Internet e o novo perfil dos leitores

7/23/2019 Internet e o novo perfil dos leitores

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RCA_BWUANLNB NB OFW^LKBXL

EBC^WF NB EACEALU MRILCLU

@WLNRLF BI ZRGKAEANLNB B ZWFZL@LCNL

CBQLWL ORW^LNF KFZBU

AC^BWCB^ B F CF_F ZBWOAK NFU KBA^FWBU

OFW^LKBXL

7:


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Ifcf`rloal sugibtanl Effrnbclf nfZrf`rlil nb @rlnulf bi 7:


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Ifcf`rloal sugibtanl Effrnbclf nf Zrf`rlil nf eursf nb @rlnulf bi 7:


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Lfs ibus plas+ pfr sbrbi f ibu pfrtf sb`urf#


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L@WLNBEAIBC^FU

L`rlnbf lfs ibus plas b iacml ari pbkf elracmf b lpfaf bi tfnls ls btlpls nl

iacml vanl+ pfr sbiprb tbrbi lerbnatlnf cf ibu pftbcealk+ b tbrbi ib bstaiuklnf l

efctaculr gltlkmlcnf pbkfs ibus sfcmfs# L`rlnbf pfr tbrbi ib lprbsbctlnf lfs kavrfs b

cucel tbrbi nbaxlnf qub bu pbrnbssb bssb `fstacmf pbkl kbaturl#

Lf Okvaf Oakmf+ pfr sbiprb tbr ib lefiplcmlnf cls iacmls biprbatlnls bi

gusel nb fgsbrvlbs plrl efipfr f ibu naraf nb elipf+ b pfr tbr ib lhunlnf cf qub ofa

pfssvbk# L iacml frabctlnfrl Lkbsslcnrl Fkavbarl pbkl lhunl# L bseratfrl Zlukl Zaibctl+ qub`rlls lf sbu trlglkmf ib nbspbrtfu f actbrbssb nb pbsquaslr sfgrb f tbil#

L tfnfs fs kbatfrbs qub ib rbkltlrli suls fpacabs+ bi bspbealk l Aslgbk Zacmbarf+

Cltmkal Wfnraùbs+ Cbtf _alcl b ls ibcacls nf LWOfrtlkbzl# Lfs lutfrbs qub ib

efcebnbrli ui iacutf nb sbu tbipf plrl rbspfcnbr ls iacmls pbrùctls+ b lssai bcraqubebr

l iacml pbsquasl+ Zlukl Zaibctl -cfvlibctb!+ ^liiy Kuealcf+ Lnralcl _lr`ls+ Olgalcb

Wagbarf+ Ifcaqub b Icael Upbrlcnaf# Lf Kuaz Elrkfs+ effrnbclnfr nb ilrdbtac` nl IFNF

Bnatfrl qub ofa glstlctb ltbceafsf b ib lhunfu sbiprb qub prbeasf#

B l tfnfs qub olzbi plrtb nbssb iucnf iàef nfs kavrfs#


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WBURIF

KFZBU+ Cbylrl Ourtlnf# Actbrcbt b f cfvf pbroak nfs kbatfrbs# Ifcf`rloal# Eursf nbZugkaeanlnb b Zrfpl`lcnl# Rcavbrsanlnb nb Ofrtlkbzl# 7:


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KAU^L NB AKRU^WLBU

OA@RWL < Zraibarl vbrsf nl elpl nf kavrf Olzbcnf ibu oakib

L bstrbal nb Olca+ nl Zlukl Zaibctl#

>7

OA@RWL 7 Ub`ucnl vbrsf nl elpl nf kavrf Olzbcnf ibu oakib

L bstrbal nb Olca+ nl Zlukl Zaibctl#

>7

OA@RWL 5 Elpl nf kavrf Ekugb nl acscal+ nf ^aef Ulctl Eruz# 2:


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URIWAF

AC^WFNRF###################################################################################################################### :1


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1

AC^WFNRF

LActbrcbttrfuxb uil cfvl ofril nb efiucaelf bctrb fs kbatfrbs b f ibrelnf

katbrraf+ ui ibaf rpanf b glrltf qub bst fobrbebcnf navbrsls fpfrtucanlnbs b bxpbraceals

cl tbctltavl nb tfrclr fs kavrfs ilas ltrltavfs+ bi ui pls bi qub f mgatf nl kbaturl cf

vlkfrazlnf+ sbhl efi uil bcxurrlnl nb acofrilbs naspfcvbas cl wbg sfgrb fs kavrfs+ fu

efi l lprfxailf nf kbatfr efi f lutfr#

Bstl pbsquasl tbi efif fghbtavf praceaplk vbraoaelr sb l bctrlnl nl Actbrcbt cf

ibrelnf katbrraf bst eralcnf ui cfvf pbroak nb kbatfrbs+ b sb f ibrelnf bst ltbctf blnlptlnf l bssls iunlcls# Bssb cfvf pbroak f pfctf emlvb qub tfrcl l pbsquasl rbkbvlctb4

lki nb ifstrlr qubi bssb cfvf kbatfr+ l pbsquasl pfnbr lhunlr lf ibrelnf l efrraàr

lkùils olkmls b lssai luibctlr f cibrf nb kbatfrbs#

F actbrbssb pbkl pbsquasl clsebu nbvanf l lkùils fgsbrvlbs qub acefifnlvl l

pbsquaslnfrl+ lf cftlr qub bstlvl tbcnf ui gffi nb cfvls bnatfrls b bseratfrbs+ qub+ lpbslr

nl qulkanlnb nuvanvbk+ bstlvli `lcmlcnf navbrsfs os nbvanf ofril qub sb efiucaelvli

cl wbg# L plrtar nbssl efcstltlf+ plssfu l sb qubstafclr f qub nb oltf ltrlal fs kbatfrbs+ sb

brl f kavrf bi sa+ fu bssls lbs nb wbg)ilrdbtac`#

Cf praibarf elptukf+ l pbsquasl bstunl l mastral nl Actbrcbtplrl efiprbbcnbr

efif tunf efibfu b qulas iunlcls bssl cfvl tbecfkfàl trfuxb plrl l sfeabnlnb4 nbpfas+

sb obz cbebssraf slgbr sfgrb f eagbrbsplf b efif f mfibi sb efipfrtl cbssb cfvf bsplf

nb efiucaelf# Efif glsb tbrael+ oazbrli)sb bi fgrls nb lutfrbs efif Ilcubk Elstbkks+

Zabrry Kbvy+ bctrb futrfs#

Nbpfas ofa l vbz nf ibrelnf kavrbarf+ pfri nbvanf olktl nb trlglkmfs nbsbcvfkvanfs

cl rbl+ l pbsquasl ofa efipfstl pfr orlìbctfs nb nfeuibctfs b pbkf naraf nb elipf# L

lutfrl Lkbsslcnrl Bk Olr -7::?! nbu uil tail glsb plrl l efcstruf nl mastral nf ibrelnf

kavrbarf nf Grlsak4 kf`f bi sbùanl+ l pbsquasl Wbtrltfs nl kbaturl cf Grlsak sbrvau nb glsb

plrl efiblr l sb tbr uil anbal sfgrb f pbroak nfs kbatfrbs# Bi sbùanl+ ofrli ifstrlnls

navbrsls lbs nb wbg)ilrdbtac`nls bnatfrls glsblnls cf naraf nb elipf nl pbsquaslnfrl#

\ulcnf l pbsquaslnfrl plrtau plrl f elipf+ bkl bsefkmbu utakazlr nuls

obrrlibctls nb lckasb4 uil ofa l fgsbrvlf b l futrl ofa l bctrbvastl# F pbsquaslnfr

fgsbrvfu nurlctb < is f trlglkmf cl wbg nb 5 bnatfrls nb naobrbctbs pbroas+ sbcnf bkls l


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Bi


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ui prlzf nb 5 lcfs+ ils cf lefctbebu+ bxastb uil glrrbarl sfealk b befciael qub cf

pbriatb l lnbsf tftlk l cfvls tbecfkfàls+ pfri ls cfvls tbecfkfàls `lcmli ilas lnbptfs

b ls tbecfkfàls trlnaeafclas vf pbrnbcnf pgkaef+ fu rbcfvli l sul kacùl`bi#L elnl nal+ fs efiputlnfrbs bstf oaelcnf ibcfrbs+ ilas pftbctbs+ efi uil

ibiral ilafr b efi l trlcsiassf nb nlnfs ilas `bas# F qub iunfu cf ofa s l

tbecfkfàl bi sa+ ils l actbrlf sfealk b fr`lcazleafclk+ l acofritael pbrnbu+ pfuef l

pfuef+ sbu stltus nb tecael b nb sbtfr acnustralk plrtaeuklr plrl efiblr l oucnar)sb efi ls

tbkbefiucaelbs+ l bnatfrlf+ f eacbil b l tbkbvasf -K_Q+ 7:::+ p#57!#

Fs hfvbcs prfoassafclas b bstunlctbs nb `rlcnbs ibtrpfkbs ofrilrli ui ifva)

ibctf seaf eukturlk bspfctcbf b aiprbvasvbk qub rlpanlibctb tfifu uil naibcsfiucnalk# Naobrbctbs rbnbs nb efiputlnfrbs sb huctlrli+ b l actbr)rbnb erbsebu+ nlcnf ui

cfvf ruif lf nbsbcvfkvaibctf tbecf)bstruturlk nf eagbrbsplf+ ui cfvf bsplf nb ef)

iucaelf+ nb sfealgakanlnb+ nb fr`lcazlf b nb trlcslf+ ils tligi cfvf ibrelnf nl

acofrilf b nb efcmbeaibctf -K_Q+ 7:::+ p# 57!#


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+ fcnb pbssfls nb qulkqubr ku`lr nf iucnf

pfnbi efctraguar bserbvbcnf ibcsl`bcs nb lpfaf plrl pleabctbs efi ecebr nf Acstatutf

Iraf Zbccl# ^las ibcsl`bcs vf sbcnf ltulkazlnls lutfiltaelibctb cf satb b sbcnf

naspfcvbas plrl tfnfs fs pleabctbs ltrlvs nb ifcatfrbs bsplkmlnfs pbkfs efrrbnfrbs nf

mfspatlk8

Ufibctb ls plrtaeuklranlnbs tecael nf eagbrbsplf pbriatbi qub fs ibigrfs nbui `rupf muilcf -qub pfnbi sbr tlctfs qulctfs quasbr! sb effrnbcbi+ effpbrbi+lkaibctbi b efcsuktbi uil ibiral efiui+ b astf qulsb bi tbipf rblk+ lpbslr nlnastraguaf `bf`roael b nl naobrbcl nb mfrrafs -K_Q+ 7:::+ p# >1!#

Futrl oucf aipfrtlctb nf eagbrbsplf l trlcsobrceal nb nlnfs+ fu upkfln+

qub l trlcsobrceal nb ui lrquavf nf efiputlnfr plrl l Actbrcbt2+ sbi qub bkb nbslplrbl

nl ibiral nf efiputlnfr# F lrquavf s pfnbr sbr lebsslnf elsf f usuraf pbriatl4 lpbssfl pfnb+ pfr bxbipkf+ uplr? ui b)gffd0 cl Actbrcbt b nbax)kf efi lebssf pgkaef+

pbriatacnf qub tfnfs tbcmli lebssf l bkb+ b qub l nastraguaf lefctbl nb ofril rpanl# Fu

bxa`ar qub ls pbssfls tbcmli uil sbcml+ fu pl`ub uil tlxl plrl pfnbr tbr lebssf#

L trfel nb ibcsl`bcs tlkvbz l oucf ilas aipfrtlctb nf eagbrbsplf+ elnl

pbssfl pfnb tbr acibrfs efrrbafs bkbtrcaefs+ cuil bspeab nb elaxl)pfstlk+ qub sf anbctaoa)

elnfs pfr ui bcnbrbf+ fcnb elnl usuraf pfnb rbebgbr fu bcvalr ibcsl`bcs iuktaifknlas

plrl qulkqubr usuraf qub tligi pfssul ui efrrbaf bkbtrcaef# Ls ibcsl`bcs pfnbi sbr

oleakibctb bnatlnls+ lpl`lnls+ bcvalnls plrl acibrfs usurafs nb uil vbz b eklssaoaelnls cl

ibiral bkbtrcael nf efiputlnfr#

>Naspfcvbk bi ;mttp8&&www#nfbplklvrls#efi#gr&3 Lebssf bi8 7: fut 7:


