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    Mucj Qrtcg`

    Djouje hf W`brfvcvogcjHcgjs f G`djoh`s h` Duoh` EcouxJut`r9Xjefs Jrji` Dfoh`oj

    Fhct`rj9FHCX@RJ \CFOJRuj Rfmfotf Lfci, 311-111

    L`of (:8) 77=2-2:66N`df-Qjmf9 www.fhct`rjvcfoj.g`d.brf-djce9 fhct`rjvcfojAfhct`rjvcfoj.g`d.br

    Gjpj9 Djrgfe` Mco` Qfrfcrj

    Ofonudj pjrtf hfstj pubecgj` p`hfr sfr rfpr`huzchj`u trjosdctchj, sfijd qujcs l`rfd `s dfc`s fdprfmjh`s9feftrocg`s, dfgocg`s, l`t`mr g`s, mrjvjfs `uqujcsqufr `utr`s.

    CWBO - >6-7=:-11:6-7

    X`h`s `s hcrfct`s rfsfrvjh`s pfej FHCX@RJ \CFOJEFC 3. f jtujeczjfs

    X`hjs js djrgjs f cdjmfos hf njrhwjrf, s`ltwjrf f utr`s,utceczjh`s f/`u dfogc`ojh`s ofstj `brj, s` pr`prcfhjhfshf sfus rfspfgtcv`s ljbrcgjotfs f/`u grcjh`rfs.

    G`pyrcmnt 2112 - Fhct`rj \cfoj: Fhc` - 1:/211< - WGRQjrh`/WQ

    Hjh`s Cotfrojgc`ojcs hf Gjtje`mj` oj Qubecgj` (GCQ)(Gdjrj Brjscefcrj h` Ecvr`, WQ, Brjsce)

    Dfoh`oj, Xjefs Jrji` Djouje hf s`brfvcvogcj 9 hcgjs f g`djoh`s h`

    duoh` Ecoux / Xjefs Jrji` Dfoh`oj. -- WjotjGruz h` Rc` Qjrh`, WQ 9 Fhct`rj \cfoj, 2116.

    CWBO >6-7=:-11:6-7

    :. ECOV^ (Wcstfdj `pfrjgc`oje hf g`dputjh`r) 2. Rfhfs hf g`dputjh`rfs 7. VOC^ (Wcstfdj

    `pfrjgc`oje hf g`dputjh`r) C. Xtue`.

    16->=>3 GHH-116.87

    ohcgfs pjrj gjte`m` scstfdtcg`9

    :. ECOV^ 9 Wcstfdj `pfrjgc`oje 9 G`dputjh`rfs 9 Qr`gfssjdfot` hf hjh`s 116.87

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    7J M R J H F G C D F O X @ W

    Jmrjhfgcdfot`sQrcdfcrjdfotf m`stjrcj hf jmrjhfgfr j` Rcgjrh` rgfmj, p`r df sumf-

    rcr pjrj quf fsgrfvfssf ud ecvr` s`brf udj chcj quf tcvf hf pubecgj` hf

    g`djoh`s, fd udj l`rdj scdpefs, rpchj f `biftcvj; Jmrjhf` tjdbd j`Djrg`s I`s Wftcd quf df hfu jp`c` f hcgjs s`brf ` ecvr`. Duct` `brcmjh` `j` I`s Zufcr`z quf jed hf g`otrcbucr g`d jemuos g`djoh`s, df hfu mrjo-hfs hcgjs. Js g`otrcbucfs hf9 Jefx Wjo, Jefxjohrf Hjcbfrt, Johrfc Hruscjo,Gjre`s F. D`rcd`t`, Fhujrh` G. Wcevj, Num` Gcsofcr`s, Eugcjo` Djrtcoc,@tvc` R`h`el`. Jmrjhf` j` Mucenfrdf Djrqufs f Djur` ^jvcfr p`r jiuhjrg`d jemudjs trjhufs. F jmrjhf` prcogcpjedfotf dconj df quf sfdprfdf hfu jp`c` f tjdbd j`s dfus ljdcecjrfs f jdcm`s.

    @brcmjh` j t`h`s, p`cs v`gs g`ejb`rjrjd pjrj quf fstf ecvr` lcgjssf pr`ot .

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    6QR F L G C @

    Qrflgc`Fstf djouje fog`otrj-sf hcvchch` fd trs pjrtfs, pjrj dfen`r fotfohc-

    dfot` h` dfsd`9

    Gjptue :. Hcgjs f Qrcogpcs Bscgs h EcouxFssj prcdfcrj pjrtf g`oscstf fd udj cotr`hu` (G`ogfct`s bscg`s) h`

    quf ` usurc` prfgcsj sjbfr pjrj sfmucr fd lrfotf oj efcturj h` ecvr`. Gjs`sfij efcm`, cdprfsgcohvfe quf pjssf pfe`s G`ogfct`s bscg`s. Xjdbd s`jb`rhjhjs jemudjs Hcgjs bscgjs duct` tfcs quf enf jiuhjr o` hcj j hcjpjrj g`ovcvogcj g`d ` Ecoux.

    Gjptue 2. Gdjohs h Xfrdcoje

    Qjrj quf p`ssjd`s utceczjr g`d djc`r ljgcechjhf ` tfrdcoje hf g`djoh`sh` Ecoux (snfee), sjbfr s o`dfs h`s g`djoh`s js vfzfs jotfs hf sjbfr ` quffefs fxfgutjd hf fxtrfdj ofgfsschjhf. Xjdbd g`d` jb`rhjmfd, g`e`-qufc fd prtcgj js o`fs bscgjs hfsgrctjs o` Gjptue` C hfstf djouje.

    G`dpefdfotjoh` fstf gjptue`, o` loje fst` `rmjoczjh`s `s g`djoh`sfspfglcg`s g`rrfsp`ohfotf j gjhj hcstrcbuc`. udj l`rdj djcs lgce hf fo-g`otrjr ` g`djoh` quf hfsfij, gjs` ` dfsd` s pfrtfoj j suj hcstrcbuc`.

    Gjptue 7. Hcgjs JvjojhjsFssj pjrtf sfd hvchj j sjevj` hf duct`s quf utceczjd ` Ecoux f

    qufrfd tcrjr ` dxcd` hf pr`vfct` h` pr`mrjdj djs o` sjbfd g`d`.Jquc jb`rhjrfd`s jssuot`s cdp`rtjotfs s`brf g`d` g`dpcejr pr`mrjdjso` Ecoux, g`d` `btfr udj pr`tf` pjrj suj rfhf, g`dpjrtcenjr j cotfroftg`d sfmurjoj, gnfgjr hcsp`sctcv`s(NH, GH-R@D, Hcsquftf, ftg), jprfohfrj utceczjr vrc`s g`djoh`s fd g`oiuot`, f djcs...

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    > D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    2.:>. hh ............................................................................................................................... 732.:3. hl ................................................................................................................................ 812.21. hdfsm....................................................................................................................... 8:2.2:. hpkm .......................................................................................................................... 8:2.22. hu ............................................................................................................................... 822.27. fdfrmf ..................................................................................................................... 87

    2.28. ef .............................................................................................................................. 882.26. oh ............................................................................................................................ 882.2. mr`ups ...................................................................................................................... 8>2.23. njet............................................................................................................................. 8>2.71. nhpjrd .................................................................................................................... 832.7:. nfep ........................................................................................................................... 832.72. ncst`ry ...................................................................................................................... 612.77. n`stojdf ................................................................................................................ 612.78. clg`o m ..................................................................................................................... 6:2.76. costjeepkm ................................................................................................................. 622.7. eo ................................................................................................................................ 682.73. e`gjtf ........................................................................................................................ 682.81. es ................................................................................................................................. 662.8:. esd`h ........................................................................................................................ 62.8

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    3WV D R C @

    2.63. rpd ............................................................................................................................ =2.>1. zcp .............................................................................................................................. >>2.>:. G`djoh`s Fspfg g`s hjs Hcstr`s................................................................. >>

    7. Hcgjs Jvjojhjs ..................................................................3:7.:. Jdbcfotf Mr g` ................................................................................................. 377.:.:. \rc`s Jdbcfotfs ^ ............................................................................................. 377.2. Xfrdcoje ................................................................................................................... 387.2.:. G`dpcejoh` Qr`mrjdjs ..................................................................................... 387.2.2. Rf`rmjoczjoh` sfu N`df ............................................................................. 367.2.7. Qfrdcss` ................................................................................................................ 37.2.8. Qjrtcfs o` Ecoux..............................................................................................:117.2.8.:. Xcp`s hf Qjrtcfs .............................................................................................. :117.2.8.2. G`onfgfoh` js Eftrjs ......................................................................................:117.2.8.7. G`onfgfoh` js Qjrtcfs ................................................................................:117.2.8.8. Qjrtc` Wwjp ...................................................................................................... :117.2.6. Grcjoh` Lcrfwjee .................................................................................................. :117.2.

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    :1 D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

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    :Hcgjs f Qrcogpc`s Bscg`s h`Ecoux

    D

    j o u j

    e h f

    W `

    b r f v

    c v o

    g c j

    h `

    E c o u x

    :.:. Cotr`hu`:.2. G`ogfct`s Bscg`s

    :.2.:. Xrjbjenjoh` g`d j Xfgej XJB:.2.2. Qfrdcssfs:.2.7. G`onfgfoh` ` Qr`dpt hf G`djoh`s:.2.8. G`onfgfoh` j Fstruturj hf Hcrftrc`s

    :.7. Hfskt`p:.7.:. Rfcocgcjoh` ` ^:.7..2. G`pcjr f G`ejr g`d Wfef` h` D`usf:.7.7. Jetfrojr fotrf rfjs hf Xrjbjen`:.7.8. Njbcectjr ` B`t` QrcotWgrffo:.7.6. Fxfgutjoh` G`djoh`s pfe` Hfskt`p

    :.8 Xfrdcoje:.8.:. Fxfgutjoh` Qr`mrjdjs fd Bjgkmr`uoh f Hfcxjoh` ` Xfrdcoje hf G`djoh`s Ecvrf:.8.2. Qr`gurjoh` p`r G`djoh`s Hcmctjh`s:.8.7. Fxfgutjoh` jrqucv`s .bco, .ruo f .sn:.8.6. Xcrjr Wgrffosn`t hj Xfej

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    :7HC G J W F QR C O G Q C @ W B W C G @ W H @ EC O V ^

    :. Hcgjs f Qrogcpc`s Bscg`s h` Ecoux

    :.:. Cotr`hu`@Ecoux ud scstfdj `pfrjgc`oje quf p`ssuc vrcjs luogc`ojechjhfs quf

    p`hfd sfr fxprfssjs hf hcvfrsjs l`rdjs. Ofssf djouje pr`gur` gctjr `s g`-djoh`s f hcgjs djcs usjh`s, quf p`hfr` enfs juxcecjr o` hcj-j-hcj.

    @Djouje hf Wbrfvcvogcj , g`d` ` prprc` o`df hcz, rflfrf-sf j ud djou-je hf rpch` juxec`, g`d biftcv` hf jiuhjr f ljgcectjr usurc` ojs g`osuetjs hfhcgjs f g`djoh`s, fvctjoh` g`osuetjs fd e`gjcs hcvfrs`s. G`d` cr` vfr, tfotfc sfr` djcs scdpefs f `biftcv` p`ssvfe pjrj quf njij ud fotfohcdfot` rpch` f lgce.

    @ Djouje v`etjh` pjrj t`h`s `s ovfcs hf usurc`s, jbrjomfoh` js hcstrc-bucfs djcs g`onfgchjs g`d g`djoh`s fspfglcg`s pjrj js dfsdjs.

    Fssf ` prcdfcr` ecvr` quf fsgrfv` f fspfr` g`otcoujr g`d j i`rojhj, jiu-hjoh` j` dxcd` j g`duochjhf Ecoux pjrj quf njij djc`r cotfrj` f jhf-s` j` s`ltwjrf ecvrf.

    :.2. G`ogfct`s Bscg`sJotfs hf g`dfjr j l`enfjr ` djouje cdprfsgcohvfe quf g`onfj jemuos

    g`ogfct`s bscg`s quf cr` jiuh-e` j g`dprffohfr dfen`r ` us` h` dfsd`.

    @ quf scmoclcgj hcstrcbuc (hcstr)0R.9 g`d` s` g`onfgch`s `s hcvfrs`s tcp`s hfEcoux . G`d` jemuos

    fxfdpe`s p`hfd`s gctjr9 Wejgkwjrf, Hfbcjo, Mfot``, Djohrjkf, Lfh`rj,G`ofgtcvj; hfotrf `utr`s.

    Zuje hcstrcbuc hfv utceczjr0R.9 Zujoh` sf ljej fd Ecoux (W`ltwjrf Ecvrf), ljej-sf fd ecbfrhjhf hf fs-

    g`enj, fd hfd`grjgcj. Js pfss`js quf utceczjd ` Ecoux , o` utceczjd jpfojsp`r sfr ud s`ltwjrf ecvrf, `u dfsd` p`r sfr ud fxgfefotf scstfdj `pfrjgc`-oje g`d ductj sfmurjoj f p`ugjs ljenjs, `u p`r o` fxcstcr vrus `u tr`ijdsquf jgjbjd g`d gfrt`s scstfdjs pr`prcftrc`s, djs ` utceczjd tjdbd pfejsuj lce`s`lcj. jtrjvs hfssj lce`s`lcj quf ojsgfrjd f g`otcoujd ojsgfoh` t`-hjs fssjs vrcjs hcstrcbucfs, o`s pr`p`rgc`ojoh` hcrfct` hf fsg`enj. Vtceczfj hcstr` quf djcs enf jmrjhf.

    @ quf ud scstfdj duetcusurc 0R.9 @Ecoux ud scstfdj duetcusurc`, p`cs pfrdctf quf djcs hf ud usu-

    rc` utceczf ` g`dputjh`r j` dfsd` tfdp`.

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    :8 D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    @ quf Kfrofe0R.9 ` ogef` ` grfbr` f g`rj` h` scstfdj , fef quf g`otr`ej t`h`

    ` njrhwjrf. Kfrofe ` gfotr` h` scstfdj, t`h` ` luogc`ojdfot` hj GQV fjpecgjtcv`s hfpfohfd hfef, djs Kfrofe fd sc, s`zcon`, o` tfd utcechjhf, fefprfgcsj h`s jpecgjtcv`s jsscd g`d` `s jpecgjtcv`s prfgcsjd h` Kfrofe, udjrfej` hf scdbc`sf, ud prfgcsj h` `utr` pjrj s`brfvcvfr.

    @ quf jdbcfotf 0R.9 O` Ecoux hjd`s ` o`df cotfrljgf mrlcgj hf ^, u jdbcfotf ^, u

    dfsd` sfrvch`r ^. Hclfrfotf hf `utr`s scstfdjs `pfrjgc`ojcs pr`prcftrc`s,o` Ecoux fxcstfd vrc`s jdbcfotfs mrlcg`s `u HD (HFWKX@Q DJOJMFR) `s djcs g`onfgch`s s`9 khf, mo`df f ^LGF f mfrfogcjh`r hf ijofejs `u]D (]COH@]W DJOJMFR) `s djcs g`onfgch`s s`9 cgfwd, wcoh`w-djkfr, leuxb`x, hfotrf `utr`s quf o` s` jg`pejh`s j` Kfrofe, `u sfij, v`gusj ` quf enf jmrjhj, hf jg`rh` g`d sujs ofgfsschjhfs, f ` quf suj dqucoj

    jmfotj. @s HDs, s` jdbcfotfs djcs g`dpeft`s f pfsjh`s, ofgfssctjd hfud njrhwjrf dfen`r; i `s ]Ds, s` mfrfogcjh`rfs efvfs, f ofgfssctjd hfdfo`s njrhwjrf, r hjoh` fd dqucojs djcs lrjgjs.

    @ quf s tfrdcojcs u gosefs0R.9 @Ecoux ud scstfdj fd quf ` usurc` p`hf ljzfr detcpejs tjrfljs j`

    dfsd` tfdp` fd e`gjcs hcstcot`s, fstfs e`gjcs s` gnjdjh`s hf tfrdcojcs `ug`os`efs. Qjrj jgfssjr ud tfrdcoje, bjstj tfgejr GXRE+JEX+Lo, sfoh` o o-dfr` g`rrfsp`ohfotf j` tfrdcoje quf hfsfij jbrcr, p`hfoh` sfr hf : j < tfrdc-

    ojcs fd d`h` tfxt` f = j :2 tfrdcojcs mrlcg`s. @ = tch` g`d` ` tfrdcojepjhr` pjrj ` d`h` mrlcg` (`ohf gjrrfmjh` ` jdbcfotf mrlcg` pjhr`).

