ISSN 0103-5657 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia · Scytalopus petrophilus (Rock Tapaculo): a new species from Minas Gerais, Brazil Bret M. Whitney1,4, Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos2,

ISSN 0103-5657

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia

Volume 18Número 2

Junho 2010www.ararajuba.org.br/sbo/ararajuba/revbrasorn

Publicada pela

Sociedade Brasileira de OrnitologiaSão Paulo - SP

Scytalopus petrophilus (Rock Tapaculo): a new species from Minas Gerais, Brazil

Bret M. Whitney1,4, Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos2, Luís Fábio Silveira3,4, and José Fernando Pacheco4

1 MuseumofNaturalScience,119FosterHall,LouisianaStateUniversity,BatonRouge,Louisiana70803USA.E‑mail:[email protected] Pós‑graduaçãoemZoologiadeVertebrados,PontifíciaUniversidadeCatólicadeMinasGerais.AvenidaDomJoséGaspar,500,Prédio41,

CoraçãoEucarístico,30535‑610,BeloHorizonte,MG,Brasil.E‑mail:[email protected] DepartamentodeZoologia,UniversidadedeSãoPaulo.CaixaPostal11.461,05422‑970,andCuradorassociadodascoleçõesornitológicas,

MuseudeZoologiadaUniversidadedeSãoPaulo,CaixaPostal42.494,04218‑970,SãoPaulo,SP,Brasil.E‑mail:[email protected] CBRO–ComitêBrasileirodeRegistrosOrnitológicos(www.cbro.org.br).E‑mail:[email protected].

Recebidoem:18/12/2009.Aceitoem:25/06/2010.SpecialEditor:Dr.AlexandreAleixo,MuseuParaenseEmílioGoeldi.

ReSuMo: uma nova espécie de Scytalopus do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil.ÉdescritaumanovaespéciedeScytalopusdaporçãomeridionaldaCadeiadoEspinhaçoedeoutrospontosdoestadodeMinasGerais,Brasil.Scytalopus petrophilussp. nov.(tapaculo‑serrano)ocupaumaamplavariedadedehábitatsentrecercade900e2.100 mdealtitude,variandodesdeáreasabertasnosaltosdasserras,emformaçõesarbustivassobreafloramentosrochosos(camposrupestres)aflorestasmaisaltasemvalesencaixadosecapoeirasdeflorestassemidecíduas.Suamorfologia,vocalizaçõeseumafilogeniamolecularmostramconsistentementequeestaespécieseencaixanocladoformadoporS. novacapitalis(tapaculo‑de‑brasília),S. pachecoi(tapaculo‑ferreirinho)eS. diamantinensis(tapaculo‑da‑chapada‑diamantina).Fenotipicamente,S. petrophilusédiagnosticadodesuasaloespéciesporcombinaçõesdecaracteresmorfológicosevocais.

PaLaVRaS-ChaVe:Scytalopus,tapaculo,novaespécie,holótipo,localidadetipo,nomenclatura,sinonímia,Espinhaço.

aBSTRaCT: We describe a new species of Scytalopus tapaculo from the southern section of the Espinhaço Range and otherpoints inMinasGerais,Brazil.Scytalopus petrophilus sp. nov.,RockTapaculo,occupiesavarietyofhabitatsbetweenabout900and 2,100 m elevation, from open, rocky shrub associations (campos rupestres) high in the mountains to taller forest in steep‑walledvalleystosecond‑growthofsemi‑deciduouswoodland.Itsmorphology,vocalizations,andpreliminarygeneticprofileplaceitsolidlywithintheS. novacapitalis(BrasiliaTapaculo)complex,joiningthatspecies,S. pachecoi(PlanaltoTapaculo),andthenewlydescribedS. diamantinensis(DiamantinaTapaculo).S. petrophilusisphenotypicallydiagnosedfromitsallospeciesbycombinationsofmorphologicalandvocalcharacters.

Key-WoRdS:Scytalopus,tapaculo,newspecies,holotype,type‑locality,nomenclature,synonymy,Espinhaço.

geneticprofile (Mataet al.2009).Raposoet al. (2006),followed by Raposo and Kirwan (2008), identified thisformasS. speluncae(Mouse‑coloredTapaculo)butMau‑rícioet al.(2010),inadifferentinterpretationofthesameobjectivepiecesofevidence,showedthatthenewspeciescannot be assigned to Scytalopus speluncae (Ménétriès).Furthermore,Mataet al.(2009)showedthatS. speluncaeandtheunnamedtaxonarenotevensisters.Thepurposeofthispaperistheformaldesignationofthistaxonas:

Scytalopus petrophilus sp. nov.Rock Tapaculo

Tapaculo-serrano

holotype – Museu de Zoologia da Universidade deSão Paulo [MZUSP] 78822; adult male (skull 15%

DiversificationinthegenusScytalopusineasternBra‑zilhasreceivedheightenedattentionfromornithologistsoverthepastseveralyears,withfournewspeciesrecentlydescribed(Bornscheinet al.1998,Maurício2005,Raposoet al.2006,Bornscheinet al.2007,RaposoandKirwan2008).Severalotherpopulations that appear towarrantrecognition as distinct species are currentlyunder study(Parriniet al.1999,Vasconcelos2001,Silveiraet al.2005,Mataet al.2009,pers. obs.).ThefirstoftheseunnamedformstobeidentifiedassuchwasdiscoveredintherockyuplandsoftheEspinhaçoRangeofMinasGeraisin1989and has sometimes been attributed to S. novacapitalis(BrasiliaTapaculo)duetoitsplumagesimilarityandgen‑eralconfusionamongornithologists(seeCollaret al.1992)butmostrecentlyhasbeenexplicitlyrecognizedatthespe‑cies levelbasedonbothphenotypiccharacters(plumageand voice; Bornschein et al. 2007) and its preliminary

aRTIGo Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 18(2):73-88 Junho de 2010

pneumatized; testes8.2 × 4 mm) fromSerradaPieda‑de,Caeté,MinasGerais,Brazil (19°49’S, 43°40’W), at1,720 m;collectedandpreparedbyMFVon17Septem‑ber2004;tissuesampleandcarcasspreserved.

Paratypes–DepartamentodeZoologiadaUniversidadeFederal de Minas Gerais [DZUFMG] 5333; sub‑adultfemale (skull 15% pneumatized; ovary 4 × 2 mm; ova0.3 mm)fromSerradaPiedadeat1,700 m;collectedandpreparedbyMFVon7January2004;tissuesampleandcarcasspreserved.DZUFMG5334;adultmale(skull15%pneumatized;testes8.4 × 3.4 mm)fromSerrinha,Lavras,Minas Gerais, Brazil (21°19’S, 44°59’W), at 1,150 m;collectedbyMFVandS.D’Angelo‑Netoon5December2003;tissuesampleandcarcasspreserved;tape‑recordedandpreparedbyMFV,voicedepositedatArquivoSonoroEliasCoelho(ASEC).MZUSP78821;adultmale(skull25%pneumatized;testes6.3 × 3.4 mm)fromSítioPonteVelha,São Joãodel‑Rei,MinasGerais,Brazil (21°04’S,44°20’W);collectedandtape‑recordedbyMFVandV.T.Lombardion15January2005;preparedbyMFV;tissuesampleandcarcasspreserved;voicesdepositedatASEC.MZUSP78812;adultmale(skullpartiallypneumatized;smalltestes)fromPicodoInficionado,SerradoCaraça,CatasAltas,MinasGerais,Brazil(20°08’S,43°27’W),at1,850 m;collectedbyLFSandMFVon23December1999;preparedbyLFS;tissuesampleandcarcasspreser‑ved.PontifíciaUniversidadeCatólicadoRioGrandedoSul,PortoAlegre[MCP]1560;adultmale(skullpartiallypneumatized;smalltestes)fromPicodoInficionado,Ser‑radoCaraça,at2,020 m;collectedbyLFSandMFVon23December1999;preparedbyLFS;tissuesampleandcarcasspreserved.MCP1561;adultmale(skullpartiallypneumatized;smalltestes)fromPicodoInficionado,Ser‑ra do Caraça, at 2,040 m; collected by LFS and MFVon23December1999;preparedbyLFS; tissuesampleandcarcasspreserved.MZUSP78811;adultmale(skullpartiallypneumatized;smalltestes)fromPicodoInficio‑nado,SerradoCaraça,at2,020 m;collectedbyLFSandMFVon23December1999;tape‑recordedandpreparedbyLFS;tissuesampleandcarcasspreserved,voicesdepo‑sitedatASEC.MZUSP78813;adultmale(skullpartiallypneumatized;testes3 × 2 mm)fromPicodoInficionado,SerradoCaraça,at1,920 m;collectedbyLFSandMFVon23December1999;preparedbyLFS; tissuesampleand carcass preserved. MZUSP 78815; juvenile female(skullnotpneumatized;ovary5 × 3 mm;ova1.5 mm)from Gruta de Lourdes, Serra do Caraça, Catas Altas,Minas Gerais, Brazil (20°06’S, 43°27’W), at 1,580 m;collectedbyMFVandM.M.Coelhoon14November2000;preparedbyMFV;carcasspreserved;tape‑recordedby M. M. Coelho. MZUSP 78814; immature female(skull not pneumatized; ovary 4 × 1.5 mm) from PicodoInficionado,SerradoCaraça,at2,050 m;collectedbyMFVandG.N.Maurícioon4February2003;prepared