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knaef# Ri vbrnlnbarf lebrvf qub erbseb l elnl sbùcnf+ qub efcti tunf qub sb pfssl

ailàclr+ fu cf icaif uil rbobrceal+ b qub nbvb sbr ltulkazlnf efcstlctbibctb8

Kfc`b nb ucaofriazlr+ l Actbrcbt lgra`l l elnl lcf ilas kcùls+ eukturls b vlrab)nlnb+ elgbi lpbcls l cfs efctaculr l lkaibctlr bssl navbrsanlnb b bxbrebr cfssleurafsanlnb plrl cf nbaxlr nfriar+ bctbrrlnls cf oucnf nf feblcf acofrileafclk+ lspbrfkls nb slgbr b nb prlzbr naobrbctbs plrl elnl ui nb cs qub bssb feblcf

efcti -K_Q+ 7:::+ p# 1


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=!#

F ltulk f pfssvbk+ f bsttaef+ f h efcstrunf# F vartulk pfssua uil tbcnceal l

sb trlcsofrilr bxltlibctb bi sul outurl ltulkazlf+ pfas uil bctanlnb h elrrb`l b prfnuz l

sul vartulkazlf+ f qub bssbcealk plrl bkl# L ltulkazlf+ bctf+ l sfkuf nb ui prf)

gkbil+ l eralf nb uil efcoa`urlf naciael pr)nboacanl nb ofrl b nb oaclkanlnb# F

rblk lssbibkml)sb lf pfssvbk4 bi trfel+ f ltulk bi clnl sb lssbibkml lf vartulk8 rbspfcnb)

kmb -K_Q+ 7::1+ p# ?!#


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?!# F qub ofa

naàtlkazlnf bst satulnf bi lkùi ku`lr nb ui nbtbriaclnf supfrtb+ pfri sb bcefctrl

vartulkibctb prbsbctb bi elnl ku`lr nl rbnb qub bkb bst sbcnf sfkaeatlnf 8 L pbrspbetavl nl

naàtlkazlf `brlk nls acofrilbs prfvlvbkibctb tfrclr f eagbrbsplf f praceaplk elclk nb

efiucaelf b supfrtb nb ibiral nl muilcanlnb l plrtar nf acaeaf nf prxaif seukf

-K_Q+ 7:::+ p#=?!#

Fs ibigrfs nb uil efiucanlnb pfnbi sb rbucar ltrlvs nfs ibsifs actbrbssbs+

sbi sbr cbebssraf qub tfnfs bstbhli huctfs bi ui ku`lr `bf`roaef bspbeoaef plrl prfifvbr

sbus nbgltbs+ pfas tfnfs fs ibigrfs ivbas bstlrf rbucanfs bi ui ku`lr vartulk+ olzbcnf

rbobrceal eukturl cilnb+ fcnb ls actbrlbs sfealas lefctbebi efi f icaif nb acreal+

utakazlcnf ui sastbil qub pbriatb f lebssf efiplrtakmlnf b l nastceal l nfeuibctfs+ ofctbs

nb acofrilf+ fu bsplfs nb trlglkmf qub cfs lprfxaili prf`rbssavlibctb nl efiucaelf

pfr ui iucnf vartulk -K_Q+ 7:::+ p#=

Ril nls praceaplas elrletbrstaels nf vartulk f nbsprbcnaibctf nf lqua b l`frl4

fs sbus bkbibctfs sf nbstbrratfralkazlnfs+ oaeli acnbpbcnbctbs nb ui ku`lr `bf`roaef fu nb

ui tbipf nb elkbcnraf b rbkàf+ ils cf bi sul tftlkanlnb4 nb lkùi ifnf+ cf sb slgb

fcnb b qulcnf+ ils f vartulk tbi ui kfelk b tbipf bspbeoaefs# Cf pfnbifs bsqubebr qub

cbebssatl nb ui supfrtb osaef plrl sbr lebsslnf#

Ri mapbrnfeuibctf+ pfr bxbipkf+ pfnb sbr lebsslnf bi qulkqubr ku`lr+ lqulkqubr mfrl+ feuplcnf navbrsfs bsplfs nb uil cael vbz+ ils assf s pfssvbk+ pfas f


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7:

ibsif sb bcefctrl bi sul ofril vartulk+ b cf osael# L sacerfcazlf sugstatua l ucanlnb nb

ku`lr+ b l actbrefcbxf+ l ucanlnb nb tbipf# Ils+ cbi pfr assf f vartulk ail`acraf# Bkb

prfnuz bobatfs -K_Q+ 7::1+ p#1!#Nbstbrratfralkazlnf+ sbi ui ku`lr `bf`roaef bspbeaoaef+ bkb lelgl bstlcnf

prbsbctb pfr actbarf bi navbrsfs elctfs lf ibsif tbipf+ ltavf bkb prfnuz uil ltulkazlf

bi tfnfs fs elctfs qub f olzbi prbsbctbs+ ils l sul ltulkazlf pfssua ui ku`lr b ui tbipf

bspbeaoaef+ pfas ls ibsils prbeasli nb ui supfrtb osaef plrl pfnbr lefctbebr8 vartulk

tfnl bctanlnb nbstbrratfrazlnl+ elplz nb `brlr navbrsls ilcaobstlbs efcerbtls bi

naobrbctbs ifibctfs b kfelas nbtbriaclnfs+ sbi+ efctunf bstlr bkl ibsil prbsl l ui ku`lr

fu tbipf bi plrtaeuklr -K_Q+ 7:::+ p# >0!#^bifs qub efcsanbrlr uil qulctanlnb nb tapfs nb bsplealkanlnb b nurlf plrl

elnl ofril nb vanl+ pfas elnl uil acvbctl sbu iucnf b+ efi bssb iucnf+ ui tbipf b ui

bsplf bspbeoaef# Bxastbi vrafs sastbils qub sb rbefgrbi+ sb nbofrili b sb efcbetli4 ls

nurlbs sb fpbi+ sb actbrobrbi+ b sb rbspfcnbi+ elnl sastbil pfssua ui ratif+ uil

vbkfeanlnb+ uil qulkanlnb8 Elnl cfvf sastbil nb efiucaelf b nb trlcspfrtb ifnaoael f

sastbil nls prfxaianlnbs prtaels -K_Q+ 7::1+ p#


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7 ofkmls+ sb ofssb nfgrlnl 7 vbzbs+ fgtbrlifs ui elnbrcf

efi = ofkmls+ b sb emlilral ac)qulrtf4 lssai pfr nalctb+ f ofriltf gagkaf`roaef efiprbbcnbl naibcsf nl ofkml nb plpbk aiprbssl+ nbpfas qub bkl ofa nfgrlnl sbùcnf f cibrf nb

pàcls qub efcti -WFR_BQWB lpun ILWÂCU+


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7>

fgrls b elrtls rbkltlcnf suls bxpbraceals4 bkl pfssul ui vlstf lebrvf pbssflk# Hfmc Kueefed

-BK OLW+ 7::?! obz uil fgsbrvlf sfgrb ls iukmbrbs nf Waf nb Hlcbarf8

Ls iukmbrbs nls eklssbs lktls b inals+ bspbealkibctb ls ifls+ vavbi iuatf ilasrbekusls qub bi cfssl prpral tbrrl# F pfuef efctltf qub fs efstuibs efi bklspbriatbi pb l cu l sul olktl nb bnuelf b acstruf# -KREEFED lpun BK OLW+7::?+ p# !

L prfagaf nb aiprbssfs cf Grlsak ofa vkanl lt l emb`lnl nl olikal rblk lf Waf

nb Hlcbarf bi


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72

L eukturl aiprbssl cf pls bstlvl ltrlacnf iuatfs kavrbarfs b tap`rlofs+

bstrlc`barfs bi gusel nb vbcnbr `rlcnbs suebssfs burfpbus cls nelnls nb


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7?

prbfs lebssvbas# L Kavrlral @lrcabr obemfu suls pfrtls bi b efcsanbrlnl uil nls

ilas aipfrtlctbs plrl f nbsbcvfkvaibctf nf ibrelnf kavrbarf cf pls#

Lkùcs grlsakbarfs+ lpbslr nb ui ratif ilas kbctf+ tligi efcsbùarli sbnbstlelr cf ibrelnf bnatfralk nf seukf ]A]# Ubùcnf Ilemlnf nb Lssas -BK OLW+ 7::?!+

Zlukl Gratf ofa f praibarf bnatfr grlsakbarf+ bx)actb`rlctb nl bquapb nb efipfsaf nf Hfrclk

nf Efiibreaf lf klnf nb Zabrrb Zklcembr# Bi


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70

Ls navuk`lbs nfs kavrfs brli obatls sbiprb lkalnls l ui `rlcnb lklrnb cl inal4

iuatls vbzbs fs prprafs lutfrbs gfklvli efif brl obatl bssl navuk`lf+ bxbipkf f

bseratfr Oa`ubarbnf Zaibctbk qub ofrhfu sbu suaenaf bi uil glrel qub al plrl Catbra+ efinarbatf l emlpu+ elslef b uil elrtl suaeanl lglcnfclnfs cl glrel b pfkaealas acvbsta`lcnf f

elsf# Zfuef tbipf nbpfas f lutfr lplrbebu plrl navuk`lr sbu rfilceb Uuaeanl,

Navbrsfs kavrbarfs aiatlrli l kacml pugkaeatral nb \ulrbsil+ bxbipkf nassf ofa

kavrlral Gbhliai Efstlkklt / Iaefkkas+ qub bi


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7=

bi # @rlls l bssl lktbrcltavl+ vrafs lutfrbs nb suebssf efcsb`uarli slar nf lcfcailtf

cf seukf ]A] b ]]#

Ri rb`astrf eurafsf qub lpbslr nl aiprbssf sbr prfaganl lt l emb`lnl nlolikal rblk lf Waf nb Hlcbarf+ navbrsls ofrli ls tbctltavls nb acstlklr tapf`rloals eklcnbstacls

cf Grlsak# Bxbipkf ofrli fs tianfs bcslafs nb aiprbcsl bi Zbrcliguef+ bi


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71

Kfgltf / Efiplcmal+ erafu l Efiplcmal Bnatfrl Cleafclk+ lf klnf Elaf Zrlnf+ Kblcnrf

Nrup b Lrtur Cbvbs bi >#

F `rupf ifnbrcastl nb Uf Zlukf lrtaeukfu+ bi Cfvls bnatfrls ali clsebcnf cf ibrelnf b trlzbcnf prfhbtfs acfvlnfrbs# Lkùcs

lpfstlvli bi kavrfs nantaefs fu ucavbrsatrafs4 futrfs lpfstlvli bi bseratfrbs cleafclas b

actbrcleafclas+ lssai clsebrli navbrsls kavrlrals b iuatls olzbi suebssf lt mfhb+ bxbipkf l

Ulrlavl+ Ibkmfrlibctfs+ tael+ @kfgf+ Wbefrn+ Wfeef+ _fzbs+ bctrb futrls qub nacliazlrlif ibrelnf clqubkl pfel8

Bssbs bnatfrbs cl vbrnlnb nbrli efctacuanlnb l iuatfs prfhbtfs clseanfs cls ktailsnelnls nf seukf ]A]8 fs navbrsfs tapfs nb efkbbs+ ls trlnubs acnatls+ ls elplsltrlbctbs+ fs vfkuibs nb glaxf eustf+ ls clrrltavls akustrlnls+ fs rbeklibs cl `rlcnbaiprbcsl+ fs lutfrbs nb suebssf -BK OLW+ 7::?+ p# >7!#

Lkùils bnatfrls vabrli efi l prfpfstl nb bxpkfrlr bcslafs b bstunfs+ l oai nb

efctraguar efi f plcfrlil actbkbetulk grlsakbarf# Biprbsrafs nb navbrsfs rlifs bctrlrli biefctltf efi pbsquaslnfrbs+ prfobssfrbs b katbrltfs plrl pugkaelr fraàclas nb naobrbctbs

elipfs nb bstunf+ bxbipkf nassf ofa l Bnatfrl Hfr`b Xlmlr b caf Uakvbarl nl Bnatfrl

Eavakazlf Grlsakbarl+ qub nbsloalrli ls prfagabs nl natlnurl iakatlr plrl pbriatar qub f

pfvf grlsakbarf punbssb olzbr uil rbokbxf ertael sfgrb l rblkanlnb nf pls#

L prfnuf katbrral tbvb `rlcnbs acvbstaibctfs cf pls tfnf+ f qub pbriatau qub f

ibrelnf cf oaelssb bxekusavlibctb cf baxf Waf)Uf Zlukf# Zfnbifs nbstlelr ls Bnatfrl

Atltalal nb Gbkf Mfrazfctb+ ls bnatfrls cfrnbstacls qub navuk`lvli f efrnbk+ l Bnatfrl @kfgf b


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5:

Bnatfrl K/ZI nf Waf @rlcnb nf Uuk qub efcsb`uarli ui `rlcnb bsplf cf ibrelnf

cleafclk#

L Bnatfrl @kfgf ui sb`ibctf nl Kavrlral @kfgf+ qub efibfu l trlglkmlr efibnabs bi


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51" loarilrli qub sai bi 7:?" qub loarilrli qub bstlvli kbcnf ibcfs#

\ulcnf qubstafclnfs f iftavf nb bstlrbi kbcnf ibcfs+ f rbsuktlnf ofa

prbfeuplctb# 2:" loarilrli qub pfr olktl nb tbipf+ f qub plssl l sbr efctrlnatraf lf qub

f ibrelnf katbrraf fobrbeb# Fs kavrbarfs sbiprb bstf tbctlcnf l`rlnlr f ilas vlralnf

pgkaef+ b pbcslcnf cf pgkaef qub rbkltl cf tbr tbipf plrl kbr+ ls bnatfrls efiblrli l

klclr rbsuifs nfs ekssaefs#

L`frl ls bnatfrls fobrbebi lf kbatfr s f bssbcealk nf kavrf# Efiblrli l sbrbi

prfnuzanfs fs rbsuifs nls fgrls+ sbkbbs nfs ekssaefs+ lpfstlcnf qub l`frl lqubkb mfibi

qub rbeklilvl nb olktl nb tbipf punbssb vfktlr l kbr# Bxbipkf f kavrf 1: ekssaefs plrl

lprbsslnacmfs+ f kavrf trlz mastrals bi qulnracmf efi fs rbsuifs nfs ekssaefs nb uil

ofril gbi muifrlnl#

F bspbrlnf cf lefctbebu+ l nbseukpl nb olktl nb tbipf cf nbaxfu nb sbr uslnl b

f kavrf efibfu l sbr acaia`f nf prpraf kavrf# ^las rbsuifs oazbrli efi qub sb pbrnbssb l