    @ quf supfr usurc (r t)0R.9 ` usurc` quf jprfsfotj t`h` p`hfr s`brf j dqucoj, fef p`ssuc t`h`s `s

    hcrfct`s g`d`9 grcjr, jpjmjr, fxfgutjr, hjr `u tcrjr pfrdcss` hf qujequfr jrqucv` `uhcrftrc`. Wf v`g efcm`, tfonj duct` guchjh` j` rfjeczjr udj tjrflj quf fxcmf sfrfxfgutjhj pfe` r``t, p`cs p`hf hjoclcgjr t`h` ` luogc`ojdfot` h` scstfdj.

    Hcgj9 Grcf ud usurc` g`dud pjrj rfjeczjr t`h`s `s pr`gfss`s hj dquc-oj f, qujoh` prfgcsjr fxfgutjr jem` quf ofgfssctf h` r``t g`d` costjejr pr`mrjdjs f g`o murjr ` scstfdj , ljj ` e`mco g`d` r``t, fxfgutf jshfvchjs tjrfljs f rft`rof pjrj ` sfu usurc`. Jsscd o` tfr pr`befdjs hfsfmurjoj, fvctjoh` hjoc gjr ` scstfdj.

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    :6HC G J W F QR C O G Q C @ W B W C G @ W H @ EC O V ^

    @ quf Gjsf Wfosctcvf0R.9 @Ecoux ud scstfdj Gjsf Wfosctcvf , css` , fef hclfrfogcj eftrjs djcsguejs hf

    dcosguejs. @ g`djoh` gefjr (usjh` pjrj ecdpjr j tfej h` tfrdcoje hf g`djoh`s) hclfrfotf hf Gefjr `u GEFJR, sfoh` quf `s h`cs etcd`s o` ljzfd pjrtf h` scstfdj.

    @ quf s hcrftrc s guets f pjrj quf sfrvfd0

    R.9 Hcrftrc`s guet`s, s` t`h`s s hcrftrc`s gui` o`df g`dfj g`d ud p`o-t` (.), fxfdpe`9 .khf ud hcrftrc` `guet` quf sf fog`otrj o` hcrftrc` n`dfh` usurc`. @s hcrftrc`s `guet`s sfrvfd pjrj mujrhjr g`olcmurjfs, jrqucv`stfdp`rrc`s, trjvjs (e`gks), QCHs, folcd, qujequfr g`csj quf v`g o` qufcrj quf` usurc` lcquf dfxfoh`. J dfsdj chcj vjef pjrj `s jrqucv`s `guet`s.

    Zuje pjgtf grrfspohf j dconj hcstrcbuc0R.9 G`d` ` Ecoux ud scstfdj quf p`ssuc vrcjs hcstrcbucfs (d`hfe`s,

    vuemjrdfotf hczfoh`), js prcogcpjcs f djcs cdp`rtjotfs p`ssufd ` sfu pr-

    prc` pjg`tf ud g`oiuot` hf jrqucv`s g`dprcdch`s quf g`dpfd udpr`mrjdj `u bcbec`tfgj, `tcdczjh` pjrj udj hcstrcbuc` quf p`hfd sfrcostjejh`s ljgcedfotf. \fij jbjcx` g`d` sjbfr quje pjg`tf g`rrfsp`ohf j sujhcstr`, pjrj quf p`ssjd sfr costjejh`s9

    Qjg`tfs g`d tfrdcoj` .rpd s` hfrcvjh`s hf hcstrcbucfs Rfh Njt,Lfh`rj, G`ofgtcvj, Djohrjkf, Wusf, ftg, f s` costjevfcs ojs dfsdjs.

    Qjg`tfs g`d tfrdcoj` .hfb s` hfrcvjh`s hf hcstrcbucfs Hfbcjo,Vbuotu, Kurudco, Kjejom`, ... f s` costjevfcs ojs dfsdjs.

    Qjg`tfs g`d tfrdcoj` .tmz s` hfrcvjh`s hj hcstrcbuc` Wejgkwjrf, f

    s` costjevfcs oj dfsdj.@bs :.9 @s jrqucv`s quf fog`otrjd-sf g`d tfrdcojfs .tjr.mz f .tjr.bz2 tjdbd g`onfgch`s g`d` jrqucv`s l`otfs u s`urgfs fst` o` l`r-djt` hf g`dprfss`, g`dpjgtjh`s, f p`hfd sfr costjejh`s (g`dpcejh`s)fd t`hjs js hcstrcbucfs.

    @bs 2.9 Gjs` ` sfu pjg`tf s fxcstj pjrj udj hftfrdcojhj hcstrcbuc`,v`g p`hfr utceczjr ud pr`mrjdj gnjdjh` jecfo, quf g`ovfrtf ` pjg`tf pjrj j hcstrcbuc` hfsfijhj. Qjrj col`rdjfs hf g`d` utceczjr ` g`djo-h`, g`osuetf ` gjptue` 2 h` djouje quf trjtj h`s g`djoh`s.

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    :< D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    @ quf gdfotjr udj econj0R.9 Oj l`rdj djcs scdpefs hf fxpecgjr, sfrcj hczfr quf cdpfhcr quf udj

    econj hf g`djoh` sfij fxfgutjhj. Css` p`hf sfr lfct` g`e`gjoh` ` sustfoch`(#) oj lrfotf hj econj guij fxfgu` sf hfsfij jouejr.

    duct` usjh` o`s jrqucv`s hf g`olcmurj` pjrj jhcgc`ojr col`rdjfsquf o` sfr` fxfgutjhjs, g`d` p`r fxfdpe` ` o`df h` jut`r h` jrqucv`, co-

    l`rdjfs hf g`d` pr`gfhfr pjrj g`olcmurjr jrqucv`, u dfsd` g`dfotjrudj econj hf g`djoh .

    :.2.:. Xrjbjenjoh` g`d j Xfgej XJBXuh` quf sf pfosj fd ljgcechjhf f co`vj` fst prfsfotf o` Ecoux . Vdj

    hfssjs ljgcechjhfs j utceczj` hj tfgej XJB o` tfrdcoje hf g`djoh`s, jedhf sujs hcvfrsjs luogc`ojechjhfs, fej sfrvf tjdbd pjrj g`dpeftjr o`dfs

    g`djoh`s, jrqucv`s f hcrftrc`s.Jbrj ud tfrdcoje hf g`djoh`s f tfgef XJB hujs vfzfs9 jpjrfgfr t`hjsjs p`sscbcechjhfs hf g`djoh`s f pr`mrjdjs quf p`hfr` sfr fxfgutjh`s.Q`rfxfdp`, hcmctf /n f e`m` hfp`cs tfgef XJB.$ /n[tfgef XJBT$ /n`df/

    O`tf quf fef g`dpeftj j pjejvrj pjrj /n`df/. Gjs` o` sjcbj `u tfonjfsqufgch` ` o`df hf ud g`djoh`/pr`mrjdj, p`hf sfr utceczjhj j tfgej XJB

    pjrj jiuh-e` j efdbrjr.:.2.2. Qfrdcssfs

    Fxcstfd bjscgjdfotf trs pjrtfs quf g`dpfd ud jrqucv`/hcrftrc` f p`-hfd sfr rfg`onfgchjs g`d`9 h`o`, mrup` f `utr`s. Q`hfoh` gjhj ud hfefs`btfr pfrdcss` t`tje (rwx).h`o` 4 rwxmrup` 4 rwx`utr`s 4 rwxr 4 rfjh (efr)w 4 wrctf (mrjvjr)x 4 fxfgutf (fxfgutjr)

    J vcsujeczj` hjs pfrdcssfs p`hfd jpjrfgfr hf hujs l`rdjs9 Zujoh` l`r ud hcrftrc`, sfr jprfsfotjh` j eftrj h oj lrfotf hjs

    pfrdcssfs, g`d` d`strjh` jbjcx`9hrwxrwxrwx

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    :=HC G J W F QR C O G Q C @ W B W C G @ W H @ EC O V ^

    Zujoh` l`r ud jrqucv , sfr jprfsfotjh` js pfrdcssfs sfd j eftrjh, f o` eumjr fotrjr ud trj` (-), g`d` d`strjh` jbjcx`9

    -rwxrwxrwx

    Gjhj eftrj scmoclcgj ud odfr` g`rrfsp`ohfotf j suj pfrdcss`.r 4 8w 4 2x 4 :

    Wf s`djrd`s s trs odfr`s vjd`s btfr =, quf scmoclcgj pfrdcss` t`tje,`u sfij, ` usurc` p`hfr tfr ` hcrfct` hf efr, mrjvjr f fxfgutjr.

    Fxfdpe` hf pfrdcssfs9-rw-r--r-- (

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    :> D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    l`t`.ipm. O` Ecoux , fu p`hfrcj grcjr ud hcrftrc` o` bjrrj (/) gnjdjh` cdj-mfos f g`e`gjr ` jrqucv` hfotr` hfef quf lcgjrcj hj sfmucotf djofcrj9

    /cdjmfos/l`t`.ipm. O`tf quf fd jdb`s jpjrfgf udj fstruturj hf hcrft-rc`s scdcejr.

    Crfc fxpecgjr hf l`rdj scdpefs f rpchj, `s hcrftrc`s quf pr`gfhfd ` hcrf-trc` bjrrj (/) f ` quf scmoclcgjd. Efdbrjoh` quf ` Ecoux p`ssuc duct` djcs

    subhcrftrc`s h` quf s rfejtjh`s jquc. Jpfojs hfstjqufc s djcs cdp`rtjotfsf g`onfgch`s.

    Hcrftrc`s quf s` pjhr` fd t`hjs hcstr`s9/bco, /ftg, /n`df, /ecb, /usr, /hfv, /sbco, /tdp f /vjr

    Hcrftrc`s pgc`ojcs9/dot, /sys, /b``t, /pr`g f /`pt

    Hfsgrc hs hcrftrc s 9/bco Mujrhj jemuos fxfgutvfcs h` scstfdj, g`d`

    p`r fxfdpe`9 eo, dkhcr, gjt, rd, d`uot, .../ftg Mujrhj t h`s `s jrqucv`s hf g`o murj` h`

    scstfdj./ndf Q`r sfr pjhr , `ohf sf fog`otrj t`h`s `s

    usurc`s f sujs g`o murjfs. Q`r fxfdpe`, `usurc` tjefs tfr t`h`s `s sfus jrqucv`s f sujsg`o murjfs mrjvjhjs hfotr` h` hcrftrc` /

    n`df/tjefs quf tjdbd p`hf sfr rfprfsfotjh`g`d` ~tjefs./ecb Mujrhj bcbec tfgjs, jrqucv`s o` fxfgutvfcs

    ofgfssrc`s pjrj cocgcjr ` scstfdj, f bcbec`tfgjsofgfssrcjs pjrj r`hjr `utrjs jpecgjfs jedh` dhue` h` Kfrofe.

    /dot Mfrjedfotf utceczjh` pjrj d`otjr hcsp`sctc-v`s, g`d` GH-R@D, hcsquftf, NH,... @ /dot g`d` ud hcrftrc` pjhr` pjrj d`otjmfd hfhcsp`sctcv`s, djs ojhj cdpfhf quf sf d`otf, p`r fxfdpe`, ` GH-R@D fd /ghr`d, f jsscd p`r hcjotf.

    /sys Rfprfsfotj `s `bift`s cotfro`s h` kfrofe.G`otd jrqucv`s quf tfd ecmjfs g`d hrcvfrsh` Kfrofe.

    /usr Ofstf hcrftrc` fog`otrj-sf mrjohf pjrtf h`Ecoux , ofef fst` pr`mrjdjs, ijofejs mr gjs,bcbec`tfgjs, l`otfs h` Kfrofe ftg. Mujrhj g`-djoh`s quf s` hf us` h`s usurc`s fd mfrje.

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    :3HC G J W F QR C O G Q C @ W B W C G @ W H @ EC O V ^

    /usr/bco Mfrjedfotf, mujrhj `s fxfgutvfcs f ecoks hffxfgutvfcs hf pr`mrjdjs quf s` costjejh`so` scstfdj.

    /usr/ecb Hcrftrc` `ohf sf fog`otrj js bcbec`tfgjs utcec-zjhjs pfe`s pr`mrjdjs.

    /usr/egje Vtceczjh` pjrj costjejr pr`mrjdjs quf o` ljjd pjrtf h` scstfdj, `u gust`dczjfs hf pr`mrjdjs quf ljzfd pjrtf h` scstfdj.

    /usr/sbco G`otd duct`s pr`mrjdjs bcorc`s quf s`utceczjh`s pfe` scstfdj.

    /usr/snjrf G`otd jrqucv`s hf g`o murj` f mr g`s pjrj duct`s jpecgjtcv`s hf usurc`s.

    /usr/srg G`otd jrqucv`s hf ghcm` l`otf h` scstfdj,cogeucoh` ` Kfrofe h` Ecoux.

    /b t Mujrhj col`rdjfs ofgfssrcjs pjrj gjrrfmjr` b``t h` scstfdj. ` eumjr `ohf ` Kfrofe djotch`.

    /hfv Mujrhj col rdjfs hf t`h`s `s hcsp`sctcv`squf fst` hcsp`ovfcs o` scstfdj. G`otd `sjrqucv`s hfssfs hcsp`sctcv`s.

    /prg ` d`oct`r h` scstfdj, jed hf d`strjr ` fs-tjh` h`s g`dp`ofotfs, sfrvf pjrj jiustfs o`so` g`rj` h` scstfdj.

    /sbco G`otd lfrrjdfotjs pjrj jhdcocstrj` fg`o murj` h` scstfdj. Mfrjedfotf ` jgfss` jfssf hcrftrc` hf fxgeuscvchjhf h` supfr usu-rc` (r``t).

    /tdp Mujrhj jrqucv`s tfdp`rrc`s hf pr`mrjdjs./vjr Mujrhj jrqucv`s hf col`rdj` hf trjbjen`,

    g`d` e`ms, gjgnfs, sp``efrs f e`gks./ pt Jrdjzfoj pr mrjdjs quf o utceczjd ` pjhr`

    h` scstfdj, f prfgcsjd g`dpjrtcenjr jrqucv`s pjrjvrc`s usurc`s. Qr`mrjdjs fd quf bcbec`tfgjs,h`gudfotjfs f bcorc`s gjd o` dfsd` hcrf-trc`. Jemudjs hcstrcbucfs `ptjd p`r hfcxjr fstfhcrftrc` o` d`h` efcturj/fsgrctj pjrj t`h`s `susurc`s, luogc`ojoh` jsscd g`d` ud hcrftrc`g`dpjrtcenjh` fotrf t`h`s.

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    21 D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    @bsfrvjfs cdprtjotfs9 Wfdprf quf fstcvfr g`d hvchjs hf g`d` utc-eczjr ud g`djoh` f pjrj sjbfr hf t`hjs js `pfs quf hcspfd, utceczf `djouje (djo) `u ` nfep d`strj js `pfs j sfrfd utceczjhjs hf l`rdjscdpec gjhj f djcs rpchj.

    Fxfdpe`9$ dv --nfep

    D`strj col`rdjfs scdpeclcgjhjs hf g`d` utceczjr ` g`djoh` dv.Qjrj ljzfr udj busgj pfe` djouje (djo), tfgef bjrrj (/) hfotr` h` djouje

    + o`df j sfr pr`gurjh` f tfgef [FotfrT pjrj g`ogeucr j busgj.Fxfdpe`9

    $ djo dv/rfo`dfcj [FotfrT

    Fotrf o` djouje h` g`djoh` dv f pr`gurf j pjejvrj rfo`dfcj, gjs`fog`otrf udj `u djcs pjejvrjs g`d fstf o`df, cr djrgjr t`hjs g`d udjsfef` pjrj hfstjquf h` tfxt`.

    :.7. Hfskt`p

    :.7.:. Rfcocgcjoh` ` ^Zujoh` sf fxfgutj jemudj tjrflj o` jdbcfotf mrlcg` quf prfgcsj rfcocgcjr

    ` sfrvch`r , dfsd` p`hf sfr lfct` sfd prfgcsjr rfcocgcjr scstfdj ( Ecoux ).Rfcocgcjr ` ^ ojhj djcs h` quf sjcr f rft`rojr j` jdbcfotf mrlcg`. X`h`s`s sfrvc`s quf l`rjd cocgcjh`s hurjotf ` b``t, o` s`lrfr` qujequfr jetf-rj`.

