L$pqW$ephpX$ p fpS>huAp° - icangetjob.files.wordpress.com · 5.07.2018 · L$pqW$ephpX$_p fpS>huAp°

L$pqW$ephpX$_p fpS>huAp°

‚p.‚¤yÁ_ c. MpQfA¬en, Br[lpk rhcpNX$p°.kycpj drlgp L$p°g°S>S|>_pNY$ - 362001

‚p.ù.Apf. dpÍ$Br[lpk rhcpNX$p°.kycpj drlgp L$p°g°S>S|>_pNY$ - 362001

‚L$piL$`yÛ`fpS> Apf. ^p^g

[p.Qp°V$ugp∆.kyf°fi÷_Nf

dy.kZp°kfp-363520ap°_ :(02751)237274,236277

g°ML$p°

L$pqW$ephpX$_p fpS>huAp°(cpN-1)


Kathiawad na Rajvio

by-Prof.P.B. Khachar and Prof. P.R. Maru

© ‚¤yÁ_ c. MpQf

‚L$piL$

yÛ`fpS> Apf. p^g

‚\d Aph©r—

B.k.2005

qL≠$d[ Í$p.100.

dy÷L$

Ap]$iÆ r‚fiV$vN ‚°k

1, r[Í$ [u_Nf, r_dÆgp L$p°fih°fiV$ fp°X$,

_hu L°$fikf lp°sı`V$g kpd°, fpS>L$p°V$.

A`ÆZ

S>°Ap°A°k•pfpÛV$≤_° iZNpeyÆ

A_°rhrh^ kyrh^pAp° Apù, ‚p\rdL$riˇpZ_u

da[ kNhX$`|fu `pX$u

S>_[p_u k°hp L$fu l[u, A°hp b^peAp]$iÆ fpS>huAp°_° ‚°dp]$f`|hÆL.


‚¤yÁ_ MpQf_p Afie ‚L$pi_p°(1) L$pW$u Br[lpk A_° k¨ıL©$r[ qL≠$d[ Í$p.65(2) ‚pQu_ cpf[_p rh]°$iuep”u qL≠$d[ Í$p.70(3) c|Qf dp°fu_u gX$pB, A‚p‡e.(4) Br[lpk kyd_(g°Mk¨N∞l) qL≠$d[ Í$p.40(5) kp•fpÙ≤$-NyS>fp[_p ipkL$p°_u hïphmuAp° qL≠$d[ Í$p.56(6) kp°fW$_u rh¤pùW$ blpD]π$u_ L$p°g°S> qL≠$d[ Í$p.111(7) N∞¨\p° A_° rigpg°Mp° qL≠$d[ Í$p.11(8) [hpfuM (g°Mk¨N∞l) qL¨d[ Í$p.90(9) Br[lpk A°V$g° ? qL≠$d[ Í$p.150

Ap `yı[L$dp ¨ Cr[lpk_p° A\Æ, Ïepøep, Dèp°Np °,Br[lpk_p° Ap_¨]$, Br[lpk A_° fpÙ≤$ue A°L$[p, Br[lpk A_°rinZ, Br[lpk L°$d iuMhhp°, cpf[_p Br[lpk_p gnZp° hN°f°hN°f° ‚L$fZp° Ap`°gp R>°. NyS>fp[udp¨ kp• ‚\d Aphu ky¨]$f A_°JX$pZcfu rhN[p° Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu R>°. [° ıL|$gp°, L$p°g°≈° A_°rh¤p\wAp°_° M|b Dèp°Nu _uhX°$ [°d R>° [\p Br[lpk\u A≈Z

gp°L$p°_° `Z Br[lpk‚°du b_phhp ‚°fi°.

‚pq‡[ı\p_Anfcpf[u, hprZephpX$u,c|S>.

‚kpf, 1888, Ap[pcpB A°hfie|, cph_Nf.5∞^yÁ_ MpQf S|>_pNY$(0285 2614055)

dp°bpBg _¨.9879421025

‚ı[ph_pcpf[dp¨ Ly$g 562 ] °$iu fpƒep° l[p, S>°dp¨\u 222 fS>hpX$pAp° [p° L$pqW$ephpXdp¨ S>

l[p. A° fu[° L$pqW$ephpX fp≈Ap°\u cf°gy cf°gy l[y¨. Ap 222 fS>hpX$pAp°dp¨ 14 kgpdufpƒep° l[p. b^p fS>hpX$pAp°_p B.k.1863 \u 1 \u 7 hNÆ `pX$u ]°$hpdp¨ ApÏep l[p.

ƒepf° bu≈ kph _p_p [pgyL$]$pfp° l[p. `f¨[y A°dp_p OZp fpS>huAp°A° L$pqW$ephpX$_uS>_[p_u b°_d|_ k°hp L$fu A_° rhrh^ n°”° kNhX$[pAp° Apù l[u. S>° Ap fp≈Ap°A°fpS>L$ue, kpdprS>L$, Apr\ÆL$ n°”° L$pep£ L$epÆ L°$ L$pe]$p L°$ kyrh^pAp° Apù, A°_p pep D`f S>`R>u gp°L$iplu_p L$pmdp¨ ApNm Oœ L$pd QpÎey R>°. [° S>Í$f ≈°hy ≈°BA° L°$, fp≈Ap°A°rinZ, ]y$ÛL$pm, fp°∆¨]$u k°hp, V°$rgap°_, gpBV$, `pZu, ky^fpB, _hp Npdp° hkphhp,kprl–e_p n°”° D—°S>_, AphpNd__p kp^_p°, ]$p_^dÆ hN°f° hN°f° dpV°$ M|b S> L$peÆ L$eyÆ l[y.ApS>° L°$V$gpL$ L$pep£ [p° rhop_ eyNdp¨ Z Ap fp≈Ap°_u iÍ$ L$f°gu ¬^r[ dyS>b S> Qpg° R>°,]$p.[. ]y$ÛL$pm fpl[ ep°S>_p. Ap fp≈Ap°dp¨ S|>_pNY$_p _hpb dlpb[Mp_∆ bu≈,cph_Nf_p cphtkl∆ bu≈, dp°fbu_p hpO∆ W$pL$p°f bu≈, _hp_Nf_p ≈d fZ∆ A_°fpS>L$p°V$_p gpMp∆fpS>, Np¢X$g_p cNh[tkl∆ A_° Adf_Nf_p Adfphpmp A_°hqX$ep_p kyfNhpmp_p _pdp° gp°L$p°_u k°hp dpV°$ Br[lpkdp¨ kyhZpÆnf° L$p°[fhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°.

L$pqW$ephpX$_p OZp fpS>huAp°_u \p°X$uL$ rhi°j[pAp° kfMu flu R>°. S>° _uQ° dyS>b_uNZphu iL$pe.

(1) L$pqW$ephpX$_p OZp Mfp fpS>huAp° bpm Jdf° Np]$uA° b°W$p l[p A_° –epf° d°_°S>d°fiV$‹pfp A\hp fpS>dp[p ‹pfp fpƒe QpÎey l[y¨.

(2) L$pqW$ephpX$_p OZp fpS>huAp°A° B.k.1870dp¨ fpS>L$p°V$dp¨ ı\`pe°gu fpS>Ly$dpfL$p°g°S>dp¨ A_° H¡g°fiX$dp¨ `Z rinZ d°mÏey l[y¨.

(3) L$pqW$ephpX$_p ‚\d hNÆ_p OZp Mfp fpS>huAp°A° eyfp°`_p° A_° cpf[_p° ‚hpkL$ep£ l[p°. [°_u [°_p D`f JX$u R>p` X$u l[u, [°\u [°dZ° L$pqW$ephpX$dp f]°$ i S>°hu kNhX$[pAp°Ap`hp_p° ‚e–_ L$ep£ ]°$Mpe R>°.b¢L$p° `Z ı\pù l[u.

(4) L$pqW$ephpX$_p dp°V$p cpN_p fpS>huAp°_° b° \u h^y fpZuAp° l[p.(5) ]$f°L$ fpS>huAp°A° rinZ_u kyrh^p h^pfhp p°[p_p ‚dpZdp¨ h^[p Ap°R>p ‚e–_p°

L$epÆ l[p A_° OZp Mfp fpS>huAp°A° ‚p\rdL$ riˇpZ da[ L$eyÆ l[y¨.(6) ]$f°L$ fpS>huAp°A° R>‡`r_ep ]y$ÛL$pmdp¨(B.k.1900)‚≈_° M|b S> fpl[

`lp¢QpX$u(S>°dp¨ cph_Nf fpƒe AÏhg _¨bf°) l[u A_° ]y$ÛL$pm hM[° A_°L$ fpl[p° Apùdl°k|g `Z dpa L$f[p l[p. ]$f°L$ fp≈ M°X|$[_u kyMpL$pfu dpV°$ rQ¨[u[ fl°[p° l[p°.