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sac`uklranlnb nb elnl fgrl+ olzbcnf efi qub f mfibi ifnbrcf cf sfugbssb naobrbcealr fs

lutfrbs#

Lacnl sfgrb f iftavf qub kbvlrli ls pbssfls l kbrbi ibcfs+

sbhli bi trbcs+ cagus+ elrrfs+ ibtrs+ lvabs+ bctrb futrfs# Zbcslcnf cl efifnanlnb nls

pbssfls trlcspfrtlrbi sbus kavrfs efi ilafr oleakanlnb+ b nl pfssagakanlnb nf kavrf sbr

efiprlnf bi qulkqubr kfelk+ f ibrelnf katbrraf fobrbeb mfhb navbrsls fpbs plrl f pgkaef

kbatfr#

Fs kavrfs nb gfksf ofrli oaelcnf elnl vbz ilas lebssvbas4 l`frl sf vbcnanfs bi

qulkqubr ku`lr+ l prbfs isbrfs+ f qub sb tfrcfu gbi tak bi ui pls efi


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F biprbsraf Ogaf Gubcf Cbttf lnlptfu ls iquacls nb vbcnbr rbora`brlctbs b

ùkfsbails b plssfu l vbcnbr kavrfs nb gfksf efi ui prbf glstlctb lebssvbk+ àrlcnf bi

tfrcf nb W.2+:: elnl bxbipklr# Ls iquacls nb kavrfs sf nl biprbsl 7> x 0+ qub qubr nazbr7> mfrls+ 0 nals pfr sbilcl4 mfhb bkl emb`l l efibrealkazlr nb

efstuili efiprlr kavrfs+ 5:" loarilrli qub pb`li kavrfs biprbstlnfs+ lk`f eurafsf+ pfas

0:" nfs bctrbvastlnfs loarilrli qub cf biprbstli sbus kavrfs+ sb ofrifs efiplrlr efi fs

nlnfs nb 7::0+ fcnb >2" nls pbssfls pb`lvli kavrfs biprbstlnfs b s ?7" cf `fstlvli nb

biprbstlr sbus kavrfs+ l rbklf sb tfrcl prbfeuplctb#

Bxastbi lkùcs prf`rlils nb acebctavf kbaturl+ tlctf nf `fvbrcf efif nls

biprbsls plrtaeuklrbs# Zfnbifs eatlr f prfhbtf Atl Eralcl


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52

nassbrli qub `lcmlrli lk`uils vbzbs# H fs kbatfrbs loarilrli qub ?:" cucel `lcmlrli ui

kavrf cl vanl+ 52" nfs

bctrbvastlnfs+ >5" loarilrli qub l ib# H f qub iftavl fs kbatfrbs l kbr+ 22" loarili

qub l gusel pfr efcmbeaibctf+ >1" nassbrli qub guseli prlzbr+ sf bsefkmls bspfctcbls

pfr plrtb nf kbatfr4 5?" nassbrli qub pfr bxa`ceal bsefklr+ 5


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5?

prbsbcl nf bseratfr cl inal+ fu tbils sbcsleafclkastls eurafsfs+ bsparatulkastls# Bssbs tbi

ui kfelk `lrlctanf cl kastl nfs ilas vbcnanfs#

Zfnbifs eatlr l kastl nfs kavrfs ilas vbcnanfs nl sbilcl pugkaelnl cf satbbspbealkazlnf cf ibrelnf bnatfralk grlsakbarf+ Zugkasm Cbws+ qub slau cf nal nb epals s plrl fs grlsakbarfs lt hucmf nb 7:


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50

Lacnl cl pbsquasl Wbtrltfs nl kbaturl cf Grlsak -7:pbssfls `fstlvli nb olzbr bi sbu tbipf kavrb+ efi l pfssagakanlnb nb ilrelr ilas nb uil

fpf# Bi 7:

kbbi sf ls pbssfls qub bstf orbqubctlcnf f ligabctb lelniaef+ b lclkaslcnf l qubstf nl

rbcnl+ pfnbifs nazbr qub fs qub ti ilas lebssf lfs kavrfs f pgkaef nb ilafr pfnbr

lquasatavf+ lpbslr nb f ilafr cibrf nb kbatfrbs bstlrbi cl Eklssb G b E b efi rbcnl oliakalr

bctrb 7 l 2 slkrafs icaifs#

Nb lefrnf efi fs nlnfs lprbsbctlnfs+ pfnbifs nazbr+ bctf+ qub f iftavf nb

tbrifs pfuefs kbatfrbs vla lki nl qubstf befciael+ vaslcnf qub f ilafr pgkaef nb

kbatfrbs bst bi uil plrebkl nl pfpuklf qub cf pfssua iuatf pfnbr lquasatavf# Lpbslr nfs

prf`rlils nb acebctavf b l navbrsanlnb nb fpbs qub ls bnatfrls fobrbebi+ l ilafral nls

pbssfls pbrnb f mgatf nl kbaturl qulcnf slbi nf efk`af+ pfas f mgatf cf nbvanlibctb

vlkfrazlnf#

Lkalnl kbaturl+ l Actbrcbtvbi trlzbcnf ui cfvf ibaf plrl f ibrelnf katbrraf

emb`lr ilas rpanf lf `fstf nb sbus kbatfrbs+ lprfvbatlcnf qub fs pbroas efaceanbi f ibrelnf

katbrraf bst acvbstacnf pbslnf bi bstrlt`als nb wbg)ilrdbtac`cl tbctltavl nb l`rlnlr ui

`rlcnb cibrf nb kbatfrbs b tbctlr olzbr efi qub fs kavrfs cf sbhli bsqubeanfs bi sul

tftlkanlnb+ pfri f qub f ibrelnf cf bspbrlvl qub tlk acvbstaibctf pfnbral iunlr l

naciael nf ibrelnf kavrbarf nf pls#


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7#5 L Actbrcbtb f ibrelnf kavrbarf nf Grlsak

L Actbrcbt sur`au b ifnaoaefu praceaplkibctb l ilcbarl qub fs `rupfs sb

efiucaeli+ olzbcnf efi qub l acofrilf emb`lssb ilas rpanf plrl f ilafr cibrf nb

pbssfls pfssvbk# F ibrelnf kavrbarf efibfu l utakazlr l wbg)ilrdbtac`plrl efiucaelr lf

kbatfr f qub lefctbeal cf iucnf nfs kavrfs+ bctf+ l Actbrcbtvarfu ui lkalnf b cbkl qub

pfssvbk efcstruar cfvls rbklbs#

L wbg)ilrdbtac` l ilcbarl nb olzbr cb`eafs val Actbrcbt4 ltrlvs nbssb ibafqub f ibrelnf cf s navuk`l fu vbcnb fs kavrfs+ ils efcstra uil rbklf efi f ekabctb)

kbatfr8 L Actbrcbt cf ui ibaf nb vbcnls4 ui ibaf nb efiucaelf+ nb bnuelf b nb

supfrtb -_LUUFU+


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Cl tbctltavl nb oleakatlr l vbcnl nfs kavrfs+ fs kavrbarfs efiblrli l eralr uil

rbnb efibrealk qub punbssb lgrlc`br kfc`ls nastceals# L`bctbs efi eltkf`fs efi fs ttukfs

nfs kavrfs efiblrli l pbrefrrbr navbrsls eanlnbs prfspbetlcnf cfvfs ekabctbs+ cfrilkibctbtlas l`bctbs bsefkmali eanlnbs qub bstavbssbi bi pbrfnf nb obstls fu tavbssb `rlcnbs obarls+

pfas brl ebrtbzl nb ui `rlcnb pgkaef#

Fs l`bctbs bsplkmlvli pbkls eanlnbs elrtlzbs efi kfelk+ nal b mfrl plrl qubi

tavbssb actbrbssb pfnbr olzbr suls bcefibcnls b vbr fs eltkf`fs+ iuatls vbzbs brl bsplkmlnf

pbkl eanlnb tligi f kfelk qub f l`bctb bstlvl mfspbnlnf+ oleakatlcnf lssai ls cb`fealbs#

Lkùcs l`bctbs sbiprb rbtfrclvli plrl ls eanlnbs qub tacmli sb nbstlelnf cl qulctanlnb nb

vbcnls+ s vbzbs lt emb`lvli l ifrlr k plrl vbcnbr pbqubcfs bstfqubs nb kavrfs#Zfr vfktl nb 1:+ l rbnb nb efireaf nf kavrf h bstlvl fr`lcazlnl bi tfnl l

Burfpl+ f trlcspfrtb nfs kavrfs cf brl ilas ui prfgkbil+ cf nbefrrbr nfs seukfs futrfs

plsbs efiblrli l olgraelr sbus prprafs kavrfs b f ibrelnf kavrbarf plssfu l oaelr prbsbctb

cf iucnf tfnf#

Mfhb l ilafr prbfeuplf cf bst ilas cl kf`stael nf kavrf+ ils cl tbctltavl nb

ltrlar f ilafr cibrf nb kbatfrbs pfssvbk+ plrl assf f ibrelnf kavrbarf naspfcagakazl ui

vlralnf lebrvf qub pfnb l`rlnlr kbatfrbs nfs ilas vlralnfs bstakfs+ bvatlcnf lssai qulkqubr

tapf nb sbìbctlf# F ibrelnf lprfvbatfu l emb`lnl nlActbrcbtplrl tbctlr emb`lr lf kbatfr

nb ofril ilas rpanl b ilas narbtl+ utakazlcnf lssai ls bstrltàls nb wbg)ilrdbtac`#

Cf aceaf+ l Actbrcbt brl lpfctlnl efif ui vakf nf ibrelnf bnatfralk+ h qub

sbiprb qub clseal uil cfvl tbecfkfàl uil trlnaeafclk brl libllnl nb bxtacf -NAXLWN+

7:::!+ lfs pfuefs f ibrelnf efcsbùau olzbr efi qub bssb vakf trlglkmlssb l sbu olvfr+ pfas

lActbrcbt ui ibaf qub tfnfs pfnbi tbr lebssf+ acnbpbcnbctb nb sul kfelkanlnb fu tbipf#

F sbtfr bnatfralk tbi ltrlvbsslnf tbipfs nb `rlcnb turgukceal efi l bxpkfsf nl actbrcbtb

suls pftbceals liblls -ORW^LNF+ 7::>+ p#

L`frl f ibrelnf tbi qub efceakalr f fc)kacb7: efi f foo)kacb7


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aipfrtlctb lssai4 tbifs qub efcsbùar efcquastlr f actbrbssb nfs kbatfrbs+ oanbkazlr lqubkbs

ekabctbs plrl outurlibctb lnquarar f prfnutf8

L cfvl befcfial tbi eluslnf uil iunlcl aipfrtlctb cl ilcbarl efif lsbiprbsls sb rbkleafcli efi sbus ekabctbs# Fs rbkleafclibctfs tbi sugstatunf lvbcnl efif ibtl nb cbèaf# Cb`fealr trlcslbs acnavanulas nb ibrelnf bst sbtfrclcnf ibcfs aipfrtlctb nf qub lssbùrlr ui rbkleafclibctf plrl l vanl tfnlefi f ekabctbbi ui sbctacnf+ tbr f ekabctb -OAFWB+ 7::


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Ri nfs `rlcnbs bobatfs nbssl bctrlnl nf ibrelnf kavrbarf cl Actbrcbt l

pfssagakanlnb nb tfnfs pfnbrbi navuk`lr fs sbus trlglkmfs+ cf sbcnf ilas cbebssraf f lpfaf

nb `rlcnbs bnatfrls plrl l pugkaelf nls fgrls# Lutfrbs plsslrli l navuk`lr sbus kavrfs nbofril acnbpbcnbctb cl wbg+ plsslrli l vbcnbr suls fgrls nb ofril narbtl# L rbklf l`frl

obatl bctrb f lutfr)kbatfr+ ibsif qulcnf tlas fgrls sf bnatlnls pfr `rlcnbs bnatfrls#

Ri bxbipkf nassf l srab Olzbcnf ibu oakib+ nl bseratfrl b pugkaeatral Zlukl

Zaibctl# Bi 7::=+ plrl tbctlr pugkaelr sul fgrl+ l lutfrl gusefu vrals `rlcnbs bnatfrls qub

huk`lrli sbu kavrf efif cf efibrealk+ fu qubrali qub l lutfrl pl`lssb pbkl aiprbssf nl

fgrl+ lt qub l Bnatfrl @utbcgbr` lebatfu bnatlr sbu kavrf+ pfri cf sb efiprfibtbu bi

navuk`lr l fgrl#Nb ilcbarl acnbpbcnbctb l lutfrl bctrfu bi efctltf efi lkùcs gkf`s bsatbs qub

pfssuli f ibsif pgkaef nf sbu kavrf+ b bcvafu ui bxbipklr plrl qub elnl gkfùbarf kbssb

b pugkaelssb uil rbsbcml sfgrb f kavrf# \ulcnf tlas pugkaelbs efiblrli l slar olklcnf nf

kavrf nb ofril pfsatavl+ fs kbatfrbs nfs gkf`s bsatbs oaelrli glstlctb eurafsfs sfgrb bssl cfvl

lutfrl grlsakbarl qub tacml l`rlnlnf fs gkfùbarfs4 kf`f efiblrli l prfeurlr f kavrf cls

kavrlrals plrl lnquara)kf#

Naobrbctb nb futrfs kavrfs nf bstakf Emaed)kat72+ f kavrf cf tacml efif ofef ebctrlk

l vanl lifrfsl nl prftl`fcastl b sai fs prbplrltavfs qub uil `lrftl nb Gbkf Mfrazfctb

bstlvl olzbcnf plrl pfnbr olzbr sbu actbreigaf# F qub emlifu l ltbcf tligi ofa qub cf

aceaf nb elnl elptukf brl eatlnf f trbemf nb ui oakib# L lutfrl erafu ui satb7? plrl qub f

kbatfr punbssb lssastar elnl trbemf eatlnf b tligi punbssb bcefctrlr tfnls ls isaels eatlnls

cf nbefrrbr nl fgrl#

Zbrebgbcnf f `rlcnb suebssf qub f kavrf bstlvl olzbcnf+ l Bnatfrl @utbcgbr`

plssfu l euanlr nl efiucaelf nbkb+ rbofriukfu l elpl nf kavrf -oaùrl

elpl saipkbs+ sbi iuatfs nbtlkmbs+ plrl uil efkfranl b emliltavl -oaùrl 7!+ efi vrafs

bkbibctfs qub olzbi plrtb nl mastral+ obz lbs bspbealas plrl navuk`lr f kavrf+ kbvfu l lutfrl

l navbrsfs bvbctfs bi vrals eanlnbs+ trlcsofrifu f kavrf bi ui vbrnlnbarf obcibcf#