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9XfgefGXRE+JEX +BJGKWQJGF pjrj rfcocgcjr ` ^.

    :.7.2. G`pcjr f G`ejr g`d Wfef` h` D`usf

    Vdjs hjs mrjohfs utcechjhfs f ljgcechjhfs quf fxcstf oEcoux j `p`hf sfefgc`ojr f g`e`gjr g`d ` juxec` h` d`usf. Wf v`g jgnjvj lgce usjr `GXRE+G (g`pcjr) f GXRE+\ (g`ejr), o` Ecoux css` lcgj jcohj djcs lgce.

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9 Qjrj d`usf hf 2 b`tfs9 Wfefgc`of g`otfh` quf hfsfij g`pcjr g`d

    ` b`t` fsqufrh`, v pjrj j rfj quf hfsfij g`ejr f jpfrtf s 2 b`tfs iuot`s.

    Qjrj d`usf hf 7 b`tfs9 utceczjh` ` dfsd` pr`gfss . Jpfojs pjrjg`ejr, utceczf ` b`t` h` dfc`.

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    2:HC G J W F QR C O G Q C @ W B W C G @ W H @ EC O V ^

    :.7.7. Jetfrojr Fotrf rfjs hf Xrjbjen`Fssj hcgj vechj jpfojs pjrj qufd utceczj jdbcfotf mrlcgKHF . Hfotr`

    hf sfu hfskt`p p`hfd tfr vrcjs rfjs hf trjbjen` vcrtuje ` quf jiuhj j o`jguduejr ductjs ijofejs fd ud ocg` e`gje quf p`hfd sfr jetfrojhjs ljgce-dfotf sfd j utceczj` h` d`usf, jpfojs g`d 2 tfgejs, jmceczjoh` ` trjbjen`.

    (G`otrcbuc`, Jefxjohrf Hjcbfrt)Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9Wfmurf j tfgejGXRE, fd sfmuchj jpfrtf XJB pjrj jetfrojr fotrf js rfjs

    hf trjbjen`.

    :.7.8. Njbcectjr ` B`t` QrcotWgrffoFssj hcgj vechj jpfojs pjrj qufd utceczj jdbcfotf mrlcg` KHF. Ljgcectj

    duct` qujoh` prfgcs` tcrjr ud sgrffosn`t hj tfej f ` dfsd` p`hf sfr lfct`

    jpfojs jpfrtjoh` udj tfgej. (G`otrcbuc`, Jefx Wjohfr G. D`rjfs)

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9XfgefJEX +L2, hcmctf kg`otr`e f djohf fxfgutjr. Fotrf fd Rfmc`oje

    & Jgfsscbcechjhf, Jtjen`s hf Xfgejh`, Jtjen`s hf G`djoh`, Mrlcg`s,KWojpsn`t. Oj tfej, jpjrfgfr jbjcx`9 Jtjen` Qjrj G`djoh` Wfefgc`ojh`,djrquf j `p` Qfrs`ojeczjr, jpjrfgfr udj ijofej. Jpfrtf o` tfgejh` ` b`-t` QrcotWgrffo f j ijofej sf lfgnjr. Qjrj tfrdcojr, gecquf o` b`t` jpecgjr.

    @bs.9 Hfotr` hf Mr g`s, fd hftfrdcojhjs hcstrcbucfs, ` Ksojpsn`tfog`otrj-sf fd ud subdfou.

    :.7.6. Fxfgutjoh` G`djoh`s pfe` Hfskt`pHcgj vechj jpfojs pjrj `s jdbcfotfs KHF f Modf .Fxcstfd jtjen`s duct` tfcs quf p`sscbcectjd j fxfgu` hf pr`mrjdjs

    jtrjvs h` hfskt`p. Fssj udj hcgj scdpefs, djs tce pjrj qujoh` prfgcsjr

    fxfgutjr udj jpecgj` rjpchjdfotf.Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9XfgefJEX +L29 sfr jbfrtj udj gjcxj pjrj v`g hcmctjr j jpecgj` quf hf-

    sfij fxfgutjr.Fxfdpe`s9

    xdds Jbrf ` pejyfr hf s`d.kfhct Jbrf ` fhct`r hf tfxt scdpefs.kosef Jbrf ud tfrdcoje hf g`djoh`s.

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    22 D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    :.8. Xfrdcoje

    :.8.:. Fxfgutjoh` Qr`mrjdjs fd Bjgkmr`uoh f Hfcxjoh`` Xfrdcoje hf G`djoh`s Ecvrf

    Fssj hcgj tce pjrj qujoh` prfgcsjr jbrcr ud pr`mrjdj `u vrc`s, `ufot` prfgcsj hcmctjr vrc`s g`djoh`s f j` dfsd` tfdp` hfcxjr ` tfrdcojeecvrf pjrj trjbjenjr.

    Qjrj j utceczj`, bjstj jgrfsgfotjr ` f-g`dfrgcje (&) o` lcoje h` g`djoh`.Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9

    $ kwrctf &

    Jbrf ` pr`mrjdj kwrctf hfcxjoh` ` tfrdcoje ecvrf pjrj lutur`s g`djo-h`s, p`sscbcectjoh` j jbfrturj hf o`v`s pr`mrjdjs.

    $ kwrctf & xdds & jdso &

    Jbrf `s pr`mrjdjs kwrctf, xdds f jdso. Jquc v`g p`hf, p`r fxfd-pe`, pr`mrjdjr o` kwrctf, `uvcr dscgj o` xdds f g`ovfrsjr g`d jdcm`sjtrjvs h` jdso, f jcohj tfr ` tfrdcoje hf g`djoh`s ecvrf pjrj trjbjenjr.

    :.8.2. Qr`gurjoh` p`r G`djoh`s Hcmctjh`sFssj hcgj scdpefs p`rd duct` tce. Q`sscbcectj fog`otrjr g`djoh`s quf

    l`rjd hcmctjh`s o` tfrdcoje gjs` o` sf rfg`rhf h` g`djoh` p`r g`dpeft`.Fssj hcgj p`hf sfr utceczjhj pjrj fvctjr j hcmctj` hf mrjohfs g`djoh`s

    quf o` s` efdbrjh`s p`r g`dpeft`.Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9Jbrj ud tfrdcoje hf g`djoh`s f tfgef GXRE+R, cr jpjrfgfr ` sfmucotf9

    (rfvfrsf-c-sfjrgn)a9

    G`dfgf tfgejoh`, cr jpjrfgfr s g`djoh`s quf i l`rjd fxfgutjh`s jotf-rc`rdfotf o` scstfdj.(rfvfrsf-c-sfjrgn)ap9 ncst`ry |mrfp wmft

    O` gjs` jgcdj, l`c hcmctjh` j eftrj p f jpjrfgfuncst`ry |mrfp wmft

    \fijd`s ` quf jg`otfgf sf g`otcoujr hcmctjoh` djcs eftrjs.9(rfvfrsf-c-sfjrgn)aps9 ps jux|mrfp jdso

    Q`stfrc`r j eftrj p l`c tfgejh` s f jpjrfgfu ` g`djoh`

    ps jux|mrfp jdso

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    27HC G J W F QR C O G Q C @ W B W C G @ W H @ EC O V ^

    Qjrj utceczjr ` g`djoh` quf jpjrfgf oj tfej, bjstj tfgejr [ Fotfr T.

    @bs.9 Efdbrjoh` quf t`h`s `s g`djoh`s quf jpjrfgfd l`rjd fxfgutjh`sjotfrc`rdfotf o` scstfdj.

    :.8.7. Fxfgutjoh` Jrqucv`s .bco, .ruo f .snDuctjs pfss`js td hclcguehjhfs pjrj costjejr hftfrdcojh`s pr`mrjdjs,p`cs o` sjbfd g`d` fxfgut-e`s. Crfc d`strjr g`d` fxfgutjr jrqucv`s .bco,.ruo f .sn, p`cs t`h`s `s trs tcp`s sfmufd ` dfsd` pr`gfss` pjrj sfrfdfxfgutjh`s, hjoh` cogc` j costjej` h`s dfsd`s. @s jrqucv`s g`d fxtfosfs.bco f .ruo fst` g`dpjgtjh`s f j costjej` ojhj djcs h` quf hfsg`dpjg-tjr `s jrqucv`s fd hftfrdcojh`s hcrftrc`s h` scstfdj. I ` jrqucv` g`d fxtfo-s` .sn ud sgrcpt f cr fxfgutjr `s g`djoh`s pjrj `s qujcs l`c pr`mrjdjh`.

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9# gnd`h +x O\CHCJ-Ecoux-x>

  • 8/13/2019 Linux - Comandos Manuais

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    28 D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

  • 8/13/2019 Linux - Comandos Manuais

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    2G`djoh`s h` Xfrdcoje2.:. jhhusfr2.2. jecjs2.7. jecfo2.8. jpt-mft2.6. jrgn2.. gh2.3. gnfgkcostjee2.:1. gnd`h2.::. gn`wo2.:2. gnr``t

    2.:7. gefjr2.:8. gr`otjb2.:6. gp2.:. hh2.:3. hl2.21. hdfsm2.2:. hpkm2.22. hu2.27. fdfrmf2.28. ef2.26. oh2.2. mr`ups2.23. njet2.71. nhpjrd2.7:. nfep

    2.72. ncst`ry2.77. n`stojdf2.78. clg`o m

    D

    j o u j

    e h f

    W `

    b r f v

    c v o

    g c j

    h `

    E c o u x

  • 8/13/2019 Linux - Comandos Manuais

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    2.76. costjeepkm =32.712.7=. ejst >22.7>. eo >72.73. e`gjtf >82.81. es >>2.82. espgc >32.87. DJKFHF\ 312.88. dkhcr 3:2.86. d`hpr`bf 322.8. dv 3=2.83. odjp 3>

    2.83.:. xodjp (Cotfrljgf Mr gj)

    2.61. pjsswh :122.6:. pcom :172.62. ps :12.66. rfb``t :132.6. rdd`h ::72.63. rpd ::82.

  • 8/13/2019 Linux - Comandos Manuais

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    2=G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    2. G`djoh`s h` Xfrdcoje2.:. jhhusfr

    Vtceczjh` pjrj jhcgc`ojr usurc`s `u mrup`s o` scstfdj hf jg`rh` g`djs `pfs fspfgclcgjhjs. Qjrj grcj` hf usurc`s, gjhj ud tfr ud hcrftrc`pjrtcguejr g`d ` o`df fspfgclcgjh` hfotr` hf /n`df f t`hjs js g`olcmurj-fs h` dfsd` lcgjr` mujrhjhjs hfotr` hfssf hcrftrc`9 ~/usurc .

    Wcotjxf 9:. usuje9

    # jhhusfr [`pfsT (usurc`)

    2. mrup`9# jhhusfr --mr`up [`pfsT (mrup`)

    7. mrup`/usurc`9# jhhusfr [`pfsT (mrup`) (usurc`)

    @pfs9--gol jrqucv Fstj p` ljz g`d quf ` jhhusfr utceczf `utr`

    jrqucv` j` covs h` /ftg/jhhusfr.g`ol.--mrup Grcj mrup`s scdcejrfs j` jhhmr`up.--systfd Ljz g`d quf ` g`djoh` grcf jpfojs usurc`s f

    mrup`s quf fstfijd o` scstfdj e`gje.Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9

    Qjrj grcjr ` usurc` djrcjoj9# jhhusfr djrcjoj

    Qjrj grcj ` mrup` turcsd`9# jhhusfr --mr`up turcsd`

    @bs.9 Hfp`cs hf grcjr ud o`v` usurc` cdp`rtjotf quf sf hf oj udjsfonj, pjrj css` utceczf ` g`djoh` pjsswh.

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo jhhusfr

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    2> D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    2.2. jecjsVtceczjh` pjrj substctucr ud g`djoh` f sfus pjrdftr`s p`r pjejvrjs-

    gnjvf.Wcotjxf 9

    $ jecjs [o`df4g`djoh`T

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9 Qjrj fxcbcr t`h`s `s jecjs grcjh`s pjrj ` usurc`9

    $ jecjs

    Qjrj grcjr ud jecjs gnjdjh` es, jtrcbucoh` `s vje`rfs es --g`e`r4jut` (g`e`rf jrqucv`s f hcrftrc`s oj sjhj h` es).

    $ jecjs es4es --g`e`r4jut`

    Qjrj grcjr ud jecjs gnjdjh` jzurfus, jp`otjoh` pjrj ` gjdcon`

    /sfrvch`r/pr`mrjdjs/jzurfus/./jzurfus9es --g`e`r4jut` (g`e`rf jrqucv`s f hcrftrc`s oj sjhj h` es).$ jecjs jzurfus4/sfrvch`r/pr`mrjdjs/jzurfus/./jzurfus

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo jecjs

    2.7. jecfo

    G`ovfrs`r hf pjg`tfs. @ jecfo g`ovfrtf pjg`tfs RQD (Rfh Njt), HFB(Hfbcjo), XMY (Wejgkwjrf), QKM (W`ejrcs) f WEQ (Wtjdpfhf Ecoux) pjrjqujequfr l`rdjt` fotrf fefs. Wf v`g prfgcs`u costjejr ud pr`mrjdj pjrj sujhcstr` f s fog`otr`u ` pjg`tf pjrj udj `utrj, fot` utceczf fssf pr`mrjdjquf cr g`ovfrtfr ` pjg`tf pjrj suj hcstr`.

    @bs.9 O` rfg`dfohvfe g`ovfrtfr pjg`tfs ecmjh`s j` scstfdj, g`d` pj-g`tfs quf g`otd bcbec`tfgjs.

    Wcotjxf 9# jecfo [`pfsT [pjg`tfT

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9 Qjrj g`ovfrtfr ` pjg`tf.hfb pjrj pjg`tf.rpd9

    # jecfo -r pjg`tf.hfb

    Qjrj g`ovfrtfr ` pjg`tf.rpd pjrj pjg`tf.hfb9# jecfo -h pjg`tf.rpd

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    23G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    Qjrj g`ovfrtfr ` pjg`tf.hfb pjrj pjg`tf.tmz9# jecfo -t pjg`tf.hfb

    Qjrj g`ovfrtfr ` pjg`tf.rpd pjrj pjg`tf.pkm9# jecfo -p pjg`tf.rpd

    Qjrj costjejr ` pjg`tf jut`djtcgjdfotf jps sfr mfrjh`, f rfd`vfr

    jps j costjej`. Wf ` tcp` hf pjg`tf o` l`r fspfgclcgjh`, sfrg`ovfrtch` pjrj ` pjhr` o` l`rdjt` HFB9# jecfo -c pjg`tf.tmz

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo jecfo

    2.8. jpt-mft@jpt-mft ud mfrfogcjh`r hf pjg`tfs, g`d fef v`g p`hf costjejr, rfd`vfr f

    jtujeczjr qujequfr pr`mrjdj fd sfu scstfdj. Hf t`h`s s mfrfogcjh`rfs hf pjg`-tfs jpt-mft fst fotrf `s dfen`rfs, pfej suj ljgcechjhf f flcgcogcj. Bjscgjdfotffef utceczjh` pjrj bjcxjr f costjejr pr`mrjdjs hj cotfroft, rfd`vfr f jtujeczjr` scstfdj. @ jpt-mft p`ssuc udj mrjohf vjotjmfd s`brf `s `utr`s scstfdjs,p`cs costjej `s pjg`tfs hfsfijh`s f tjdbd sujs hfpfohogcjs.

    @bs.9 @s hfsfov`evfh`rfs h` Hfbcjo rfg`dfohjd utceczjr ` g`djoh` jp-

    tctuhf o` eumjr hf jpt-mft p`r hcvfrsjs rjzfs; hfotrf fejs9 dfen`r mf-rfogcjdfot` hf pjg`tfs, jg`dpjonj j jtujeczj` h`s pjg`tfs jut`djtcgj-dfotf, p`ssuc udj cotfrljgf fd d`h` tfxt` jdcmvfe f p`hfr`sj quf p`hfsfr fxfgutjhj p`r usurc`s g`duos, fvctjoh` hjoc gjr ` scstfdj, ftg.