Ap fpS>huAp°_p `|hÆ≈°A° M°X|$[p° `pk° L$pqW$ephpX$_u ^f[u_° fkpm A_° M°X$hpZb_phu l[u A_° A°_p D`f [°d_p hï≈°A° L$pqW$ephpX$_u b°_d|_ Bdpf[ bp¨û l[u, S>°kyhZÆdeu Bdpf[ Ap`Zp lp\dp¨ B.k.1947dp¨ Apù l[u. S>°_° lh° Ap`Z° rhL$kphuS> f¸p R>uA°.


g°ML$p°_p° `qfQeÓu ` ∞¤ yÁ_L y $dpf cNycpB MpQf ° (S>fid 6 a °b ∞ yApfu

1969)^d£fi÷tkl∆ L$p°g°S> fpS>L$p°V$dp¨\u dyøe rhje Br[lpk kp\° bu.A°._uX$uN∞u aıVÆ$L$gpk kp\° d°mhu, –epfbp]$ B.k. 1991dp¨ kp•fpÛV≤$ eyr_hrkÆV$u_p¨Br[lpk ch_dp¨\u A°d. A°._u X$uN∞u aıVÆ$L$gpk aıVÆ$ d°mhu, ‚p°. L°$ihgpglvd[gpg L$pd]$pf ‚pBT d°mÏey¨.[°Ap°A° L$p°g°S>L$pmdp¨ N¨Np°”u Np•dyM A_°d_pgudp¨ V≤°$qL≠$N L°$Á`p° L$f°g A_° A°_. ku.ku._y¨ ""ku'' kV$wqaL°$V$ bu N∞°X$ kp\°d°mÏey¨ R>°. ¨≈b_u Aip¨[ qfsı\r[ hM[° qafp°S>`yf (`¨≈b) dyL$pd° ÓuA°k.A°_. kyÂbpfph (Q¨bg_p¨ X$pLy$Ap°_y¨ ]$e qfh[Æ_ L$fph_pf) kp\° _°i_g ey\‚p°S>°L$V$_p¨ L°$Á`dp¨ AN–e_u L$pdNufu b≈h°g. NyS>fp[ kfL$pf ‹pfp ep°≈[p""Ap`Zu kfl]$ Ap°mMp°'' L$peÆæ$ddp¨ cpN gB cpf[-`pqL$ı[p__u kfl]$D`f afu_° rhN[p° d°mhu l[u.[°Ap°A° NyS>fp[u rhL$p°idp¨ Ar^L$fZp° ZgM°g R>°. Ap rkhpe _h_u[ kd`ÆZ, Ly$dpf, hgp°L$√R>X$p°, `r\L$ A_°kïp° _dp¨ Ahpf _hpf g°Mp° gM° R>°.S|>_pNY$_p¨ p°guk [pgud dlprh¤pgedp¨`Z dygpL$p[u Ïepøep[p [fuL°$ k°hp Apù R>°,ku]$kf dyL$pd° ApB. A°. A°k._p[pgud hNp£dp¨ Z dygpL$p[u Ïepøep[p [fuL°$ k°hp Apù R>°. R>°Îgp 8 hjÆ\u[°Ap° kp•fpÛV≤$ L$√R> Br[lpk qfj]$_p¨ d¨”u R>°.kp•fpÛV≤$_° dpV°$ Mpk [p° [°Ap°_y¨‚]$p_ A° NZpi° L°$ R>°Îgp ”Z°L$$ hjÆ\u kp•fpÛV≤$_p¨ ‚r[rÛW$[ AMbpf ""a|gR>pb''dp¨ ""kp•fpÛV≤$ Br[lpk_° p_°'' _pd_u gp°L$r‚e L$V$pf iÍ$ L$fu [°dp¨ il°fp° A_°Npdp°_p° ‚dpZc|[ A•r[lprkL$ `qfQe L$fph° R>°. Ap dpV°$ `p°[° Npd°Npd_p¨‚hpk L$fu kp•fpÛV≤$_u f[u My]$u h˝ep R>° A_° kp\p°kp\ S>° [° ı\mp°_u ap°V$p°N∞pauL$fu R>°. [°Ap°_p ap°V$p°N∞pau_p ‚]$iÆ_p° S|>_pNY$, fpS>L$p°V$, ≈d_Nf ‚cpk`pV$ZhN°f° ı\m° ep°≈ep R>°,[°Ap°_u pk° Afie A•r[lprkL$ [ıhufp°_p° dp°V$p° k¨N∞lR>°. S>epf° Ap L$V$pf`|ZÆ \e° Ap rhN[p° yı[L$pL$pf° ‚NV$ \i° –epf° rhfpV$L$peÆ`|ZÆ L$eyÆ NZpi°. lpgdp¨ [°Ap° X$p°. kycpj drlgp L$p°g°S>dp¨ Br[lpk rhcpN_pÄ›en R>°.

bu≈ g°ML$ ‚p.ù. Apf dpÍ Z Br[lpk_p A¬ep`L$ R>° A_° [°Ap°‚p. MpQf kp\° S> k°hp b≈h°R>° A_° bfifip° kp\° cŒep R>°.[°Ap° 10 qX$k°Ábf1968_p fp°S kd°Np([p.bp¨V$hp)dp¨ S>fidep R>° A_° blpD]π$u_ L$p°g°S>dp¨\ubu.A°._u ]$hu d°mhu A°d.A°. aıVÆ$L$gpk pk (Br[lpk ch_ k•p.eyr_.)\ep l[p.[°Ap° 11 hÛpÆ_p° i•ˇprZL$ A_ych fph° R>°.

Ap `yı[L$dp¨ L$pqW$ephpX$_p ‚\d hNÆ\u dp¨X$u_° R>Ã$p hNÆ kyû_p fp≈Ap°_u _uQ°_pdy]$pAp°_u rhN[p° Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu R>°. S>fid [pfuM, AÊepk, fpƒepfp°lZ, AphL$,M¨X$Zu, hkr[, ky^pfp L°$ L$pep£, Ahkp_ hN°f° hN°f° `Z Alv Adpfu d|¨ThZ A° flu R>°L°$, ]$f°L$ fp≈_u A°L$ `°BTdp¨ S> rhN[ Ap`hp_u lp°e [°\u Oœ ºep¨L$ QyL$pey li°. Ad° Apfp≈Ap°_y¨ [° eyN A_° kde ‚dpZ° d|Îep¨L$_ L$fu Ap`_u kdn _d∞ cph° fS|> L$eyÆ R>°.

ApTp]$u R>u S>fid°gp gp°L$p° Ap fp≈Ap°_p L$pep£ A_° AÊepk rhi° ≈Zu fp≈iplu_ukpfu bpb[p°\u dprl[Npf \pe A_° [°Ap°A° L$pqW$ephpX$_u S>_[p_u L°$hu k°hp L$fu kyrh^pAp°Apù l[u [°_p° øepg d°mh° kp\° kp\° [°Ap°_p ap°V$p ≈°B iL°$ [° l°[y Adpfp° fl°gp° R>°.

ApS>_p ipkL$p°A° L$]$pQ kNhX$[pAp° S>Í$f h^y Apù R>°, Z [°_y L$pfZ rhop_ A_°V°$L$_p°gp°∆_p° rhL$pk \ep° R>°, [°\u h^y kNhX$[pAp° dmu R>°. ipkL$p° L°$hu L°$hu kyrh^pAp°Ap`° A_° ‚≈_p° L°$hp° øepg fpM° [°_u Ap fp≈Ap°_u ApS>_p ipkL$p° kp\° [yg_p L$f° ZA° øepg fpM° L°$, –epf° eyN ∞dpZ° OZu bû kyrh^pAp° Apù l[u.Ap yı[L$ A°d.A°._pBr[lpk_p rh^p\wAp°_° `Z k¨]$cÆN∞¨\ [fuL°$ L$pd gpN° [°hy R>°.

Ap yı[L$_p° Ap ‚\d cpN R>°, lh° R>u bu≈ cpNdp¨ bpL$u fl°gp Afie fpS>huAp°_p`qfQe Ap`hp_u Adpfu ^pfZp R>°. Ap\u bpL$u fl°gp fpS>huAp°_p ap°V$p°N∞pa A_° [°_urhN[p° lh° `R>u hpQL$p°_p ‚r[cph A_° ‚p°–kpl_ A_ykpf Ap`hpdp¨ Aphi°.

Ap yı[L$ ‚NV$ L$f[u hM[° L°$V$gpL$ Ïesº[–hp° Ad_° Dèp°Nu r_hX$Èp R>° [°Ap°_° ıdfugBA° kp•‚\d fS>hpX$u ap°V$p°N∞paf ıh.ù.A°d.≈°iu L°$ S>°Ap°A° Adpfp Ly$Vy¨b_u (‚¤yÁ_MpQf)A_°L$ [ıhufp° guû R>°, A°d_p `y” cf[cpBA° Adpfp k¨N∞l blpf_u L°$V$guL$[ıhufp° lı[° dp°Y°$ Apù R>°, A°d_p Ad° A°d_p Apcpfu bfiep R>uA°.

_°i_g ApL$pÆBÏS> q]$Îlu, hX$p°]$fp, fpS>L$p°V$, S|>_pNY$_p NyS>fp[ fpS>e_pArcg°MpNpfp° [\p hp°V$k_ ÁeyrTed fpS>L$p°V$, ]$fbpf lp°g ÁeyrTed S|>_pNY$_p° Apcpf.

Ap rkhpe fpS>bphp d°^fpS>∆ ^p¨N^∞p, kpegp_p dlpfpZp `©’hufpS>tkl∆,S>k]$Z ]$.Óu k–e∆[tkl∆ MpQf, Ly$.Óu apÎNy_tkl∆ QyX$p, eyhfpS>Óu dl°fi]$≤tkl∆bugMp, L$p°W$pqfep W$p.O_Ìepdtkl∆ [\p Adpfp r‚rfik`pg bu.S>°. hpV$rgep [\pAdpfp NyÍ$ ‚p.A°k.hu.≈_u A_° ‚p.ù.∆. L$p°fpV$ ,‚p.`pÍgb°_ k[prkep [\p ApQpeÆÓulkdyM Ïepk, ,‚p. kyf°i pf°M ,‚p. A°d.A°d. fphg ,_•p[dcpB ]$h° A_° Ap yı[L$_y¨ky¨]$f V$pBV$g b_phu Ap`_pf S>e°i iyºg [\p V$pB` k°V$vN L$fu Ap`_pf iugy Np•[d A_°‚L$piL$ `yÛ`fpS> fpdLy$cpB ^p^g A_° r‚fiV$vN L$fu Ap`_pf Ap]$iÆ r‚fiV$vN ‚°khpmpaTg Beg hN°f°_p° `Z Ad° Apcpf dp_uA° R>uA°.