72 Emaed)Kat l katbrlturl vfktlnl plrl f sbxf obiacacf+ vuk`lribctb emlilnl nb 'Katbrlturl nbIukmbrzacml'# L nbspbatf nb tfnls ls erataels+ Emaed)Kats sf rfilcebs kbvbs+ navbrtanfs b emlrifsfs+ qub sf

f rbtrltf nl iukmbr ifnbrcl+ acnbpbcnbctb+ euktl b lunleafsl# ui `cbrf qub olz plrtb nl katbrlturlvfktlnl plrl f bctrbtbcaibctf+ euhf fghbtavf praceaplk navbrtar# Naspfcvbk bi8;mttp8&&www#kfstacemaedkat#efi#gr&p&f)qub)b)emaed)kat#mtik3 Lebssf bi8 :< cfv 7:


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Oaùrl < Zraibarl vbrsf nl elpl nf kavrf nl Zlukl Zaibctl

Oaùrl 7 Ubùcnl vbrsf nl elpl nf kavrf nl Zlukl Zaibctl

L bnatfrl lssacfu efctrltf efi l lutfrl plrl trlcsofrilr f kavrf bi uil srab nb

> kavrfs+ srab qub h vbcnbu ilas nb


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efctrltf efi l lutfrl plrl ilas futrls 7 srabs nb > kavrfs elnl+ ilas ui kavrf nb efctfs

actatuklnfLplaxfclnl pfr plklvrls+ b l plrtaeaplf bspbealk bi navbrsfs kavrfs# L lutfrl ofa

efcvanlnl l plrtaeaplr nb ui kavrf efi uil rbofriuklf nb efctfs nb olnls qub l BnatfrlWbefrn vla klclr cf oaclk nb 7:=7?:3 Lebssf bi 7: fut 7:


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L navuk`lf cf ^wattbr+ Olebgffd b Acstl`rli iuatf aipfrtlctb+ pfas l ofrilnb efctltf narbtf qub bu tbcmf efi fs kbatfrbs# Olkf narbtlibctb plrl bkbs b tligitbcmf rbtfrcf aibnaltf -ZLRKL ZAIBC^L!71#

Futrf gfi bxbipkf sfgrb l prfxaianlnb nf kbatfr efi f lutfr f elsf nls

`ibls Ifcaqub b Icael Upbrlcnaf# Ls aris h ilctacmli ui gkf` pbssflk 5: nbsnb 7:


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biprbsls qub prfnuzbi ui kavrf efi lktl qulkanlnb+ gbi)lelglnf b efi lktf pfnbr nb

ùbrrakml+ qub pfnbi efipbtar nb aùlk efi bnatfrls nfs gbst)sbkkbrs+ pfri efi prbfs

lebssvbas b bi plrebral efi lutfrbs b kavrlrals#Lpbslr nb ls `rlcnbs bnatfrls lacnl nfiaclrbi f ibrelnf+ sf ls pbqubcls

bnatfrls b sbkfs acnbpbcnbctbs qub bstf rbvfkueafclcnf f ibrelnf+ lpfstlcnf bi lutfrbs

acnbpbcnbctbs b trlglkmfs acfvlnfrbs+ slacnf nf baxf Waf Uf Zlukf b vlkfrazlcnf l eukturl

nf pls tfnf# Elnl bnatfrl tbi sbu bstakf+ nlcnf lf kbatfr ui kbqub à`lctbsef nb fpbs plrl

l`rlnlr qulkqubr tapf nb kbatfr8

Ubùcnf nlnfs nl Eilrl Grlsakbarl nf Kavrf+ bxastbi mfhb bi tfnf f tbrratraf

cleafclk 25: bnatfrls ltavls+ fu sbhl+ biprbbcnaibctfs efibrealas qub pugkaelipbkf ibcfs eacef kavrfs pfr lcf fu qub lkelcli uil tarl`bi nb nbz iakbxbipklrbs -BK OLW+ 7::?+ p# >2)>?!#

Zfr assf cf rlrf vbr bnatfrbs b bseratfrbs klclcnf sbus sbkfs bnatfralas plrl

pugkaelrbi sbus prprafs kavrfs+ fu nb bvbctulas lia`fs b plrbctbs+ olzbcnf lssai uil rbnb

nb efctltfs b actbrbsslnfs cf ibsif cbèaf# Bxbipkf nassf f bseratfr Waelrnf Efrfcl qub

klcfu f sbkf Ibnusl cfs lcfs 1:# F qub naoeak nazbr sb tlas lutfrbs sbrf nb oltf gfcs

bseratfrbs+ fu sf s pbssfls rblkazlcnf ui sfcmf+ ils cf pfnbifs nbaxlr nb slkabctlr qub

iuatf pfsatavl l rbcfvlf nl katbrlturl grlsakbarl+ plrl f rbklclibctf nb lutfrbs bsqubeanfs+

b f klclibctf nb cfvfs lutfrbs+ lbs qub ls `rlcnbs bnatfrls bstf bvatlcnf olzbr#

Ri bxbipkf nassf f bseratfr Ilureaf @fiynb+ qub+ pfr olktl nb uil bnatfrl

plrl eustblr sbu kavrf+ erafu l Bnatfrl Zfrtf0+ qub uil sbkbf nb lkùcs trbemfs nf kavrf+ qub sf

5< Acofrilf rbtarlnl ltrlvs nl fgsbrvlf plrtaeapltavl#57 Naspfcvbk bi8 ;mttp8&&www#iluraeaf`fiynb#efi&p&gkf`s)plrebarfs#mtik3 Lebssf bi8 :0 cfv 7:


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lprbsbctlnfs efi ail`bcs b ui clrrlnfr# Bssl lf nb eralr gffd trlakbrh bst sbcnf iuatf

utakazlnl plrl l navuk`lf nfs kavrfs+ praceaplkibctb prl emlilr l ltbcf nlqubkb kbatfr qub

tbi prbùal nb kbr sacfpsbs b rbsbcmls#F tlk gffd trlakbrvarfu uil prfiff+ bctf elnl pbssfl qub lssastassb lf vnbf

bstlvl efcefrrbcnf l 5: bxbipklrbs nf kavrf F rfstf qub prbebnb f sfcmf# L ilafral nfs

gkf`s plrebarfs lhunlrli cl navuk`lf rbsuktlcnf bi >#5::52 plrtaeaplbs+ b efif ls

plrebrals nbvbi sbr vlctlhfsls plrl ligls ls plrtbs+ f lutfr sfrtbfu uiApfn Clcf bctrb fs

gkfùbarfs qub lhunlrli cl navuk`lf#

F lutfr sbiprb usfu bssb sastbil plrl navuk`lr sbus kavrfs# Efi l lhunl nfs

gkf`s plrebarfs b nls rbnbs sfealas+ bkb efcsbùau olzbr efi qub sbus kavrfs oaelssbi elnl vbzilas efcmbeanfs+ b sbu cfib elnl vbz ilas eatlnf cf ibrelnf katbrraf# L vbkfeanlnb efi

qub ls cftaeals cl wbg sb prfpl`li lssustlnfrl# Cfteals gfls+ fu is sf rlpanlibctb

naoucnanls bi uil bspeab nb varlk+ pfnbcnf+ lssai+ efcquastlr ekabctbs bi tfnls ls plrtbs8 l

efiucaelf tf oeak cl rbnb qub l efcseaceal nf prfnutf pfnb sb bsplkmlr rlpanlibctb

-OAFWB+ 7::L anbal nb eralr uil bnatfrl s plrl pugkaelr sbus kavrfs obz efi qub ls pbssfls

cf tavbssbi prbefcebatf pfr sbr uil fgrl acnbpbcnbctb# L ilafral nls pbssfls lerbnatl qub

bxastb uil bquapb bnatfralk pfr trs nf lutfr# Lpbslr nl prfnuf acnbpbcnbctb+ l qulkanlnb

nf kavrf cf nbaxl cbi ui pfuef l nbsbhlr+ bkb efcefrrb nb aùlk efi qulkqubr futrf kavrf

qub tbcml uil `rlcnb bnatfrl pfr trs8

pfssvbk loarilr qub ls bnatfrls grlsakbarls nb pbqubcf b inaf pfrtb efcstatubibi obcibcf qub ltbcnb l cbebssanlnb nb nlr vlzf l aibcsl prfnuf katbrralrblkazlnl cl uktail nelnl# F qub pfnbifs fgsbrvlr+ cbstb ifibctf+ l naspfsafnbssls bnatfrls bi uktrlplsslr f sbcsf efiui nb qub suls pugkaelbs bstfprbbcembcnf kleucls nbaxlnls pbkls `rlcnbs bnatfrls fu pbkf ibrelnf bnatfralk

-WAGBAWF4 WFEML+ 7::>+ p# >!#

Bssb gffi nb pbqubcls bnatfrls lefctbebu nbvanf lf ilafr lebssf s cfvls

tbecfkfàls+ f qub oleakatfu l prfnuf nfs kavrfs# L`frl+ l ilafral nls btlpls sf obatls cf

efiputlnfr+ f qub bkaiacfu vrafs actbribnarafs+ sbi efctlr qub efi f lvlcf nls cfvls

tbecfkfàls f prfebssf nb prfnuf ofa glrltblnf+ m 7: lcfs+ ui oftfkatf eustlvl ibtlnb nf

prbf nb ui kavrf# T###Y Ls iquacls plrl f oftfkatf eustlvli 2:: iak nklrbs+ sbcnf qub mfhb

52 Naspfcvbk bi8 ;mttp8&&www#iluraeaf`fiynb#efi&7:


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ouceafcli efi efiputlnfrbs nb + p# >!#

L`frl sb bkaiacl uil bquapb actbarl b s uil pbssfl trlglkml pfr iuatfs+efctlcnf efi l lhunl nb lia`fs b plrbctbs+ b lt nf prpraf lutfr# F prfebssf pfnb oaelr

ilas rpanf+ ils+ bi efipbcslf+ f lelglibctf nfs kavrfs iuatls vbzbs oael efi uil

qulkanlnb nuvanfsl+ h qub bkaiaclrli fs prfoassafclas nl rbl# ârli f rbvasfr+ f bnatfr+ f

pugkaeatraf b s vbzbs lt f lrtb oaclkastl+ b fs kavrfs lelgli slacnf efi brrfs prairafs#

Bxbipkf f kavrf F sb`rbnf nb Bvl nl lutfrl Lnralcl Lùalr+ qub bnatlnf pbkf

sbkf Lorfnatb ) IFNF Bnatfrl# L fgrl efcti navbrsfs brrfs prairafs+ efif brrfs nb

naàtlf+ frtf`rloal+ efcefrnceal vbrglk+ l oftf bsefkmanl plrl l frbkml nf kavrf nb glaxlqulkanlnb+ b l navuk`lf obatl nb ofril cf pklcbhlnl4 lt f cfib nl lutfrl cl elpl nf

kavrf iunl plrl Lnralcl _lr`ls cls pàcls ebctrlas+ trlzbcnf uil efcousf plrl fs kbatfrbs

h qub cf ti ui plnrf bstlgbkbeanf# Zfnbifs nazbr qub ui nfs `rlcnbs iftavfs nb tlctfs

brrfs f oltf nb l lutfrl+ lki nb bserbvbr l fgrl+ tligi t)kl rbvaslnf+ ofa l gbtl rblnbr5?

nf kavrf b trlglkml cl navuk`lf nbkb# Mfhb+ l bseratfrl l`bctb katbrraf nl IFNF Bnatfrl8

F oltf nb f bnatfr nfiaclr tfnls ls obrrlibctls plrl l prfnuf nb ui kavrf tfrcl lpugkaelf lk`f rbkltavlibctb oeak+ sbi sbr prberaf+ lki nb `lrlctar qub fs kavrfsnb pbqubcfs sbkfs tbcmli trltlibctf `roaef aùlk fu supbrafr lf prfnutf nb`rlcnbs bnatfrls# F pbqubcf sbkf aipraib sbus lrquavfs cls ibsils `roaels qub l`rlcnb bnatfrl+ olzbcnf `rlcnb naobrbcl lpbcls l nastraguaf+ qub oael l elr`f nfslutfrbs fu lefctbeb l eurtfs plssfs# -WAGBAWF4 WFEML+ 7::>+ p# ?!#