    Wcotjxf 9# jpt-mft [g`djoh`T [pjg`tfT

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9

    Qjrj jtujeczjr j ecstj hf pjg`tfs9# jpt-mft uphjtf Qjrj jtujeczjr t`h`s `s pjg`tfs costjejh`s o` scstfdj9

    # jpt-mft upmrjhf

    Qjrj costjejr ud `u djcs pjg`tfs9# jpt-mft costjee [o`df h` pjg`tfT

    Qjrj rfd`vfr ud `u djcs pjg`tfs9# jpt-mft rfd`vf [o`df h` pjg`tfT

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    71 D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    Qjrj ljzfr h`woe`jh hf ud jrqucv` sfd costje-e` o` scstfdj. Jps h`woe`jh, ` jrqucv` sf fog`otrj o` hcrftrc` /vjr/gjgnf/jpt/jrgncvfs9

    # jpt-mft costjee -h [o`df h` pjg`tfT

    Qjrj jpjmjr jrqucv`s bjcxjh`s pjrj costjej`9# jpt-mft gefjo

    Qjrj jrrudjr p`ssvfcs pr`befdjs, gjs` ` jpt-mft fstfij trjvjh`, o`p`sscbcectjoh` j costjej` hf o`v`s pr`mrjdjs9# jpt-mft costjee -l

    Hcgj9 Qjrj cogeucr `u fxgeucr o`vjs l`otfs, v`g hfvf fhctjr ` jrqucv` (/ftg/ jpt/s`urgfs.ecst) g`d` r``t f jgrfsgfotjr js col`rdjfs hf jg`rh` g`d j sujutcechjhf. O`vjs l`otfs p`hfd sfr fog`otrjhjs o` sctf9 nttp9//jpt-mft. rm/

    Qjrj fog`otrjr j l`otf h` pr`mrjdj hfsfijh`, bjstj gecgjr o` ecok Wfjrgnlr j pjgkjmf , cosfrcr ` o`df h` pr`mrjdj o` gjdp` f fsg`enfr ` tcp` hfjrquctfturj. Gjs` o` sjcbj j jrquctfturj utceczjhj fd suj dqucoj, hfcxf fdc7>

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    7:G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    2.6. jrgnD`strj quje j jrquctfturj hf sfu QG, `u sfij, ` tcp` hf pr`gfssjh`r hf suj

    dqucoj.Jemuos tcp`s hf jrquctfturjs9

    c7>

  • 8/13/2019 Linux - Comandos Manuais

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    72 D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    2.=. gjtD`strj ` g`otfh` hf ud jrqucv`, mfrjedfotf jrqucv`s hf tfxt`. rfg`dfo-

    hvfe us-e` pjrj jrqucv`s hf tfxt` pfqufo`, p`cs `s jrqucv`s g`d mrjohf g`otf-h` s` djcs hclgfcs hf sfrfd vcsujeczjh`s, tfxt` r`ejr hclcguetjoh` j efcturj. @g`djoh` tjdbd p`hf sfr usjh` pjrj grcj` hf pfqufo`s jrqucv`s f cosfr`

    h` g`otfh` hf tfxt` hf ud jrqucv` pjrj hfotr` hf `utr` jrqucv`.Wcotjxf 9 Qjrj grcjr ud jrqucv`9

    $ gjt ? [o`df h` jrqucv`T

    Qjrj vcsujeczjr ud jrqucv`9$ gjt [o`df h` jrqucv`T

    Qjrj cosfrcr ` g`otfh` h` jrqucv` tfxt`:.txt o` lcoje h` jrqucv`tfxt`2.txt.

    $ gjt tfxt`:.txt ?? tfxt`2.txt

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9 Qjrj grcjr ` jrqucv` djouje.txt9

    tjefsAn`rus9~$ gjt ? djouje.txt

    Jquc v`g fsgrfvf ` g`otfh` quf hfsfijr. Zujoh` jgjbjr hf fsgrfvfr `sfu tfxt`, bjstj hcmctjrGRXE+G f ` g`otfh` fstjr sjev` hfotr` h` jrqucv`djouje.txt.tjefsAn`rus9~$

    Qjrj vcsueczjr ` jrqucv` djouje.txt9tjefsAn`rus9~$ gjt djouje.txt

    Jquc v`g vcsujeczjr ` quf l`c sjev` hfotr` h` jrqucv` djouje.txt.tjefsAn`rus9~$

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo gjt

    2.>. ghDuhj j e`gjeczj` oj rv`rf hf hcrftrc`s. g`oschfrjh` ud h`s g`djo-

    h`s djcs scdpefs f duct` fssfogcje.Wcotjxf 9

    $ gh [hcrftrc` quf hfsfij jgfssjrT

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    77G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9 Qjrj fotrjr o` hcrftrc` H`gudfot`s9

    tjefsAn`rus9~$ gh H`gudfot`s/tjefsAn`rus9~/H`gudfot`s$

    Qjrj sjcr h` hcrftrc` H`gudfot`s9

    tjefsAn`rus9~/H`gudfot`s$ gh ..tjefsAn`rus9~$

    Otj 9 @ g`djoh` gh sfd ofonud pjrdftr`, rft`roj pjrj ` hcrftrc`hf `rcmfd h` usurc`.

    tjefsAn`rus9~/H`gudfot`s/Djouje$ ghtjefsAn`rus9~$

    Qjrj rft`rojr h`cs hcrftrc`s9tjefsAn`rus9~/H`gudfot`s/Djouje$ gh ../..tjefsAn`rus9~$

    @bs. :9 Qjrj rft rojr ud hcrftrc utceczf9 gh .., h`cs hcrftrc`s utceczf9 gh ../.., trshcrftrc`s utceczf9 gh ../../.., f jsscd p`r hcjotf. Vsf g`djoh sfd jspjs ().

    @bs. 29 Wfdprf quf prfgcsjr fotrjr fd ud hcrftrc` quf g`otfonj fspj`o` o`df f j tfgej XJB o` hfr g`otj, utceczf jspjs hupej () `u j bjrrjcovfrtchj (U) fotrf `s fspj`s pjrj fotrjr.

    Fxfdpe` : Jspjs hupej()tjefsAn`rus9~/H`gudfot`s$ gh Jrqucv`s G`dpjrtcenjh`stjefsAn`rus9~/H`gudfot`s/Jrqucv`s G`dpjrtcenjh`s$

    Fxfdpe` 2 Bjrrj covfrtchj(U)tjefsAn`rus9~/H`gudfot`s$ gh Jrqucv`sU G`dpjrtcenjh`stjefsAn`rus9~/H`gudfot`s/Jrqucv`s G`dpjrtcenjh`s$

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo gh

    2.3. gnfgkcostjeeVtceczjh` pjrj ljgcectjr j costjej` f rfd`` hf pr`mrjdjs g`d-

    pcejh`s. Q`hf sfr mfrjh` pjrj hcstrcbucfs quf utceczjd pjg`tfs(.tmz,.rpd f .hfb ). @ g`djoh` utceczjh` o` eumjr h` djkf costjee .

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    78 D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    Wcotjxf 9# gnfgkcostjee [`p`T [g`djoh`T

    @pfs9-W G`ostrc ud pjg`tf Wejgkwjrf (tmz)-R G`ostrc ud pjg`tf RfhNjh (rpd)-H G`ostrc ud pjg`tf Hfbcjo (hfb)-y Jgfctj js rfsp`stjs pjhr` pjrj t hjs js pfrmuotjs.

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9 Jps ` g`djoh` djkf , fotrf g`d gnfgkcostjee f mfrf ud pjg`tf

    .hfb, pjrj j hcstrcbuc`Hfbcjo f sfus hfrcvjh`s9# gnfgkcostjee -H

    @bs.9 Wf ofonudj p` l`r fspfgc gjhj, pjg`tf grcjh` sfr hf utceczj-` h` scstfdj f djcs ud pjg`tf tmz, `u sfij, sf ` scstfdj l`r ud Hfbcjo ,sfr grcjh` ud pjg`tf.hfb f ud pjg`tf.tmz.

    Jps hcmctjr ` g`djoh`, cr jbrcr udj tfej pfhcoh` quf fotrf g`d js co-l`rdjfs pjrj j g`olcmurj` h` pjg`tf. Zujoh` tfrdcojr, ` dfsd` fstjrcostjejh` o` scstfdj f sfr grcjh` ` pjg`tf o` dfsd` hcrftrc` fd quf l`cg`dpcejh`.

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo gnfgkcostjee

    2.:1. gnd`hJetfrj j pfrdcss` hf jrqucv`s f hcrftrc`s.Wcotjxf 9

    $ gnd`h [`pfsT [o`df h` jrqucv`/hcrftrc`T

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9$ gnd`h +x jrqucv`.bco

    O` g`djoh` jgcdj, ` jrqucv.bco fst rfgfbfoh` j pfrdcss` hf fxf-gu`.$ gnd`h

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    76G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    $ gnd`h =66 hcrft`rc`7

    O` g`djoh` jgcdj, ` hcrftrc`7 rfgfbf pfrdcss` t`tje (=) pjrj ` h`o`,efcturj f fxfgu` (6) pjrj ` mrup` f `utr`s.

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo gnd`h

    2.::. gn`woJetfrj ` h`o` f ` mrup` hf ud jrqucv`/hcrftrc .Wcotjxf 9

    $ gn`wo [o`df h` usurc`T9[o`df h` mrup`T

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9# gn`wo rjm9tjefs ~rjm/

    O` fxfdpe` jgcdj, ` hcrfttc` ~rjm/ fst rfgfbfoh` jgfss` pjrj ` usu-rc` rjm f ` mrup` tjefs# gn`wo -R tjefs9usfrs ~tjefs/H`gudfot`s/

    O` fxfdpe` jgcdj, ` hcrftrc` H`gudfot`s f t`h` ` sfu g`otfh`, g`d` jr-qucv`s f hcrftrc`s, fst` rfgfbfoh` jgfss` pjrj ` h`o` tjefs f mrup` usfrs. J`p` -R rfgurscvj, `u sfij, jetfrj j pfrdcss` h` hcrftrc` f hf sfu g`otfh`.

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo gn`wo

    2.:2. gnr``tLjz g`d quf ud pr`mrjdj pfosf quf udj hftfrdcojhj pjstj ` hcrftrc`

    rjcz h` scstfdj, hf d`h` quf v`g p`ssj ljzfr qujequfr tcp` hf jetfrj` `ucostjej`, tuh` j pjrtcr hfstf hcrftrc` g`d` sf l`ssf ` rjcz.

    (G`otrcbuc`, Fhujrh` G. Wcevj)Wcotjxf 9

    # gnr``t [hcrftrc`T [g`djoh`T

    @bs.9 prfgcs` quf j pjrtc` fstfij d`otjhj pjrj quf p`ssj sfr fxfgutj-h` ` g`djoh` gnr``t.

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9@ g`djoh` gnr t p`hf sfr usjh` pjrj rfgupfrjr ` b``t h` Ecoux , gjs`

    ` tfonj pfrhch` costjejoh` `utr` Wcstfdj @pfrjgcoje. Qjrj mrjvjr ` Ece o`vjdfotf gjs` ` tfonj pfrhch`, v`g p`hf b``tjr p`r ud ecvfGH ( Kjejom,

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    7< D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    Kurudco, Vbuotu , ...) d`otjr j pjrtc` / f /b t . Jps jssudcr j pjrtc-` d`otjhj g`d` r``t, fxfgutf ` gnr t pjrj jgfss` j` scstfdj.# gnr``t /dot/mfot`` /bco/bjsn

    O` g`djh` jgcdj, ` p`ot` hf d`otjmfd h` / jetfrjh` pjrj ` /dot/mfot``. Lfct` cst`, tfr jssudch` j pjstj /dot/mfot`` g`d` hcrftrc` rjcz,bjstjoh` mrjvjr ` Ece o`vjdfotf.

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo gnr``t

    2.:7. gefjrEcdpj j tfej h` tfrdcoje hf g`djoh`s.Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9

    $ gefjr

    2.:8. gr`otjb@ gro ud pr`mrjdj hf jmfohjdfot` hf tjrfljs. G`d fef v`g p`hf

    pr`mrjdjr pjrj fxfgutjr qujequfr g`csj oudj gfrtj pfrc`hcgchjhf `u jtdfsd` fd ud fxjt` hcj, oudj fxjtj n`rj.

    (Hfsgrc`, Num` Gcsofcr`s)Wcotjxf 9

    # gr`otjb [-u usurc`T [`p` `u jrqucv`T

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9$ gr`otjb -f1 22 * * 1,7,< ~/sgrcpt.sn

    grotjb -f fhctj ` jrqucv` hf g`olcmurj` h` usurc` jtuje. Qjrj fotrjro` d`h` hf fsgrctj, tfgef c, pjrj sjcr f sjevjr tfgef FWG, snclt+z+z .

    @ g`djoh` cosfrch` o` grotjb cr fxfgutjr ` sgrcpt s 22 n`rjs o`s hcjshj sfdjoj(h`dcom` -1-, tfrj -7-, qucotj -

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    7=G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo gr`otjb

    2.:6. gpG`pcj jrqucv`s f hcrftrc`s. Q`hfd sfr g`pcjh`s vrc`s jrqucv`s f/`u hcrf-

    trc` pjrj ud hcrftrc` cohcgjh`.Wcotjxf 9

    $ gp [`p`T [`rcmfdT [hfstco`T

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9 Qjrj g`pcjr `s jrqucv`s :,2 f 7 pjrj ` hcrftrc` /tdp9

    $ gp jrqucv`: jrqucv`2 jrqucv`7 /tdp

    Qjrj g`pcjr ` jrqucv` : f hcrftrc`s : f 2 pjrj ` hcrftrc` /tdpprfsfrvjoh` t`hjs js pfrdcssfs (usurc`, hjtj, n`rj,...).

    $ gp -j jrqucv`: hcrft`rc`: hcrft`rc`2 /tdp.

    Qjrj l`rjr j gpcj h` jrqucv`= pjrj ` hcrftrc` /tdp9$ gp -l jrqucv`= /tdp

    Qjrj g`pcjr ` hcrft`rc`7 rfgurscvjdfotf pjrj ` hcrftrc` /tdp9$ gp -r hcrft`rc`7 /tdp

    Qjrj grcjr ud ecok scdbecg` h` jrqucv`2=.txt hfotr` h` hcrftrc`/tdp9$ gp -s ~/jrqucv`2=.txt /tdp

    G`pcj ` jrqucv`:.txt pjrj ` hcrftrc` /tdp s`dfotf sf ` jrqucv`hf `rcmfd (jrqucv`:.txt) l`r djcs rfgfotf quf ` jrqucv` hf hfstco`(jrqucv`:.txt, gjs` njij), `u sf o` fxcstcr ` jrqucv` hf hfstco`.

    $ gp -u jrqucv`:.txt /tdp

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo gp

    2.:

  • 8/13/2019 Linux - Comandos Manuais

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    7> D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9$ hjtf -r jrqucv`.txt

    @ g`djoh jgcdj d`strj j hjtj fd quf jrqucv .txt s lrfu suj etcdj jtujeczj .$ hjtf +%JU %h/%d/%SU %N9%Dqucotj 13/:2/2118 :

  • 8/13/2019 Linux - Comandos Manuais

    39/110

    73G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9# hfeusfr --mr`up prcotfr

    Jpjmj ` mrup` prcotfr

    # hfeusfr eugcjo`

    Jpjmj ` usurc` eugcjo`

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo hfeusfr

    2.:>. hhG`ovfrtf f g`pcj jrqucv`s. Oj vfrhjhf fssf g`djoh` ud vfrhjhfcr` gj-

    ocvftf su`, p`cs fef gjpjz hf mfrjr cdjmfos hf jrqucv.cs , fspfenjdfot`

    hf udj pjrtc`, g`ovfrtf jrqucv`s p`r fxfdpe` pjssj t`h` ` g`otfh` hfud jrqucv` hf eftrjs dcosguejs pjrj djcsguejs, `u vcgf vfrsj - fotrf `utrjsg`csjs.

    Wcotjxf 9$ hh [cl4`rcmfdT [`l4hfstco`T

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9# hh cl4/hfv/nhj l4/hfv/nhb

    O` fxfdpe` jgcdj, sfr grcjh` ud fspfen` chotcg` h` nhj (NH prcd-rc` djstfr) pjrj nhb (NH prcdrc` sejvf). J gpcj lfctj bct j bct, `u sfij,o` cdp`rtj ` scstfdj h` jrqucv` h` nhb (hfstco`) p`cs tuh` sfr g`pcjh`chfotcgjdfotf j` nhj (`rcmfd).