by MFV; tissue sample and carcass preserved. MZUSP78816;subadultmale(skullnotfullypneumatized;testes2 × 1 mm)fromPicodoInficionado,SerradoCaraça,at2,050 m;collectedbyMFVandG.N.Maurícioon4Fe‑bruary2003;preparedbyMFV;tissuesampleandcarcasspreserved; tape‑recorded by G. N. Maurício. MZUSP78817; adult male (skull not fully pneumatized; testes2 × 1 mm)fromPicodoInficionado,SerradoCaraça,at2,040 m;collectedbyMFVandG.N.Maurícioon4February2003;preparedbyMFV;tissuesampleandcar‑casspreserved.DZUFMG4169;unsexedadult(skullnotfullypneumatized;gonadsdestroyedbyshot)fromPicodoInficionado,SerradoCaraça,at2,050 m;collectedbyMFVandG.N.Maurícioon5February2003;prepa‑redbyMFV;tissuesampleandcarcasspreserved.MCP1562; adult male (skull not fully pneumatized; testes2 × 1 mm)fromtrailtoPicodoInficionado,SerradoCa‑raça,at1,750 m;collectedbyMFVandG.N.Maurícioon6February2003;preparedbyMFV;tissuesampleandcarcasspreserved.MZUSP78818;unsexedadult (skullandgonadsdestroyedbyshot)fromtrailtoPicodoInfi‑cionado,SerradoCaraça,at1,840 m;collectedandpre‑paredbyMFVon20November2004;tissuesampleandcarcasspreserved.DZUFMG5335;subadultmale(skulldestroyed by shot; testes 6.6 × 3.4 mm) from Pico doInficionado,SerradoCaraça,at2,050 m;collectedandpreparedbyMFVon20November2004;tissuesampleandcarcasspreserved.MZUSP78823;adultmale(skull10%pneumatized;testes3 × 1.3 mm)fromBrumasdoEspinhaço,LapinhadeCima,SantanadoRiacho,MinasGerais,Brazil(19°02’S,43°42’W),at1,300 m;collectedandpreparedbyMFVon1February2004;tissuesampleandcarcasspreserved.MZUSP78824;adultmale(skull10%pneumatized;testes3 × 1.5 mm)fromBrumasdoEspinhaço,at1,400 m;collectedandpreparedbyMFVon2February2004;tissuesampleandcarcasspreserved.DZUFMG 5336; adult male (skull 15% pneumatized;testes7 × 3 mm)fromBrumasdoEspinhaço,at1,350 m;collectedandpreparedbyMFVon10January2005;tis‑suesampleandcarcasspreserved.DZUFMG4167;adultmale(skull10%pneumatized;testes2 × 1 mm)fromPicoDoisIrmãos,ParqueEstadualdoRioPreto,SãoGonçalodoRioPreto,MinasGerais,Brazil(18°24’S,43°21’W),at1,780 m;collectedbyMFV,M.R.Bornschein,andR.B.‑Lopeson17May2004;preparedbyMFV;tissuesam‑pleandcarcasspreserved.DZUFMG4168;adultfemale(skull10%pneumatized;ovary4 × 2.5 mm;ova1 mm)fromPicoDoisIrmãos,at1,710 m;collectedbyMFV,M. R. Bornschein, and R. B.‑Lopes on 17 May 2004;preparedbyMFV; tissue sample and carcass preserved.MZUSP78825;adult female (skull10%pneumatized;ovary4.5 × 3 mm;ova1 mm)fromPicoDoisIrmãos,at1,710 m;collectedbyMFV,M.R.Bornschein, andR.B.‑Lopeson17May2004;preparedbyMFV;tissuesampleandcarcasspreserved.

74 Scytalopus petrophilus(RockTapaculo):anewspeciesfromMinasGerais,BrazilBret M. Whitney, Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos, Luís Fábio Silveira, and José Fernando Pacheco

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 18(2), 2010

diagnosis – Morphology: Alphanumeric color designa‑tionsdeterminedthroughdirectcomparisonwithMunsellsoilcolorcharts(1994).AmongmembersoftheScytalo-pus novacapitalis clade (Mata et al. 2009), S. petrophilus(n = 21)isdistinguishedfromS. novacapitalis(n = 5)byitsdarkerchin,throat,andbreast.However,onemaleofS. novacapitalis (MCP1481) isdarker incoloration,ap‑proaching specimens of S. petrophilus having the palestthroat and breast. Scytalopus petrophilus is distinguishedfromS. pachecoi(n = 32)inshowingnotablymorecontrastbetweenthewhitishabdomenandthegraychin,throat,andbreast;contrastisinconspicuousorlackinginS. pache-coi.Additionally,thecrissumandcenterofthelowerabdo‑menarelessdenselybarredthaninS. pachecoi,althoughasingleS. petrophilus(MZUSP78816)showedapatternsimilartoS. pachecoi.DiagnosabilityofadultS. petrophilusfromS. diamantinensis(n = 9)appearstoberestrictedtothecolor/contrastofthebellyregionofadultmales,beingpalerandmorewhitish,thuswithmorecontrast,thanthemoreuniformlygrayunderpartsofS. diamantinensis.

FulladultsofScytalopus petrophilusarereadilysepa‑ratedfromthoseofS. speluncae(sensuMaurícioet al.2010)bythebarredflanks;theflanksareunmarkedinfulladultS. speluncae(e.g.MZUSP36347andMZUSP82618).InadultsandsubadultsofS. petrophilus(Gleychart1:be‑tweencloseto8/Nand5/N)thechin,throatandbreastare lighter than thoseofS. speluncae (Gleychart1:be‑tween4/Nandcloseto2.5/N).Furthermore,inadultsofS. petrophilustheabdomenisdistinctlypaler,morewhit‑ish than the chin, throat, and breast whereas adults ofS. speluncaelacknotablecontrastintheunderparts.

Measurements(exposedculmen,wing[chord],tail,andtarsus)weretakenfromallspecimensandanalyzedwith analytic and descriptive statistics (parametric andnon‑parametricANOVA,meanandstandarddeviation).Notwithstandingthesmall sampleof females, thereap‑peartobenosignificantdifferencesbetweenthesexesofS. petrophilus. Compared to members of the Scytalopus novacapitalis and S. speluncae complexes, S. petrophilusshowssignificantdifferencesforallcharactersonlywithrespecttoS. pachecoiandS. speluncae(Table 1).

diagnosis–Voice:Scytalopus petrophiluspossessesatle‑astfourdistincttypesofvocalizationswhich,withintheS. novacapitalisclade(sensuMataet al.2009),showgre‑atest similarity toS. pachecoi andS. diamantinensis andlittleornooverlapwithS. novacapitalis(Bornscheinet al.2007).Mostimportantly,S. petrophilusdeliversastronglymodulatedpzeen call (Figure 1A),absent inS. diaman-tinensisandS. novacapitalis (althoughcallsofthe latter,other than the multi‑note alarm, are unknown, whichwe suspect reflects a lack of attention to recording thespecies’vocalizations in the field).This“contactcall” isbothshorterandmoredown‑slurredthanasimilarcallofS. pachecoi(Figure 1B)andhasatonalityaudiblydistinctfrom that species; it is theonly vocalization that appe‑arstobediagnosticofS. petrophilus.Themostdiagnos‑tic vocalizationofS. diamantinensis, a single tcheep call(Figure 1C)thatmaybefollowedbyoneortwolower,sharpernotes, is absent from the repertoireofS. petro-philusandthoseofbothS. pachecoiandS. novacapitalis.Wemakenoassumptionofhomologyoftcheepandpze-encalls,althoughwesuspectthattheyarehomologous;

TaBLe 1:Summaryofmeasurements(mean ± SD)formembersoftheScytalopus novacapitalisandS. speluncaecomplexes.Forallvariables,mea‑surementsofmalesareshowninthefirstrow,femalesinthesecondexceptforS. novacapitalisandScytalopussp.fromSBahia,forwhichonlymaleswereavailable.Allmeasurementsareinmillimeters.Samplesizesareinparentheses.

Taxon/Variable exposed culmen Wing (chord) Tail Tarsus

Scytalopus petrophilus11,83 ± 0,5(30) 50,8 ± 1,57(31) 45,67 ± 3,05(23) 20,09 ± 0,54(30)11,8 ± 0,28(2) 49,7 ± 0,28(2) 46,55 ± 0,28(2) 19,05 ± 0,63(2)

Range 10,6 – 12,4 48,6 – 53,4 42 – 50,1 18,6 – 21

Scytalopus speluncae11,17 ± 0,47(43) 48,49 ± 2,35(43) 43,06 ± 3,6(38) 19,59 ± 0,82(43)

11 ± 0,51(19) 47,68 ± 2,39(21) 41,48 ± 2,96(16) 19,33 ± 0,8(20)Range 10,1 – 10,4 43,3 – 53,5 36,2 – 48,8 17,2 – 20,8

Scytalopus diamantinensis12,26 ± 0,37(6) 53,2 ± 2,08(6) 44,88 ± 3,07(5) 20,35 ± 0,65(6)11,45 ± 0,2(2) 50,23 ± 0,68(3) 41,73 ± 2,41(3) 20,3 ± 0,36(3)

Range 11,3 – 12,6 49,7 – 55,3 39 – 45,1 19,5 – 21,1

Scytalopus pachecoi11 ± 0,42(26) 49,17 ± 1,48(26) 41,52 ± 2,09(24) 19,14 ± 0,45(26)

10,91 ± 0,43(6) 45,55 ± 1,66(6) 39,9 ± 2,8(3) 18,4 ± 0,63(6)Range 10,1 – 11,5 46 – 51,6 38 – 44,8 17,9 – 20,1

Scytalopussp.Bahia12,15 ± 0,48(8) 49,7 ± 1,18(8) 37,55 ± 0,79(6) 19,42 ± 0,3(8)

Range 11,5 – 12,8 47,5 – 51,8 35,7 – 39,1 18,2 – 20

Scytalopus novacapitalis12,27 ± 0,32(4) 52,89 ± 2,12(5) 46,51 ± 1,74(5) 20,25 ± 0,24(5)

Range 11,6 – 12,64 50,3 – 55,7 45 – 48,5 19 – 20,4

75Scytalopus petrophilus(RockTapaculo):anewspeciesfromMinasGerais,BrazilBret M. Whitney, Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos, Luís Fábio Silveira, and José Fernando Pacheco


behavioralcontextshavenotbeensufficientlydocumen‑ted.Thesalientobservationisthattheseshort,frequentlydeliveredcallsarediagnosticofsomepopulationsandcanbe applied in concertwith other phenotypic charactersto distinguish taxa (Table 2). Bornschein et al. (2007)suggestedthata typeofmulti‑notecall (other thanthealarmcall)heardfromtwoindividualsofS. diamantinen-sisonasingleday,andpartiallyrecordedonce,“couldbe

seenasanotherdiagnosticvocalcharacter”betweenthatspeciesandS. petrophilus(seetheirfigure 9D).Similarly,wehaveasingle,poor‑qualityrecordingofS. petrophilusdeliveringadistinctivesong‑variantcomprisingaseriesofevenlypaced,bisyllabicnotesthatisunknownfromothertaxa.Whitney(1994)reportedthatcertainvocalvariantsamongasetofrecordingsofS. schulenbergi (DiademedTapaculo)appearedtobegivenonlybyjuvenile/subadultbirds(vocalizingbirdsrecordedandcollected),anditispossiblethatthesetworarelyheardvocalizationsofS. pe-trophilusweredeliveredbyyoungbirds,perhapsasanagesignatureoraspartoftheinevitableprocessofperfectingadultvocaltypes.Untilsuchanomalousvocalizationsarestudiedmuchmore thoroughly, the safestpractice is toexcludethemfromspecies‑leveldiagnoses.

description of holotype–Lores,chin,auriculars,andthroatgray(Gleychart1:6/N).Breastblendedwithtwotonesofgray(betweenGleychart1:5/Nand6/N).Ab‑domenlight‑gray(Gleychart1:7/N),washedwithwhite(Gley chart 1: 8/N). Crown, nape, mantle, scapulars,remiges,andtaildark‑gray(Gleychart1:3/N).Flanks,uppertailandundertailcovertsvaryingbetweenyellow‑ishbrown(10YR5/8)andbrownishyellow(10YR6/8)barred with black (7.5YR 2.5/1). Soft parts colors: billblackwithgraytip;tarsusandfeetbrownish‑cream;irisdarkbrown.Tailwith12rectrices.