Futrf oltfr l nberbsebctb prbfeuplf nls `rlcnbs bnatfrls bi efcstatuar

eltkf`fs+ prbobracnf lssai acvbstar bi pugkaelbs aipletlctbs+ qub trl`li kuerf aibnaltf+ f

aibnaltasif nfs gbst)sbkkbrs+ lebctulcnf f ofef nls bnatfrls bi kavrfs ilas kuerltavfs#

Iuatls vbzbs+ ls `rlcnbs bnatfrls usli ls pbqubcls bnatfrls efif uil pbcbarl nf ibrelnf#

Nbpfas nbssls pbqubcls bnatfrls elpturlrbi f bseratfr+ b lpfctlrbi fs qub olzbi suebssf+ ls

`rlcnbs bnatfrls tbctli efkfelr bssbs lutfrbs bi sbus taibs#

Bssl qulsb uil fgra`lf nbssbs pbqubcfs bnatfrbs8 ifstrlr lf `rlcnb pgkaef

b cf s ls `rlcnbs bnatfrls+ tlkbctfsfs bseratfrbs bi pkbcl ltavanlnb+ olzbcnf efi qub f kavrf

sbhl uil lvbcturl pfssvbk plrl bssbs cfvfs lutfrbs b kbatfrbs qub guseli cfvanlnbs+ lgracnf

ls pfrtls nf `rlcnb ibrelnf efi navuk`lbs b iltbralk nb qulkanlnb8

5? f prfoassafclk qub k ls fgrls lctbs nb sbrbi pugkaelnls+ plrl efrraàr pfssvbas brrfs nb bseratl bnb mastral#


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Nb pfssb nbssbs trs oltfrbs nb lckasb+ pfnbifs bspbeaoaelr qub cf tf sfibctbpbkf glrltblibctf nb eustfs tbecfkàefs b pfr rbprbsbctlrbi uil cfvl ofril nbifctlr eltkf`fs qub ls pbqubcls biprbsls bnatfrls efcstatubi uil aipfrtlctbofrl eukturlk# tligi pfrqub+ clseanls nl cbebssanlnb nb navbrsaoaelf+

acekusavb nb eucmf ibrelnfkàef+ tfrcli)sb l`bctbs plrtaeapltavfs nb uiifvaibctf eukturlk b efibrealk iuatf ilas lipkf qub bst efcstatunf+ bi tfnlplrtb+ ui bsplf ibcfs vaealnf bi tbrifs nb prfnuf actbkbetulk -WAGBAWF4WFEML+ 7::>+ p# 2!#

L cael cbebssanlnb qub ls pbqubcls bnatfrls b fs lutfrbs ti plrl trlglkmlr cf

ibrelnf bnatfralk f lplrltf tbecfkàef+ f slgbr ilcusblr f efiputlnfr+ prf`rlils nb

nal`rlilf+ efcmbeaibctfs plrl rbvasf nb kavrfs b bnaf nb efctbnf# Bssl oleakanlnb b l

bkaiaclf nfs actbribnarafs naiacubi f tbipf `lstf+ b f rbsuktlnf nbssb trlglkmf bnatfralk

navuk`lnf clActbrcbt+ l inal praibarl nl cfvl katbrlturl -WAGBAWF4 WFEML+ 7::>+ p#

2! plrl ui pgkaef actbrbsslnf bi cfvanlnbs katbrrals#

Uf bssbs kbatfrbs qub guseli ls pbqubcls bnatfrls plrl pugkaelrbi sbus kavrfs+

ils lkùils nbssls bnatfrls cf aipraibi qulkqubr trlglkmf+ iuatls nbkls sbrvbi nb

fkmbarfs plrl ls bnatfrls ilafrbs# Bxbipkf nb kbatfrbs qub pugkaelvli cl Actbrcbtpbqubcfs

tbxtfs b efcsbùarli bnatfrls plrl pugkaelr sbus kavrfs b lssai `lcmlrli vasagakanlnb cl

inal Olgreaf Elrpacbhlr+ Eklrlm Lvbrgued+ Nlcabk @lkbrl b Hff Zlukf Eubcel# LActbrcbt

bctf sb tfrcfu uil vatracb plrl ls bnatfrls b kbatfrbs+ f aiprbssf lacnl f obtaemb nb qubibserbvb#

Futrf gfi bxbipkf nb lutfrbs nbsefgbrtfs pfr elusl nb suls ollcmls cl Actbrcbt

l gkfùbarl Grucl _abarl qub oaefu olifsl pfr elusl nb sbus tbxtfs b naels pugkaelnls bi

sbu gkf`Nbpfas nfs quaczb50 clActbrcbt# F kavrf lutfgaf`roaef b ofa klclnf cf oaclk nf

is nb cfvbigrf nb 7:+ p# 2!#

Ri kavrf tbr ui lutfr qub h olifsf+ ibsif qub cf sbhl cl katbrlturl+ pfnb

oleakatlr glstlctb f suebssf nl fgrl+ fu cf+ ui bxbipkf nassf f vfelkastl b efipfsatfr âef

Ulctl Eruz qub+ cf nbefrrbr nf is nb nbzbigrf nb 7:


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naspfcagakazfu f kavrf bi ZNO plrl tfnfs fs sbus kbatfrbs# L pugkaelf obz tlctf suebssf qub

f lrquavf tbvb ilas nb 2::: nfwckflns lt futugrf nb 7:: Naspfcvbk bi8 ;mttps8&&twattbr#efi&^aefstleruz3 Lebssf bi8 :> cfv 7:


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2< Fgsbrvlf obatl pbkl ouceafcral nl Kavrlral Ulrlavl+ kfelk nf bvbctf+ bi uil efcvbrsl plrtaeuklr#


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b actbrlàr efi fs os8 L vbkfeanlnb nl rbnb sfealk lcailnfrl# Ub bu lvasf sfgrb ui bvbctf

bi uil kavrlral+ tbi kbatfr qub rbspfcnb cf ibsif sbùcnf8 Bu vfu >7+ naz lutfrl qub h

vbcnbu 5: iak kavrfs#Futrf bxbipkf l bseratfrl Glga Nbwbt qub klcfu f kavrf Uglnf cfatb bi

7:2 F suebssf ofa tf `rlcnb qub f lutfr

ofa efcvanlnf pbkl Bnatfrl Cfvls Anbals l klclr sbu kavrf ^fnls ls bstrbkls nf eu+ b pbkl

Bnatfrl @utbigbr` l klclr f kavrf ^rs eus#

^lkvbz l iftavlf ilas aipfrtlctb qulcnf olklifs sfgrb prfnutfs nb clturbzl

befciael4 ui kavrf nb gfl qulkanlnb b efi ui prbf bi efctl+ sb tfrcl ilas oeak plrl f

kbatfr lnquara)kf# F ibrelnf kavrbarf gusel ofrils nb olzbr efi qub f kbatfr `lcmb vlctl`bcs

efi lqubkl bnatfrl bi trfel nb navuk`lf nb sbus prfnutfs#

Ril nls lbs ilas uslnls ltulkibctb+ tlctf pfr bnatfrls b lutfrbs acnbpbcnbctbs

f gffd tfur+ qub ui kavrf valhlctb qub plssl pbkls ifs nb vrafs gkfùbarfs qub sb

acserbvbrli prbvalibctb# Elnl ui tbi l fgra`lf nb pfstlr uil rbsbcml nlqubkb kavrf bi

sbu gkf` nbpfas nb kbr f kavrf+ b plss)kf plrl f gkfùbarf sbùactb# Lki nb f kavrf sbr

>7 Naspfcvbk bi8 ; mttp8&&www#slrlavlefctbunf#efi#gr&Iltbrals&Zfst&>=7?:3 Lebssf bi 7: fut 7:5 Anbi#>> Anbi#>2 Nlnfs eatlnfs cls bctrbvastls efi kbatfrbs#


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25

navuk`lnf bi navbrsfs gkf`s+ l lf gbi kuerltavl h qub l cael nbspbsl pfr plrtb nf

fr`lcazlnfr f bcvaf nf kavrf qub cf oaclk nf gffd tfursbr sfrtblnf bctrb fs plrtaeaplctbs+

fu sbr nflnf plrl l gagkaftbel pgkael4 fu sbhl+ l biprbsl lacnl vla trlglkmlr sul ail`biacstatueafclk#

Ri bxbipkf nb gffd tfur f prfifvanf pbkf prfhbtf Ubkf Grlsakbarf>?+ qub ui

`rupf nb lutfrbs qub sb rbcbi plrl navuk`lr sbus kavrfs# L lf vla olzbr efi qub 0#

F ibrelnf kavrbarf tligi vbi acvbstacnf bi prfifbs b sfrtbafs+ pfas lssai

bkbs vf bstlr sb naraàcnf narbtlibctb lf pgkaef actbrbsslnf clqubkb prfnutf+ ils+ plrl

olzbr bssb tapf nb lf cbebssraf ui pklcbhlibctf plrl qub cf mlhl l pfssagakanlnb nb nlr

lk`f brrlnf+ efif tbr prfgkbils efi l hustal+ fu bstrl`lr l ail`bi nl biprbsl#F priaf+ cl ilafral nfs elsfs+ cf prbeasl sbr elrf+ cbi iuatf glrltf plrl l

lf cf oaelr pbrnanl cf ibaf nb tlctls prfifbs qub vlùbali l Actbrcbt# Ls rb`rls b f

priaf nbvbi sbr lprbsbctlnfs nb ofril eklrl+ l emlceb nb `lcmlr f priaf nbvb sbr

pfssvbk+ cf sb nbvb olzbr prfifbs ailàcrals+ b f rbsuktlnf nbvb sbr lprbsbctlnf l tfnfs

fs plrtaeaplctbs+ plrl lssai `lrlctar f b)gusacbss nl biprbsl b cf lolstlr fs pfssvbas

efiprlnfrbs#

F gracnb tligi glstlctb utakazlnf pbkf ibrelnf kavrbarf# L Bnatfrl CfvfEfcebatf eral dats plrl lkùcs nb sbus klclibctfs4 f kavrf vbi lefiplcmlnf nb befgl`s

pbrsfclkazlnls+ gkusls+ elcbtls nbefrlnls+ bctrb futrfs bkbibctfs+ f qub s luibctl f

prbstàf nl ail`bi nl bnatfrl# Ubiprb bi nltls pfctulas+ b nbctrf nfs gkf`s plrebarfs+ l

bnatfrl sfrtbal vrafs dats bi suls rbnbs sfealas+ f qub sbiprb ui suebssf+ pfas fs gracnbs s

vbzbs olzbi ilas suebssf nf qub f prpraf kavrf#

Lkùils bnatfrls navuk`li f ilrelnfr nb pàcls efif ui gracnb cl efiprl nb ui

kavrf4 bssb f tapf nb lf qub nbvb sbr rbpbcslnf+ h qub f ilrelnfr nb pàcls nbvbral olzbr

>?Naspfcvbk bi8 ;mttps8&&www#olebgffd#efi&sbkfgrlsakbarf6orbo9ts3 Lebssf bi8 :> cfv 7:0 Naspfcvbk bi8 ; mttp8&&www#slrlavlefctbunf#efi#gr&Iltbrals&Zfst&>=7?:3 Lebssf bi 7: fut 7:


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plrtb nb qulkqubr efiprl b cf sbr lcucealnf efif uil lf prfifeafclk+ olzbcnf efi qub

f gracnb trl`l uil ail`bi cb`ltavl plrl l biprbsl# Ibsif qub cbebssatb nb ui ilafr

acvbstaibctf+ ibkmfr nlr ui prfnutf nb qulkanlnb plrl f ekabctb l`frl+ pfas outurlibctb fekabctb ar nlr kuerfs#

F qub emlil l ltbcf nf efcsuianfr cbssbs efceursfs l pfssagakanlnb nb fgtbr

lk`f `rltuatf nlqubkl biprbsl4 l plklvrl `rtas prbcnb l ltbcf nf efcsuianfr# L ltbcf

nf ekabctb nbvb sbr vlkfrazlnl+ pfas puxlnl b bipurrlnl nb vrals ofrils+ b efcsbùar

prbcn)kl `lrlctal nb ui rbkleafclibctf pbrilcbctb+ b l actbrcbt s lhunl cassf+ nlcnf

pfssagakanlnbs plrl ls biprbsls bxpkfrlrbi bssbs rbkleafclibctfs#

Fs ekabctbs l`rb`lnfs sb tfrcli fs ilafrbs biglaxlnfrbs nlqubkbs kavrfs+ efcsbùbitrlcsofrilr f kbatfr bi vbcnbnfr4 bxbipkf nassf qub mfhb cf rlrf bcefctrlr eliplcmls

nb acebctavf kbaturl nb lutfrbs cleafclas+ lutfrbs bssbs qub bstf prbsbctbs cls rbnbs sfealas

b qub vbcnbi sbus kavrfs nb ofril narbtl+ fu ltrlvs nb pbqubcls bnatfrls#

Ril eliplcml klclnl cf aceaf nf is nb futugrf nb 7:=4 f cibrf nb plrtaeaplctbs ofa tf

sa`caoaeltavf qub l mlsmtl`%prfifkavrfscleafclassugilracf>1 emb`fu cfs ^rbcnac` ^fpaes

nf ^wattbr# L eliplcml tbvb f lpfaf nb vrafs bseratfrbs b `rupfs nb acebctavf kbaturl# F

satb tbvb l cbebssanlnb nb ltbcnbr lf pbnanf b efkfefu uil kastl à`lctbsel nb kavrfs cleafclas

efi nbsefctfs nb lt 2:"+ sbcnf ui suebssf nb vbcnls#

Kf`f nbpfas nbssl eliplcml plrl f Uugilracf+ ofa rblkazlnl futrl eliplcml plrl

efcsbùar vbcnbr fs kavrfs qub cf bstlvli vbcnl cf satb+ nlcnf l pfssagakanlnb nb lutfrbs

cleafclas b pbqubcls bnatfrls efkfelrbi sbus kavrfs vbcnl efi prbfs glaxfs# L eliplcml