    # hh cl4/hfv/nhj l4cdjmfd.cdm

    O` g`djoh` jgcdj, sfr grcjh` ud jrqucv` o` dfsd` hcrftrc` ( nhj )gnjdjh` cdjmfd.cdm . Hfotr` hfstf jrqucv` njvfr udj gpcj hf t`h` `g`otfh` h` nhj .

    # hh cl4cdjmfd.cdm l4/hfv/nhj

    @ g`djoh` jgcdj, rfstjurj j cdjmfd.cdm h` nhj pjrj ` dfsd`.

    $ hh cl4/hfv/ghr`d l4/tdp/jrqucv`.cs`

    O` g`djoh` jgcdj, sfr mfrjh` ud jrqucv.cs j pjrtcr h` g`otfh`hf ud GH.

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    81 D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    $ hh cl4tfxt`:.txt l4tfxt`2.txt g`ov4ugjsf

    @ g`djoh` jgcdj, cr g`ovfrtfr t`h` ` g`otfh` h` jrqucv` tfxt`:.txtpjrj eftrjs djcsguejs, quf sfr mfrjh` o` jrqucv` tfxt`2.txt.

    $ hh cl4tfxt`2.txt l4tfxt`:.:.txt g`ov4egjsf

    @ g`djoh` jgcdj ` `p`st` h` g`djoh` jotfrc`r, `u sfij, g`ovfrtf t`h`` jrqucv` tfxt`2.txt pjrj eftrjs dcosguejs, quf sfr mfrjh` o` jrqucv`tfxt`:.:.txt.

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo hh

    2.:3. hl D`strj ` fspj` hf hcsg` usjh` pfe` scstfdj hf jrqucv`s hf t`h`s `s tcp`s,

    jtujedfotf d`otjh`s.Wcotjxf 9$ hl [`pfsT [jrqucv`T

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9$ hl -n

    J `p` jgcdj j djcs usjhj pfe`s usurc`s, fej d`strj ` fspj` hcsp`o-vfe fd t`h`s `s hcsg`s (nh* ) fd dfmjbytfs, scstfdj hf jrqucv`, tjdjon` h`

    hcsg`, qujot` h` hcsg` fst sfoh` utceczjh`, qujot` n hf fspj` hcsp`ovfe,j p`rgfotjmfd usjhj f `ohf ` hcsg` fst d`otjh`. \fij ud fxfdpe` jbjcx`h` g`djoh` hl -n .Wcst. Jrq. Xjd Vsjh Hcsp Vs`% D`otjh` fd/hfv/nhj: 3,>M 2,:M =,=M 22% /tdpls 262D 8,1K 262D :% /hfv/snd/hfv/nhj7 87M 82M :,>M 3

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    8:G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    Qjrj d`strjr s`dfotf js pjrtcfs l`rdjtjhjs fd vljt , fddfmjbytfs9

    $ hl -nt vljt

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo hl

    2.21. hdfsmD`strj tuh` quf gjrrfmjh` pfe` Kfrofe hurjotf ` b t . Djcs utceczjh`

    pjrj sjbfr sf ` b t `g`rrfu bfd, sfd frr`s.Wcotjxf 9

    $ hdfsm [`p`T

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9 Qjrj d`strjr js col`rdjfs hf gjrrfmjdfot` h` Kfrofe g`d

    pjmcoj`9$ hdfsm | d`rf

    Qjrj jpjmjr ` g`otfh` h` bullfr r`tjtcv` hfp`cs hf cdprcdcr9# hdfsm -g

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo hdfsm

    2.2:. hpkmMfrfogcjh`r hf pjg`tfs. Lfrrjdfotj utceczjhj pjrj costjejr, grcjr, rfd`vfr

    f mfrfogcjr pjg`tfsHfbcjo .Wcotjxf 9

    $ hpkm [`pfsT j`

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9 Qjrj costjejr ud pjg`tf9# hpkm -c pjg`tf.hfb

    Qjrj l`rjr j costjej` hf ud pjg`tf9# hpkm -c --l`rgf-jee pjg`tf.hfb

    Qjrj rfd`vfr ud pjg`tf9# hpkm -r pjg`tf.hfb

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    87G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    Qjrj d`strjr ` t tje hf fspj` utceczjh` pfe` hcrftrc` H`gudfot`sf t`h`s `s sfus subhcrftrc`s, fd dfmjbytfs9

    $ hu -ng ~/H`gudfot`s

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo hu

    2.27. fdfrmf@Mfot` cdpefdfotj ud scstfdj hf mfrfogcjdfot` hf pjg`tfs gnjdj-

    h` Qrtjmf . @ Q`rtjmf l`c cotfcrjdfotf bjsfjh` o` Qrts h`s*BWHs. @prtjmf cdpefdfotj, fotrf `utrjs luogc`ojechjhfs, ` mfrfogcjdfot` hf hf-pfohogcjs, ljesjs costjejfs, hfscostjejfs sfmurjs, pfrlcs hf scstfdj f ` mf-rfogcjdfot` hf jrqucv`s hf g`olcmurj`.

    (G`ejb`rj , @tvc` R`h`el`)Wcotjxf 9

    # fdfrmf [`pfsT [pjg`tfT

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9 Qjrj costjejr ` pjg`tf mltp o` scstfdj9

    # fdfrmf mltp

    Qjrj rfd`vfr ` pjg`tf mltp h` scstfdj9# fdfrmf -G mltp

    Qjrj rfd`vfr `s pjg`tfs jotcm`s quf o` jlftjr` j luogc`ojechjhfofd qufbrjr` js hfpfohogcjs h` scstfdj9

    # fdfrmf -g pjg`tf

    Qjrj jtujeczjr ` @pfrj pjrj j etcdj vfrs` fstvfe hcsp`ovfe ojprtjmf trff . Wup`oh` quf j etcdj vfrs` fstvfe sfij

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    88 D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    Qjrj pr`gurjr t`h`s `s pjg`tfs quf tcvfrfd khf o` o`df ( khf, khf-bjsf, khf-c:>o-bs ftg )9

    # fdfrmf -s khf

    Qjrj bjcxjr j etcdj vfrs` h` dzceej f hfcxjr hcsp`ovfe fd$HCWXHCR9

    # fdfrmf -l d`zceej

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo fdfrmf

    2.28. lcefHftfrdcoj ` tcp` hf g`otfh` h` jrqucv` bjsfjh` fd pjhrfs fog`otrj-

    h`s hfotr` h` prprc` jrqucv`.

    G`d ` g`djoh` lcef, v`g p`hf hfsg`brcr col`rdjfs cdp`rtjotfs s`brfud jrqucv`, sf ud jrqucv` tfxt`, bcorc`, cdjmfd, hcrftrc` ftg.Wcotjxf 9

    $ lcef [`pfsT [jrqucv`T

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9 Qjrj d`strjr col`rdjfs s`brf quf tcp` hf jrqucv` ` jrqucv`:.txt9

    $ lcef jrqucv`:.txt

    Qjrj d`strjr col`rdjfs s`brf `s jrqucv`s9 jrqucv=.tx t,jrqucv7.sn , jrqucv:.pom 9

    $ lcef jrqucv`=.txt jrqucv`7.sn jrqucv`:.pom

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo lcef

    2.26. lcoh

    Qr`gurj p`r jrqucv`s pfe` scstfdj fd udj ncfrjrqucj hf hcrftrc`s.Wcotjxf 9$ lcoh [gjdcon`T [fxprfss`T

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9 Qjrj pr`gurjr pfe` jrqucv` sfonjs.txt o` hcrftrc` /n`df f

    fd t`h`s `s sfus subhcrftrc`s. @ -cojdf cmo`rj djcsguejs fdcosguejs. Qjrj o` cmo`rjr, rfd`vj j eftrj c f hfcxj jpfojs-ojdf 9

    $ lcoh /n`df -cojdf sfonjs.txt

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    86G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    Qjrj ljzfr udj busgj p`r t`h`s `s jrqucv`s .txt hfotr` h` hcrftrc`/ndf , fecdcojoh` busgjs cohfsfivfcs (2?/hfv/oue e)9

    $ lcoh /n`df -ojdf *.txt 2?/hfv/ouee

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo lcoh

    2.2

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    8=G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    --rfbuceh-trff Rfbuceh trff j p` quf efvj lsgk j rfd`o-tjr j rv`rf rfcsfr , udj `p` hf jet`-rcsg`usjhj fd etcd`s gjs`s. Mfrjedfotf qujoh`n pr`befdjs lscg`s j` sfr cocgcjh` g`d fstf pr`gfss`, lsgk o` hfvfr sfr gjogfejh`.

    -p \frc gj` jut dtcgj.

    @pfs h` lsgk.vljt9-j Rfpjr` jut`dtcg`.-t Xfstj j supfrlgcf.-u jrqucv Luogc`oj g`d` uohfeftf . Luogc`oje fd pjr-

    tcfs ljt:< .-v Judfotj ` odfr` hf hftjenfs d`strjh`s j`

    usurc`.

    -w Mrjvj o` hcsg` cdfhcjtjdfotf.Fxfdpe`s hf us` h` lsgk.fxt7 (`u lsgk.fxt2)9

    # lsgk.fxt7 -p /hfv/lh1

    @ g`djoh` jgcdj ljr udj gnfgjmfd jut`dtcgj oud hcsquftf fd j9 (/hfv/lh1) l`rdjtjh` fd fxt7.

    # lsgk.fxt7 -g /hfv/lh:

    @ g`djoh` jgcdj ljr udj gnfgjmfd fd busgj hj prfsfoj hf hjo`s lsc-g`s fd ud hcsquftf fd b9 (/hfv/lh:).

    # lsgk.fxt7 -pl /hfv/nhj:

    @ g`djoh` jgcdj ljr udj gnfgjmfd fd busgj hf hjo`s lscg`s, oj efvj jpjrtc` nhj: , dfsd` quf fej fstfij l`rj hj hjtj hf gnfgjmfd.

    Fxfdpe` hf us` h` lsgk.rfcsfrls9# lsgk.rfcsfrls /hfv/lh1

    @ g`djoh` jgcdj gnfgj ud hcsquftf j9 (/hfv/lh1) l`rdjtjh` fd rfcsfr-ls (` l`rdjt` rfcsfrls o` jhfqujh` pjrj hcsquftfs hfvch` j bjcxj tjxj hfrfgupfrj` hf frr`s lscg`s), ` rfcsfrls jhfqujh` pjrj scstfdjs g`d djcshf 71 MB `ohf `g`rrfd ljenjs hf fofrmcj f `ohf ofgfssrc` ud mrjohfhfsfdpfon`.

    Fxfdpe`s hf us` h` lsgk.vljt 9# lsgk.vljt -jtw /hfv/nhj7

    @ g`djoh` jgcdj gnfgj j pjrtc` /hfv/nhj7 p`rbjh begks g`rrcmcoh`

    frr`s jut`djtcgjdfotf

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    8> D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    # lsgk.vljt -jw /hfv/nhj7

    @ g`djoh` jgcdj ljz udj gnfgjmfd rpchj f jut`dtcgj hf udj pjrtc` vljt.Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9

    $ djo lsgk

    2.2>. mr`upsFxcbf `s mrup`s j` quje ` usurc` pfrtfogf.Wcotjxf 9

    $ mr`ups [usurc`T

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9 Qjrj fxcbcr t`h`s `s mrup`s quf usurc` tjefs pfrtfogf9

    $ mr`ups tjefs

    tjefs 9 tjefs hcje`ut ghr`d le`ppy juhc` vchf` ot`p Qjrj fxcbcr `s mrup`s j`s qujcs s usurc`s tjefs, iqufcr`s f djrc

    pfrtfogfd9$ mr`ups tjefs iqufcr`s djrctjefs 9 tjefs hcje`ut ghr`d le`ppy juhc` vchf` ot`piqufcr`s 9 usfrsdjrc 9 usfrs

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9

    $ djo mr`ups

    2.23. njetVtceczjh` pjrj hfsecmjr ` scstfdj.Wcotjxf 9

    # njet [`p`T

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9#njet Hfsecmj ` scstfdj.#njet -l L`rj hfsecmjdfot h` scstfdj.#njet -n G`e`gj s Nhs o` d`h` stjohby .

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo njet

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    83G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    2.71. nhpjrd@ g`djoh` nhpjrd trjz dfen`rcjs qujot` j vfe`gchjhf hf jgfss` j jrquc-

    v`s f hcrftrc`s fd ud NH `u GH-R@D .Wcotjxf 9

    # nhpjrd [`pfsT [hcsp`sctcv`T

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9# nhpjrd -c /hfv/nh^

    Chfotclcgj col`rdjfs h` NH mfrjoh` ud rfejtrc`, g`d` js g`olcmurj-fs jtujcs. X`hjs js jetfrjfs sfr` lfctjs g`d bjsf o` rfejtrc` jhqucrch`.Fssjs col`rdjfs sfr` cdp`rtjotfs pjrj quf o` sf pjssf pjrdftr`s frrj-h`s j` hcsg` rmch` f ` hjoclcquf.

    Vsf js col`rdjfs jbjcx` hf jg`rh` g`d ` sfu NH, `ohf ` ^ ` odf-r` g`rrfsp`ohfotf pjrtc` h` NH.

    nhj Djstfr prcdrc .nhb Wejvf prcdrc .nhg Djstfr sfguohrc .nhh Wejvf sfguohrc .

    Qjrj jtcvjr ` HDJ h` NH `u GH-R@D 9# nhpjrd -h: /hfv/nh^

    Qjrj tfstjr j efcturj o` NH pjrj `btfr j tjxj hf trjoslfrogcj9# nhpjrd -t /hfv/nh^

    Qjrj jtcvjr ` pjrdftr` C/@ supprt pjrj ` d`h` hf 72-bcts 9# nhpjrd -g: /hfv/nh^

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9# djo nhpjrd

    2.7:. nfepVtceczjh` pjrj d`strjr fxfdpe`s rpch`s hj utceczj` hf g`djoh`s, `u

    dfsd` hfsgrfvfr g`d` utceczjr ud g`djoh` hf l`rdj rpchj f prtcgj.Wcotjxf 9

    $ g`djoh` --nfep

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    6:G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    `u# n`stojdf [O`v` o`df hj dqucojT

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9 Qjrj fxcbcr ` o`df hj dqucoj9

    $ n`stojdf

    Qjrj duhjr ` o`df hj dqucoj pjrj nrus . Efdbrjoh` quf,qujoh` scstfdj l`r rfcocgcjh` o`df rft`rojr pjrj jotfrc`r. Qjrjcss`, bjstj jetfrjr hcrft` o` jrqucv` hf g`olcmurj`, quf p`hf vjrcjrhf jg`rh` g`d j hcstrcbuc`. /ftg/nstojdf (Wejgkwjrf, Hfbcjo,Djohrjkf, Rfh Njt ); /ftg/sysgolcm/oftwrk (Gofgtcvj ); /ftg/gol.h/nstojdf (Mfot` )9

    # n`stojdf n`rus

    Qjrj fxcbcr ` o`df jetfrojtcv` ( jecjs ) h` sfrvch`r (sf usjh )9$ n`stojdf -j

    Qjrj fxcbcr ` o`df h` h`doc` HOW. O` usf ` g`djoh`h`djcoojdf pjrj fxcbcr ` o`df h` h`doc` HOWfstf d`strjr `OCWf o` ` HOW. Vsf ` g`djoh` hosh`djcoojdf9

    $ n`stojdf -h

    Qjrj fxcbcr `(s) fohfrf`(s) hf CQ h`(s) gecfotf(s)9

    $ n`stojdf -c

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo n`stojdf

    2.78. clg`olcmVtceczjh` pjrj g`olcmurjr f cospfgc`ojr cotfrljgfs hf rfhf. Wfu us` p`hf sfr

    hfsgrct` hf l`rdj mfrje g`d` clgolcm cotfrljgf gdjoh, ohf cotfrljgf udjhjs cotfrljgfs hf rfhf hflcochjs f g`onfgchjs pfe` scstfdj ( ftn1, ppp1, usb:)

    (G`otrcbuc`, I`s Zufcr`z)Wcotjxf 9

    # clg`olcm [cotfrljgfT

    `u# clg`olcm [cotfrljgfT [`p`T | [fohfrf`T

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    68 D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    2.7>. eoGrcj udj ecmj` scdbecgj fotrf jrqucv`s. Q`r pjhr` grcjh` ecmjfs

    l`rtfs; g`d j `p` -s grcj-sf ecmjfs scdbecgjs (`u lrjgjs).Wcotjxf 9

    $ eo [`p`T `rcmfd [hfstco`T

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9 Qjrj grcjr ud ecok scdbecg` h` fxfgutvfe skypf pjrj ` hcrftrc`

    /usr/egje/bco/ , p`sscbcectjoh` fxfgutjr ` pr`mrjdj hf qujequfreumjr jpfojs hcmctjoh` ` o`df skypf 9

    # eo -s /sfrvch`r/pr`mrjdjs/skypf-xxx/skypf /usr/e`gje/bco/

    Qjrj rfd`vfr tjot` ` ecok scdbecg` skypf (hfstco`) qujot` `jrqucv` skypf (`rcmfd)9

    # eo -l /usr/e`gje/bco/skypf

    Qjrj pfrmuotjr sf hfsfij rfd`vfr ` ecok scdbecg` f ` jrqucv` hf`rcmfd9

    $ eo -c [ecok scdbecg`T

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo eo

    2.73. e`gjtfBusgj p`r jrqucv`s f hcrftrc`s fd udj bjsf hf hjh`s. @ g`djoh` egjtf

    pr`gurj pfej pjejvrj-gnjvf quf l`c hcmctjhj, `u sfij, tuh` quf g`otd j pjej-vrj hcmctjhj, sfij o` cogc`, dfc` `u lcd, sfr rft`rojh` ` gjdcon` hf t`h`s`s jrqucv`s fog`otrjh`s.