[p. 12 dpQÆ 2005 ‚p. ‚¤yÁ_ c. MpQf

‚p. ù.Apf. dpÍ$ S|>_pNY$


A_yæ$drZL$p(1) _hpb dlpb[Mp_∆ bu≈, S|>_pNY$.B.k.1851\u1882.(2) _hpb blp]|$fMp_∆ ”u≈, S|>_pNY$. B.k.1882\u1892.(3) _hpb fkygMp_∆, S|>_pNY. B.k.1892\u1911.(4) _hpb dlpb[Mp_∆ ”u≈, S|_pNY$.B.k.1911\u1948.(5) ≈d rhcp∆, ≈d_Nf.B.k.1852\u1903.(6) ≈d fZ∆[rk¨l∆ - ≈d_Nf.B.k.1907 \u1933.(7) ≈d q]$s¡hS>etkl∆ - ≈d_Nf.B.k.1933 \u1948.(8) fpS> dp_tkl∆, ^p¨N^∞p.B.k.1869\u 1900.(9) fpS> A∆[tkl∆, ^p¨N^∞p.B.k.1900 \u 1911.(10) fpS> O_Ìepdtkl∆, ^p¨N^∞p.B.k. 1911 \u1942.(11) fpS> deyf¬hS>tkl∆, ^p¨N^∞p..B.k.1942 \u 1948.(12) dlpfp≈ [ø[tkl∆ - cph_Nf..B.k.1869 \u 1896.(13) dlpfp≈ cphtkl∆ bu≈ - cph_Nf..B.k.1896 \u 1919.(14) dlpfp≈ L©ÛZLy$dpftkl∆- cph_Nf. .B.k.1919 \u 1948(15) dlpfpZp rhL$dp[∆, p°fb¨]$f..B.k. 1881 \u 1900.(16) dlpfpZp _V$hftkl∆, `p°fb¨]$f. B.k. 1908 \u 1948.(17) W$pL$p°fkp. k¨N∞pd∆, Np°¨X$g. .B.k. 1851 \u1869.(18) dlpfp≈ cNh[tkl∆, Np¢X$g..B.k. 1869 \u 1944.(19) dlpfp≈ cp°S>fpS>∆, Np¢X$g..B.k. 1944 \u 1948.(20) W$pL$p°fkp. S>kh¨[tkl∆, gvbX$u..B.k.1862 \u 1907.(21) W$pL$p°fkp. ]$p°g[tkl∆, gvbX$u..B.k.1907 \u 1940.(22) W$pL$p°fkp. q]$s¡hS>etkl∆, gvbX$u..B.k.1940 \u 1941.(23) W$pL$p°fkp. bphp∆fpS>, fpS>L$p°V$..B.k.1862 \u 1890.(24) W$pL$p°fkp. gpMp∆fpS>, fpS>L$p°V$..B.k. 1890 \u 1930.(25) W$pL$p°fkp. ^d°fi÷tkl∆, fpS>L$p°V$..B.k.1930 \u 1940 .(26) W$pL$p°fkp. fhp°∆ buS>p, dp°fbu..B.k.1846 \u 1870.(27) kf hpO∆ W$pL$p°f bu≈, dp°fbu..B.k.1870 \u 1922.(28) dlpfp≈ gMOuf∆, dp°fbu..B.k.1922 \u 1948.(29) dlpfpZp hM[tkl∆, kpegp..B.k.1881 \u 1924.(30) dlpfpZp d]$pftkl∆ bu≈, kpegp. .B.k.1924 \u 1938.(31) dlpfpZp L$fZtkl∆, kpegp..B.k.1938 \u 1948.(32) W$pL$p°fkp.]$p∆fpS>, hY$hpZ..B.k.1875 \u 1885.

(33) W$pL$p°fkp.bpgtkl∆, hY$hpZ..B.k.1885 \u 1910.(34) W$pL$p°fkp.dp_tkl∆, `pgu[pZp..B.k.1885 \u 1905.(35) W$pL$p°fkp.blp]|$ftkl∆, `pgu[pZp..B.k.1905 \u 1948.(36) W$pL$p°fkp.k|ftkl∆, gpW$u..B.k.1895 \u 1900.(37) W$pL$p°fkp. ‚lgp]$rk¨l∆, gpW$u..B.k. 1918 \u 1948.(38) fpS>kpl°b b_°tkl∆, hp¨L$p_°f..B.k. 1861 \u 1881.(39) dlpfpS>p Adftkl∆, hp¨L$p_°f..B.k.1881 \u 1948.(40) W$pL$p°fkp.]$p°g[tkl∆, ^∞p°m..B.k.1914 \u1939.(41) W$pL$p°fkp.d|mhp∆, L$p°V$X$pkp¨NpZu..B.k.1879 \u 1913.(42) W$pL$p°fkp. k|fp∆, huf`yf..B.k.1851 \u 1918.(43) W$pL$p°fkp.lqfÔQ¨÷tkl∆, d|mu..B.k.1905 \u 1948.(44) W$pL$p°fkp.fpeqk¨l∆, dprmep..B.k.1907 \u 1930.(45) W$pL$p°fkp.k|ftkl∆,Mufkfp..B.k.1920 \u(46) ]$.Óu ApgpMpQf l°gp, S>k]$Z..B.k.1851 \u 1904(47) ]$.Óu ApgpMpQf bu≈, S>k]$Z..B.k.1925 \u 1948.(48) ]$.Óu cpephpmp, bNkfp..B.k.1943 \u 1948.(49) ]$.Óu gˇdZhpmp, \pZp]°$hmu.(Adf_Nf).B.k.1883 \u 1922.(50) ]$.Óu Adfphpmp, \pZp]$°hmu..B.k.1922 \u 1948 .(51) ]$.Óu fph[hpmp, rbgMp..B.k.1920 \u 1948.(52) ]$.Óu S>°W$kyfcpB MpQf ApZ¨]$`yf..B.k.1890 \u 1905.(53) W$pL$p°fkp.b°Qftkl∆ QyX$p.B.k.1854 \u 1908.(54) W$pL$p°fkp.≈°fphftkl∆ QyX$p .B.k.1908 \u 1920 .

k¨]$cÆk|rQ


1. _hpb dlpb[Mp_∆ bpbu bu≈-S|>_pNY$S|>_pNY$_p `p¨Qdp _hpb lpd]$Mp_∆ bu≈_p Ahkp_ `R>u [°d_p _p_p cpB

dlpb[Mp_∆ bu≈ Np]$uA° b°W$p l[p. [° blp]|$fMp_∆ bu≈_p _pSy>bubu_p `°V°$Ah[f°gp [°Ap° r`[p_p Ahkp_ kde° fp^_`yf l[p. –ep¨\u Aphu [p.11-8-1851_pfp°S> Np]$uA° b°W$p l[p. `f¨[y [°Ap°_u Jdf dp” 14 hjÆ_u lp°hp\u fpƒe_p° hluhV$fuS>fiku L$pDsfikg_° kp¢`hpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p°. Ap fuS>fikuA° B.k.1858 kyû hluhV$QgpÏep° l[p°. _hpb_p rinZ [fa A¨N∞°≈° `Z Mpk ¬ep_ fpMhp gp¡ep l[p. Ap\u_hpb dlpb[Mp_∆ bu≈_° A¨N∞°∆ cpjp iuMhhp ‚cy]$pk d\yf]$pk A_° kp°d_pfpeZ_f_pfpeZ_° [\p apfku cpjp iuMhhp dy_iu ≈_dld]$_° fp°L$hpdp¨ ApÏep l[p. Ap_hpb_° R> b°Ndp° l[u.

S| >_pNY$ fpS>e_uhkr[ B.k.1881dp¨ 387,499. B.k.1891dp¨484,190.B.k.1901dp¨ 365,428. B.k.1911dp¨ 434,422. B.k.1921dp¨465,493. B.k.1931dp¨ 545,152 l[u