%prfifkavrfscleafclas2: ofa futrf `rlcnb suebssf+ b f bstfqub nl ilafral nfs ttukfs

plrtaeaplctbs lelgfu bi qubstf nb iacutfs#

Cf rlrf bcefctrlr eliplcmls nb acebctavf kbaturl nb kavrfs cleafclas+ ils lacnl

ui cibrf iuatf pbqubcf nb kavrfs nb lutfrbs cleafclas bi qub l clrrltavl sb plssb bi

tbrrls grlsakbarls+ fu qub gusqub ui hbatf prpraf nb sb bxprbsslr4 l ilafral lacnl tbctl sbùar

f ifnbkf Burfpbu fu Libraelcf nb bserbvbr+ rbkbigrlcnf ls cfssls acokuceals nb qulcnf f

ibrelnf kavrbarf efibfu l suràr cf Grlsak8

>= Naspfcvbk bi8 ;mttp8&&www#sugilracf#efi#gr&3 Lebssf bi8 :5 cfv 7:1 Naspfcvbk bi8

;mttp8&&prlzbribemlifkavrf#gkf`spft#efi#gr&7:


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Mastfralnfrbs+ sfeakf`fs b tbraefs nl katbrlturl ti nbspbnanf bsofrfs plrlnbsefgrar lrquavfs b lebrvfs qub pfssli trlzbr l tfcl acofrilbs sfgrb l bctrlnlnb kavrfs cf pbrfnf efkfcalk+ l ltulf nl ebcsurl pfrtuùbsl+ f nbsbcvfkvaibctfnf cfssf ibrelnf bnatfralk+ l bxastceal nb grfemurls l glaxfs prbfs+ lprfoassafclkazlf nf bseratfr+ l navbrsanlnb nf pgkaef kbatfr grlsakbarf+ ls prtaelsnb kbaturl+ b l actrcsbel rbklf bctrb f iucnf nl plklvrl bseratl b f ucavbrsf nlfrlkanlnb -BK OLW+ 7::+ p#?5)?>!#

@rlls l bssls pbsquasls+ mfhb pfnbifs efcmbebr ui pfuef sfgrb l mastral nfs

kavrbarfs nf Grlsak b lspbetfs lacnl pfuef bxpkfrlnfs nl cfssl mastral# Efcmbebcnf efif

tunf efibfu b efif f ebcraf katbrraf sb nbsbcvfkvbu nbsnb fs tbipfs nl efkcal+ pfnbifs

tbr uil glsb ilas skanl plrl bctbcnbr ui pfuef ilas sfgrb f cfssf kbatfr+ qulas fs sbus

nbsbhfs+ b efif bkb bst sb lnlptlcnf s cfvls tbecfkfàls# Ulgbcnf qubi bssb cfvf kbatfr+tfrcl)sb ilas oeak efcsbùar vbcnbr plrl bkb b `lrlctar l sul oanbkazlf+ ilctbcnf)f pfr ui

kfc`f tbipf#


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5 Fs kavrfs b l Actbrcbt

F praceaplk fghbtavf nb qulkqubr pbsquasl efcsbùar bcefctrlr uil rbspfstl plrl

ui qubstafclibctf prfpfstf acaealkibctb# Zlrl assf+ f pbsquaslnfr utakazl navbrsfs ibafs

plrl emb`lr l uil rbspfstl pfsatavl fu cb`ltavl sfgrb bssl qubstf# F nbvbr nf pbsquaslnfr

bcefctrlr l ibkmfr ofril nb emb`lr l bssb rbsuktlnf+ bstapuklcnf lkùcs itfnfs nb pbsquasl#

L pbsquasl bi qubstf tbi efif qubstafclibctf nbsefgrar sb bxastb fu cf ui cfvf pbroak

nb kbatfr `rlls bctrlnl nlActbrcbtcf ibrelnf katbrraf# Glstl l`frl ar l elipf b efcmbebr

bssbs pfssvbas cfvfs kbatfrbs#

5#< F eliacmf plrl bcefctrlr f cfvf kbatfr

L pbsquasl tbi efif fghbtavf nbsefgrar sb l bctrlnl nl Actbrcbt cf ibrelnf

kavrbarf bst eralcnf ui cfvf pbroak nb kbatfrbs b+ efcsbqubctbibctb+ vbraoaelr sb f ibrelnf

bst ltbctf l bssl iunlcl# L lckasb sbr obatl ltrlvs nb bstunfs nb elsfs+ plrl acvbsta`lr f

obcibcf nfs cfvfs kbatfrbs bi sbu efctbxtf rblk4 l pbsquasl tbr ui eucmf btcf`roaef+ qub+

sbùcnf f naeafcraf nf Eb`lkkl -7::2+ p#512! btcf`rloal s#o# -Lctrfp#! bstunf fu nbseraf

nfs trlfs sfeafeukturlas nb ui pfvf#

F trlglkmf btcf`roaef efcsastb cl nbseraf nb ui `rupf+ ils cf s

bstlgbkbebr rbklbs+ sbkbeafclr acofrilctbs+ trlcserbvbr tbxtfs+ kbvlctlr `bcblkfàls+ ilpblr

elipfs+ ilctbr ui naraf+ lssai pfr nalctb -@BBW^X lpun NRLW^B4 GLWWFU+ 7::=+

p#1=!# F qub nboacb ui bstunf btcf`roaef f bsofrf actbkbetulk nf pbsquaslnfr bi

actbrprbtlr ls bstruturls sa`caoaelctbs nlqubkb ibaf+ slacnf nl supbroaealkanlnb nfs oltfs+ plrl

bctbcnbr f efctbxtf bi sul prfoucnanlnb#

Zlrl qub assf sbhl pfssvbk+ cbebssraf qub l pbsquaslnfrl bctrb cf ligabctb l

sbr bstunlnf+ qub bcelrb lqubkb oltf efif sb ofssb f sbu eftanalcf+ olzbcnf efi qub f

bstrlcmf sb tfrcb f sbu klr+ ils cf sb nbvb olzbr assf nb ilcbarl nbsprbplrlnl+ cbebssraf

olzbr bstunfs prvafs sfgrb f tbil8

Bsefkmbr lssuctfs cfvfs+ pfuef bstunlnfs+ pfnb iuatls vbzbs plrbebr aipfssagakatlrl pbsquasl# Nb ui klnf+ sf bxaànfs nfs trlglkmfs lelniaefs tbils fraàclas fu


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20

pbkf ibcfs trltlnfs nb ofril fra`aclk# Zfr futrf klnf+ bstbs cf pfssubi uilgagkaf`rloal efcsastbctb plrl nlr glsb lf pbsquaslnfr -NRLW^B4 GLWWFU+ 7::=+p#


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L pbsquaslnfrl obz l fgsbrvlf nb efif f kbatfr sb efipfrtl nalctb nls lbs nb

wbg)ilrdbtac`nb 5 bnatfrls bspbeaoaels+ l IFNF Bnatfrl+ qub clsebu nbvanf lf gffi nb

cfvls bnatfrls+ b utakazl l wbg nb ifnf nuvanfsf4 l Cfvf Efcebatf+ qub uil bnatfrl qub olzui lktf acvbstaibctf bi lbs cl wbg4 b l Gbrtrlcn Grlsak nf @rupf Wbefrn+ qub uil

bnatfrl trlnaeafclk+ ils qub bst sb lvbcturlcnf cl wbg# Ls trs bnatfrls pfssubi pbroas gbi

nastactfs#

L fgsbrvlf ofa obatl nurlctb l sbùcnl quaczbcl nf is nb futugrf b l praibarl

quaczbcl nf is nb cfvbigrf+ tftlkazlcnf f pbrfnf nb ui is# Lctbs nb acaealr l

fgsbrvlf+ l pbsquaslnfrl bctrfu bi efctltf efi ls biprbsls+ acofrilcnf sfgrb l pbsquasl

b pbnacnf lkùi iltbralk qub punbssb lhunlr cl fgsbrvlf4 sfibctb l IFNF Bnatfrlrbspfcnbu+ ofrcbebcnf ui raef iltbralk plrl lckasb#

^ligi ofrli rblkazlnls lkùils bctrbvastls plrl tbr uil efiprbbcsf ibkmfr

nbssb cfvf pbroak nb kbatfrbs# Bkls pfnbi sbr obatls nb navbrsls ofrils8 kfelk+ tbipf+ ls

qubstbs pfnbi vlralr+ lt ibsif f sbu usf+ pfri tunf qub natf aipfrtlctb plrl l

efcekusf nl pbsquasl# Elnl nbtlkmb pfnb lhunlr cl efiprbbcsf nf ibaf+ b f pbsquaslnfr

nbvb bseutlr tunf qub natf+ plrl pfnbr bctbcnbr tunf f qub f qub ofa plsslnf pbkf

bctrbvastlnf8

\ulk f cibrf anblk nb bctrbvastlnfs6 F qub sb bctbcnb efif `rupf bi tbrifs nbqulctanlnb6 Bstbs nlnfs sf iuatf okbxvbas# Cf m ui cibrf oaxf+prbnbtbriaclnf# _fe pfnb bstlgbkbebr l prafra+ cf prfhbtf nb pbsquasl+ f sbuefrpus+ f qub cf qubr nazbr cbebsslralibctb qub v fgt)kf# Ils l gusel cf pbkfs cibrfs+ ils pbkfs sa`caoaelnfs# B l rbefrrceal cfs naseursfs ui acnaeltavf-NRLW^B4 GLWWFU+ 7::=+ p#


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Fs lutfrbs ofrli bctrbvastlnfs val b)ilak+ ils cbi tfnfs rbspfcnbrli# Ufibctb

l bseratfrl Zlukl Zaibctl ofa pfssvbk bctrbvastlr pbssflkibctb+ nbvanf sul plrtaeaplf bi

ui bvbctf bi Ofrtlkbzl#F trlglkmf oaclk nf pbsquaslnfr btcf`roaef actbrprbtlr tunf f qub ofa fuvanf b

fgsbrvlnf+ b nl olzbr uil efcekusf sfgrb tfnfs fs nlnfs efkbtlnfs# L pbsquaslnfrl rbucau

tfnls ls acofrilbs bcefctrlnls cf nbefrrbr nf trlglkmf+ b efcsbùau bcefctrlr navbrsfs

trlfs b elrletbrstaels qub ofrli actbrprbtlnfs b lclkaslnfs+ f qub l kbvfu l efcekuar qub

bxastb ui cfvf pbroak nb kbatfr#

5#7 Pbg)ilrdbtac nls bnatfrls

Ril nls obrrlibctls utakazlnls plrl lclkaslr lt qub pfctf l Actbrcbt bst

acokubcealcnf f ibrelnf katbrraf ofa fgsbrvlr ls lbs nb lkùils bnatfrls nurlctb ui

pbrfnf nb tbipf# L fgsbrvlf cbebssral plrl lvbraùlr f qub ls bnatfrls bstf

prfifvbcnf b efif f pgkaef rbl`b nalctb nbssls lbs#

Ls bnatfrls bsefkmanls ofrli l IFNF Bnatfrl+ Cfvf Efcebatf b l Gbrtrlcn

Grlsak+ biprbsls qub pfssubi pbroas gbi nastactfs+ tlctf cl ofril nb sb efiucaelr+ efif nb

sb lprbsbctlr plrl f pgkaef# L lckasb ofa rblkazlnl bctrb fs nals


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kastl nfs ilas vbcnanfs+ b uil kb`af nb os# Ubu pgkaef gbi navbrsaoaelnf+ lssai efif ls

suls fgrls4 trlglkml efi lutfrbs cleafclas b actbrcleafclas+ pugkael navbrsfs `cbrfs b sul

ilafr obrrlibctl nb efiucaelf lActbrcbt#Mfhb l bnatfrl pfssua nfas sbkfs8 ui l Cfvf Efcebatf Ulnb qub pugkael kavrfs

tecaefs nl rbl nb ibnaeacl+ pfri f sbkf qulsb cf navuk`lnf+ pfas sbu pgkaef gbi

bspbeaoaef4 f futrf f sbkf Cfvf Efcebatf Hfvbi qub pugkael kavrfs vfktlnfs plrl f pgkaef

lnfkbsebctb+ ils sbu pgkaef vla lki nf pgkaef hfvbi#

L Bnatfrl Gbrtrlcn Grlsak clsebu efi f fghbtavf nb trlzbr pugkaelbs orlcebsls b

pfrtu`ubsls plrl f pls+ ils ofa bi


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^fnls ls pfstl`bcs lka pugkaelnls rbebgbi navbrsfs efibctrafs nb kbatfrbs

lcsafsfs pbkls pugkaelbs+ efibctlcnf sfgrb l qulkanlnb nfs kavrfs b sfgrb f euanlnf qub l

bnatfrl tbi efi suls fgrls8

Olgy ) Lnfrf Wfilcebs nb Lrlelhu nassb8 Bu oaef nb qubaxf elnf efi l ilbstralefi qu vfes ti trlglkmlcnf fs kavrfs+ cf s pbkf euanlnf efi l elpl+nal`rlilf b trlnuf+ ils pbkl ltbcf elnl vbz ilas bspbealk pfr elnl ui nbkbs+ efif sb ofssb ui oakmf caef# Ls srabs elnl vbz ibkmfrbs b eltavlctbs+ assf qubqubrbifs tbr+ vbr b kbr# Liba, Uupbr lcsafsl pfr RI Ifibctfs Lpbcls+ Ilreus ibefcquastfu bi Ri Fkmlr nb Lifr# Olgy Gkfqubarl Zlrebral Lnfrf Wfilcebsnb Lrlelhu#22#