    Wcotjxf 9$ e`gjtf [`pfsT [pjejvrj-gnjvfT

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9

    $ e`gjtf lcrfl`xX`h`s `s jrqucv`s quf g`otcvfrfd j pjejvrj lcrflx rft`roj ` gjdcon`

    sfij hf jrqucv`s `u hcrftrc`s, cohcgjoh` j`ohf sf fog`otrjd.

    $ e`gjtf -f *.txt

    Rft`roj t`h`s `s jrqucv`s .txt quf fxcstfd o` scstfdj, d`strjoh` jpfojs`s o`dfs quf fxcstfd jtujedfotf (j` covs h`s o`dfs quf fxcstcjd qujoh`j bjsf hf hjh`s l`c grcjhj).

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    66G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    $ e`gjtf -F khf

    Qr`gurj o` scstfdj p`r tuh` quf tcvfr khf , d`strjoh` jpfojs `s o`dfsquf o` fxcstfd jtujedfotf (j` covs h`s o`dfs quf fxcstcjd qujoh` j bjsfhf hjh`s l`c grcjhj).

    $ e`gjtf -c xdds

    Qr`gurj p`r tuh` quf tcvfr xdds , cmo`rjoh` djcsguejs f dcosguejs.

    @bs.9 Qjrj jtujeczjr j bjsf hf hjh`s h` g`djoh` e`gjtf , hcmctf ` sfmucotfg`djoh`, g`d` supfr usurc`9 # uphjtfhb

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo e`gjtf

    2.81. esEcstj jrqucv`s f hcrftrc`s. Q`hf-sf usjr vrcjs `pfs tfcs, g`d` fxcbcr

    jrqucv`s f hcrftrc`s g`e`rch`s pjrj ljgcectjr j vcsujeczj` h` dfsd`.Wcotjxf 9

    $ es [`p`T [jrqucv`/hcrftrc`T

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9 Qjrj fxcbcr jrqucv`s f hcrftrc`s, fxgft` `guet`s9

    $ es

    Qjrj fxcbcr j sjhj hf jrqucv`s f hcrftrc`s g`d g`r9$ es --g`e`r4jut`

    Qjrj fxcbcr jrqucv` f hcrftrc`s, cogeucoh` `guet`s (t`h` jrqucv``u hcrftrc` `guet` g`dfj g`d ud p`ot` oj lrfotf. Fxfdpe`.dpejyfr)9

    $ es -j

    Qjrj fxcbcr ` jrqucv` tfstf.txt fd g`euoj, oj quje j prcdfcrj hjfsqufrhj pjrj hcrfctj scmoclcgj js pfrdcssfs quf ` jrqucv` p`ssuc.9$ es -en tfstf.txt-rw-r--r-- : tjefs tjefs =k 2116-12-26 11978 tfstf.txt

    @ prcdfcr` o`df (tjefs) ` usurc` j qufd ` jrqucv` pfrtfogf, f ` sf-muoh` o`df (tjefs) ` mrup` j` quje ` jrqucv` pfrtfogf. @ odfr` =k ` tjdjon` h` jrqucv`, sfmuch` pfej hjtj quf l`c grcjh`. O` lcoje jpjrfgf `o`df h` jrqucv`.

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    6< D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    Qjrj ecstjr t`h`s `s hcrftrc`s fog`otrjh`s hfotr` h` n`df ( ~) h`usurc`, rfgurscvjdfotf9

    $ es -R ~/

    Qjrj ecstjr t`h`s `s jrqucv`s f hcrftrc`s h` hcrftrc` H`gudfot`sp`r tfdp` hf jetfrj`9

    $ es -t ~/H`gudfot`s/ Qjrj d`strjr t`h` ` g`otfh` h` hcrftrc` tdp, ecstjoh` gjhj

    hcrftrc` g`d udj bjrrj ( /), gjhj fxfgutvfe g`d ud jstfrcsg` ( *),gjhj ecok scdbecg` g`d udj jrr`bj ( A), o` lcoje h` jrqucv`9

    $ es -L /tdp/

    Qjrj sjevjr udj ecstj hf t`h` ` g`otfh` h` hcrftrc` H`gudfot`so` jrqucv` ecstj-h`gudfot s.txt9

    $ es -e ~/H`gudfot`s/ ? ecstj-h`gudfot`s.txt

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo es

    2.8:. esd`h@esdh ud pr`mrjdj trcvcje quf l`rdjtj ` g`otfh` h` /prg/dhuefs ,

    d`strjoh` qujcs `s dhue`s h` Kfrofe fst` gjrrfmjh`s.Wcotjxf 9

    $ esd`h

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9$ esd`h

    D`strj qujcs `s dhue`s fst` gjrrfmjh`s o` Kfrofe h` Ecoux .

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo esd`h

    2.82. espgcEcstj t`h`s `s hcsp`sctcv`sQGC. @espgc ud utcectrc` quf d`strj col`r-

    djfs s`brf ` bjrrjdfot` QGC f t`h`s `s hcsp`sctcv`s g`ofgtjh`s j fef.Wcotjxf 9

    $ espgc [`pfsT

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    6=G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9 Qjrj d`strjr t`h`s `s odfr`s CRZs f fohfrf`s vcst`s pfejs pejgjs

    o` bjrrjdfot` QGC, g`d` o`df f d`hfe` hj pejgj hf rfhf , pejgjhf sd , pejgj hf vhf , hcsp`sctcv`sVWB peumjh`s ojpejgj df ,fotrf `utr`s9

    $ espgc

    Qjrj d`strjr col`rdjfs hftjenjhjs hf tuh` ` quf ud hcsp`sctcv`QGC p`hf hczfr9

    $ esgpc -vv

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo espgc

    2.87. DJKFHF\Vtceczjh` pjrj grcjr hcsp`sctcv`s. @DJKFHF\ ud sgrcpt quf cr grcjr

    hcsp`sctcv`s o` /hfv usjoh` j cotfrljgf g`d `s hrcvfrs h` Kfrofe.Wcotjxf 9

    # gh /hfv# ./DJKFHF\ [`p`T [hcsp`sctcv`T

    @pfs9-o O` cr rfjedfotf jtujeczjr s sfrvc`s, jpfojs

    d`strjr js jfs quf sfr` fxfgutjhjs.-h Hfeftj s sfrvc`s. Wfu prcogcpje us` pfe` pr-

    prc DJKFHF\ .

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9 Qjrj grcjr ` hcsp`sctcv` ttyW1 pjrj us` h` d`usf sfrcje9

    /hfv# ./DJKFHF\ ttyW1

    Qjrj grcjr ` hcsp`sctcv` hsp pjrj utceczj` h` s`d9

    /hfv# ./DJKFHF\ hsp

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo DJKFHF\

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    6> D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    2.88. dkhcrGrcj ud hcrftrc` g`d `s o`dfs fspfgclcgjh`s.Wcotjxf 9

    $ dkhcr [`p`T [o`df h` hcrftrc`T

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9 Qjrj grcjr ` hcrftrc` Qr`mrjdjs9$ dkhcr Qr`mrjdjs

    Qjrj grcjr ` hcrftrc` Qr`mrjdjs hfotr` h` hcrftrc` ~/H`gudfot`s/9

    $ dkhcr ~/H`gudfot`s/Qr`mrjdjs

    Qjrj grcjr ` hcrftrc` Cdjmfos g`d s subhcrft`rc`s IQM f QOM,f ` hcrftrc` I`m`s g`d ` subhcrftrc` J`.

    $ dkhcr -p Cdjmfos/IQM Cdjmfos/QOM I`m`s/J

    Qjrj grcjr ` hcrftrc` \hf`s hf Nud`r. Js jspjs hupej()l`rjd utceczjhjs p`rquf n`uvf fspj` fotrf `s o`dfs h` hcrftrc`.Xjdbd p`hf sfr utceczjh` j bjrrj covfrtchj fotrf `s fspj`s9

    $ dkhcr \hf`s hf Nud`r

    \fij ` fxfdpe` jbjcx`.$ dkhcr \hf`sU hfU Nud`r

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo dkhcr

    2.86. d`hpr`bf@ g`djoh` dhprbf jhcgc`oj `u rfd`vf hf l`rdj cotfecmfotf ud d-

    hue` o` Kfrofe h` Ecoux . O` n hclfrfoj fotrf `s gjrjgtfrfs uohfrecof (P)

    f trj` (-) o`s o`dfs h`s dhue`s.Wcotjxf 9# d`hpr`bf [`pfsT [o`df h` dhue`T

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9Qjrj subcr g`d ` dhue` jg3=Pghfg 9

    # d`hpr`bf jg3=Pg`hfg

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    63G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    Qjrj hfsgjrrfmjr oj tfej js g`olcmurjfs h` dhprbf f sjcr9# d`hpr`bf -g

    Qjrj rfd`vfr ` dhue` jg3=Pghfg 9# d`hpr`bf -r jg3=Pg`hfg

    Gjs` njij ud `utr` dhue` quf hfpfohj h` dhue` quf sfr rfd`vch`

    f o` fstcvfr fd us`, ` d`hpr`bf tfotjr rfd`v-e` tjdbd. djcs jg`o-sfenvfe utceczjr ` g`djoh`rddh , quf fspfglcg` pjrj j rfd`` hf d-hue`s.

    @bs.9 Zujoh` sf cosfrf ud dhue` o` Kfrofe h` Ecoux djoujedfotf, `dfsd` s gjr sjev` foqujot` j dqucoj fstcvfr ecmjhj, `u sfij, sfdprfquf rfcocgcjr ` scstfdj sfr prfgcs` gjrrfmjr ` dhue`. Qjrj quf css` o`jg`otfj, bjstj cosfrcr ` o`df h` dhue` o` oje hj econj h` jrqucv` hfg`o murj /ftg/d`hpr`bf.g`ol.

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo d`hpr`bf

    2.8

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    . dvD`vf u rfo`dfcj jrqucv`s f hcrftrc`s. Wf gjdcon` hf hfstco` l`r dfs-

    d` hf `rcmfd, ` jrqucv` `u hcrftrc` sfr rfo`dfjh`, gjs` g`otrrc` d`vch`.Wcotjxf 9

    $ dv [`p`T [`rcmfdT [hfstco`T

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9Qjrj rfo`dfjr ` jrqucv`-tjefs.txt pjrj jrqucv`-djrc.txt9

    $ dv jrqucv`-tjefs.txt jrqucv`-djrc.txt

    Qjrj d`vfr jrqucv` l`t`1=.pom hf ~/H`gudfot`s/ pjrj ~/L`t`s9$ dv ~/H`gudfot`s/l t`1=.pom ~/L`t`s

    Qjrj d`vfr ` jrqucv`1:.txt pjrj ` hcrftrc` H`gudfot`s. Gjs`njij ud jrqucv`1:.txt hfotr` h` hcrftrc` H`gudfot`s, `dfsd` sfr substctuh` pfe` jrqucv` hf `rcmfd.

    $ dv -l jrqucv`1:.txt ~/H`gudfot`s

    Qjrj d`vfr ` jrqucv`17.txt pjrj ` hcrftrc` H`gudfot`s. Gjs`njij ud jrqucv`17.txt hfotr` h` hcrftrc` H`gudfot`s, sfr` grcjhjsgpcjs hf sfmurjoj h`s jrqucv`s quf fst` pjrj sfr s`brfsgrct`s `urfd`vch`s.

    $ dv -b jrqucv`17.txt ~/H`gudfot`s

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo dv

    2.83. odjp@ g`djoh` odjp sfrvf pjrj ljzfr vjrrfhurj hf p`rtjs. J vjrrfhurj hf

    p`rtjs ud pr`gfss` pfe` quje sf hftfrdcoj qujcs js p`rtjs XGQ f VHQ quffst` jbfrtjs (pr`otjs pjrj jgfctjr g`ofxfs) fd udj hftfrdcojhj dqucoj.

    (G`otrcbuc`, I`s Zufcr`z)Wcotjxf 9$ odjp [`pfsT jev`s

    Vd jev` ud o`df hf dqucoj `u fohfrf` CQ, ` fohfrf` hf ud be`g`GCHR `u udj ljcxj hf subrfhf. @ odjp p`hf ljzfr vjrrfhurjs fd vrc`sjev`s oudj dfsdj jtcvj`.

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    D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    2.6

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    . rdd`hWcdpefs pr`mrjdj utceczjh` pjrj rfd`vfr dhue`s o` Kfrofe h` Ecoux .Wcotjxf 9

    # rdd`h [`p`T [dhue`T

    @pfs9-v D`strj dfosjmfos s`brf ` quf ` pr`mrjdj fst

    ljzfoh`.-l Fstj `p` p`hf sfr fxtrfdjdfotf pfrcm`sj.

    G`d fstj p`, v`g p`hf rfd`vfr dhue`s quf

    fst` fd us`, quf o` l`rjd pr`iftjh`s pjrj sf-rfd rfd`vch`s `u djrgjh`s g`d` cosfmur`s.-w O`rdjedfotf ` rdd`h cr rfgusjr rfd`vfr

    dhue`s quf fst` fd us`. G`d fstj `p` `rdd`h cr cs`ejr ` dhue` f fspfrjr jt quf `dhue` o` fstfij fd us`.

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9# rdd`h sohPjg3=Pg`hfg

    Rfd`vf ` dhue` hf uhc` sohPjg3=Pg`hfg.Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9

    $ djo rdd`h

    2.63. rpd@RQD (Rfhnjt Qjgkjmf Djojmfr) ud scstfdj grcjh` pjrj g`otr`ejr j

    costjej` f hfscostjej` hf pjg`tfs hf s`ltwjrf oj hcstrcbuc` Ecoux Rfhnjt .

    G`d` vrcjs hcstrcbucfs sf bjsfjrjd oj Rfhnjt, fejs jpr`vfctjrjd fssf l`r-djt` pjrj sfus g`otr`efs hf pjg`tfs, tje g`d` j Djohrjkf f j G`ofgtcvj. G`d` pjssjr h` tfdp`, fstjs hcstrcbucfs jhcgc`ojrjd ljgcechjhfs j` RQD, g`d`` urpdc pfe` Djohrjkf pjrj ljgcectjr j `btfo` h`s pjg`tfs hf costjej`. JG`ofgtcvj l`c jed; iuot`u js ljgcechjhfs h` RQD lefxcbcechjhf h` scstfdjjpt-mft hfsfov`evch` pfej hcstrcbuc` Hfbcjo; f grc`u ` jdbcfotf Wyojptcgquf g`otr`ej j costjej` f j jtujeczj` hf t`h`s `s pjg`tfs quf g`dpfd `scstfdj, jed hf rfgupfr-e`s hcrftjdfotf h`s rfp`sctrc`s oj cotfroft, tuh`css` oud jdbcfotf mrlcg`.