Measurements of holotype–Totallengthoffresh,un‑skinnedspecimen132.0 mm;bill,fromanterioredgeofoperculumto tip,6.1 mm;exposedculmen,11.1 mm;billdepthatthebase(posterioredgeofnares),4.3 mm;wing (chord), 52.7 mm; tail, from the insertionof thecentral rectrices to the tip,44.2 mm; tarsus,20.5 mm;bodymass15.0 g.

ReMaRKS

Variation in the type series–Seecolorfrontispiece,ba‑sedonDZUFMG5335,aspecimensubstantiallyliketheholotype.Thereappearstobenoclearsexualdichroma‑tisminplumageamongadultspecimensofScytalopus pe-trophilus,buttheamountandextentofwhitishorgrayishfeathers in the abdomen varies from white (Gley chart1:8/N)andlightgray(Gleychart1:7/N)togray(Gleychart1:5/N)withoutregardtolocality.Amongaseriesof 21 specimens displaying adult plumage through theunderparts,onlyone(MZUSP78817)hasagrayabdo‑menlackingthetypicalbreast/bellycontrast.Thispatternalsodoesnotappeartoberelatedtothesexortheageofbirds,becausetheabdomenofadultsofbothsexesfromasinglelocalitycanalsoshowdifferentamountsofwhiteorgray.Forexample,amongourlargestseriesofdefiniti‑veadultmalesfromasinglelocality(n = 7fromPicodo

FIGuRe 1: Spectrograms of monosyllabic “contact” calls of threemembersoftheScytalopus novacapitalisclade(sensuMataet al.2009).A: S. petrophilus sp. nov., short,downslurredpzeen call (SítioPonteVelha,rightbankofRiodasMortes,municipalityofSãoJoãodelRei,MinasGerais,26May2005 (recordedbyV.Torga);B: S. pachecoi,longer,steadier‑frequencypzeencall(CerrodasAlmas,municipalityofCapãodoLeão,RioGrandedoSul,14Spetember2002(recordedbyG.N.Maurício);C: S. diamantinensis,short,sharptcheepcall,MorrosdeOuro,municipalityofBarradaEstiva,Bahia,26August2006(re‑cordedbyR.Belmonte‑Lopes).Homologyofthesevocalizationshasnotbeendetermined,butwestronglysuspectthattheyarehomolo‑gous.NosimilarmonosyllabicvocalizationhasyetbeenidentifiedforS. novavcapitalis.



Inficionado,SerradoCaraça),twomaleshavepure‑whiteabdomens(MCP1560,MZUSP78812)andtheabove‑mentionedspecimenhasapure‑grayabdomen(MZUSP78817);theremainingfour(MCP1561,1562,MZUSP78813,78811)exhibitvaryingintermediateamountsofwhiteandgray.Weinitiallysuspectedthatbirdswithpa‑lerabdomensmightbeyoungerthanthosewithgrayishones,butitappearsthatthisisnotthecaseinS. petrophi-lus,becauseamale fromPicodoInficionado(MZUSP78816) with complete adult plumage except for someretained juvenal remigeshas lesswhite in theabdomenthan other specimens in definitive adult plumage fromthatlocality(MCP1560,MZUSP78812,78811).

Three specimens (MZUSP 78811, 78825,DZUFMG4168,)havechinsandthroatsbetweenwhite(Gleychart1:8/N)andlight‑gray(Gleychart1:7/N),thusslightlypalerthanthatdescribedfortheholotype.Three specimens (MZUSP 78813, MZUSP 78817,MZUSP 78818) have chins and throats slightly darkerthan that of the holotype (gray – Gley chart 1: 5/N).This, too, isbest explainedby individual variation,be‑causeMZUSP78811,anadultmalewithpalechinandthroat,wastakenatthesamelocality(PicodoInficiona‑do)asthethreeabove‑mentionedspecimens(twomalesandoneunsexed)withdarkerchinsandthroats.

Theamountofyellowish‑brownorbrownish‑yellowfeatherswithblackbarsontheflanks,uppertailcoverts,andundertailcovertsalsovariesacrossthetypeseries.Itappearstobeunrelatedtosex,becauseadultmalesandfemales can exhibit differing quantities of these feath‑ers.Thischaractermaywellberelatedtoage,however,

becausejuvenilesandsubadultsshowamuchhigherpro‑portionofbrownish,barredfeathers(seebelow).

Softparts inthetypeseriesaccordwellwiththoseof the holotype. Of 16 specimens with complete tails,15had12 rectrices andonehad10 rectrices (MZUSP78811).

Geographical distribution–Patchilydistributedalongthe Espinhaço Range from central Minas Gerais (PicoDoisIrmãos)tothesouthofthismountainchain(Bru‑masdoEspinhaço,SerradoCipó,SerradaPiedade,SerradoCaraça,SerradoBatatal,andPicodoItacolomi)andsouthern Minas Gerais (Lavras, Ijaci, São João del‑Rei,BocainadeMinas,Camanducaia).BocainadeMinasandCamanducaiaareintheMantiqueiraRange,closetotheborderofthestatesofRiodeJaneiroandSãoPaulo,res‑pectively(Figure 2).Thus,thespeciesmightbefoundinthesestatesalso.Occursmostlybetween900and2,100 melevationinthemountainsandfoothills.

additional specimens examined – DZUFMG 5322;sub‑adultfemalefromPedradeSãoDomingos,Gonçal‑ves,MinasGerais,Brazil(22°41’S,45°57’W),at1,990 m;collectedandpreparedbyMFVon27March2007;tis‑suesampleandcarcasspreserved.DZUFMG5719;adultmalefrombaseofSerradoJuncal,Camanducaia,MinasGerais,Brazil(22°44’S,45°56’W),at1,450 m;collectedandpreparedbyMFVon11January2008;tissuesampleandcarcasspreserved;tape‑recordedbyMFV.DZUFMG6016; adultmale fromSerradaGandarela,RioAcima,Minas Gerais, Brazil (20°06’S, 43°39’W), at 1,610 m;collectedandpreparedbyMFVon25September2008;

TaBLe 2:PairwisediagnosticphenotypiccomparisonsamongadultsofthefourspeciesintheScytalopus novacapitaliscladeassembledlargelyfromBornscheinet al.(2007)and(forS. pachecoi)fromMaurício(2005).Samplesizesinparentheses.Sistheregularsong,AStheacceleratingsongdi‑videdinto“initial”andtrilled”sectionswithaseparatelyanalyzed“transition”betweenthem.Descriptionsareofspeciesintheleftcolumnvs.theircounterpartsacrossthetoprow.

Taxon S. novacapitalis (5) S. diamantinensis (9) S. pachecoi (32)S. petrophilus(27) Throatandbreastalmost

alwaysanotablydarkergray;Spacefasterandnotelengthshorter;ASinitialfaster;pzeencallpresent

Centerbellywhitish(notdistinctlygrayish);ASinitialslower,transitionpacefasteranddurationshorter,notesoftrilledsectionlonger;pzeencallpresent,tcheepcallabsentandalarmcallwithdistinctnote‑shape

Crissumandcenteroflowerabdomenalmostalwaysblessdenselybarred.pzeencallshorter,moredownslurredandwithdistincttonality

S. novacapitalis Bellywhitish(notgray).Spaceslowerandnotelengthlonger;ASinitialslower;tcheepcallabsentc

Chinandthroatpale(notmedium)gray,centerbellywhitish(notgray).Spaceslowerwithlongerandlower‑frequencynotes,alarmcallpacefasterandhigherfrequency;pzeencallabsent c

S. diamantinensis Adultplumagenotdiagnosable,immatureshavedistinctpatternsofbarringonupperwingcoverts.Malebilldeeper,culmenlongerandfemalelargerinallstandardmeasurementsexcepttaillength;AStransitionpaceslower;tcheepcallpresentandalarmwithdistinctnote‑shape

aOnespecimenofS. novacapitalis(MCP1481)wasnearlyasdarkasthepalestexamplesofS. petrophilus.bAsingleS. petrophilus(MZUSP78816)isindistinguishablefromS. pachecoi.cNomonosyllabic“contact”callhasyetbeenidentifiedforS. novacapitalis.



tissuesampleandcarcasspreserved.MCP1509;sub‑adultmale fromSerradoPalmital,BocainadeMinas,MinasGerais,Brazil(22°12’S,44°27’W)at1,330 m;collectedbyM.R.Bornschein,G.N.Maurício,andC.Gattoon2December2004;preparedbyM.R.Bornschein;tissuesample and carcass preserved; tape‑recorded by G. N.Maurício.MCP1510;adultmalefromSerradoPalmitalat1,330 m;collectedbyM.R.Bornschein,G.N.Maurí‑cio,andC.Gattoon2December2004;preparedbyM.R.Bornschein;tissuesampleandcarcasspreserved;tape‑recordedbyG.N.Maurício.MZUSP78819;adultfema‑le(skullnotossified)fromSerradoCaraça,collectedbyJFPandBMWon4March1997;preparedbyL.P.Gon‑zaga.MZUSP78820;juvenilefemale(skullnotossified),fromSerradoCaraça,collectedbyJFPandBMWon4March1997;preparedbyL.P.Gonzaga.MZUSP83542,adultmale, fromPoçosdeCaldas,MinasGerais,Brazil(21°47’S,46°30’W),collectedbyG.R.RochaBritoon16July2008;preparedbyE.Boaventura.MZUSP83543,adultmale,fromPoçosdeCaldas,MinasGerais,Brazil,samedataasMZUSP83542.SeealsoAppendix 1and2.