Ap _hpb° kp•fpÙ≤$_u Y$Ngpb¨^ k¨ı\pAp°_° ]$p_ A_° Sy>]$p Sy>]$p a¨X$p°, B_pdp° Ap‡epl[p [\p kprl–eL$pfp°_° Z d]$]$ Apù l[u [°dZ° Ly$g Í$p.1,86,939_u fL$d_y¨ ]$p_ L$eÆyl[y¨. Ap D`fp¨[ ≈l°fL$pep£ dpV°$ A_° Sy>]$u Sy>]$u k¨ı\pAp°_° Í$p.3,54,362_y¨ ]$p_ Ap‡eyl[y¨. [°d_p kdeNpmp ]$fÁep_ S>L$p[, b¨]$f, [pf, f°gh°, fiepe, ‚°k, V¨$L$ipm, p°ıV$ hN°f°n°”° dl“h_p ky^pfp°Ap° \ep l[p. B.k.1864dp¨ kp•fpÙ≤$ `p°ıV$ Ap°rak_u ı\p`_p L$fuB.k.1876dp¨ ^p°fp∆-S|_pNY$ kyû_u V°$qgN∞pa gpB_ `p°[p_p MQ£ V$°qgN∞pa Mp[p_°L$fu Apù l[u. B.k.1870dp¨ X$p°.Adu]$pk d_∆_p lp\ _uQ° ]$hpMp_y ı\p‡ey l[y. Aprkhpe NyS>fp[u r_ipm, k¨ıL©$[ pW$ipmp, gpX$gububu L$fiep ipmp, lpBÆıL|$g, _ftklgpeb∞°fu, fpS>‚L$fZu L$p°VÆ$ hN°f° b_phhpdp¨ ApÏep l[p. [°dZ° `p°[p_p ‚hpk ]$fÁep_q]$Îlu, ApN∞p A_° S>e`yfdp¨ S>° dl°gp° ≈°ep l[p [°hp dl°gp° b_phu S|>_pNY$_u ip°cpdp¨h©qŸ L$fu l[u. [°dZ° Ape_p dl°g, L$Q°fu dl°g, afpkMp_y, kΩ$fbpN, dp°[ubpN,`pBbpN, fu[mph hN°f° bp¨¬ep l[p. ApS>° S>° kLÆ$g Qp°L$ R>° [° Qp¨]$_u Qp°L$ L$l°hp[p° –ep¨dlpb[ kLÆ$g b_pÏey¨, –ep¨\u ]$rnZ [fa ]$uhp_ Qp°L$ A_° dlpb[ kLÆ$g\u D—f° dp¨X$huQp°L$ b_phu Ap b^p ı\m° ky¨]$f dL$p_p° A_° L$dp_p°hpmp ]$fhp≈ b¨^pÏep l[p. [°dZ°300 L°]$u kdpe iL°$ [°hu ≈°lfp_u S>°g ≈°B [°_p S>°hu S>°g S|>_pNY$dp¨ b¨^phu l[u. Aprkhpe dp°V$p L$p°W$pf, gpgfkpgp, umpfkpgp, ]$a[fMp_y, dl°dp_]$pfu, A]$pg[, dp¨X$hu,gpfikkÆ, _hp D[pfp, ldpd A_° Qpf dykpafMp_p b¨^pÏep l[p. [°dZ° bpfpilu]$_udsıS>]$, kLÆ$g `pR>m_u dsıS>]$ A_° dykpafMp_p_u dsıS>]$ `Z [°dZ° b¨^phu l[u.dlpb[ dL$bfp_y bp¨ L$pd [°dZ° iÍ$ L$fpÏey l[y. [°d_° B.k.1871dp¨ L°$.ku.A°k.ApB._p°BÎL$pb d˛ep° l[p°.Ap fu[° S|>_pNY$_° iZNpf_pf A_° S|>_pNY$_p Ap^yq_L$ OX$h•ep [°l[p [°d L$lu iL$pe. [°d_y¨ d©–ey [p.29-9-1882_p fp°S> \ey¨. [°d_° A^yfp b¨^pe°gpdlpb[ dL$bfpdp¨ ]$a_ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep l[p.

2


2. _hpb blp]y$fMp_∆ ”u≈ - S|>_pNY$S|>_pNY$_p R>Ã$p _hpb dlpb[Mp_∆ bu≈_p Ahkp_ R>u [°d_p y” blp]y$fMp_∆

S|>_pNY$_p _hpb [fuL°$ ApÏep l[p.[°Ap°_p° S>fid [p.22-1-1856_p fp°S> \ep° l[p°°.S>°dZ° fpS>L$p°V$_u fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>dp¨ rinZ d°mÏey l[y¨. [°d_p r`[pÓu_p kdedp¨ p°[°hluhV$dp¨ cpN g°[p A_° fpƒe_y¨ p°guk Mp[y k¨cpm[p l[p. [°dZ° fpSLy$dpf L$p°g°S>dpÄÊepk `|ZÆ L$fu B.k.1873-74dp¨ L$_Æg g°ıV$f_u kp\° tl]y$ı[p__p° ‚hpk L$ep£ l[p°.[°d_° `p¨Q b°Ndp° l[u. `f¨[y A°L°$e_° `y” _ l[p°. [°d_p kdedp¨ S|>_pNY$ fpƒeA° OZu‚Nr[ L$fu Ap^yr_L$[p_p Jdf° Aphu_° Dcy f¸y l[y¨. ]$pdp°]$f Ly¨$X$ D`f `yg b¨^phhpdpÄpÏep°. ]$p[pf_p Xy¨$Nf_p fı[° g°`f A°kpBgd_p° r‚fik ApÎbVÆ$ rhºV$f_p lp\° `pep°_¨Mpep° l[p°. [°d_p kdedp¨ L$p]y$ dL$fpZu_p blpfhV$p_p° `∞k¨N bfiep° l[p°. Ap rkhpeL$_X$p Xy¨$Nf D`f _hpb_p gÌL$f° d•epAp° D`f Np°muAp° Qgphu [°\u [° l–epL$p¨X$dp¨ 68d•epAp° dfpep A_° [°dp¨ A°L$ ˜u `Z d©–ey `pdu l[u. Ap\u kp°fW$dp¨ lplpL$pf dQu Nep°l[p°.

S| >_pNY$ il°f_u hkr[ B.k.1881dp¨ 24,679. B.k.1891dp¨31,640.B.k.1901dp¨ 34,251. B.k.1911dp¨ 35,413. B.k.1921dp¨33,221.B.k.1931dp¨39,890. B.k.1941dp¨58,511.B.k.1951dp¨62,730.B.k.1961dp¨74298_u l[u. B.k.2001dp¨ S|>_pNY$_u hkr[ 4,20,623_u l[u.

S|>_pNY$ fpƒedp¨ [°Ap°A° S>Í$fu ky^pfpAp° Z ]$pMg L$epÆ l[p. [°Ap°A° NpdX$pAp°_udl°k|g DOfphhp B≈fp A`p[p l[p, [° `∞\p b¨^ L$fu [gpV$uAp° ‹pfp dl°k|g g°hp_y¨^p°fZ ]$pMg L$eyÆ l[y. [°\u M°X|$[p°_° OZu fpl[ dmu l[u. fp°L$qX$ep pL$ A_° am-ipL$cp∆D`f hS>°cpN_° b]$g° fp°L$X$ rhOp°V$u g°hp_u iÍ$Ap[ [°dZ° L$fphu l[u. B.k.1887dp¨rinZ_° D—°S>_ Ap`hp dpV°$ rhºV$p°qfep ƒeybugu S|>_pNY$ ıL$p°gfiu` (Í$p.3000) iÍ$L$fu l[u. Ap rkhpe Í$p.2000_u ”Z ıL$p°gfiu` H¡g°fiX$ AÊepk L$fhp S>hp dpV°$ Apùl[u. [°d_° [p.6-11-1890_p fp°S> ∆.ku.ApB.B._p° rM[pb ≈l°f L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep°l[p°. Ap dpV°$_p° ]$fbpf [p.20-11-1890_p fp°S> fpS>Lp°V$dp¨ cfu p°guV$uL$g A°S>fiV$_plp\° [° rM[pb Ap`hpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p°. [°d_p L$pmdp¨ Í$p.23,32,786/2/0_u fpƒe_uAphL$ l[u A_° Í$p.21,07,871/7/6_u ≈hL$ l[u. [°d_p kdedp¨ S|>_pNY$dp¨ dlpb[d÷°kp, af¡eyk_ `yg, qNf_pf A_° ]$p[pf_p `Nr\ep, ip`yf_p° qL$Îgp°, `’\f_p rk¨lp°hN°f° L$pep°Æ S|>_pNY$_° iZNpfhp dpV°$ \ep l[p. Ap D`fp¨[ [°d_p kdedp¨ 19 ≈fieyApfu,1888_p fp°S> S|>_pNY$dp¨ f°gh°_p° ‚\d ‚h°i \ep° –epf° [° OV$_p_u ep]$Nufu fpMhp dpV°$L°$‡V$_ L°$_°X$u_p lp\° `p°guV$uL$g L$_Æg hyX$lpDk _pd_y¨ `fy hkphhp_y¨ Mp[dylz[Æ L$eyÆ l[y¨.

`R>u [p.1 k‡V°$Ábf 1888_p fp°S> S>°[gkf S|>_pNY$ f°gh°_p° rhr^kf ‚pf¨c \ep°l[p°. S>epf° S|>_pNY$ h°fphm f°gh°_p° ‚pf¨c [p.1 a°b∞yApfu 1889_p fp°S> \ep° l[p°. Ap_hpb_p kdedp¨ blpD]$u_cpBA° _hp dyL°gp f° N°BV$_u ]$rnZ° dL$p_p° bp¨¬ep A_° D—f[fa_p dL$p_p° fpƒe° b¨^pÏep l[p. [p.21-1-1892_p fp°S> [°Ap° Ahkp_ pÁep. [°d_°L$p°VÆ kpd°_p dlpb[ dL$bfpdp¨ ]$a_ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep.¨

4


3. _hpb fkygMp_∆ bpbu - S|>_pNY$S|_pNY$_p kp[dp ipkL$ blp]y$fMp_∆ ”u≈_p Ahkp_ bp]$ M|b Ap_pL$p_u bp]$

fkygMp_∆ S|>_pNY$_p >ipkL$ bfiep l[p. [°Ap° Ap°rgep `yÍ$j [fuL°$ Ap°mMp[p l[p.[°Ap°_° fpS>L$pS> L$f[p ^dÆdp¨ h^y fk l[p°. ƒepf° [°Ap° _hpb _ l[p –epf° [°d_° dm[u∆hpB_u fL$d Z dpÆ]$pdp¨ hp`fu _p¨M[p. [°dZ° Bfi]$°$≤Ôhfdlp]°$h (]$p°g[`fp) kyû_p°fı[p° A_° N•pipmp bp¨û Apù l[u. [°Ap° krlÛœ ipkL$ l[p. [°Ap°_y¨ ∆h_ aL$uf S>°hykp]$NuceyÆ l[y¨. Ap\u [°d_p cpB_p Ahkp_ kde° fkygMp_∆ rkhpe bu≈_° Np]$udm° [° dpV°$ ‚e–_p° L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep l[p. [°Ap° r_fnf A_° aL$uf S>°hp lp°hp\u Np]$uA°]$gMp_∆_° dmhu ≈°BA° A°hy Dcy L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey l[y. f¨[y h∆f blpD]π$u_cpB A_°_peb ]$uhp_ `yÍ$jp°[d Tpgp_p ‚e–_p°\u [°d_° Np]$u dmu l[u.