    (G`otrcbuc`, I`s Zufcr`z)

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    =1 D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    Wcotjxf 9# rpd [`pfsT [pjg`tfsT

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9Qjrj costjejr ud pjg`tf9

    # rpd -c pjg`tf.rpd

    Qjrj jtujeczjr ud pjg`tf i costjejh`9# rpd -V pjg`tf.rpd

    Qjrj costjejr f jtujeczjr pjg`tfs ofssj `rhfd, rfgfbfoh` col`rdjfsjhcgc`ojcs g`d` ` pr`mrfss` hf udj costjej`9

    # rpd -cvn pjg`tf:.rpd pjg`tf2.rpd ...# rpd -Vvn pjg`tf:.rpd pjg`tf2.rpd ...

    Vd pjg`tf jps j costjej` jssudf ud o`df cotfro`. Fssf o`df lcgjjrdjzfojh` oj bjsf cotfroj h` rpd .

    Qjrj sjbfr t`h`s `s pjg`tfs costjejh`s, utceczf ` g`djoh`9# rpd -qj pjg`tfs

    Qjrj d`strjr qujcs s` js hfpfohogcjs hf ud pjg`tf `u jrqucv`.rpd9# rpd -q Qjg`tf --rfqucrfs# rpd -qp pjg`tf.rpd --rfqucrfs

    Otj9 Gjs` sf hfsfif rfd`vfr ud u djcs pjg`tfs costjejh`s. @ohf Qjg`tf:,Qjg tf2 ftg, s` s o`dfs cotfro`s h`s pjg`tfs. Gjs` hfscostjef jemud h`s pj-g`tfs quf sfij ofgfssrc` pjrj utr` quf o` fstfij sfoh` hfscostjejh`, rpdsf rfgusj j rfd`vfr ` pjg`tf9 # rpd -f Qjg`tf: Qjg`tf2 Qjg`tf7...

    Qjrj d`strjr qujcs `utr`s pjg`tfs hfpfohfd hf ud pjg`tf. Fstj`p` s luogc`oj g`d pjg`tfs costjejh`s9

    # rpd -q Qjg`tf --wnjtrfqucrfs

    Qjrj d`strjr quje l`c ` pjg`tf rfsp`osvfe pfej costjej` hf udhftfrdcojh` jrqucv`9

    # rpd -ql jrqucv`

    Qjrj d`strjr qujcs `s jrqucv`s quf ud pjg`tf `u jrqucv`.rpd costjej9# rpd -q Qjg`tf --ecst# rpd -qp pjg`tf.rpd --ecst

    Qjrj `btfr djcs col`rdjfs s`brf ud pjg`tf `u jrqucv`.rpd9# rpd -q Qjg`tf --col`# rpd -qp pjg`tf.rpd --col`

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    =:G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    Qjrj d`strjr sf jemud jrqucv` costjejh` p`r ud hftfrdcojh` pjg`tfl`c jetfrjh` `u jpjmjh`9

    # rpd --vfrcly Qjg`tf# rpd --vfrcly pjg`tf.rpd

    @bs.9 s vfzfs ud pjg tf pjrj sfr costjejh hfpfohf hf utr s pjg tfs, gjs` sf tfo-tf costjejr ud pjg`tf sfd quf `s `utr`s pjg`tfs quf fef ofgfssctj fstfij costjejh`,` rpd sf rfgusj j costje-e`. Ofssf gjs`, prfgcs` fspfgc gjr t`h`s `s pjg`tfs quf ljetjd oj econj hf g djoh . O prfgcs sf prf`gupjr g`d j rhfd h s pjg tfsoj ecstj, rpd s rfjrrjoij hf l`rdj quf t`hjs js hfpfohogcjs sfijd sjtcslfctjs.

    \fij ud fxfdpe` jbjcx`9# rpd -c pjg`tf.rpd pjg`tf2.rpd pjg`tf7.rpd ...

    X`hjs js `pfs jgcdj sfrvfd pjrj costjejr pjg`tfs pr-g`dpcejh`s. O`fotjot`, ` RQD tfd j p`sscbcechjhf hf trjbjenjr tjdbd g`d pjg`tfs l`otf(jrqucv`s.srpd).

    Qjrj g`dpcejr f costjejr ud pjg`tf l`otf, usj-sf ` rpd g`d` d`strjh`jbjcx`9# rpd --rfg`dpcef jrqucv`.srpd

    O`tf quf usjr j `p` -c g`d ud pjg`tf l`otf o` cr costjejr ` pjg`tf,djs scd hfsg`dpjgt-e` f prfpjr-e` pjrj g`dpcej`. @ rpd tfd vrcjs `p-fs quf pfrdctfd quf sf grcf ud pjg`tf bcorc` j pjrtcr hf l`otfs, djs fssjs`pfs s` jvjojhjs f o` sfr` trjtjhjs jquc.

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo rpd

    2.

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    =2 D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    Gjs` sfij ofgfssrc` fspfgclcgjr j p`rtj, utceczf ` sfmucotf g`djoh`9$ sgp -p 22 jrqucv`.txt fhujrh`A:32.:.1.79/tdp/

    Bjstj jutfotcgjr g`d j sfonj h` usurc` fsg`ench`, j g`ofx` f trjoslfrogcj sfr`cocgcjhjs. Jps lcojeczjr j trjoslfrogcj, hfsg`ofgtjh` h` sfrvch`r jut`djtcgjdfotf.

    $ sgp -r ~/Cdmjmfos/ fhujrh`A:32.:.1.79/tdp/

    @ g`djoh` jgcdj g`pcj ` hcrftrc` Cdjmfos rfgurscvjdfotf hj dquc-oj g`rrfotf pjrj ` hcrftrc` /tdp hj dqucoj g`d cp :32.:.1.7.

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo sgp

    2.

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    =8 D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    @bsfrvjfs/Hcgjs9* Wfdprf quf fxfgutjd`s `su pjrj ljzfr e`mco hf qujequfr usurc`, prf-gcsjd`s l`rofgfr j sfonj hfstf usurc`, j o` sfr quf fstfijd`s e`mjh`sg`d` r``t, hfssj l`rdj ` su ouogj pfrmuotj sfonj hf ofonud usurc`.* Fd sgrcpts hf hcstrcbucfs sfd `suh` , p`hfd`s substctu-e` p`rsu -g ,g`e`gjoh` jspjs o`s rfspfgtcv`s g`djoh`s. Fxfdpe`9suh` kxg`o m , tr`-gj-sf pjrj su -g kxg`o m .* O` p`hfd`s usjr jpfojs ` su fd ud sgrcpt p`cs fef jbrf ud o`v`cotfrprftjh`r hf g`djoh`s f s tfrdcoj hf efr ` sgrcpt qujoh` ` usurc`hcmctjrfxct , ofssf gjs` prfgcsjd`s fxfgutjr `s g`djoh`s usjoh` ` su -g .

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo su

    2.

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    =6G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    @bs.9 Zujoh` sf usj j `p` -l, ` g`djoh` tjce e g`otcoujdfotf `jrqucv` pjssjh`. Ofssf gjs`, sf jem` l`r mrjvjh` o` oje h` jrqucv`, `g`djoh` tjce cr cdprcdcr fssfs o`v`s hjh`s tjdbd. Fssj gjrjgtfrstcgj duct` usjhj pjrj vcsujeczjr `s jrqucv`s hf e`m h` scstfdj. Q`r fxfdpe`, `g`djoh` tjce -l /vjr/e`m/dfssjmfs t` g`dudfotf usjh`, quf jemudjscostjejfs hf ofd ud jecjs td pjrj fef.

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo tjce

    2.

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    =< D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    Qjrj g`dpjgtjr `s jrqucv`s cdjmfd.ipm ecvr`.phl f jp`stcej.sxw o` l`rdjt` tjr.bz2 (dxcdj g`dprfss`)9

    $ tjr -gvil h`gudfot`s.tjr.bz2 cdjmfd.ipm ecvr`.phl jp`stcej.sxw

    Qjrj fxtrjcr `s jrqucv`s cdjmfd.ipm ecvr`.phl f jp`stcej.sxwh` jrqucv` h`gudfot`s.tjr.bz29

    $ tjr -xvil h`gudfot`s.tjr.bz2

    Qjrj fxtrjcr ` jrqucv` cdjmfos.tjr.bz2 pjrj hfotr` h` hcrftrc`/tdp. O`tf j `p` -G djcsguej jgrfsgfotjhj oj lrfotf h`hcrftrc` quf sf hfsfij hfsg`dpjgtjr ` jrqucv`9

    $ tjr -xvil cdjmfos.tjr.bz2 -G /tdp

    Qjrj fxtrjcr ` jrqucv` cdjmfos.tjr.bz2 pjrj hfotr` h` hcrftrc`/tdp. O`tf j `p` -G djcusguej jgrfsgfotjhj oj lrfotf h`hcrftrc` quf sf hfsfij hfsg`dpjgtjr ` jrqucv`9

    $ tjr -xvil cdjmfos.tjr.bz2 -G /tdp

    Qjrj vcsujeczjr ` g`otfh` h` jrqucv` h`gudfot`s.tjr.bz29$ tjr -tvil h`gudfot`s.tjr.bz2

    Hcgj9 Qjrj qufbrjr ud jrqucv` duct` mrjohf fd pfhj`s dfo`rfs, utceczf `sfmucotf g`djoh`9

    $ spect -h -b

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    ==G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    Wcotjxf 9$ t`p [`p`T

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9Qjrj jtujeczjr j tfej hf 6 fd 6 sfmuoh`s9

    $ t`p -h 6

    Qjrj fxfgutjr ` tp fd d`h` sfmur`9$ t`p -s

    Qjrj fxfgutjr ` tp cmo`rjoh` pr`gfss`s zudbcs (Qr`gfss`s quf o`fst` djcs r`hjoh` o` scstfdj)9

    $ t`p -c

    Qjrj d`strjr j econj hf g`djoh` j` covs h` o`df h` pr`mrjdj9

    $ t`p -g@pfs pjrj sfrfd utceczjhjs g`d ` tp fd fxfgu`9

    n D`strj ud nfep h`s g`djoh`s quf p`hfd sfrutceczjh`s o` t`p.

    z Duhj j g`r h` t`p. tce pjrj ljgcectjr j vcsuj-eczj`.

    [FspjT Jtujeczj j tfej cdfhcjtjdfotf.c Cmo`rj `s pr`gfss`s gc`s`s.k Djtj ud pr`gfss`.O Gejssc gj `s pr gfss`s p`r odfr` hf QCH.J Gejssc gj `s pr`gfss`s p`r pfr`h .Q Gejssc gj `s pr`gfss`s p`r us` hj GQV.D Gejssc gj `s pr`gfss`s p`r us` hf dfdrcj.X Gejssc gj `s pr`gfss`s p`r tfdp`.u D`strj `s pr`gfss`s hf ud usurc` fspfg g .

    o Ecstj ud odfr` hf pr`gfss`s.s Fspfgc gj ` tfdp` fd sfmuoh`s pjrj j jtujec-

    zj` hj tfej.] Grcj ud jrqucv` hf g`o murj` h` t`p (~/.t prg).r Jpecgj ud rfocgf o` pr`gfss`.q Wjc h` t`p.

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo t`p

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    =3G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    2.

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    80/110

    >1 D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    Qjrj fxcbcr j hjtj fd quf ` Kfrofe l`c g`dpcejh`9$ uojdf -v#: Xnu Djy :3 :>917923 IWX 2116

    Qjrj fxcbcr jjrquctfturj h scstfdj 9$ uojdf -dc:G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    Wcotjxf 9# upmrjhfpkm [o`df h` pjg`tfT

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9Qjrj jtujeczjr ` pjg`tf.tmz9

    # upmrjhfpkm pjg`tf.tmz

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo upmrjhfpkm

    2.=:. uptcdfD`strj j n`rj jtuje, qujot` tfdp` ` scstfdj fst fd luogc`ojdfot`, `u

    sfij, qujot` tfdp` j dqucoj fst ecmjhj, odfr` hf usurc`s g`ofgtjh`s f j

    dhcj hf efcturj h` scstfdj s`brf `s etcd`s :, 6, f :6 dcout`s.Wcotjxf 9$ uptcdf

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9$ uptcdf: up 296>, : usfr, e`jh jvfrjmf9 1.86, 1.

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    >2 D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    Qjrj costjejr ` xdds jtrjvs hj dhcj gotrcb 9# urpdc --dfhcj g`otrcb xdds

    Qjrj costjejr ` xdds f rfs`evfr js hfpfohogcjs9# urpdc --jut` xdds

    Qjrj l`rjr j costjej` h` xdds sfd gnfgjr p`r hfpfohogcjs. Vsfg`d guchjh` fssf g`djoh`, rfg`dfoh` s o` etcd` gjs`. Gjs` o`g`oscmj costjejr utceczjoh` js `pfs hfsgrctjs jgcdj, fot` utceczffssf g`djoh`9

    # urpdc --jee`w-l`rgf xdds

    Qjrj sfefgc`ojr jut`djtcgjdfotf `s pjg`tfs ofgfssrc`s pjrjjtujeczjr t`h` ` scstfdj. Fstf g`djoh` pjrfgch` g`d ` jpt-mftupmrjhf hHfbcjo 9

    # urpdc --jut`-sfefgtQjrj rfd`vfr ` pr`mrjdj xdds 9

    # urpdf xdds

    Qjrj rfd`vfr ` xdds f t`h`s `s jrqucv`s quf hfpfohfd hfef9# urpdf --jut` xdds

    Qjrj pr`gurjr pfe` pjg`tf h` xdds9# urpdq xdds

    Qjrj pr`gurjr pfe` xdds s`dfotf oj dhcj gotrcb9# urpdq --g`otrcb xdds

    Qjrj ecstjr `s pjg`tfs fxcstfotfs9# urpdq --ecst

    Qjrj ecstjr `s pjg`tfs hj dhcj gotrcb fxcstfotfs9# urpdq --ecst --dfhcj g`otrcb

    Qjrj pr`gurjr p`r t`h`s s pjg`tfs costjejh`s o` scstfdj, gui` o`dfjprfsfotj xdds 9$ rpd -qj|mrfp xdds

    Qjrj jhcgc`ojr j dhcj pel-lrff pjrj j vfrs:1.2 h` Djohrjkf 9# urpdc.jhhdfhcj pel-lrff ltp9//ltp.pejoftdcrr`r.g`d/pub/pel/djohrjkf/lrff/:1.2 wctn nhecst.gz

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    >7G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    Otj9 @ g`djoh` jgcdj hfvfr sfr hcmctjh` oj dfsdj econj.

    Qjrj rfd`vfr t`hjs js dhcjs fxcstfotfs9# urpdc.rfd`vfdfhcj -j

    Qjrj jtujeczjr t`hjs js dhcjs jtrcbuhjs j bjsf hf pjg`tf h` Djohrjkf 9# urpdc.uphjtf -j

    Hcgj9 Wf v`g utceczj udj bjohj ejrmj, rfd`vj t`hjs js sujs dhcjs(` pjhr` h` urpdc busgjr s`dfotf oj dhcj djco quf g`otd`s pjg`tfs fxcstfotfs o` GH-R@D) f costjef o`vjs, busgjoh` o` sctfnttp9//fjsyurpdc.zjrb.rm/9

    Qjrj costjejr o`vjs dhcjs, scmj `s pjss`s jbjcx`9:. Fsg`enj j vfrs` h` sfu Djohrjkf fd Djohrjkf vfrsco9 , e`m` fd

    sfmuchj fsg`enj j jrquctfturj quf utceczj fd joh jrgnctfgturf9 . Wfo` s`ubfr, hfcxf djrgjh` c6>< f gecquf fd prgffh t stfp 2;

    2. Fssj j pjrtf quf v`g fsg`enf js dhcjs quf sfr` costjejhjs.\`g p`hf sfefgc`ojr t`hjs sfd ofonud pr`befdj, djs gjs` o`qufcrj, sfefgc`of pfe` dfo`s js trs prcdfcrjs9 gotrcb , djco fuphjtfs ;

    7. Wfefgc`of ` sfrvch`r hf `ohf hfsfij bjcxjr js l`otfs, usf ` quf fstc-vfr djcs prxcd`, o`tf quf fxcstf ud sfrvch`r h` Brjsce.