ontogenetic variation – In S. petrophilus, juvenileshavemorebarredandbrownishplumagethanadults,asappears typical in thegenus (FjeldsåandKrabbe1990,Whitney1994,KrabbeandSchulenberg1997);a juve‑nilefemale(MZUSP78814)isheredescribed.Chinandthroat pale‑yellow (2.5Y 7/4) with fine, inconspicuousblack bars (7.5YR 2.5/1). Breast brownish‑yellow (be‑tween10YR6/6and10YR6/8)finelybarredwithblack(7.5YR2.5/1).Centerofabdomenbrownish‑yellow(be‑tween10YR6/6and10YR6/8)washedwithpale‑yellow(2.5Y7/4).Flanks,uppertailcovertsandundertailcovertsyellowish‑brown(10YR5/6)barredblack(7.5YR2.5/1).Lores pale‑yellow (2.5Y 7/4) blended with strong bro‑wn(7.5YR5/8)andfinelybarredblack(7.5YR2.5/1).Auriculars pale‑yellow (2.5Y 7/4) blended with strongbrown (7.5YR 5/8). Sides of neck deep‑brown (7.5YR5/8)finelybarredblack(7.5YR2.5/1).Crown,nape,andmantle dark‑yellowish‑brown (10YR 3/4) finely barredblack (7.5YR 2.5/1). Rump dark‑yellowish‑brown (be‑tween10YR3/4and10YR3/6)withmoredenselyandwellmarkedblack(7.5YR2.5/1)bars.Lesserupperwingcoverts dark‑yellowish‑brown (10YR 3/4) with a black(7.5YR2.5/1)barandadeep‑brown(7.5YR5/6)apicalspot. Greater upperwing coverts dark‑yellowish‑brown(10YR3/4)barredblack(7.5YR2.5/1)withayellowish‑brown (10YR 5/6) apical spot. Remiges dark‑gray orblackish (10YR3/1) fringed with black (7.5YR2.5/1),dark‑yellowish‑brown (10YR 3/6) in the outer webs.Rectricesdark‑grayish‑brown(10YR3/2)withinconspi‑cuousyellowish‑brown(10YR5/6)fringes.

Animmaturefemale(MZUSP78815)showsplum‑agefeaturesintermediatebetweenadultsandthejuvenile

describedabove.Itscrown,lores,auriculars,chin,throat,andbreastaresimilartothoseofadults,whereastheremi‑ges, flanks, tail coverts, and tail are apparently juvenal.Theupperpartsareablendofdark‑grey(10YR3/1)anddark‑grayish‑brown (10YR 3/2), with less barring thanMZUSP78815.Thecenterofabdomenisbetweenpale‑yellow(2.5Y8/4)andyellow(10YR7/6).

Three specimens (MZUSP 78816, DZUFMG5333, 5335) in nearly definitive adult plumage retainsomebrownishtoneswithfaintblackishbarsonthewingsorabrownishtail,typicalfeaturesofsubadultbirds.

Breeding and molt–SpecimenscollectedbetweenSep‑temberandearlyDecemberhadwell‑developedgonads;mostbirdstakenbetweentheendofDecemberandMayapparentlywerenotinreproductivecondition.Thisob‑servation togetherwith the fact that juvenileswerecol‑lectedinFebruaryandMarchsuggeststhatS. petrophilusbreedsduring the spring,mostlySeptember‑November.Furthermore,specimensshowingheavymoltinthebody,wings,andtailwerecollectedinFebruary;specimenssho‑wing no evidence of molt were taken in May (perhaps5‑7monthspost‑breeding)andbetweenSeptemberandJanuary.

Voice specimens examined – Scytalopus petrophiluswas an integral component of a diagnosis‑oriented vo‑calanalysisoftheS. novacapitalisclade(sensuMataet al.2009)offourspeciesthatshareanacceleratingsongva‑riant (Bornschein et al. 2007 who called it “Scytalopussp. nov.”).Bornscheinet al.(2007,theirTable 2)presen‑ted ranges and means of multiple measurements, withspectrograms of typical vocalizations (their figures 4‑7and9)of themost frequently recordedvocalizationsofall fourmembersof thegroup.We invokedthe sampleand analysis of vocalizations presented by Bornscheinet al.(2007)andinterpreteditinthecontextofdiagno‑singvocalcharactersofS. petrophilusrelativetotheotherthreemembersoftheS. novacapitalisclade(see DiagnosisaboveandTable 2).Themostpertinentoftheirfigures,illustrating“contact”calls,arereproducedinFigure 1.

etymology –Thenamepetrophilus isGreek for “rock‑loving”, which is quite appropriate for the new speciesalthough it also inhabits forestunderstorynot far frommoreopen,rockyplaces.TheEnglishnameisasimpli‑fiedversionoftheGreek,andthePortuguesenamerec‑ognizesthatthedistributionofthistapaculoisessentiallyrestrictedtoserras,atpresentonlyinthestateofMinasGerais.

Vocalizations –The song and alarm calls (sensu Born‑schein et al. 2007) of S. petrophilus show varying de‑greesofoverlap inallcharacterswithat leastoneothermemberofthegroup,butonaverageandconsideredin



combination with contact calls, vocal repertoires of allspecies arediagnostic (Table 2).The short, sharppzeencallappearstobediagnosticofS. petrophilus(Bornscheinet al. 2007, pers. obs.). Removing any assumptionsconcerning the importance of one kind of vocalizationoveranotherinmaintainingspeciesintegrity(e.g.songswerearbitrarilyconsideredmoreimportantthancallsbyKrabbeandSchulenberg1997)becausethefunctionsofdiscreetvocalizationtypesinaspecies’repertoireareusu‑allynotknown(asisthecasewithmostvocalizationsofScytalopustapaculos),“contactcalls”maybemoreopera‑tional in communicating species identitieswithin somecomplexes,orbetween some species‑pairs, thanare, forexample,“territorialsongs”.Suchwasrecentlyshowntobe the case with two syntopic Hypocnemis antbirds in‑habitingdenseunderstoryof lowlandAmazonianforestwherevisualcuesalmostcertainlytakeasecondaryroletoauditorycommunicationofidentities:“contactcalls”haveapparentlyevolvedtheseminalroleofmaintainingtheidentitiesofthesetwobiologicalspeciesofthamno‑philid antbirds with essentially indistinguishable songs(Isleret al.2007).WithinBrazilianScytalopus,mosttaxaofwhichareallopatric,Bornscheinet al. (2007)noted,“…intwospeciessohighlydistinctecologically,geneti‑callyand,toalesserdegree,morphologically,asS. iraien-sis andS. speluncae, thedifferencesbetween their songsare minimal… while they differ notably from one an‑other incalls.”Thus, it isappropriate to recognize thatcontactcallsmayreflectasmuchormoreinformationonthediagnosabilityofpopulationsassongs.

Natural history–Scytalopus petrophilus lives inawidevarietyofhabitats,fromopenformationsonmountain‑tops to forestedareas in the foothills. In theEspinhaçoRange it is common in a rugged, rocky association oflowtrees, shrubsandgrassescalledcampo rupestre,heretypifiedbyahighlevelofendemism.Characteristicge‑nera of this flora are: Aechmea, Baccharis, Chusquea, Hololepis, Huperzia, Laelia, Lychnophora, Nematanthus, Paepalanthus, Sinningia, Stachytarpheta, Vellozia, andZygopetalum. Scytalopus petrophilus shares the campo ru-pestreofthesouth‑centralEspinhaçoRangewithseveralotherendemicorhighlyrange‑restrictedmontanebirds,such as Hyacinth Visorbearer (Augastes scutatus), CipoCanastero(Asthenes luizae),ItatiaiaSpinetail(Oreophylax moreirae),Gray‑backedTachuri(Polystictus superciliaris),and Pale‑throated Serra‑Finch (Embernagra longicauda)(Vasconcelos2008).Downslope,S. petrophilusoccupiesthe elfin forests andcloud forests in canyonsand steepvalleyswithorwithoutstreams,whereplantsofthefollo‑winggeneraabound:Begonia, Drymis, Eremanthus, Ilex, Miconia, Neoregelia, Nidularium, Podocarpus, Schefflera, Sophronites, Tibouchina, Tillandsia,andVriesea.Inthesehabitats, S. petrophilus occurs alongside (among manyothers) Variable Antshrike (Thamnophilus caerulescens),

Ochre‑rumpedAntbird(Drymophila ochropyga),White‑breastedTapaculo(Eleoscytalopus indigoticus),Mottle‑che‑eked Tyrannulet (Phylloscartes ventralis), Rufous‑belliedThrush(Turdus rufiventris),Rufous‑browedPeppershrike(Cyclarhis gujanensis),andBrassy‑breastedTanager(Tan-gara desmaresti).Italsopersistsinpartiallydeforestedandburntareasinthemountainswheremanyinvasiveplantsoccur,especiallythefernPteridium aquilinumwhichpro‑videsdensecover.Scytalopus petrophilushasevenbeenre‑corded in high‑elevation marshes with thick growth ofChusquea attenuata, Chusquea pinifolia, Cortaderia sp.,andTibouchinasp.InsouthernMinasGerais(LavrasandSão Joãodel‑Rei regions),S. petrophilushasbeen takeninsecond‑growthsemideciduouswoodland.Typicaltreespecies there include Alchornea triplinervia, Amaioua guianensis, Casearia arborea, Copaifera langsdorffii, Croton verrucosus, Miconia argyrophylla, M. trianae, Myrcia ros-trata, Ocotea corymbosa, O. odorifera, Pera glabrata, Persea pyrifolia, Sclerolobium rugosum, Siphoneugena densiflora, Tapirira obtusa, and Vochysia magnifica (Oliveira‑FilhoandMachado1993,Oliveira‑Filhoet al.1994,Gavilaneset al.1995,Dalanesiet al.2004).