L bnatfrl tligi bst sbiprb ltbctl plrl tarlr nvanls b rbspfcnbr lfsefibctrafs nb sbus kbatfrbs f ilas rpanf pfssvbk+ sbiprb nb ofril elracmfsl b ltbceafsl#

BNA^FWL CF_F EFCEBA^F nassb8 Gfl tlrnb+ _lkral, L plrebral nl Bnatfrl rblkazlnl efi gkf`s katbrrafs# _fe pfnb sfkaeatlr l plrebral ltrlvs nbstbkacd8mttp8&&plrebarfs#gkf`cfvfefcebatf#efi#grFs eratrafs nb lckasb sf8 Efctbnf8qub naz rbspbatf qulctanlnb b qulkanlnb nb tfnf f iltbralk fobrbeanf pbkf Gkf`+efif pfstl`bcs+ oftfs b vnbfs4 Clvb`lf8 tbi rbklf efi l navasf b naspfsaf

25 Naspfcvbk bi8 ;mttp8&&www#gkf`cfvfefcebatf#efi#gr3 Lebssf bi8


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nf efctbnf cf Gkf`+ lki nl vbkfeanlnb efi qub ls pàcls lgrbi4 Lplrceal8efcsastb cl fr`lcazlf nl pàcl+ efif efrbs utakazlnls+ qulctanlnb nb lcceafs nbpugkaeanlnb+ kf`ftapf -sb mfuvbr!+ naspfsaf nf elgblkmf+ efrpf b rfnlp4Actbrltavanlnb8 bcvfkvb l plrtb nf efctbnf qub prfifvl ilafr bctrbtbcaibctf+

efibctrafs+ sbùanfrbs b vasatls4 Ltulkazlbs8 cbstb tpaef efcsanbrlifs lorbquceal efi qub fs Gkf`s pugkaeli+ lssai efif ltulkazli nlnfs nb sulspàcls# Lgrlfs,2?#

F satb foaealk nl Bnatfrl Gbrtrlcn20 sb bcefctrl nbctrf nf satb nf @rupf Wbefrn#

Cbkb+ pfnbifs bcefctrlr ui grbvb mastraef nl Bnatfrl b f sbu eltkf`f ltulkazlnf4 elnl kavrf

efcti elpl+ sacfpsb+ nlnfs tecaefs+ prbf b ui bsplf plrl efibctrafs+ pfri cf m

efibctrafs+ ibsif cfs kavrfs ilas olifsfs#

Ls bnatfrls lkaibctli pbroas cf ^wattbr+ qub ui iaerf gkf`bi qub f usuraf

pfnb pfstlr tbxtfs efi lt : elrletbrbs b pfnb sbr lnaeafclnf kacds b oftfs# Ls bnatfrls

ltulkazli sbus pbroas nalralibctb+ efi cfvanlnbs+ trbemfs nls fgrls+ efiplrtakmlcnf fs kacds

nfs gkf`s plrebarfs b rbspfcnbcnf s nvanls nfs sbùanfrbs# F qub pfstlnf cf ^wattbr

cfrilkibctb f ibsif qub pfstlnf cf Olebgffd nls bnatfrls8 Olgylcf

Glrrbtf Jolgylcftwbbt JCfvfVEfcebatf tf gfcatf tbr uil bnatfrl lssai+ tf gfcatf kbr

vfes# Elnl twbbt nb vfes efif ui lgrlf# Zfnb tbr ebrtbzl+ bu lnfrf2=#

L naobrbcl bctrb bkls qub f pgkaef qulsb cf actbrlàu efi f pbroak nl IFNF

Bnatfrl21 b nl Gbrtrlcn Grlsak?: cf pbrfnf lclkaslnf4 sf pfuels ls pfstl`bcs qub rbebgbrli

efibctrafs fu ofrli efiplrtakmlnfs+ b+ qulcnf assf lefctbebu+ cfrilkibctb ofrli pbkls

ibsils pbssfls+ naobrbctb nf qub lefctbebu efi f pbroak nl Cfvf Efcebatf ?


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Lolcpl`b nl IFNF Bnatfrl?7+ lssai efif f sbu pbroak cf ^wattbr+ prltaelibctb

cf tbvb actbrlf efi f pgkaef# Uf pfuels ls pugkaelbs qub sf efiplrtakmlnls+ eurtanls

fu rbebgbrli lkùi efibctraf+ lpbslr nf `rlcnb cibrf nb cfvanlnbs nl bnatfrl# Lspfstl`bcs qub sb nbstlelrli ofrli fs rbsuifs sbilclas qub bkbs pfstli tfnls ls sbxtls+ efi

ls cfteals nf qub lefctbebu nurlctb l sbilcl+ ifstrlcnf fs kacds nb rbsbcmls+ prfifbs+

bvbctfs+ tunf f qub l bnatfrl prfifvbu nurlctb f pbrfnf+ b ls pfstl`bcs rbobrbctbs l lkùcs

lutfrbs bspbeoaefs#

Lkùcs lutfrbs efcsbùbi tbr ilas vasagakanlnb nf qub l bnatfrl+ pfas efif l

prfpfstl acaealk uil plrebral cl navuk`lf nfs kavrfs+ l bnatfrl ofrcbeb l tfnfs fs

bseratfrbs ui ùal efi naels plrl navuk`lf -elrtakml bi lcbxf!+ navuk`lf bssl qub biqulsb sul tftlkanlnb fc)kacb#

Ri pfctf l sbr nbstlelnf qub bssl plrebral olz efi qub l bnatfrl s eugrl fs

eustfs nl navuk`lf nls lbs nl prpral bnatfrl4 Ls lbs obatls pfr acaealtavl nf lutfr+ ls

nbspbsls nbvbi sbr eustblnls pfr bkb+ f qub olz efi qub lkùcs lutfrbs sb efctbctbi efi l

navuk`lf obatl pbkl prpral bnatfrl plrl cf tbr `lstfs+ b futrfs lutfrbs l sb efipfrtlrbi

efif sb ofssbi lutfrbs acnbpbcnbctbs+ eralcnf ui pgkaef acnbpbcnbctb nl bnatfrl4 lkùcs

kbatfrbs cf slgbi cbi nl bxastceal nl bnatfrl8

Bkailr Ilemlnf8 Ibcacl+ pfr fcnb bu plssf sfu kbaf gfls rbefibcnlbs nbssbkavrf#Zrbeasf kbr# Zbkf qub punb pbrebgbr+ l Lnralcl _lr`ls uil ofol efi lsgkfùbarls+ sbiprb sfkeatl b ltbctl+ prfctl plrl nlr uil ofrl# Cl Gabclk nb 7: ui vbrnlnbarf suebssf+ tfnls ls pugkaelbs

rbebgbi navbrsfs efiplrtakmlibctfs+ eurtanls b efibctrafs nb os lcsafsfs pbkfs

klclibctfs+ b bkfàfs lf trlglkmf nl bnatfrl+ qub pfstl prltaelibctb f ibsif qub cf pbroak

nf ^wattbr# Lolcpl`b tligi pfssua navbrsfs hf`fs fc)kacb rbobrbctbs lfs kavrfs#

Fs trbemfs nfs kavrfs sf pugkaelnfs ltrlvs nb quftbs+ qub sf ifctl`bcs obatls

pfr prfoassafclas efi ail`bcs rbobrbctbs elpl nf kavrf b trbemfs nl fgrl# L IFNF Bnatfrl

tligi usl bssb lrtaoeaf+ pfri ls ail`bcs sf lkbltrals+ ls ifctl`bcs sf lilnfrls b

?7 Naspfcvbk bi8 ;mttps8&&www#olebgffd#efi&ifnfbnatfrltrlnaeafclk6orbo9ts3 Lebssf bi


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iuatls vbzbs sf obatls pbkfs kbatfrbs4 cf pfssubi uil anbctanlnb vasulk b f kbatfr cf

efcsbùb ka`lr f quftb lf kavrf+ olzbcnf efi qub bkb cf sb lplùb lfs ttukfs bspbeoaefs+ fu

lt ibsif l prpral bnatfrl# Olzbcnf uil rbsslkvl cfvlibctb lfs quftbs nb lutfrbs ilasvaslnfs cls rbnbs+ qub lelgli `lcmlcnf uil vasagakanlnb ilafr#

L olcpl`b nl Bnatfrl Gbrtrlcn cf sb utakazl nfs quftbs+ ils navuk`l suls

acibrls lplrabs cl inal trlnaeafclk+ praceaplkibctb cfs hfrclas nb tfnf f pls# F pgkaef

cf actbrl`b iuatf efi l bnatfrl+ praceaplkibctb cls pfstl`bcs rbobrbctbs l cfteals F qub f

pgkaef `fstl ilas nb vbr sf fs klclibctfs nl bnatfrl4 lkùcs elusli lt ebrtl pfkiael8

Arlebil Obrrbarl Efbkmf8 Bstl uil bnatfrl cl qulk bu lerbnatf# Cfrilkibctbefiprlifs sbus klclibctfs qub+ cl ilafral nls vbzbs+ sf rlcnbs kavrfs?2#

Ilral Uakvlcl Ulctlcl8 Bu cf `fstba qub obz l plrfnal nf ibu Ir# Nlreycmfff bkb pbrobatf plrl iai nl ofril qub l Lustbc nbserbvbu sbi tarlr fu pr+ pfr assf cbitbcmf eurafsanlnb l rbspbatf nbssb kavrf??#

Ls trs bnatfrls pfssubi uil pfktael nb plrebral efi gkf`s katbrrafs+ efi l

actbcf qub bkbs navukùbi ls fgrls+ tlctf efi rbsbcmls+ efif cftaealcnf fs prxaifs

klclibctfs# Fs gkfùbarfs efstuili ilctbr l ilrel nl bnatfrl bi uil sbssf bxekusavl

nfs plrebarfs+ olzbr rbsbcmls nfs kavrfs nls efrtbsals rbebganls pbkls bnatfrls+ b ifstr)kls clsbssf elaxacml nf efrrbaf+ kfelk fcnb bkbs ifstrli tunf f qub rbebgbrli pbkf efrrbaf

nurlctb ui pbrfnf nb tbipf b cl sbssf nb klclibctfs+ qub fcnb bkbs pugkaeli ls

cfvanlnbs nl bnatfrl#

L IFNF Bnatfrl mfhb ilcti plrebral efi >: gkf`s katbrrafs+ qub sf

navananfs bi nfas `rupfs fcnb uil bquapb bsefkmb 5 kavrfs nf eltkf`f plrl rbsbcmlr nurlctb

lqubkb is4 pfr bcqulctf l futrl bquapb lhunl cl navuk`lf# Ibcslkibctb+ bssbs `rupfs

olzbi ui rbvbzlibctf# Ls rbsbcmls sf pfstlnls lefiplcmlnls nb ui sfrtbaf bctrb fsvasatlctbs nb ilrelnfrbs vlralnfs nl bnatfrl#

L plrebral b l pfktael nb plrebral nl bnatfrl sf efcstlctbibctb rblvlkalnls+

pfri cf nbaxl nb tbr `rlcnbs olkmls# Navbrsfs gkf`s bstf plrlnfs m ibsbs+ lkùcs+ ibsif

ltavfs+ cf efkfeli f ilrel nb plrebral nl bnatfrl4 futrfs cf eatli qulkqubr cfteal sfgrb

bkl+ b futrfs+ lpbslr nb cftaealr fs klclibctfs+ bserbvbi f cfib nl bnatfrl brrlnf+ f qub

?2 Naspfcvbk bi8

;mttps8&&www#olebgffd#efi&pmftf#pmp6ogan9>?=1?2275=0:1/sbt9l#7:2::?:>??7#2211


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vasavbkibctb cf ui brrf nb na`atlf+ pfas f brrf pbrsastb bi vrals pfstl`bcs+ b lt

ibsif f brrf vlral#

Zfuefs sf fs gkf`s qub navuk`li ls cfvanlnbs nl bnatfrl b+ cfrilkibctb+ lnavuk`lf navanb bsplf efi futrfs klclibctfs nb futrls bnatfrls+ f qub nbaxl f kbatfr ui

pfuef efcousf+ pfas tlk navuk`lf iuatls vbzbs obatl ltrlvs nfs quftbs b cf nls elpls nfs

kavrfs huctf efi l sacfpsb+ efif lefctbeb cls futrls bnatfrls+ olzbcnf efi qub f kbatfr cf

lssaiakb l bxastceal nl bnatfrl b nlqubkbs kavrfs# _bhlifs8

Lcl Zlukl Glrrbtf8 Cucel tacml cbi fuvanf olklr nbstls bnatfrls+ ils efcobssf qubofa uil surprbsl gbi pfsatavl# Efi ebrtbzl prbstlrba ilas ltbcf cfs prxaifs

klclibctfs nbkls# @fstba glstlctb nf qub ka sfgrb f kavrf nf Bnulrnf Orlcl# Oaqubaglstlctb eurafsl prl efcmbebr sul fgrl b f nbsbcrfklr nl mastral?0#

