak;RbCaCatiExμreGayemIleXIjkan;Etc,as; GMBIedImehtu b£sKl;énbBaða Edl)annwgkMBugekItmanenAkñúgRbeTsExμr. eRkamkardwknaMRtYtRtarbs;BYkCnpþac;kar h‘un Esn kMBugnaMRbeTsExμrQaneTArkeRKaHfñak;mhnþrayminxaneLIy. ebIeyIgminnaMKñaedaHRsay bBaðaenHeGaycb; esckþITukçevTnarbs;BlrdæEx μr minRtwmEtFøak;mkelIeyIgnaeBlbc©úb,nñb:ueNÑaHeT TukçevTnaTaMgGs;enH nigFøak;dl;kUnecAEx μrCMnan;eRkayeTotnaeBlGnaKt. karbgðajlatRtdag BIkarBit dUc)anerobrab;xagelIenH eFIVeGayeyIgTaMgGs;KñaCaEx μr Qb;vegVgCamYykarbMP½nþepSg² rbs;BYkyYnkum μ úynisþ nigEx μrkumμúynisþmYycMnYn EdlkMBugEtEkRkéLRbvtþisaRsþ eRbIR)as;menaKmn_ e)akR)as; edIm,IGMNac muxmat; buNüs½ká suxcitþeGank,albMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayBYkyYnkum μúynisþ. ehtudUecñHehIy eyIgeXIjfab£sKl; 7 mkra KW kum μ úynisþyYn.yYn ¬shB½n§\NÐÚcin¦enHehIy CaGñkerobcMEpnkarmkelbTwkdIEx μr kan;kab;TwkdIExμr cam Lav Ex μreRkamrhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ.

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔๘ rkSasiT§i

Éksaeyag (Reference)

1-km<úCaqñaMsUnü niBn§nigERbsMrYledayelak Francois Ponchaud 2-RbvtþisaRsþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüniBn§eday elak exov sMpn 3-km<úCa nigshB½n§\NÐÚcin 4-eKhTMB½r rbs; bNÐit NarBaØKIrITwtü http://mysite.verizon.net/vzeof03b/ 5-rUbPaBdkRsg;ecjBI eKhTMB½r RsLaj;Exμr b¤ exGayemD½r nig DIEhVs RbvtþisaRsþ 6- ÉksarRbvtþisaRsþ km<úCaeRkam ¬GMNacKμanExμreRkam¦ eday elakRtaMgqat b‘ut 7-nitirdæ)alTUeTA edaybNÐit say bUrI qñaM 2006 8-karbeRgonrbs;RBHBuT§ qñaM 1966 edayelak BUKKYO DENDO KYOKAI 9-Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore: 1981 10- Peter Schier, "Kampuchea in 1985," in Southeast Asian Affairs 1986. 11-Nayan Chanda, Brother Enemy. 12- The War After the War (1986). 13-"Origins of Khmer Communism," in Southeast Asian Affairs 1981. 14-World Politics,by Johnh T.Rourke ,Ph.D and Mark A Boyer, Ph.D University of Connecticut. 15-The International Politics of the Asia Pacific, Second edition and revised edition, by Michael Yahuda,Ph.D 16-Vietnamese Communist ( 1925-1945) by Huy nh Kim Khanh. 17-The Voice of America and Radio Free Asia. 18- Pictures quoted from KI Media.

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