Scytalopus petrophilusforagesmostlyontheground,aloneorinpairs.Ithopsslowlyamongorscuttlesquicklyoverrocksandcrevicesinthedensevegetationofcampos rupestres,andinthetangledunderstoryofcloudforests.In the drier woodlands of south‑central Minas Gerais,birdsforagewithbriefpicksandprobesintheleaflitter.Stomachs of five specimens contained only insect frag‑ments. Singing is most frequent about August throughOctober.Males sing fromatoprockswithinconcealingvegetationorfromotherlowpercheswithinforest,most‑lyfromshortlyaftersunriseuntilabout08:00,thenoc‑casionallythroughtheremainderoftheday,especiallyoncloudydays,withanotherpeakarounddusk,especiallyoncleardays.Afterplaybackofconspecificvocalizations,birdsoccasionallyclimbinrocksorvegetationtoabout2.5 maboveground.Singingbirdsholdtheneckslightlystretchedupwards,thebillabovehorizontal,andthetailangled downward at about 45 degrees.The bill opensslightlyasthethroatpulsatesandtailvibrateswitheachnote in the song; thehead is constantlybut irregularlymovedside‑to‑sidetobroadcastthesonginvariousdirec‑tionsastheeyesareirregularlyopenedandclosed.Withagoodview(bestaccomplishedwhenamale issingingin good light), the legs appear distinctly yellowish orpinkish.

Systematic relationships and biogeography – Maurí‑cio (2005) hypothesized that the four species of light‑gray Scytalopus in Brazil sharing accelerating songs intheirvocalrepertoires(S. novacapitalis, S. pachecoi,and,at that time, both S. diamantinensis and S. petrophilusasspecies novae)formamonophyleticgroup,whichwas



well‑corroboratedbypartofabroaderphylogeneticstudyofBrazilianScytalopusalthoughrelationshipswithinthisS. novacapitaliscladewerenotwellresolved(Mataet al.2009).Westronglysuspect,however,thatS. petrophilusissistertotherecentlydescribedS. diamantinensis. S. pe-trophilusalmostcertainlyevolvedintheEspinhaçoRangeofMinasGerais, inagreementwiththetheoryofMataet al.(2009)thattheS. novacapitaliscladearosethrougha late‑Pliocene (~2.4‑1.8Mya) radiation “burst”drivenby fragmentation of populations into “islands of suita‑ble habitats… thatwouldhavepersisted inplaces sub‑jectedtoorographicrainwherelong‑termstabilitycouldbe maintained”. It probably subsequently expanded itsdistribution into formerly inhospitable, lower‑elevation

regions west and south of the Espinhaço free of closerelatives and ecological competitors (see below); theseareas became increasingly humid into the late Pliocene(Lara andPatton2000,Grazziotin et al.2006).S. dia-mantinensisoccupiesthedisjunct,northernsectionoftheEspinhaçoRange, specifically theChapadaDiamantinageomorphologicalunit,entirelywithinBahia(Figure 2).Thatpatternismirroredbythesister‑speciesofAugasteshummingbirds,withA. scutatus (HyacinthVisorbearer)endemictotheEspinhaçoofMinasGeraisandA. luma-chella (Hooded Visorbearer) inhabiting the Espinhaçoandassociatedchapadas inBahia.Basedonseveralavi‑faunal surveysconductedbyMFVinthemountainsofextremenorthernMinasGeraisandsouthernBahia(the

FIGuRe 2:DistributionoftheScytalopus novacapitalis(opensymbols)andS. speluncae(blacksymbols)complexesineasternBrazil.Opencircles:S. novacapitalis;opensquares:S. petrophilus;openstars:S. diamantinensis;opentriangles:S. pachecoi;blackcircles:S. speluncae;black triangles:S. iraiensis;blackasterisks:Scytalopussp. nov.insoutheasternBahia.CapitallettersrefertoBrazilianstates.



“Campos Geraes” ofWied), where no tapaculo specieshasbeenfound, thegeographicalbarriers thatprobablyled to speciation in both groups are: 1) the absence ofcloudforestsandmoremesichabitats;contemporaryve‑getationontherockyoutcropsofthesemountainsisqui‑texeric,with severalCactaceaeand spinyBromeliaceaeor, in the Espinhaço Range of southern Bahia (Caetitéregion),theplateauiscoveredmainlybycerrado,afire‑adapted phytogeographic association apparently nevercolonizedbyScytalopus;and2) lowelevationsrecentlyco‑veredbycaatingavegetationbetweentheridgethatcomesacrossnorthernMinasGerais/southernBahiaandCha‑padaDiamantina, inBahia (Brumado region).Geogra‑phical separation and, almost certainly, sexual selectioninAugasteshas ledtosignificantplumagedivergence inthatspecies‑pairrelativetotheminorplumagedifferencebetweenScytalopus diamantinensisandS. petrophilus,whi‑chisinaccordancewiththeminimalmorphologicaldi‑vergencesobservedbetweenmanycloselyrelatedspecies

in the genus (Whitney 1994, Krabbe and Schulenberg1997,Mataet al.2009).

Sympatry/parapatry with other species of Scytalopus–S. petrophilusoccursfromtheEspinhaçoRangewestandsouthtosouthernMinasGeraisatPoçosdeCaldas,SãoJoãodelRei,Lavras,LimaDuarte,Gonçalves,Camandu‑caia,andBocainadeMinas.AtLimaDuarte(Ibitipocaarea), S. petrophilus is sympatric with S. speluncae (Pa‑checoet al.2008).AtGonçalvesandCamanducaiaspeci‑mensofS. petrophilus(DZUFMG5322and5719)wereshotonly80‑100 mdistantfromspecimensofS. spelun-cae(DZUFMG5321and5718)inelfinforestandalonga marsh/forest ecotone, respectively (Vasconcelos andD’Angelo‑Neto 2009). Thus, part of the MantiqueiraofMinasGeraisappearstobeanarrowzoneofsecond‑arycontactbetweentheS. novacapitalisandS. speluncaecomplexes.IntheSerradoCaraçaregion,S. petrophilusisincontactwithS. iraiensis;bothhavebeenrecordedin

FIGuRe 3:DistributionsofScytalopus petrophilus,S. speluncae(partial),andS. iraiensis (partial)basedonspecimensexaminedtohighlightareaofparapatry/sympatryandallowmoredetailofspecies‑overlapsinMinasGerais.Opensquares:S. petrophilus;opensquarewithdot:type‑localityofS. petrophilus.Blackcircles:S. speluncae;graycirclewithdot:SerradosÓrgãos,typelocalityofS. speluncae;X:NovaFriburgo,type‑localityofS. noto-rius;graysquare:SãoJoãodelRei.Blacktriangles:S. iraiensis.Numbersare:1) LimaDuarte;2) CamanducaiaandGonçalves;3) PicodoInficionadointheSerradoCaraça,alldocumentedlocalitiesofcontactofS. petrophiluswithS. speluncae (1, 2)andS. iraiensis (3).



thesamehigh‑elevationmarsh(Vasconceloset al.2008).Populationsinsouth‑centralMinasGerais(PoçosdeCal‑das,Lavras,andSãoJoãodelRei)areclosetopopulationsofS. novacapitalis(SerradaCanastraandCapitólio)andS. iraiensis(SerradaCanastra),butsympatryamongthesehasnotyetbeendocumented(Figures 2 and 3).ItseemslikelythatS. petrophiluswilleventuallybefoundinSãoPaulo state, and possibly even into the Mantiqueira ofRiodeJaneiro.

NoMeNCLaTuRe

OvertheyearsfollowingthediscoveryofScytalopus petrophilus in theSerradoCaraça inMinasGerais andotherlocalitiesinthestateoutsidetheEspinhaçoRange,itbecameapparentthatitwouldbenecessarytocompareour specimenswithMénétriès’s type ofMalacorhynchus speluncae,from“SãoJoãodelRei,MinasGerais,Brazil”(Peters, 1951)held at theZoological Institute,RussianAcademy of Sciences (ZISP), St. Petersburg. São Joãodel Rei lies in interior Minas Gerais, definitely withinthe range and habitat of S. petrophilus and only about70 kmfromtheSerradaMantiqueira,aknownlocalityforS. speluncae.Habitatthereismuchmorehumidforestthanthesemi‑deciduouswoodlandaroundthepurportedtypelocality.In1997,JFPwrotetoZISPpersonnel,en‑closingcolortransparenciesoftwoScytalopusspecimens(dorsal and ventral viewsof each) for comparisonwithMénétriès’stype,ZISP145251.Specimen#1wasanadultS. petrophilusfromtheSerradoCaraça(MZUSP78819)and #2 an adult S. speluncae from Parque Nacional doItatiaia;identitiesandlocalitiesofthespecimenswerenotprovided. Vladimir Loskot, Curator of Ornithology atZISP, replied toJFP ina letterdated3February1998,“Our specimen ismore similar toyourbird labelled1:itisnoticeablylighterthanyourspecimen2,bothintheventralanddorsalsurfaces.Apparentlythetypespecimenisyoung,1‑styearbirdinsummerratherwornplumage”.

JFPreceivednophotosofthetypespecimenfromZISP, andwewere left especiallyperplexedbyLoskot’sdiagnosis of the type being immature, as this did notaccord well with either Ménétriès’s type description ortheaccompanyingcolorillustrationofthetype,bothofwhichdescribedabirdinadultplumagewithplain‑grayflanks–thusquitedifferentfromJFP’s#1,whichclearlyshowed brown flanks with numerous dark bars, con‑spicuousfeaturesLoskotdidnotmention.ThatthetypespecimenwouldappearnotablypalerthanJFP’s#2wasexpectedduetoinevitablefoxing/fadingofthe180‑year‑old specimen.We resolved to collect further specimensfrom the vicinity of São João del Rei, and perhaps at‑tempt toobtainphotographsofMénétriès’s type speci‑menorevenvisittheZISPinSt.Petersburg.Avifaunalsurveys conductedbyMFVandLFS in semideciduous

forestsoftheSãoJoãodelReiandLavrasregion(south‑central Minas Gerais), involving more than 80 days ofintensive fieldwork during 2001‑2005, produced onlyS. petrophilus.Two specimens were collected (MZUSP78821,DZUFMG5334)andseveralweretape‑record‑ed. Most recently, independent researchers have intro‑duced excellent evidence andwell‑presented argumentsthatpermitustoresolveproperapplicationofthenameScytalopus speluncae (Ménétriès 1835) under the rulesof the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature(ICZN1999,fourthedition)andalsotoaddressMéné‑triès’s(1835)designationofSãoJoãodelReiasthetypelocality.