    8. Wfefgc`ojh` js dhcjs f fsg`ench` `s sfrvch`rfs, gecquf fd pr-gffh t stfp 7 , o`tf quf cr mfrjr js dhcjs iuot` g`d sfus rfs-pfgtcv`s sfrvch`rfs, bjstj jhcgc`ojr udj p`r udj. Jps jhcgc`ojr,jtujeczf t`hjs js dhcjs.

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo urpd

    2.=7. usfrsEcstj `s o`dfs hf usurc`s ( emco) e`mjh`s o` scstfdj.Wcotjxf 9

    $ usfrs

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9$ usfrsr``t tjefs

  • 8/13/2019 Linux - Comandos Manuais

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    >8 D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    @ g`djoh` usfrs fxcbcu t`h`s `s usurc`s e`mjh`s o` scstfdj, ofssfgjs` l`rjd ` r t f tjefs .

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo usfrs

    2.=8. wFxcbf `s usurc`s quf fst` utceczjoh` ` scstfdj, f `s sfus pr`gfss`s.Wcotjxf 9

    $ w [`pfsT [usurc`T

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9tjefsAn`rus9~$ w:>91s -bjsntjefs 91 - ::97: 0xhd0 :9:2d 1.11s -91

    Hfsgrc 9VWFR Vsurc`s e`mjh`s o` scstfdj.XXS O`df h` tfrdcoje fd quf ` usurc` sf fog`o-

    trj e`mjh`.LR@D Hf `ohf ` usurc` e`m`u, fxfdpe`9 ssn , tfeoft ,

    e`gjedfotf ftg.E@MCOA N`rrc` fd quf ` usurc` flftu`u ` e`mco o`

    scstfdj.CHEF Xfdp` hf gc`schjhf.

    IGQV D`strj ` tfdp` usjh` p`r t`h`s `s pr`gfss`suoch`s j` tty .

    QGQV D`strj tfdp` usjh` pfe` pr`gfss` jtuje.

    ]NJX Zuje pr`mrjdj usurc` fst r`hjoh .Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9

    $ djo w

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  • 8/13/2019 Linux - Comandos Manuais

    86/110

    >< D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    Qjrj pr`gurjr jpfojs p`r s`urgfs (jrqucv`s hf ghcm` l`otf). O`fxfdpe` jbjcx` ` g`djoh` wnfrfcs cr pr`gurjr pfe`s jrqucv`s l`otfh` Kfrofe 9

    $ wnfrfcs -s kfrofe

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo wnfrfcs

    2.==. wn`D`strj qufd fst jgfssjoh` ` scstfdj. Fxcbf col`rdjfs s`brf `s usu-

    rc`s e`mjh`s, cogeucoh` hjtj, n`rj f qufd fotr`u f sjcu h` scstfdj.Wcotjxf 9

    $ wn` [`p`T [Jrqucv`T

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9Qjrj fxcbcr qujcs usurc`s fst` jgfssjoh` ` scstfdj9

    $ wn`

    Qjrj fxcbcr j n`rj h` etcd` b``t h` scstfdj9$ wn` -b

    Qjrj fxcbcr pr`gfss`s d`rt`s9$ wn` -h

    Qjrj fxcbcr `s pr`gfss`s hf e`mco h` scstfdj9$ wn` -e

    Qjrj fxcbcr t`h`s `s o`dfs f odfr`s hf usurc`s e`mjh`s o`scstfdj9

    $ wn` -q

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo wn`

    2.=>. wn`jdcFxcbf ` o`df hf e`mco h` usurc` o` scstfdj.Wcotjxf 9

    $ wn`jdc

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    >=G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9tjefsAn`rus9~$ wn`jdctjefs

    @ g`djoh` jgcdj fxcbcu ` o`df hf usurc` tjefs o` quje fst e`mjh`o` scstfdj.

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo wn`jdc

    2.=3. yud@yud ud tcd` mfrfogcjh`r hf pjg`tfs, duct` utceczjh` ojs hcstrcbuc-

    fs Rfh Njt f Lfhrj , g`d fef v`g p`hf costjejr, rfd`vfr f jtujeczjr pjg`-tfs; f jtujeczjr t`h` ` scstfdj g`d ud scdpefs g`djoh`. @s g`djoh`s s`scdpefs hf mujrhjr, p`cs sf jssfdfenjd duct` j`s g`djoh`s h` jtp-mft .

    Wcotjxf 9# yud [g`djoh`T [pjg`tfT

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9Qjrj jtujeczjr j ecstj hf pjg`tfs9

    # yud uphjtf

    Qjrj jtujeczjr j ecstj hf pjg`tfs f d`strjr qujcs pjg`tfs sfr` jtujeczjh`s9

    # yud gnfgk-uphjtfQjrj jtujeczjr ud `u djcs pjg`tfs9

    # yud uphjtf [o`df h` pjg`tfT

    Qjrj jtujeczjr t`h`s `s pjg`tfs costjejh`s o` scstfdj9# yud upmrjhf

    Qjrj costjejr ` pjg`tf fspfgclcgjh`9# yud costjee [o`df h` pjg`tfT

    Qjrj rfd`vfr ` pjg`tf fspfgclcgjh`9# yud rfd`vf [o`df h` pjg`tfT

    Qjrj d`strjr udj ecstj hf pr`mrjdjs hcsp`ovfcs9# yud ecst jvjcejbef

    Qjrj pr`gurjr p`r t`h`s `s pjg`tfs quf jprfsfotjd j pjejvrj gnjvf9# yud sfjrgn [pjejvrj gnjvfT

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    >> D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    Qjrj d`strjr js col`rdjfs s`brf ud hftfrdcojh` pjg`tf9# yud col` [o`df h` pjg`tfT

    @bs.9 Qjrj djotfr sfdprf ` yud.g`ol (ecstj hf dcrr`s) jtujeczjh`s, pr`-gfhj hj sfmucotf djofcrj9

    # rd -l /ftg/yud.g`ol# wmft /ftg/nttp9//www.lfh`rjljq.`rm/sjdpefs/yud.g`ol

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo yud

    2.>1. zcpG`dpjgtjh`r hf jrqucv`s. @ g`dpjgtjh`r zcp g`oschfrjh` ud tcd`

    pr`mrjdj p`cs jed hf sfr g`dpjtvfe g`d t`h`s `s scstfdjs `pfrjgc`ojcsjprfsfotj udj mjrjotcj g`d ` jrqucv`. Gjs` ` jrqucv.zcp g`pcjh` fstfijg`rr`dpch`, ` dfsd` o` cr jbrcr, jgusjoh` frr`.

    Wcotjxf 9$ zcp [`p`T [jrqucv`.zcpT [g`otfh`T

    Fxfdpe hf utceczj 9Qjrj g`dpjgtjr s jrqucv`s :, 2 f 7 hfotr` h` jrqucv` h`gudfot`s.zcp.

    $ zcp h`gudfot`s.zcp jrqucv`: jrqucv`2 jrqucv`7Qjrj g`dpjgtjr rfgurscvjdfotf `s hcrftrc`s hf g`olcmurj` .khff .d`zceej, hfotr` hf bjgkup.zcp.

    $ zcp -r bjgkup.zcp ~/.khf ~/.d`zceej

    Qjrj djcs colrdjfs gosuetf djouje 9$ djo zcp

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    >3G@ D J O H @ W H @ XF R D C O J E

    2.>:. G`djoh`s Fspfglcg`s hjs Hcstr`sGofgtcvj

    jpt-mft G`osuetf pm. 23 rpd G`osuetf pm. :rpd G`osuetf pm.

  • 8/13/2019 Linux - Comandos Manuais

    90/110

    31 D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

  • 8/13/2019 Linux - Comandos Manuais

    91/110

    7Hcgjs Jvjojhjs7.:. Jdbcfotf Mr g`7.2. Xfrdcoje

    7.2.:. G`dpcejoh` Qr`mrjdjs7.2.2. Rf`rmjoczjoh` ` sfu N`df7.2.7. Qfrdcss`7.2.8. Qjrtcfs o` Ecoux7.2.6. Grcjoh` Lcrfwjee7.2.

  • 8/13/2019 Linux - Comandos Manuais

    92/110

  • 8/13/2019 Linux - Comandos Manuais

    93/110

    37HC G J W J \ J O J H J W

    7. Hcgjs Jvjojhjs7.:. Jdbcfotf Mrlcg`

    @Ecoux , p`r sfr ud scstfdj duetcusurc`, p`sscbcectj quf ` usurc` trjbj-enf g`d vrc`s tfrdcojcs. Qjrj jgfssjr `s tfrdcojcs, bjstj tfgejr scduetjofj-dfotf GXRE+JEX+Lo , tfoh` o g`d` ` odfr` h` jdbcfotf hfsfijh`.

    Wcotjxf 9$ stjrtx -- 9o

    `u$ xcoct -- 9o

    Wfoh` o ud odfr` hf : j (gjs`

    tfonj sch` fxfgutjh` ` g`djoh` o` tfrdcoje L2), `u o` L3 sf l`r fxfgutjh`o` tfrdcoje L7 f jsscd fd hcjotf.Qjrj djcs col`rdjfs g`osuetf `s djoujcs9

    $ djo xcoct

    $ djo stjrtx

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    38 D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    7.2. Xfrdcoje

    7.2.:. G`dpcejoh` Qr`mrjdjsDuct`s i hfvfd tfr `uvch` ljejr fd g`dpcejr ud pr`mrjdj o` Ecoux .

    Qjrj rfjeczjr fssj ljjonj, o` prfgcs` sfr ofonud fxpfrt, `u dfsd` sjbfrpr`mrjdjr, bjstj jpfojs tfr pfrsfvfrjoj f pjgcogcj, p`cs ofd sfdprf g`o-sfmuf-sf g`dpcejr ud pr`mrjdj ljgcedfotf. Css` jg`otfgf p`r vrc`s d`tc-v`s. @s djcs pr`vvfcs s` quf, v`g o` p`ssuc `s g`dpcejh`rfs ofgfssrc`s,g`d` mgg, djkf , fotrf `utr`s, pjrj g`dpcej`, `u ljetj jemudj bcbectfgjofgfssrcj, `u fxcstf ud golect fotrf js vfrsfs h`s jrqucv`s, fotrf `utrjsg`csjs. Oj vfrhjhf Gdpcejr ud prmrjdj hfpfohf duct` h` pr`mrjdjquf cr sfr g`dpcejh`, p`cs duct`s pr`mrjdjs o` sfmufd ud pjhr`.

    Mfrjedfotf `s ghcms lotfs (surgf ) h`s pr`mrjdjs pjrj sfrfd g`dpc-ejh`s vfd o`s l`rdjt`s9jrqucv`.tjr.mzjrqucv`.tjr.bz2

    G`d` fxfdpe` hf g`dpcej` sfr utceczjh` ` pr`mrjdj dpejyfr.

    @bs.9 J g`dpcej` quf sfr d`strjhj vechj pjrj g`dpcejr j djc`rcjh`s pr`mrjdj.

    @ prcdfcr` pjss` bjcxjr ` jrqucv` pjrj j dqucoj f hfsg`dpjgt-e`.$ tjr -xvil Dpejyfr-*.tjr.bz2

    Zujoh` v`g pfmj ud s`urgf pjrj sfr g`dpcejh`, ` dfsd` vfd g`d-pjgtjh`. Jps hfsg`dpjgt-e`, fxtrjh` ud hcrftrc` `ohf sf fog`otrj `sjrqucv`s pjrj quf ` pr`mrjdj p`ssj sfr g`dpcejh`. Jemuos jrqucv`s cdp`r-tjotfs s`9 RFJHDF , COWXJEE f golcmurf .

    Jps hfsg`dpjgtjr ` jrqucv` Dpejyfr-*.tjr.bz2 , sfr fxtrjh` ` hcrf-trc` Dpejyfr-* , `ohf fog`otrj-sf `s jrqucv`s pjrj g`dpcej`. Fotrf o`hcrftrc` pjrj g`dfjr j g`dpcej .$ gh Dpejyfr-*

    Jotfs hf sjcr g`dpcejoh , cdp`rtjotf efr ` RFJHDF `u COWXJEE pjrj`btfr djcs col`rdjfs s`brf g`d` costjejr ` pr`mrjdj. Jps `btfr djcscol`rdjfs v pjrj j fxfgu` h` prcdfcr` g`djoh` pjrj g`dfjr j g`d-pcej`.$ ./g`olcmurf

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    36HC G J W J \ J O J H J W

    Fstf g`djoh` utceczjh` pjrj g`olcmurjr ` pr`mrjdj jotfs quf sfij g`d-pcejh`. Q`r fxfdpe`, o` gjs` h` dpejyfr, gjs` qufcrj g`dpcejr ` pr`mrjdj ojecomujmfd p`rtumus h` Brjsce, utceczjh` ` pjrdftr`9$ ./g`olcmurf --ejomujmf4ptPBR

    Qjrj sjbfr hf t`hjs js col`rdjfs quf sfu pr`mrjdj hcspf pjrj sfr utcec-

    zjhj j g`dpcej`, utceczf ` sfmucotf g`djoh`9$ ./g`olcmurf --nfep

    Cr` jpjrfgfr vrcjs `pfs, pjrj utceczjr djcs hf udj g`e`quf fspj` ( )fotrf udj `p` f `utrj.

    Jps fxfgutjr ` g`djoh` ./golcmurf , vfrclcquf sf o` jpjrfgf ofonudfrr` o` lcoje hj fxfgu`, gjs` o` jpjrfj, g`dfgf j g`dpcejr ` pr`mrjdj.

    @bs.9 Wf jpjrfgfr jemud frr`, v`g tfr quf rfs`ev-e`. O` p`hfr pjssjr pjrj ` prxcd` pjss` quf j g`dpcej`. Css` tjdbd vjef pjrj ` g`-djoh` djkf, v`g s p`hfr pr`ssfmucr pjrj ` prxcd` pjss`, gjs` o`njij ofonud frr`. O` gjs` h` g`djoh` ./g`o murf mfrjh` ud e`m( g`o murf.e`m ) g`d t`hjs js col`rdjfs hf g`o murj` quf p`hfr`enf juxcecjr pjrj rfs`evfr ` frr`.

    Hfpfohfoh` h` hfsfdpfon` hf suj dqucoj f h` pr`mrjdj j sfr g`dpc-ejh`, fssf pr`gfss` p`hf hfd`rjr jemuos dcout`s.$ djkf

    Fspfrf j g`dpcej` tfrdcojr, gjs` o` njij frr`s, v pjrj ` prxcd` fetcd` pjss`. Jprfsfotjoh` frr`s, rfs`evj-`s prcdfcr` jotfs hf sfmucr fdlrfotf.# djkf costjee

    O`tf quf fstf etcd` g`djoh` rfqufr prcvcemc`s h` r t (#), p`cs cr cos-tjejr ` pr`mrjdj quf l`c g`dpcejh` o` scstfdj.

    Gjs` o` jpjrfj ofonud frr`, v`g g`osfmucu g`dpcejr ` pr`mrjdj f i

    p`hf utcecz-e`.7.2.2. Rf`rmjoczjoh` ` Wfu N`df

    Zujoh` v`g ljz udj costjej` h` Ecoux , g`olcmurj t`h` ` scstfdj, o`tjquf j dqucoj jprfsfotj udj gfrtj pfrl`rdjogf. G`d ` pjssjr h` tfdp`,costjejoh`, rfd`vfoh` pr`mrjdjs f g`olcmurjoh` jrqucv`s, fssj pfrl`rdjo-gf p`hf gjcr f jprfsfotjr ` ljd`s` pju (pr`befdjs quf jtrjpjenjd ` hf-sfdpfon` hj dqucoj). Q`hf g`dfjr j surmcr pr`befdjs g`d ` jdbcfotf

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    3< D J O V J E HF W@ B R F \ C \ O G C J H @ EC O V ^

    mrlcg`, p`r fxfdpe`, sf sudcr g`d j bjrrj hf tjrfljs, ` ojvfmjh`r o` jbrcrdjcs, `u v`g g`olcmurjr ud pr`mrjdj cohfvchjdfotf, g`d` p`r fxfdpe`,udj sfonj quf o` sf rfg`rhj f `utrjs dcenjrfs hf g`csjs quf p`hfd jpj-rfgfr ecmjhjs o` quf jg`otfgf fd sfu n`df. Css` p`hf sfr ljgcedfotf rflfct`rft`rojoh` `s pr`mrjdjs pjrj sujs g`olcmurjfs pjhrfs. \fij `s fxfdpe`sjbjcx`9

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