[°d_p° S>fid [p.30-7-1858_p fp°S> b°Nd _|fby_p `°V°$ \ep° l[p°. [°Ap° _hpbdlpb[Mp_∆ bu≈_p `y” l[p. `Z bpÎehı\pdp¨ [°d_p rinZ [fa L$p°B ¬ep_Ap`hpdp¨ ApÏey _ l[y¨. _hpb fkygMp_∆_° Ad_bø[°, L°$kfbpB A_° ApeipbubuA°d ”Z b°Ndp° l[u. Ap _hpb_p kdedp¨ S> blpD]π$u_ L$p°g°S>, blpD]π$u_ S>mpie,rhL$V$p°qfep X$ped¨X$ S>eybugu dlp°–kh, blp]|$fMp_∆ gpeb∞°fu, fkygMp_∆ lp°sı`V$g,bp°V$p°q_L$g NpXÆ$_, Apeyh£]$ apdÆku, Aip°L$_p rigpg°M D`f dL$p_, ip`yf-dpZph]$f,dpZph]$f-bp¨V$hp f°gh° Ası[“hdp¨ ApÏÈp l[p.blpD]π$u_ L$p°g°S> bp¨^hp dpV°$blpD]π$u_cpBA° p°[p_° S>° kfidp_dp¨ fL$d dmu l[u [°dp¨ Í$p.20,000 Dd°fu_° p°[p_y¨_pd L$ped fl° [° dpV°$ L¨$BL$ bp¨^hp_y¨ L¸y,Ap\u blpD]π$u_L$p°g°S> bp¨^hp_y¨ _Ω$u \ey A_°[° bp¨^L$pddp¨ OV$[u fL$d Ap _hpb° Dd°fu l[u. [°d_p kdedp¨ `pV$Zdp¨ L$p°du D`÷hp°\ep l[p –epf° A°S>fiku_p Ap]°$i\u L$_Æg A°Q.S>°.l¨V$f_p ‚dyM`Zp l°W$m A°L$ L$rdi__udhpdp¨ ApÏey l[y¨ S>°Z° [p.2-5-1893_p fp°S> Al°hpg Ap‡ep° A_° fpƒe° b¨_°L$p°dp°_° ip¨[ L$fhp ‚e–_p° L$ep°Æ l[p°. [°d_p fpƒedp¨ h°Ìeph©r[ A_° ]$pÍ$ D`f ‚r[b¨^ l[p°.[°Ap°_p ipk_ ]$fÁep_ M°[u ky^pfZp_p ‚e–_p° \ep l[p. [°d_p L$peÆL$pmdp¨ L$√R>-dp¨X$hu_p cZkpmu Ìepd∆L©$ÛZ hdpÆ_u ]$uhp_ [fuL°$ r_dZ|¨L$ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u. f¨[yAdyL$ L$pfZp°kf [°d_° R> dpkdp¨ Ry>V$p L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep l[p. _hpb fkygMp_∆_p kdedp¨]$uhp_ ]$ D`f ]$ k ]$uhp_p° b]$gpep l[p. [°Ap°_p _pd_u fpS>L$p°V$dp¨ _hpb fkygMp_∆T_p_p lp°sı`V$g Aph°gu R>°.

B.k.1897\u fkygMp_∆ _p kde\u S|>_pNY$ fpS>edp¨ bS>°V$ b_phhp_u iÍAp[\B l[u,S>° ‚\p `R>u Qpgy flu l[u. [°Ap°A° tl]y$_p r[\Æı\mp°_° `Z d]$]$ L$fu l[u.

B.k.1899dp¨ [°d_° L°$.ku.ku.ApB._p° BÎL$pb dlpfpZu rhL$V$p°qfep [fa\u A_°B.k.1908dp¨ ∆.ku.A°k.ApB._p° BÎL$pb d˛ep° l[p°. [°d_p L$pmdp¨ 21 Npdp° _hphkphhpdp¨ ApÏep [\p tklp°_u ‚\dhpf hı[u NZ[fu L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u. [°d_u kp•\udl“h_u bpb[ dysıgd S>N[_p Cr[lpkdp¨ A° NZphu iL$pe L°$, [°dZ° `p°[° `p°[p_yÄX$^p L$]$_y¨ bphgy Bıgpd r_fpL$pfdp¨ dp_[p° lp°hp R>[p¨ b_phfpÏey¨ l[y¨. [° ApS>° ]$fbpflp°g ÁeyrTed S|>_pNY$dp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. [°Ap°_y¨ [p.22-1-1911_p fp°S> Ahkp_ \eyÄ_° [°d_° L$p°VÆ$ kpd°_p dlpb[ dL$bfpdp¨ ]$a_ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep l[p.

6


4. _hpb dlpb[Mp_∆ ”u≈ - S|>_pNY$>S|>_pNY$_p _hdp A_° R>°âp ipkL$ dlpb[Mp_∆ ”u≈_p° S>fid [p. 2-8-

1900_p fp°S> S|>_pNY$dp¨ Apeipbubu_p `°V°$ _hpb fkygMp_∆_p O°f \ep° l[p°.[°Ap°A° H¡g°fiX$dp¨ A_° AS>d°f_u d°ep° L$p°g°S>dp¨ rinZ d°mÏey l[y¨. Ap _hpb M|b S>ku^p kp]$p A_° r_ÏÆek_u l[p. _pV$L$_p [p° A°hp ip°Mu_ l[p L°$ p°[° Mpk f¨Nd¨Q b_phu`p°[p_p `k¨]$Nu_p dpZkp° h√Q° `p°[° `Z _pV$L$ cS>h[p l[p. `p°[° ifdpm ‚L©$r[_plp°hp\u blpf blz Ap°R>p S>[p A_° S>yÁdp_u _dpS> X$hp Z blpf S>[p _lu¨. [°Ap°_°rb∞V$ui k°_p_p dp_]$ L°$‡V$_, dp_]$ d°S>f, dp_]$ L$_Æg_p lp°]$pAp° d˛ep l[p. [°Ap° Qyı[dysıgd l[p A_° tl]y$ d¨q]$fp° A_° kp^yAp°_° `Z d]$]$ L$f_pfp krlÛœ A_° ]$epmy ipkL$l[p. [°Ap°_° rl¨]y$ S>ep°r[jdp¨ Ó¬^p l[u A_° b^p k¨[p_p°_u Ly¨$X$mu b_phfph[p, dpZ°L$ı[¨c fp°`[p. Af° ! rhrg¡X$_ X°$d A_° h°fphmdp¨ A°L$ dL$p__p° `pep° NZ°i `|≈ L$fu tl]y$rhr^\u L$ep£ l[p°. ]$pdp°]$fLy¨$X°$ g°hp[p° L$f [°dZ° b¨^ L$ep£ l[p°. M°Xy|[p°_y g°œ `p°[° Np]$uA°b°ku dpa L$eyÆ l[y. ApMp fpS>edp¨ ‚p\rdL$ L°$mhZu da[ L$fu l[u.ıhcph° dpepmy A_°Ddfph q]$g_p [V$ı\ fieper‚e ipkL$ l[p. ]$p.[. h°fphm_p `p¨Q tl]y$ M|_ L°$kdp¨ [°dZ°[V$ı\[p `|ZÆ fiepe Apù ^dÆ krlÛZy[p_p° `yfphp° `yfp° `pX$Èp° l[p° A_° dysıgdp°_p° M|bS> rhfp°^ lp°hp R>[p¨ dysıgdp°_u k≈ OV$pX$u _ l[u. dlpb[Mp_∆_p L$pmdp¨ [p.20-4-1934_p fp°S> h°fphmdp¨ A_° S|>_pNY$dp¨ ıV°$V$ b°¨L$, S|>_pNY$dp¨ rhrg¨¡X$_ X°$d, ≈¨byf -]°$ghpX$p, rhkph]$f - ^pfu, [pgpmp - kpkZ, kpkZ Nuf - rhkph]$f ı\mp°_° ≈°X$[uf°gh° _p¨Mhpdp¨ Aphu l[u. L°$ip°]$dp¨ A°fp°X≤$pd, da[ Afln°”, rkÎhf ƒeybugu dysıgdlp°ıV°$g, phf lpDk, f°X$æ$p°k,rhrØg¨¡X$_ L°$V$g apdÆ hN°f° L$pdp° \ep l[p.(L$°ip°]$ A°fp°X≤$pd_yD]$^pV$_ ipl≈]$p q]$gphfMp_∆_p lp\° \ey l[y¨)`p°[° rinZ_° dpV°$ M|b S> D]$pf lp\°d]$]$ L$f_pfp A_° [°_p° rhL$pk L$fhpdp¨ S>fpe L$Qpk fpM[p _lv. [°d_p fpƒedp¨ OZprhriÙ$ L$pe]$pAp° `Z l[p, S>°dL° hfie ‚pZu_p riL$pf_u d_pB, M°[u dpV°$ Dèp°Nuìy_u l–ep_u, d_pB X$b° `yfpe°gu Npep°_u lffp∆ \pe [p° dysıgdp°_° g°hp_u d_pB,hN°f° l[p. fpƒe_u `|fu ‚≈_° `p°[p_p k¨[p_ S>°hp S> NZ[p A_° ƒepf° `p°[° `pqL$ı[p_Nep A_° –ep¨ kdpQpf d˛ep L°$ S>|_pNY$dp¨ tl]y$ dysıgd h√Q° fdMpZp° \B f¸p R>° –epf°`p°[° [f[ S> [pf L$fu Ap M|fi_k_° AV$L$phhp Aùg L$fu l[u. Ap\u S> fpƒe_u ‚≈[°d_° kfL$pf A_° dp-bp` _pd\u bp°gph[u l[u. f¨[y _kub≈°N° [°Ap°A° ]$uhp_ c|V$p°_uQX$pdZu\u pqL$ı[p_dp¨ ≈°X$phhp_p° r_ZÆe gu^p° A_° [p.24-10-1947_p fp°S> L$fp¨QuQpÎep Nep `R>u `pR>p S> _ Aphu iºep A_° S|>_pNY$_y¨ fpS> [\p L$fp°X$p°_u dpgrdgL$[Th°fp[ Nydphu pqL$ı[p_dp¨ S> f¸p. [°Ap°_° pqL$ı[p_dp¨ S>fpe Nd[y _ l[y A_° b°Ndp°_°`Z `pRy>¨ afhy l[y¨. Ap dpV°$ My]$ _hpb kpl°b° cpf[_p lpBL$rdÌ_f ‚L$pi_° L$fp¨Qudp¨d˝ep l[p, L°$"" ≈° d_° S|>_pNY$ `pR>p° afhp ]°$hp_u `fhp_Nu Ap`hpdp¨ Aph° [p° cpf[kp\° ≈°X$php [•epf R>°.'' f¨[y L$p°_° Mbf L°$ [°d_° pR>p L°$d Aphhp _ ]$u^p ? [° kïp°^__p°‚Ô_ R>°.S|>_pNY$ fpƒe_u B.k.1945-46dp¨ 1,31,68,000_u AphL$ l[u. [°Ap°_u S|>_pNY$Mp[°_p L$p°VÆ$ kpd°_p dL$bfp `pk° _hp° dL$bfp° Dcp° L$fu –ep¨ ]$a_ \hp_u B√R>p l[u [°A^yfu flu l[u. [°Ap° [p.7-11-1959_p fp°S> L$fp¨Qu Mp[° Ahkp_ `pÁep.