Raposoet al.(2006)andRaposoandKirwan(2008)attributedthenameS. speluncaetothepopulationthatwehaveinthispaperdescribedasS. petrophilus,arguingthatthe type specimen (ZISP145251), an adultmale from“nearSãoJoãodelRei”(Ménétriès1835),matchedtwospecimenstheycollectednearSãoJoãodelReiin2005.Most recently, however, Maurício et al. (2010) showedthat their formal descriptions of these “topotypes” donotagreewiththetypespecimenorMénétriès’s(1835)descriptionof it, anddonot approximate the excellentcolor illustration (pl. 13, fig. 1) that accompanied andis perfectly consistent with the description.We furtherconcurwithMaurícioet al.(2010)thatMénétrièsalmostcertainlyobtainedthetypespecimenofS. speluncaeinthemountainsofcentralRiodeJaneirostate.Theirredesig‑nationofthetypelocalityas“SerradosÓrgãos”shouldstanduntil,perhapsoneday,amolecularanalysisofMé‑nétriès’s type – one free of conflict of interest – mightallowustoestablishamorepreciseprovenance.

ThenameofMouse‑coloredTapaculomustremainScytalopus speluncae (Ménétriès 1835) with S. notoriusRaposo,Stopiglia,Loskot,andKirwan2006asajuniorsynonym.Wenote,however,thatthespecimentheseau‑thorsselectedastheholotype,fromParqueEstadualTrêsPicos, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro is especially darkrelativetoallotheravailablespecimensfromtheSerradoMar,includingothersfromNovaFriburgo.Regrettably,noneof the recordings in the small sampleofvocaliza‑tionspresented in thedescriptionofS. notoriuswas re‑cordedatTrêsPicosorNovaFriburgo.Thus,theanalysesofspecimensandvocalizationspresentedbyRaposoet al.(2006)arenotlinked,asituationthatonlylendsfurtherconfusiontoanalreadycomplicatedtaxonomicproblem.Further studyof thenorthernS. speluncae group (sensuMaurício2005,Bornscheinet al.2007,thisstudy)isen‑couraged:variablyisolatedserras,particularlyinthestatesofRiodeJaneiro,EspíritoSanto,andBahiamayharboradditionalpopulationsonindependentevolutionarytra‑jectories,andS. notoriuscouldconceivablyberesurrectedatsomelevel.

The case of Scytalopus speluncae (Ménétriès 1835)presents a prime example of the critical importance of





appropriateexaminationoftypespecimensandallasso‑ciated information (description, illustrations, collector’sdiariesandcatalogs,etc.)intheprocessofnamingnoveltaxaorproposingtaxonomicchanges,asemphasizedre‑centlybyWhitneyet al.(2000).Theseveralhigh‑qualityphotographsofthetypespecimenpresentedbyRaposoet al. (2006) andRaposo andKirwan (2008) served toillustratethetypespecimenofMalacorhynchus speluncaeMénétrièsindetailforboththeiranalysisandarguments,andthoseofMaurícioet al.(2010).

CoNCLudING ReMaRKS

TheSerradoMarandotherancient,upliftedareasineasternBrazilcompriseapaleohistoricallyandtopo‑graphically complex region of South America. Recentornithological investigation, especially studies focusedon the correlation of vocalizations and biogeographywithmolecular analysis, has revealed that several aviangroupshaveundergone significantlygreaterdiversifica‑tion than previously estimated. It is apparent that thegenusScytalopusisaleadingexampleofthisnewwaveof“discovery”,onethatpromisestohighlightboththetre‑mendousbiodiversityofBrazilandtheurgentneedfortheBraziliangovernmenttoenforceexistingmeasurestopreserveit.

aCKNoWLedGMeNTS

MFVisdeeplygratefultotheBrehmFoundation(“BrehmFondsMataAtlânticaBrasilienprojekt”)forfinancialsupportforfieldwork,totheCoordenaçãodeAperfeiçoamentodePessoaldeNívelSuperior(CAPES) for amaster andadoctoral fellowship, and theAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory(AMNH)foraCollectionStudyGranttoworkoneasternBrazilianbirds.TheInstitutoBrasileirodoMeioAmbiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA) and theInstitutoEstadualdeFlorestasdeMinasGerais (IEF‑MG)suppliedauthorizations tocollectbirdspecimens.Wearealsograteful to thefollowingcolleaguesthataccompaniedusduringfieldwork:GiovanniN. Maurício, Marcos R. Bornschein, Cassiano Gatto, MarcosMaldonado Coelho, Ricardo Belmonte‑Lopes, Santos D’Angelo‑Neto,VitorTorga Lombardi, Claudia Bauer, and John L. Rowlett.Luiz Antônio Pedreira Gonzaga (UFRJ) prepared some of the firstspecimensofS. petrophilusfromtheSerradoCaraça.ÉrikaMachado,GláuciadelRioandThyagoSantos(MZUSP)helpedinthegazetteer.VítorPiacentinihelpedwiththefinalversionofthemaps.VladimirLoskot (ZISP), Joel Cracraft, Paul Sweet, and Peg Hart (AMNH),Pedro Scherer‑Neto (MHNCI), Marcos A. Raposo (MNRJ), CarlaS. Fontana (PUCRS), andLuizAntônioPedreiraGonzaga (ASEC)forprovidingaccesstothespecimensandvoicesamplesundertheircare,andVladimirLoskotkindly responded inwriting toPacheco’sinquiries concerning theholotypeofMalacorhynchus speluncae.TheFundaçãodeAmparoàPesquisanoEstadodeSãoPaulo(FAPESP)andConselhoNacionaldeDesenvolvimentoCientíficoeTecnológico(CNPq)providedfinancialsupporttoLFS.M.R.Bornschein,J.V.Remsen,Jr.,andananonymousreviewerprovidedhelpfulcommentsonthemanuscript,andBornscheinalsoallowedustoreproducesomeofthespectrogramfiguresfromBornscheinet al.(2007).

ReFeReNCeS

Bornschein, M. R.; Reinert, B. L. and Pichorim, M. (1998).Descrição, ecologia e conservação de um novo Scytalopus(Rhinocryptidae) do sul do Brasil, com comentários sobre amorfologiadafamília.Ararajuba,6(1):3‑36.

Bornschein, M. R.; Maurício, G. N.; Belmonte-Lopes, R.; Mata, h. and Bonatto, S. L. (2007). Diamantina Tapaculo, a newScytalopus endemic to the Chapada Diamantina, northeasternBrazil (Passeriformes: Rhinocryptidae). Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia,15(2):151‑174.

Collar, N.; Gonzaga, L. P.; Krabbe, N.; Madroño Nieto, a.; Naranjo, L. G.; Parker III, T. a. and Wege, d. C. (1992). Threatened Birds of the Americas.Cambridge:InternationalCouncilforBirdPreservation.

dalanesi, P. e.; oliveira Filho, a. T. and Fontes, M. a. L. (2004).Flora e estruturado componente arbóreoda florestadoParqueEcológicoQuedasdoRioBonito,Lavras,MGecorrelaçõesentrea distribuição das espécies e variáveis ambientais. Acta Botanica Brasilica,18(4):737‑757.

Fjeldså, J. and Krabbe, N. (1990). Birds of the High Andes.Svendborg:ZoologicalMuseum,UniversityofCopenhagenandApolloBooks.

Gavilanes, M. L.; Carvalho, d. a.; oliveira Filho, a. T. and Vilela, e. a. (1995).Floraarbustivo‑arbóreadeumaflorestaripárianoAltoRioGrandeemBomSucesso,MG.Acta Botanica Brasilica,9(2):231‑245.

Grazziotin, F. G.; Monzel, M.; echeverrigaray, S. and Bonatto, S. L. (2006). Phylogeographyof theBothrops jararaca complex(Serpentes:Viperidae):pastfragmentationandislandcolonizationintheBrazilianAtlanticForest.Molecular Ecology,15:3969‑3982.

Isler, M. L.; Isler, P. R. and Whitney, B. M. (2007).SpecieslimitsinAntbirds:TheWarblingAntbird(Hypocnemis cantator)complex.Auk,124(1):11‑28.

Krabbe, N. and Schulenberg, T. S. (1997).SpecieslimitsandnaturalhistoryofScytalopustapaculos(Rhinocryptidae),withdescriptionsoftheEcuadoriantaxa,includingthreenewspecies,p. 47‑88.In:J.V.Remsen,Jr.(ed.)Studies in Neotropical Ornithology honoring Ted Parker. Washington: The American Ornithologist’s Union(OrnithologicalMonographs48).

Lara, M. C. and Patton, J. L. (2000).Evolutionarydiversificationof spiny rats (genus Trinomys, Rodentia: Echymyidae) in theAtlanticForestofBrazil.Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society,130(4):661‑686.

Mata, h.; Fontana, C. S.; Maurício, G. N.; Bornschein, M. R.; Vasconcelos, M. F. and Bonatto, S. L. (2009). Molecularphylogeny and biogeography of the eastern tapaculos (Aves:Rhinocryptidae:Scytalopus, Eleoscytalopus):crypticdiversificationinBrazilianAtlanticForest.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,53(2):450‑462.

Maurício, G. N. (2005).TaxonomyofsouthernpopulationsintheScytalopus speluncaegroup,withdescriptionofanewspeciesandremarks on the systematics and biogeography of the complex(Passeriformes:Rhinocryptidae).Ararajuba,13(1):7‑28.

Maurício, G. N.; Bornschein, M. R.; Vasconcelos, M. F.; Whitney, B. M.; Pacheco, J. F. and Silveira, L. F. (2010).Taxonomyof“Mouse‑coloredTapaculos”. I. On the application of the nameMalacorhynchus speluncae Ménétriès, 1835 (Aves: Passeriformes:Rhinocryptidae)Zootaxa,2518:32‑48.

Ménétriès, e. (1835).MonographiedelafamiliedesMyiotherinae.Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersbourg,6thser.III,part 2:443‑543.