L@WANFEB8 Okfr+ bu tligi tbcmf oaelnl bcelctlnl efi f qub tbcmf vastf nbBnatfrl Ifnf# Bssbs klclibctfs tbi ib nbaxlnf efi iuatl vfctlnb nb efcmbebrfs lutfrbs cleafclas# ^bcmf ib surprbbcnanf iuatf efi f qub tbcmf kanf#Bsefkmbrui sfibctb qub tbcml ib nbaxlnf efi ilas vfctlnb nb efcmbebr l katbrlturlcleafclk+ sbral iuatl achustal+ pfas tfnfs fs trbemfs qub kbaf ib olseacli# @fstba nfsbu pfst+ b qub vbcml 7:


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Dmrys Lchfs8 L elpl nbssb kavrf h tacml emlilnf iacml ltbcf# L`frl efi sulrbsbcml qubrf iuuuuuuatf kbr f kavrf# Ri kbvb gltbr nb lsls plrl tfnfs,,,,,,,,,?1#

Kblcnrf nb Karl8 Fa Eanl, Bu cf `fstf nl elpl nbssb kavrf4 l bnatfrl pfnbral tbrobatf ui trlglkmf ibkmfr# Ufgrb f kavrf+ efcobssf qub cf oaquba actbrbsslnf# Ils`fstba iuatf nl sul rbsbcml b qub gfi qub vfe `fstfu# Lgrlf, 'Zlklvrls lf_bctf###' www#kblcnrf)nb)karl#efi0:#

Cbykl Uuzlrt8 Fa Eanl, Bu efcobssf l ve qub cucel sbcta vfctlnb nb kbr bssb kavrf#Bu cf `fstba nl elpl+ ib kbigrfu l Klrl Erfot -qub bu cf sfu iuatf emb`lnl! bbcoaba cl elgbl qub cf kbral bssb kavrf pfr clnl cf iucnf# Ils vbhl s efif l`bctb sb bc`lcl+c6 \ulcnf efibeba l kbr+ qulsb cf efcsb`ual plrlr# iuatf gfi+bipfk`lctb, Uupbr rbefibcnf 8! Zlrlgcs pbkl rbsbcml, Oaefu ilrlvakmfsl, Gbahfs 4mttp8&&efaslsnbibcaclslrtbarls#gkf`spft#efi#gr&0


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Nbsbhfs nb Uglnf8 Fa+ Zra, L IFNF sbiprb ib surprbbcnb efi ls elpls+ qub sfkacnls# taif vbr qub uil bnatfrl sb vfktl plrl f lutfr cleafclk+ qub tlctf prbeasl

nb lpfaf bi sbu efibf# Bspbrf qub bkl efctacub erbsebcnf+ pfrqub l bnatfrlibrbeb# Gbahf+ @lgb mttp8&&nbsbhfsnbslglnf#gkf`spft#efi#gr&05

Lpbslr nb l bquapb nl IFNF Bnatfrl tbr ouceafcrafs tlkbctfsfs b nb vasf plrl

f ibrelnf+ bkbs cf efcsbùbi efkfelr sbus efcmbeaibctfs bi prtael+ nbaxli nb sbr

sbkbtavfs b qubrbi lprfvbatlr tfnls ls fpfrtucanlnbs qub kmbs lplrbebi+ b tlk nbtlkmb

pbrebptvbk lf pgkaef#

Fs kbatfrbs pbrebgbi l naobrbcl nb qulkanlnb nb elpl nb uil fgrl plrl l futrl+

pbrebgb ls iuatls mastrals qub nbvbrali plsslr pfr ui trltlibctf bnatfralk+ pbrebgbi lacnlf lilnfrasif nl bnatfrl+ olzbcnf efi qub bkl sb pbrel cf ibaf nb tlctls# cbebssraf qub l

bnatfrl efibeb l sbkbeafclr ibkmfr cf s fs gkf`s plrebarfs+ ils fs lutfrbs+ fs ttukfs+ b lt

ibsif fs eratrafs nb pugkaelf# Ubcnf ilas bxa`bctbs b ra`frfsfs bkls pfnbrali cf s tarlr

tlkbctfsfs bseratfrbs nf lcfcailtf+ ils vlkfrazlr l ail`bi nl bnatfrl+ b tfrc)kl uil

rbobrceal cl katbrlturl grlsakbarl#

Fs gkf`s plrebarfs nl Bnatfrl Cfvf Efcebatf sf iuatfs+ bi sbu satb foaealk+

bxastb uil pàcl bxekusavl plrl fs gkfùbarfs+ fcnb bkbs pfnbi sfkaeatlr sbus dats plrlrbsbcml+ qulas quasbrbi b sb quasbrbi ui datl ilas plrl sfrtblr cf gkf`# ^las plrebrals sf

glstlctb lkibhlnls+ nbvanf s vlctl`bcs qub l bnatfrl fobrbeb+ b+ plrl sbr bsefkmanf+ f

gkfùbarf nbvb prbbcembr uil oaeml elnlstrlk olklcnf ui pfuef sfgrb sbu gkf`4 fs bsefkmanfs

cf bsefcnbi l sltasolf nl efcquastl#

Lpbslr nl lvlkalf obatl pbkl bnatfrl+ b iuatfs gkf`s rbebgbrbi uil rbspfstl

cb`ltavl+ fs gkf`s bsefkmanfs cf pfssubi ebrtf plnrf+ pfr bcqulctf lkùcs sf taifs b

efi iuatfs vasatlctbs+ futrfs sf lilnfrbs+ sbi ltrltavfs+ efi navbrsfs brrfs nb

efiucaelf b nb bseratl#

^fnfs fs gkf`s ifstrli l ilrel nl bnatfrl cl kastl nfs plrebarfs+ s vbzbs ilas

nb uil vbz# ^fnls ls cfvanlnbs nl bnatfrl sf ifstrlnls bi pfstl`bcs bxekusavls+

bvanbcealcnf elpl nf kavrf+ sacfpsb b gffd trlakbr+ bssb qub prfnuzanf bi prfnutfrls nb

vnbf# Ls cfvanlnbs lplrbebi tlctf cl kastl nb cfvanlnbs qub fs gkf`s olzbi+ efif cl sbssf

Elaxacml nf Efrrbaf qub lkùcs gkf`s prfnuzbi+ ifstrlcnf fs dats rbebganfs ltrlvs nb

oftfs fu vnbfs b olzbcnf ui grbvb efibctraf sfgrb bkbs8

05 Naspfcvbk bi8 ;mttp8&&wly)7mlppacbss#gkf`spft#efi#gr&7:


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_avalcb Gkffn nassb8 Zfas + lelgba nb kbr Ri fkmlr nb lifr+ bstfu efi ls bifbs okfr nl pbkb+ bctf vfes ib trlzbi l cfteal nb qub f sb`ucnf kavrf nl srab bst l

eliacmf+ s tbcmf uil efasl l nazbr8 LIF _FEU# _fes acebctavli ibu veaf nbofril kacnl+ b f caef veaf gfi nf iucnf #0>

Booy8 FA Eanl, Iuatl `bctb bspbrlcnf pbkf vfk 7+ Lprbcnaz+ efi bspbrlcl qub bkbsbhl ibkmfr qub f vfk Naspfcvbk bi8 ;mttp8&&www#gkf`cfvfefcebatf#efi#gr&pfr)ui)ifibctf)lpbcls)gbkkl)lcnrb&%efiibcts 3 Lebssf bi


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Kum8 L Cfvf Efcebatf sbiprb efcsbùb cfs surprbbcnbr efi fs kacnfs dats qub bkbsifctf plrl cs+ plrebarfs+ tfnfs fs ibsbs+ b cucel nbebpeafcli ibsif### Fs

kavrfs h sf kacnfs b fs dats vbi sbiprb cf ilafr elpraemf+ f qub s cfs olz lilrlacnl ilas bssl bnatfrl### Lnfrf qulcnf emb`l l elaxl nbkbs+ oaef sbiprb clbxpbetltavl b sbiprb pfsatavl### SS Ghfs Kum Oaùbarbnfs Gagkaftbel nl Kum01#

Fs gkfùbarfs utakazli bssbs dats plrl olzbr sfrtbafs bi sbus gkf`s b lssai ltrlar

vasatlctbs+ lbs bssls qub sf iuatf efgalnls pbkfs kbatfrbs+ h qub uil ilcbarl nb bkbs

`lcmlrbi fs dats nl bnatfrl# Fs gkfùbarfs prfifvbi prfifbs nfs dats cls rbsbcmls+ fu

bi elusls bspbealas+ fu huctf efi futrfs priafs+ ils f qub olz suebssf ibsif sf fs dats

nl bnatfrl+ lkùcs gkf`s emb`li lt l utakazlr f cfib nl bnatfrl cl prfiff efif

Zrfiff Wfilcebs Cfvf Efcebatf=:# ^fnls ls prfifbs fgsbrvlnls nurlctb bssb

pbrfnf tbvb `rlcnb cibrf nb plrtaeaplctbs8 Lilcnl Lkibanl nassb### Fa Lilcnl,,, @fstba

nl prfif+ lpbslr nb qub l eliasbtl nfas cibrfs ilafrbs qub f ibu tlilcmf+ ils qubrf b

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vla bctbcnbr qub bu prbeasf efctaculr kbcnf,, mlmlml Lki nf ilas+ bu tligicf `fstf nb nbaxlr clnl pbkl ibtlnb+ b h qub efibeba+ prbeasf tbriaclr#=5

Kbteal Glrgfsl || Nbpfas nl Actrcsbel lnquarar fs narbatfs nb pugkaelf nb 2: tfcs

nb eaczl b qubgrlr f rbefrnb efi iakmlrbs nb bxbipklrbs vbcnanfs b f tlgu sfgrbsbxf cf Grlsak+ ls futrls bnatfrls rbsfkvbrli plrtar plrl kavrfs efi efctbnf lnuktftligi+ lf ebrtf cf sba nazbr sb assf gfi fu ru ai prboarf cf fpaclr# ibkmfrbu kbr f kavrf b vbr cf qub vla nlr# 8!=>

_acaeausNEfstl=5p8 cftlnf qub l Cfvf Efcebatf lcnl lpfstlcnf iuatf birfilcebs efi ifnbkfs gfcatfs nb elpl, Wsrs### Assf cf ib l`rlnl iuatf+ pfrqubcf sfu o nb kavrfs k Caemfkls Uplrds+ ils lt qub efiprba Z#U# Bu ^b Lif bbspbrf lcsafslibctb pbkl kbaturl, Ils cbcmui nfs ttukfs ib actbrbssfu+ efibxebf tlkvbz nb L Lprbcnaz+ caef kavrf qub plrbeb cf tbr clnl l vbr efi l cfvlglsb bnatfralk nl CE, Gbahfs, Iy rbebct pfst Hukab Erfss ) ^bipbst=2

@asbkl Ibcaeueea Gfrtfkfsf || Ls rbsbcmls cf bstf iuatf pfsatavls sfgrb bstb

kavrf Lemf qub l ibsil efasl qub lefctbebu lctbs efi Erbpseukf+ nbpfas nf`rlcnb suebssf vbaf uil bcxurrlnl nb kavrfs nb vliparfs+ b l`frl efi 2: tfcs+nbpfas nf suebssf vf pactlr ilas ui ifctb cbstb `bcbrf pfr assf cf bstfu tflcailnl bi kbr tfnfs+ h bst lt elcslcnf# ui lgrlf @asbklKbr plrl Navbrtar=?

Bknbr Obrrbarl8 Oaquba eurafsf pfr elusl nf sbxf# # Ibctarl+ oaquba eurafsf pfrqubt tfnf iucnf olklcnf nbssb kavrf b bu cf `fstf nb oaelr pfr ofrl+ mbmb# Ilsefcobssf qub oaquba ltrs efi rb`lnf kl Caemfkls Uplrds# Cf `fstf nf Caemfklspfrqub bkb sbiprb iltl fs pbrsfcl`bcs pfr qubi bu ib lplaxfcf# %emltblnfLgrlfs#=0

^fnfs fs gkf`s vasatlnfs pfstlrli cf icaif uil rbsbcml cf pbrfnf lclkaslnf

lk`ucs gkf`s sb kaiatlrli l s pfstlr efasls rbkleafclnls Bnatfrl Cfvf Efcebatf+ ibsif

tbcnf futrfs plrebarfs b futrfs lssuctfs# cftral l acokuceal qub bstls rbsbcmls elusli cfs

vasatlctbs nfs gkf`s4 lki nb lprbsbctlrbi f kavrf lfs vasatlctbs+ ls rbsbcmls prfvfeli

eurafsanlnb nf kbatfr+ acebctavli l efiprl nfs kavrfs+ b iuatfs vfktli plrl nazbr qub nb oltf

kbrli fs kavrfs pfr elusl nls rbsbcmls8

Ulcnrl || Glgaaaaa, Cfssl+ bssb kavrf bst lqua m tlctf tbipf cl iacml bstlctb+ ils

sbiprb vfu plsslcnf futrfs cl orbctb# Liba sul rbsbcml b l`frl qubrf k)kfnbsbspbrlnlibctb, rsrs Ubr uil nls iacmls prxails kbaturls+ efi ebrtbzl,Fgra`lnl pfr ib lgrar fs fkmfs rs Gbahf `rlcnb,==

Glga Kfrbctz8 Lm+ bu ib nbebpeafcba ui pfuef efi bssb kavrf pfr tbr kanf uilefasl cl rbsbcml b futrl tftlkibctb naobrbctb cf kavrf# Lki nassf+ bssl elpl cf tbi

=5 Naspfcvbk bi8 ;mttp8&&pluslplrluielob#efi#gr&7:


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