8


5. kf rhcp∆ ≈X°$≈ - ≈d_Nf_hp_Nf_p kp°mdp ipkL$ ≈dfZdg∆ bu≈_p Ahkp_ R>u rhcp∆ _hp_Nf_u

Np]$uA° ApÏep. [°_p° S>fid [p.8-5-1827_p fp°S> \ep° l[p°. rhcp∆fpS> blz kpfu fu[°L°$mhZu gB iºep _lp°[p f¨[y Ap`bm° A_° A_ych° [° NyS>fp[u, A¨N∞°∆ bfpbf kd∆iL°$ [°hp `qf`ºh b_u Nep l[p. [°Ap° [p.22-2-1852_p fp°S> Np]$uA° b°W$p L° [f[Ap°Mpd¨X$m_p hpO°fp°A° A°L$ dp°V$p° bmhp° L$ep£, [°_° ]$bpÏep° l[p°. [° b]$g [°d_° fphblp]y$f_p°BÎL$pb d˛ep° l[p°. rhcp∆_° Qp°huk fpZuAp° (14 fpZu 6 fMp[ A_° 4 [peapAp°)l[p.rhcp∆_° A°L$ dyrıgd fpZu ^_bpB\u cudrk¨l∆ Da°Æ L$pmycp _pd° `y” Ah[ep£ l[p°°.[°_° ≈d° Np]$u hpfk b_phhp `∞e–_ L$ep£ A_° A¨N∞°S> lLy$d[dp¨ R>°L$ L$gL$—p kyû gX$u [°_°hpfk b_phhp [_[p°X$ ‚e–_ L$epÆ `Z kfL$pf° [° d¨S>yf fpøey _lp°[y¨. [°dZ° _hp_Nf_°‚∞Nr[iug A_° ‚≈ L$ÎepZL$pfu fpƒe b_pÏey¨ A_° L°$V$gpL$ ky^pfpAp° L$fpÏep. (1)B.k.1864dp¨ fpƒedp¨ ap°S>]$pfu A_° ]$uhp_u A]$pg[p°_u ı\p`_p L$fu A_° L$pe]$pAp°ky^fpÏep, (2) B.k.1866dp¨ dl°k|gu ky^pfpAp° L$fpÏep [°\u M°X|$[p°_° ape]$p° \ep°, (3)B.k.1874dp¨ Áeyr_rk`g L$rdqV$_u ı\p`_p L$fu, (4) 1872dp¨ [p¨bp_p rkΩ$pAp°1873dp¨ kp°_p_u L$p°fuAp°_u V$L$ipm LiÍ$ L$fu, (5) B.k.1877dp¨ _hp_Nfdp¨ yı[L$pgeA_° hp¨Q_pge Mp°Îep, (6) fı[pAp° b¨^phu TpX$ fp°`pÏep, ]$qfep L$p¨W°$ ≈°qX$ep A_°kgpepdp¨ q]$hp]$p¨X$u Dcu L$fphu, (7) ]y$ÛL$pmdp¨ ‚≈_° L$pd A_° A_pS> Ap‡ey, (8)f¨Ndr[ [\p _pNdr[ _]$u `f `yg A_° qhL$V$p°qfep ƒeybugu _pd_u L$fiep ipmp Mp°gu,[p.4-12-1888_p fp°S> lpBıL|$g Mp°gu, S>L$p[_p ]$fp° OV$pX$Èp, _hu lp°rı`V$g A_°S>°g bp¨û. Aphp b^p L$pep°Æ [°dZ° L$epÆ l[p. ≈drhcp∆ D]$pf, ]$epmy A_° ]$p_huf l[p.[°Ap°A° A_°L$ QpfZp°, L$rhAp°_° d]$]$ L$fu l[u. fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>_p bp¨ L$pddp¨ Í$p.22,250]$p_ Ap‡ey l[y. dybB eyr_hrkÆV$u_u ≈drhcp∆ _pd_y A°L$ ‚pBT Ap`hp fL$d Ap`hpdpÄphu l[u. fpS>L$p °V$dp¨ ≈dV$phf b¨^phu ]$u^p°. B.k.1872dp¨ BıV$ BrfiX$epA°kp°rkA°i__° 20 hjÆdp¨ A°L¨$]$f Í$p.15,000_y¨ ÏepS> \pe [°V$gu fL$d Apù, ≈d_u‚≈dp¨\u dybB eyr_hqkÆV$uA° W$fph°gu L$p°g°S>dp¨ S>° L$p°B AÊepk L$f° [°_° b° B_pdp° Ap`hp_uep°S>_p L$fu l[u.

fpS>edp¨\u A_°L$ L$fh°fp L$pY$u _p¨Mu h°W$ ‚\p [p° k]¨[f _pb|]$ L$fu l[u. b°X$ub¨]$f_p°^Ω$p° bp¨¬ep°. ≈drhcp∆ `pk° L$p°B `Z dpZk My]$ Aphu aqfep]$ L$fu iL$[p° l[p°._hp_Nf_u f•e[ Z [°d_° Mfp q]$g\u Qpl[u l[u. [°d_p kdedp¨ fpƒe_u hprjÆL$ AphL$Í$p.22,33,000_u l[u. [°dp¨\u A¨N∞°S> kfL$pf_° Í$p.1,20,096 M¨X$Zu cf[p l[p.≈drhcp∆_° B.k.1878dp¨ _pBV$ L$dpfiX$f Ap°a û ıV$pf Ap°a BrfiX$ep_p° BÎL$pb d˛ep°l[p°. rhcp∆ k¨Nu[, Npe__p M|b S> ip°Mu_ l[p, [°\u fpS>]$fbpfdp¨ l¨d°ip Nu[k¨Nu[_p S>gkpAp° \[p fl°[p l[p. rhcp∆ ]°$Mph°, ıhcph°, rdg_kpf, kp]$p, cp°mp,A_° ‚dprZL$ l[p A_° ifuf° dS>b|[ bp¨^p_p l[p.[°Ap° k¨h[ 1951 h•ipMky]$ 4_°frhhpf_p fp°S> Ahkp_ `pÁep.

10


6. ≈d fZ∆[tkl∆-≈d_Nf≈d_Nf_p AY$pfdp¨ ipkL$ S>kh¨[tkl∆ _p(S>kp∆) Ahkp_ bp]$ fZ∆[tkl∆

Np]$uA° ApÏep. [°Ap° [p.10-9-1872_p fp°S> kX$p°]$fdp¨ S>_Áep l[p. fpS>L$p°V$_ufpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>dp¨ A_° H¡g°fiX$_u L°$qÁb∞S> eyr_hqkÆV$u_u V≤$u_uV$u L$p°g°S>dp¨ rinZ gu^yl[y¨ A_° b°fuıV$f A°V$gp° \ep l[p. [°dZ° qæ$L°$V$_p n°”° rhÔh ı[f° _pd_p ‚p· L$fu l[u.`p°[° eyhfpS> l[p –epf° B.k.1895 \u 1904 kyûdp¨ `f]°$idp¨ flu qæ$L°V$dp¨ S> f√ep`√ep f¸p L°$ kp•fpÙ≤$dp¨ [°d_u qæ$L°$V$_u rkrŸAp°_u L$rh[pAp° fQpZu l[u, kp\° kp\°[°dZ° rhÔh_p OZp ]°$ip°_p° ‚hpk L$ep°Æ l[p°.