Munsell. (1994).Soil color charts, revised edition.MacbethDivisionofKollmorganInstrumentsCorporation.NewYork:NewWindsor.

oliveira Filho, a. T. and Machado, J. N. M. (1993).Composiçãoflorísticadeumaflorestasemidecíduamontana,naserradeSãoJosé,Tiradentes,MinasGerais.Acta Botanica Brasilica,7(2):71‑88

oliveira Filho, a. T.; Scolforo, J. R. S. and Mello, J. M. (1994).ComposiçãoflorísticaeestruturacomunitáriadeumremanescentedeflorestasemidecíduamontanaemLavras,MG.Revista Brasileira de Botânica,17(2):167‑182.

Pacheco, J. F.; Parrini, R.; Lopes, L. e. and Vasconcelos, M. F. (2008). A avifauna do Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca e áreasadjacentes, Minas Gerais, Brasil, com uma revisão crítica dosregistrospréviosecomentáriossobrebiogeografiaeconservação.Cotinga,30:16‑32.

Parrini, R.; Raposo, M. a.; Pacheco, J. F.; Carvalhães, a. M. P.; Melo Jr., T. a.; Fonseca, P. S. M. and Minns, J. C. (1999).BirdsoftheChapadaDiamantina,Bahia,Brazil.Cotinga,11:86‑95.

Peters, J. L. (1951).Check-list of birds of the world,volume 7.MuseumofComparativeZoology,Cambridge,Massachusetts,USA.

Raposo, M. a.; Stopiglia, R.; Loskot, V. and Kirwan, G. M. (2006).The correct use of the name Scytalopus speluncae (Ménétriés,1835),andthedescriptionofanewspeciesofBraziliantapaculo(Aves:Passeriformes:Rhinocryptidae).Zootaxa,1271:37‑56.

Raposo, M. a. and Kirwan, G. M. (2008).The Brazilian speciescomplexScytalopus speluncae:howmanytimescanaholotypebeoverlooked?Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia,16(1):78‑81.

Silveira, L. F.; develey, P. F.; Pacheco, J. F. and Whitney, B. M. (2005).AvifaunaoftheSerradasLontras‑Javimountaincomplex,Bahia,Brazil.Cotinga,24:45‑54.

Vasconcelos, M. F. (2001).Estudo biogeográfico da avifauna campestre dos topos de montanha do Sudeste do Brasil. M. Sc.Thesis. BeloHorizonte:UniversidadeFederaldeMinasGerais.

Vasconcelos, M. F. (2008).MountaintopendemismineasternBrazil:why somebird species fromcampos rupestresof theEspinhaçoRangearenotendemictotheCerradoregion?Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia,16(4):348‑362.

Vasconcelos, M. F.; Maurício, G. N.; Kirwan, G. M. and Silveira, L. F. (2008).RangeextensionforMarshTapaculoScytalopus iraiensistothehighlandsofMinasGerais,Brazil,withanoverviewofthespecies’ distribution. Bulletin of the British Ornithlogist's Club,128(2):101‑106.

Vasconcelos, M. F. and d’angelo-Neto, S. (2009).Firstassessmentof the avifauna of Araucaria forests and other habitats fromextreme southern Minas Gerais, Serra da Mantiqueira, Brazil,withnotesonbiogeographyandconservation.Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia,49(3):49‑71.

Whitney, B. M. (1994).AnewScytalopustapaculo(Rhinocryptidae)fromBolivia,withnotesonotherBolivianmembersofthegenusandthemagellanicuscomplex.Wilson Bulletin,106(4):585‑614.

Whitney, B. M.; Pacheco, J. F.; Buzzetti, d. R. C. and Parrini, R. (2000). Systematic revision and biogeography of theHerpsilochmus pileatuscomplex,withdescriptionofanewspeciesfromnortheasternBrazil.Auk,117(4):869‑891.



aPPeNdIx 1

Specimens examined

Scytalopus novacapitalis:MZUSP71007,f,ReservaEcológicadoIBGE,DF,21.vii.1979;MZUSP78806,m,Chapadão‑zinho,SãoJosédoBarreiro,MG,22.i.2000;MZUSP78807,f,Chapadãozinho,SãoJosédoBarreiro,MG,09.vi.2004;MZUSP78808,m,Chapadãozinho,SãoJosédoBarreiro,MG,09.vi.2004;MZUSP78826,m,ChapadanamargemdireitadoRioTurvo,Capitólio,MG,01.x.2004;MCP1481,m,RibeirãodoGama,nearthevillageofVargemBonita,Brasília,DF.

Scytalopus petrophilus:MZUSP78811,m,PicodoInficionado,SerradoCaraça,CatasAltas,MG,23.xii.1999;MZUSP78812,m,PicodoInficionado,SerradoCaraça,CatasAltas,MG,23.xii.1999;MZUSP78813,m,PicodoInficionado,SerradoCaraça,CatasAltas,MG,23.xii.1999;MZUSP78814,f,PicodoInficionado,SerradoCaraça,CatasAltas,MG,04.ii.2003;MZUSP78815,f,GrutadeLourdes,SerradaCaraça,CatasAltas,MG,14.xi.2000;MZUSP78816,m,PicodoInficionado,SerradaCaraça,CatasAltas,MG,04.ii.2003;MZUSP78817,m,PicodoInficionado,SerradoCaraça,CatasAltas,MG,04.ii.2003;MZUSP78818,ind,trailtoPicodoInficionado,SerradoCaraça,CatasAltas,MG,20.xi.2004;MZUSP78819,f,MG,SantaBárbara,SerradoCaraça,04.iii.1997;MZUSP78820,f,MG,SantaBárbara,SerradoCaraça,04.iii.1997;MZUSP78821,m,SítioPonteVelha,SãoJoãodelRei,MG,15.i.2005;MZUSP78822,m,SerradaPiedade,Caeté,MG,17.ix.2004;MZUSP78823,m,BrumasdoEspinhaço,LapinhadeCima,SantanadoRiacho,MG,01.ii.2004;MZUSP78824,m,BrumasdoEspinhaço,LapinhadeCima,SantanadoRiacho,MG,02.ii.2004;MZUSP78825,f,PicoDoisIrmãos,ParqueEstadualdoRioPreto,SãoGonçalodoRioPreto,MG,17.v.2004;DZUFMG5333,f,SerradaPiedade,Caeté,MG,07.i.2004;DZUFMG5334,m,Serrinha,Lavras,MG,05.xii.2003;MCP1560,m,PicodoInficionado,SerradoCaraça,CatasAltas,MG,23.xii.1999;MCP1561,m,PicodoInficionado,SerradoCaraça,CatasAltas,MG,23.xii.1999;DZUFMG4169,ind,PicodoInficionado,SerradoCa‑raça,CatasAltas,05.ii.2003;MCP1562,m,trailtoPicodoInficionado,SerradoCaraça,CatasAltas,MG,06.ii.2003;DZUFMG5335,m,PicodoInficionado,SerradoCaraça,CatasAltas,MG,20.xi.2004;DZUFMG5336,m,BrumasdoEspinhaço,LapinhadeCima,SantanadoRiacho,MG,10.i.2005;DZUFMG4167,m,PicoDoisIrmãos,ParqueEstadualdoRioPreto,SãoGonçalodoRioPreto,MG,17.v.2004;DZUFMG4168,f,PicoDoisIrmãos,ParqueEstadualdoRioPreto,SãoGonçalodoRioPreto,MG,17.v.2004;DZUFMG5322,f,PedradeSãoDomingos,Gonçalves,MG,27.iii.2007;DZUFMG5719;m,SerradoJuncal,Camanducaia,MG,11.i.2008;DZUFMG6016,m,SerradaGanda‑rela,RioAcima,MG,25.ix.2008;MCP1509,m,SerradoPalmital,BocainadeMinas,MG,02.xii.2004;MCP1510,m,SerradoPalmital,BocainadeMinas,MG,02.xii.2004;MZUSP83542,m,ParqueAmbientalAlcoa,PoçosdeCaldas,MG,16.vii.2008;MZUSP83543,m,ParqueAmbientalAlcoa,PoçosdeCaldas,MG,16.vii.2008.

Scytalopussp. nov.:MZUSP78809,m,SerradasLontras,BA,06.xi.1999;MZUSP78810,m,BoaNova,BA,26.viii.1993.

Scytalopus speluncae:MZUSP4836,f,AltodaSerra,SP,viii‑1904;MZUSP6121,m,CamposItatiaya,RJ,03.v.1906;MZUSP6123,f?CamposItatiaya,RJ,05.v.1906;MZUSP34380,f,Maromba,km 7,PNdoItatiaia,RJ,01.viii.1950;MZUSP34381,m,Maromba,km 4,PNdoItatiaia,RJ,14.viii.1950;MZUSP34804,m,PlanaltoVárzeadosLírios,PNdoItatiaia,RJ,21.v.1951;MZUSP34805,f,Macieiras,PNdoItatiaia,RJ,28.v.1951;MZUSP34806,m?Macieiras,PNdoItatiaia,RJ,30.v.1951;MZUSP34807,f,Macieiras,PNdoItatiaia,RJ,01.vi.1951;MZUSP34808,f,Maromba,km 6,PNdoItatiaia,RJ,07.vi.1951;MZUSP36347,m,km 12,PNdoItatiaia,RJ,28.i.1958;MZUSP36348,f,km 11,PNdoItatiaia,RJ,22.i.1954;MZUSP36349,f,km 11,PNdoItatiaia,26.i.1954;MZUSP82618,m,Resende,RJ,12.x.2008;DZUFMG4924,m,SerradaVargemGrande,Divino,MG,22.iii.2006;DZUFMG4925,m,SerradaVar‑gemGrande,Divino,MG,23.iii.2006;DZUFMG5321,m,PedradeSãoDomingos,Gonçalves,MG,m,27.iii.2007;DZUFMG5718,m,baseofSerradoJuncal,Camanducaia,MG,11.i.2008;AMNH492362,m,CamposdoItatiaya,MG/RJ,23.iv.1906;AMNH188960,m,AltoItatiaya,MG/RJ,02.iii.1922;AMNH188961,m,AltoItatiaya,MG/RJ,03.iii.1922;AMNH188962,f,AltoItatiaya,MG/RJ,14.iii.1922;AMNH188964,m,AltoItatiaya,MG/RJ,15.ii.1922;AMNH188965, f,Alto Itatiaya,MG/RJ,15.ii.1922;AMNH188966, f,Alto Itatiaya,MG/RJ,18.ii.1922;AMNH188967,m,AltoItatiaya,MG/RJ,20.ii.1922;AMNH188968,m,AltoItatiaya,MG/RJ,04.iii.1922;AMNH188969,f,Macieiras,SerradoItatiaya,RJ,02.iv.1922;AMNH188970,f,Macieiras,SerradoItatiaya,RJ,04.iv.1922;AMNH785876,m,SerradoCaparaó,MG,27.iii.1941;AMNH785877,m,SerradoCaparaó,MG,14.iv.1941.