≈d fZ∆_p lzgpdZp _pd° [°Ap° Ap°mMp[p [\p [°Ap° D√Q rinZ `pd°gp A_°qhÔhdp¨ af°gp lp°hp\u [°dZ° ≈d_Nf fpƒe_° Ap¤yr_L$ b_phu_° ≈d_Nf_° kp•fpÙ≤$_p`°fuk_y¨ D`_pd A`pÏey l[y¨. [°dZ° ≈d_Nf_° iZNpfhp_y¨ L$pd lp\dp¨ gB kp• ‚\dfı[pAp° ky pepÆ. Ap D`fp¨[ il°fdp¨ Ak¨øe Bdpf[p° bp¨ u l[u. S>°dp¨ (1) rhcprhgpk(2) ≈drhgpk (3) Adfrhgpk (4) Bfhu_ lp°sı`V$g (5) kp°g°rfed (6) kSy>bpNÎkÆ lpBıL|$g (7) dpL£$V$ (8) kyd°f L$gb (9) f°gh° ıV°$i_ (10) qæL°$V$ b¨Ngp° (11) ”Zbphgp, ≈d fphm, ≈d fZ∆ A_° dp°fiV°$¡ey (12) Nfprkep bp°X$uØN (13) fZ∆[kpNf X°$d (14) O_Ìepd b¢L$ hN°f° dl“h_p L$lu iL$pe [°hp L$pep£ L$epÆ l[p. `p°[° fpƒe_°Ap¤yr_L$[p_p `¨\° d|L$hp dp¨N[p l[p. [°\u hluhV$dp¨ `Z S>bfp a°fapfp° L$epÆ. M°X|$[p°`pk°\u cpNbV$pB g°hp_° b]$g° fp°L$X$ dl°k|g g°hp_u iÍ$Ap[ L$fu l[u. S>du_ D`fM°X|$[p°_p° lºL$ dpfie fpøep° [\p h°W$‚\p _pb|]$, M°X|$[ fpl[^pfp° hN°f° M°[u n°”° ky pfp L$fuM°X|$[p°_p q]$g ∆[u gu^p A_° gp°L$iplu S>°hp ape]$pAp° M°X|$[p°_° d˛ep lp°e [°d gp¡ey.M°X|$[p°_u S>°d h°`pf hpqZƒe_° rhL$kphhpdp¨ `Z [°dZ° S>bÍ$ L$pd L$eyÆ. b°X$ub¨]$f A_°f°gh°_° rhL$kphu h°`pf_° ‚p°–kpl_ Ap‡ey. B.k.1911dp¨ ‚p\rdL$ rinZ A_°B.k.1916dp¨ dp¬erdL$ rinZ da[ b_pÏey. ≈d fZ∆A° ‚\d rhÔh eyŸdp¨d°kp°`p°V°$rdep_p dp°fQ° eyŸdp¨ cpN gu^p° l[p° A_° Ap eyŸdp¨ Ap¨M `pk° Np°mu gpN[pOhpep l[p. rb∞V$ui kfL$pf° [°d_° dp_]$ d°S>f (B.k.1914) A_° dp_]$ g°aV°_fiV$ L$_Æg(B.k.1918)_u `]$huAp° A_° L° $.ku.A°k.ApB. [\p ∆.ku.A°k.ApB. A_°∆.bu.B._p rM[pbp° Ap‡ep l[p.[°Ap° ”Zhpf ∆_uhpdp¨ ""guN Ap°a _°ifii''_ub°W$L$dp¨ lpS>fu Ap`hp Nep l[p, S>° [°d_u dl“h_u rkrŸ NZphu iL$pe. ‹pfL$p_pi¨L$fpQpe£ [°d_° ""fpƒe ^dÆ f–_pL$f''_u `]$hu Apù l[u. Aphp ‚≈ h–kg A_°≈d_Nf_° iZNpf_pf fpS>hu_u rhÍ$¬^ AMbpfp° gM[p l[p [° A°L$ _hpBÍ$` bpb[NZphu iL$pe. [°dZ° ≈d_Nf_p° S>° rhL$pk Lep°Æ A_° p°[p_y¨ S>° Ïesº[–h l[y [°_p\u [°Ap°A°L$ ‚Mf fpS> yÍ$j A_° dy–k]$u A_° Ap¤yr_L$ rhQpfkfZu_° hf°gp fpS>hu [fuL°$ NZphuiL$pe. A°dZ° S> ≈d_Nf_° `lp°mp `pL$p fı[p, azV$`p\, ≈l°f bNuQp, Qp°L$ A_°A°L$kfMu ]y$L$p_p° bp¨û l[u.

≈d fZ∆_y [p.2-4-1933_p fp°S> d©–ey \ey –epf° [°dZ° ]$—L$ gu °gp Sy>hp_rkl∆_p`y” q]$s¡hS>erk¨l∆ Np]u$A° ApÏep.

12


7. ≈d q]$r¡hS>erk¨l∆ - ≈d_Nf≈d q]$s¡hS>etkl∆A° ≈d_Nf_p R>°Îgp A_° hukdp ≈d l[p. [°Ap° [p. 18-9-

1895_p fp°S> kX$p°]$fdp¨ S>_Áep l[p A_° [p. 14-4-1933_p fp°S> Np]$uA° b°W$p l[p.[°dZ° fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S> fpS>L$p°V$ [\p g¨X$__u dpgh_Æ L$p°g°S> [\p eyr_hqkÆV$u L$p°g°S>g¨X$_dp¨ rinZ gu^y A° `R>u H]$p°f_u cpf[ue k•r_L$p°_u [pgud ipmpdp¨ [pgud guûA_° fpS>`|[p_p fpBag bV$prge_dp¨ ≈°X$pep l[p. p°[° f]°$iu dp°fQ° Z k•r_L$ k°hpAp°Apù Akg fpS>`|[u ıhcph, ip°M_p° `qfQe Ap‡ep° l[p°.

_hp_Nf fpSe_uhkr[ B.k.1881dp¨ 316,147. B.k.1891dp¨379,611.B.k.1901dp¨ 336,779. B.k.1911dp¨ 349,400. B.k.1921dp¨345,353. B.k.1931dp 409,192 l[u A_° ≈d_Nf il°f_u hkr[ B.k.1881dp39,668. B.k.1891dp¨ 48,530.B.k.1901dp¨ 53,844. B.k.1911dp¨44,887. B.k.1921dp¨ 42,495. B.k.1931dp¨ 55,056. B.k.1941dp¨71,588. B.k.1951dp¨104,419. B.k.1961dp¨ 148:572_u l[u.

[°Ap°_p ]u$hp_ hpgpkp_ Mp_blp]y$f dl°fhp_∆ `°ı[_∆(bu.A°.A°gA°g.bu.)l[p. S>°dZ° 40 hjÆ D`fp¨[ fpƒe_u k°hp L$fu l[u. [p.13-7-1933_p fp°S> ≈d_Nf_ph°`pfu d¨X$m° ""≈d_Nf Q°Ábf Ap°a L$p°dkÆ''_y¨ D]$OpV$_ [°dZ° L$eyÆ –epf° ≈d_Nf_ph°`pfuAp°A° [°d_° A°L$ dp_`” Ap‡ey l[y¨. S>°dp¨ [°d_p r`[p_p D]$pf ˙]$e° hMpZ L$fu[°d_u _ur[A° Qpghp rh_¨[u L$fu l[u. ≈d bfiep R>u [°Ap° dybB Nep –ep¨ [°d_° [p.15-8-1933_p fp°S> dp_`” A`pey. `R>u [p.4-1-1934_p fp°S> L$gº—pdp¨ `Z NyS>Æf`∞≈ [fa\u `Z kfidp_`” d˛ey l[y¨. Ap ≈d° _h°Ábf 1933dp¨ Bfhu_ lp°rı`V$g_p_kxN lp°d_p `pep_y¨ Mp[dyly[Æ L$eyÆ l[y¨. `p°fb¨]$f_p dlpfpZp Óu _V$fhfsk¨l∆_p lp\°L$p°V°$∆k MyÎgp d|L$hpdp¨ ApÏep l[p. ƒepf° _hp_Nf ıV°$V$ k¨ıL©$[ pW$ipmp_y¨ [p.21-2-1934_p fp°S> hprjÆL$p°–kh DS>hpep° [°dp¨ `p°[° lpS>fu Apù –epf° ky¨]$f cpjZ L$eyÆ . 15a°b∞yApfu 1948_p fp°S> L$pqW$ephpX$_p këyL$[ fpS>ep°_u fQ_p L$fu [°_p [° ‚dyM \ep –epf°[°dZ° `p°[p_p cpÛpZdp¨ L$ley L°$"" Ad° fp≈Ap° \pL$u Nep l[p A_° Ad_° `¨Mp° _p¨Mu_°kyhpX$u ]°$hpdp¨ ApÏep A\hp Ad_° ifZ° ApZhpdp¨ ApÏep A°hy _\u, Ad° ıh°√R>pA°Adpfp kphÆc•pd–h_p° –epN L$ep£ R>° S>°\u cpf[_u A°L$[p h^pf° |ZÆ fu[° rk¬^ \pe''.[°Ap°_f°fi÷ d¨X$m_p Qpfik°gf A_° kp•fpÙ≤$ fpƒe ı\`p[p fpS>‚dyM_p° lp°]$p° cp°NÏep° l[p°.[°Ap°_p L$pm ]$fÁep_ rkΩ$p rkd°fiV$_y¨ L$pfMp_y, ≈d_Nfdp¨ q]$s¡hS>e hyg_ dug hN°f°hN°f° ı\`pey l[y¨. ey_p°dp¨ 1948 A_° 1949dp¨ [°Ap° cpf[_p ‚r[r_û [fuL°$ Nepl[p,[°d_p fpZu_p _pd° NygpbLy¨$hfbp Apeyh£q]$L$ lp°sı`V$g ≈d_Nfdp¨ Aph°gu R>°.≈d q]$s¡hS>etkl∆_° S|>_pNY$_p R>°Îgp _hpb dlpb[Mp_∆ ”u≈ kp\° M|b S> kpfpk¨b¨^p° l[p A_° eyhfpS> q]$gphfMp_∆(AQybp`y) [°d_° L$pL$pkpl°b_p _pd\u k¨bp°^_L$f[p l[p. `f¨[y ƒepf° _hpb kpl°b° `pqL$ı[p_ kp\° S|_pNY$ fpƒe_y¨ ≈°X$pZ L$eyÆ –epf°≈dkpl°b° ApfTu lL|$d[_° V°$L$p° Ap‡ep° l[p°. Ap `R>u ≈dkpl°b A_° kf]$pf `V°$gkp°d_p\_y¨ c¡_ d¨q]$f ≈°hp Nep. –epf° kf]$pf° d¨q]$f bp¨^hp_p° k¨L$Î` L$ep£ –epf° ≈dkpl°b°kp•‚\d Í$p.1 gpM_p° apmp° _p¢^pÏep° l[p°. [°Ap° B.k.1966dp¨ Ahkp_ `pÁep. [°d_°15 [p°`_y¨ dp_ dm[y l[y¨. [°Ap°_° hpqÛpÆL$ 10 gpM_y¨ kprgepœ dm[y l[y¨.