Scytalopus pachecoi:Brazil:MZUSP75761,m,SerrodasAlmas,CapãodoLeão,RS,14.x.2001;MZUSP75762,m,SerrodasAlmas,CapãodoLeão,RS,14.x.2001;MZUSP75763,m,SantoAmor,MorroRedondo,RS,03.xii.2001;MZUSP



75764,m,Colônia,Solidez,Canguçu,RS,05.iv.2002.Argentina:AMNH771238,m,ArroyoUrugua‑i,km 30,Misio‑nes,20.ix.1957;AMNH771239,f,ArroyoUrugua‑i,km 30,Misiones,24.i.1958;AMNH771241,f,ArroyoUrugua‑i,km 30,Misiones,17.ix.1957;AMNH771242, f,ArroyoUrugua‑i, km 30,Misiones,02.xii.1957;AMNH795289,m,ArroyoUrugua‑i,km 30,Misiones,27.x.1960;AMNH771240,f,ArroyoUrugua‑i,km 10,Misiones,27.v.1958;AMNH795288,m,ArroyoUrugua‑i,km 10,Misiones,20.vi.1960.

Scytalopus diamantinensis:MZUSP77827,f,SerradoRibeirão,Lençóis,BA,23.viii.2006.



aPPeNdIx 2

Gazetteer of Scytalopus speluncae complex

Scytalopus diamantinensis:ParqueNacionaldaChapadaDiamantina,BA,12°33’S,41°28’W;RodoviaBonito‑Utinga,BA,12°11’S,59°41’W;SerradoRibeirão,Lençóis,BA,12°34’S,41°25’W;SítioSantaTeresinha,Abaíra,BA,13°18’S,41°53’W;CampoRedondo,Ibicoara,BA,13°24’S,41°14’W;SerradoSincorá,NearIbicoara,BA,13°26’S,41°14’W;Bonfim,Iramaia,BA,13°27’S,41°13’W;MorrosdeOuro,BarradaEstiva,BA,13°40’S,41°17’W;CapãodoVale,Ibico‑ara,BA,13°26’S,41°23’W(type).

Scytalopus iraiensis:BanhadodoMaçarico,RS,32°02’S,52°05’W;BanhadodosPachecos,Viamão,RS,30°04’S,51°01’W;FazendaBocaina,MG,20°00’S,43°48’W;SerradoCaraça,MG,20°07’S,43°27’W;SerradaCanastra,MG,20°14’S,45°58’W;SerradoCipó,SantanadoRiacho,MG,19°15’S,43°31’W;SantaBárbara,MG,20°00’S,43°28’W;RiodasAlmas,TeixeiraSoares,PR,25°22’S,50°27’W;AltoRioIguaçu,PR,25°36’S,54°36’W;CruzMachado,PR,26°01’S,51°20’W;SãoJoãodoTriunfo/Lapa,PR,25°40’S,50°17’W;RioVárzeas,TijucasdoSul,PR,25°55’S,49°11’W;ParqueNacionalAparadosdaSerra,RS,29°09’S,50°05’W;RightbankofIraíRiver,neartoIraíDam,PR,25°21’S,49°04’W(type).

Scytalopussp.nov.:Bonito,BA,11°57’S,41°16’W;SerradasLontras,BA,15°11’S,39°23’W;BoaNova,BA,14°21’S,40°12’W;Ibicoara,BA,13°24’S,41°17’W.

Scytalopus novacapitalis:Tapira,MG,19°55’S,46°49’W;ParqueNacionaldaSerradaCanastra,MG,20°15’S,46°40’W;ReservaEcológicadoIBGE,Brasília,DF,15°56’S,47°53’W;FazendaÁguaLimpa,Brasília,DF,15°30’S,47°25’W;Ribei‑rãodoGama,nearthevillageofVargemBonita,Brasília,DF,15°55’S,47°56’W;Brasília,DF,15°47’S,47°55’W(type).

Scytalopus pachecoi:ArroioUruguay‑iMisiones,AR,25°55’S,54°25’W;SanPedro,RioPeperi‑Guazu,AR,26°36’S,53°43’W;ParqueEstadualdoTurvo,RS,27°14’S,53°57’W;Nonoai,RS,27°21’S,52°57’W;Guaritas,RS,27°27’S,56°37’W;TerraIndígenadeGuarita,ErvalSeco,RS,27°32’S,53°30’W;BomJardimdaSerra,SC,28°20’S,49°37’W;FazendadaRoci‑nha,BomJardimdaSerra,SC,28°18’S,49°35’W;SerradoRiodoRastro,BomJardimdaSerra,SC,28°23’S,49°32’W;RiodasAntas,SãoJosédosAusentes,RS,28°47’S,49°58’W;SãoGonçalo,CambarádoSul,RS,28°53’S,50°01’W;limitenortedeCambarádoSul,RS,29°02’S,50°11’W;Harmonia,SãoLourençodoSul,RS,31°18’S,52°25’W;ColôniaSoli‑dez,Canguçu,RS,31°18’S,52°32’W;ArroioMoinho,Canguçu,RS,31°19’S,52°30’W;ArroioAndrade,Pelotas/ArroiodoPadre,RS,31°27’S,52°28’W;ArroioCadeia,MorroRedondo,RS,31°35’S,52°33’W;MorrodaAntena,Pelotas,RS,31°36’S,52°31’W;MonteBonito,Pelotas,RS,31°39’S,52°27’W;SantoAmor,MorroRedondo,RS,31°40’S,52°35’W;SerradasAsperezas,Piratini,RS,31°26’S,53°06’W;Paredão,EncruzilhadadoSul,RS,30°32’S,52°31’W;CerrodasAlmas,CapãodoLeão,RS,31°46’S,52°35’W(type).

Scytalopus petrophilus: Pico dois Irmãos, Rio Preto, MG, 18°24’S, 43°21’W; Brumas do Espinhaço, Santana do Ria‑cho,MG,19°02’S,43°42’W;GrutadeLourdes,Caraça,MG,20°06’S,43°27’W;Inficionado,Caraça,MG,20°08’S,43°27’W;Serrinha,Lavras,MG,21°19’S,44°59’W;SítioPonteVelha,SãoJoãodelRei,MG,21°04’S,44°20’W;SerradoPalmital,BocainadeMinas,MG,22°12’S,44°27’W;PedradeSãoDomingos,MG,22°41’S,45°57W;SerradoJun‑cal,MG,22°44’S,45°56’W;PoçosdeCaldas,MG,21°47’S,46°30’W;SerradaGandarela,RioAcima,MG,20°06’S,43°39’W;LimaDuarte,MG,21°51’S,43°48’W;PedradeSãoDomingos,Gonçalves,MG,22°40’S,45°51’W;SerradoCaraça,MG,20°08’S,43°30’W;SerradaPiedade,Caeté,MG,19°49’S,43°40’W(type).

Scytalopus speluncae:SerraVargemGrande,Divino,MG,20°31’S,42°04’W;DelfimMoreira,MG,22°30’S,45°16’W;ParqueNacionaldoCaparaó,ES,20°22’S,41°48’W;ParqueNacionaldoItatiaia,RJ,22°23’S,44°38’W;Catuçaba,SãoLuizdoParaitinga,SP,23°14’S,45°12’W;PicodosMarins,Piquete,SP,22°36’S,45°10’W;Guaratinguetá,SP,22°48’S,45°11’W;Pindamonhangaba,SP,22°55’S,45°27’W;Bananal,SP,22°41’S,44°19’W;AltodaSerra,SP,23°47’S,46°19’W;ParqueEstadualIntervales,SP,24°17’S,48°25’W;FazendaTumas,Clevelândia,PR,26°23’S,52°28’W;Corvo,QuatroBarras,PR,25°21’S,49°04’W;MananciaisdaSerra,Piraquara,PR,25°26’S,49°03’W;MorroAnhangava,QuatroBar‑ras,PR,25°21’S,49°04’W;GeneralCarneiro,PR,26°25’S,51°18’W;Coqueiro,CampinaGrandedoSul,PR,25°18’S,49°03’W;Limoeiro/CampinadaAlegria,ÁguaDoce,SC,26°59’S,51°33’W;SãoBento,SC,26°15’S,49°22’W;ParqueNacionaldeSãoJoaquim,MorrodaIgreja,Urubici,SC,28°00’S,49°35’W;FazendadaRocinha,BomJardimdaSer‑ra,SC,28°18’S,49°35’W;SerradoRiodoRastro,BomJardimdaSerra,SC,28°23’S,49°32’W;SantoAntônio,São



FranciscodePaula,RS,29°26’S,50°35’W;SerradoUmbú,Maquiné,RS,29°40’S,50°12’W;ColinasdeSãoFrancisco/Josafaz,SãoFranciscodePaula,RS,29°26’S,50°35’W;PassodoMeio,SãoFranciscodePaula,RS,29°26’S,50°35’W;PassodoMeio,BomJesus,RS,28°40’S,50°25’W;SerradaBoaUnião,SãoFranciscodePaula,RS,29°26’S,50°35’W;SãoGonçalo,CambarádoSul,RS,28°53’S,50°01’W;MorroPelado,Canela,RS,29°21’S,50°48’W;Lajeadinho,SãoJosédosAusentes,RS,28°44’S,50°03’W;Farroupilha,RS,29°13’S,51°20’W;SerradaBoaUnião,TrêsForquilhas,RS,29°32’S,50°03’W;PedradeSãoDomingos,MG,22°41’S,45°57’W;Serrado Juncal,MG,22°44’S,45°56’W;SerradoPapagaio,MG,21°57’S,44°35’W;SãoJoãodelRei,MG,21°08’S,44°15’W;FazendaToledo,NovaFriburgo,RJ,22°16’S,42°31’W;LimaDuarte,MG,21°51’S,43°48’W;SerradosÓrgãos,Teresópolis,RJ,22°22’S,42°45’W(type).



Documents

ISSN 0103-5657 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia · Scytalopus petrophilus (Rock Tapaculo): a new species from Minas Gerais, Brazil Bret M. Whitney1,4, Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos2,