14


8.fpS> dp_tkl∆ Tpgp - ^p¨N^∞p^p¨N^∞p fpƒe_p ipkL$ fpS> fZdgtkl∆ bphp_p (B.k.1843 \u 1869)d©–ey

bp]$ dp_tkl∆ bu≈ Np]$uA° ApÏep. S>°Ap° fOy_p\tkl∆ [fuL°$ `Z Ap°mMp[p l[p.[°d_p° S>fid 1837dp¨ fp°S> \ep° l[p°. [°Ap° A¨N∞°∆ L°$mhZu gB iºep _lp°[p. f¨[y [°dZ°NyS>fp[u, D]Æy$, apfku A_° k¨ıL©$[ \p°Xy$ \p°Xy$ iuøey l[y, R>u [°dZ° A¨N∞°∆ D`f Z ‚cy–hd°mÏey l[y¨. [°d_p r`[p fpS> fZdgtkl∆ Ahkp_ pÁep –epf° [p.16-10-1869_pfp°S> [°Ap° Np]$uA° b°W$p. Np]$uA° b°ku_° [°dZ° M°X|$[p°_u sı\r[ ky^pfhp cpNbV$pB _pd_u`∞\p f]$ L$fu A_° [°d_u S>¡epA° rhOp°V$u ‚\p A\hp Mp[phlu ‚\p iÍ$ L$fu. gp°L$p°_pApfp°¡e_° gndp¨ fpMu_° [°dZ° B.k.1870dp¨ ]$hpMp_y iÍ$ L$eyÆ, S>°_p\u fpƒe_u ‚≈_°M|b S> gpc \ep° l[p°°. [°Ap°_° B.k.1877dp¨ ıV$pf Ap°a BrfiX$ep A_° kf BÎL$pb d˛ep°l[p°. [p.2-11-1878_p fp°S> ^p¨N^∞pdp¨ TpgphpX$ `∞p¨[_p d]$]$_ui `p°guV$uL$g A°S>fiV$L°$‡V$_ ıV°$i_p lp\° lp°rı`V$g_p° `pep° _¨Mpep° S>° lp°sı`V$g_y¨ _pd ""r‚fik Ap°a h°Îklp°sı`V$g'' –epf° fpMhpdp¨ ApÏey l[y¨.

[p.14-11-1882_p fp°S> fpS>ku[p`yf Npd° bpBfpS>bp(h∞S>Ly¨$hfbp) [°d_pdp[yÓu_p _pd° ]$hpMp_y Mp°Îey. B.k.1887dp¨ rhL$V$p°qfep ƒeybugu L$fiepipmp_p° `pep°_p¨Mhpdp¨ ApÏep°. dp_tkl∆_u S>°g hMZp[u l[u. `p°guV$uL$g A°S>fiV$ L$_Æg hzX°$ [°_phMpZ L$f[p L$ y l[y L°$, Aphu S>°g d¢ ApMp L$pqW$ephpX$dp¨ ≈°B _\u. [p.14-3-1888_pfp°S> ƒeybugu NÎkÆ lpBıL|$g_° MyÎgu dyL$u l[u. B.k.1887-88_p ]y$ÛL$pm hM[° ‚≈_°A_°L$ ≈[_u fpl[p° Apù. fpl[L$pdp° Mp°Î$ep l[p. Ap ]y$L$pm hM[° l°gp [°dZ° NZ[fuL$fphu L°, ºep W°$L$pZ° L$°V$gp gp°L$p° c|Mdfp° cp°Nhu f¸p R>°, [° dyS>b Apep°S>_ L$eyÆ l[y¨. A°`R>u lmh]$, kp°gX$u, kyM`f,fpS> ku[p yf, d°\pZ, V$uLf, DdfX$p, kfgp A_° p¨N ∞pdp¨fpl[ L$pdp° Qgphu ‚≈_° A_pS> Ap‡ey l[y. dp_tkl∆A° aÎLy$ _]$u D`f Í$p.75,000_pMQ£ `’\f_p° `yg b_phu [°_y _pd S>°Ák af¡eyk_ `yg fpøey l[y¨.

^p ¨NO∞pfpS>e_uhkr[ B.k.1881dp¨ 99,686. B.k.1891dp¨103,754.B.k.1901dp¨ 70,880. B.k.1911dp¨ 79,142. B.k.1921dp¨88,406. B.k.1931dp¨ 88,961_u l[u A_° ^pN^∞p il°f_u hkr[ B.k.1881dp¨12,304. B.k.1891dp¨ 15,209.B.k.1901dp¨ 14,770. B.k.1911dp¨14,900. B.k.1921dp¨ 17,526. B.k.1931dp¨ 17,538_u l[u.B.k.2001dp¨^p¨N^∞p il°f_u hkr[ 70,663_u l[u.

dp_tkl∆A° fpƒe_° M|b ‚r[õ$p A`phu iZNpeyÆ. gpeb∞°fu, ]$hpMp_y, r_ipmp°,^dÆipmpAp°, kX$L$p°, b¨Ngp A_° `yg bp¨û `∞≈h–kg[p_y¨ D]$plfZ `yÍ$ `pX$Èy. il°fdp¨ky^fpB_u `Z ı\p`_p L$fu. ]$uhp_u A_° cpep[u L$p°VÆ$ [°d_p fpƒedp¨ l[u, [°_u Aùgp°lSy>f L$p°VÆ$dp¨ `p°[° S> k¨cpm[p. d°Í$`yf, dp_`yf, lfu`yf, d¨Ng`yf _pd° Qpf Npd [°Ap°A°hkpÏep l[p. [°d_p fpƒedp¨ Ly$g 125 Npd l[p. dp_tkl∆ tl]u, NyS>fp[u L$pÏep° fQ[pl[p. [°Ap° B.k.1900dp¨ Ahkp_ `pd[p A∆[tkl∆ bphp Np]$uA° ApÏep.

16


9. fpS> A∆[tkl∆ Tpgp - ^p¨N^∞p^p¨N^∞p_p¨ ipkL$ dp_rk¨l∆_y¨ Ahkp_ \[p eyhfpS> S>kh¨[tkl∆_p `y”

A∆[tkl∆ k¨h[ 1957 L$pf[L$ h]$ 12 _p fp°S> Np]$uA° ApÏep. [°Ap°A° fpS>L$p°V$_ufpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>dp¨ rinZ d°mÏey l[y¨. fpS> A∆[tkl∆A° dp” ]$i hjÆ fpS> QgpÏey`Z [°dZ° Ly$_°l, byr¬^ A_° AphX$[\u fpƒe_p° OZp n°”° rhL$pk L$fu Ap^yr_L$[p_pJbf° lp¢QpX$Èy A_° p¨N^∞pdp¨ kpfp dL$p_p° bp¨û kpfu fu[° iZNpeyÆ l[y¨. A°Ap°A° _uQ°dyS>b_p L$pep£ A_° ky^pfpAp° L$epÆ l[p.

(1) [°dZ° _h _hp Npdp° hkpÏep L°$ ƒepf° hkr[ R>‡`r_ep ]y$ÛL$pmdp¨ _pi `pdul[u. [° [°d_p ipk_L$pm ]$fÁep_ sı\f[p |hÆL$ h^hp gpNu, [° rh_piL$ ]y$ÛL$pmdp¨ L°$V$gpL$NpdX$pAp° dl¨]$ Aï° k¨`|ZÆ`Z° hkr[ rhlu_ \e°gp l[p, [°\u M°X|$[p°, DcqX$epAp°[°dS> `pX$p°iu fpƒep°_p Afiep°_° [°dZ° Ap _hp Npdp°dp¨ hkhpV$ L$fhp dpV°$ ApL$rjÆ[ L$epÆl[p. [°\u [°d_p ipk_ L$pm ]$fÁep_ gNcN 15 V$L$p S>°V$gp L°$ 1000 l≈f\u h^pf°_p°hkr[ h^pfp° _p°¨^pep° l[p°. (2) A°L$ ap•∆_u dp_rkL$[p ^fph_pfp kpQp fpS>`|[ [fuL°$[°dZ° `p°[p_p fpƒe_p ıV°$V$ ap°kÆ_° A°L$ _p_L$X$p k•fie_u dpaL$ ≈[° kM[ [pgud Apùl[u A_° [°_y Ap k•fie M|b S> riı[b¬^ A_° _d|_°]$pf k•fie b_u Ney l[y¨. Ny_°Npfp° A_°Mp°Vy$ L$f_pfpAp° A∆[tkl∆_p ce\u X$f[p l[p. B.k.1908dp¨ [°dZ° A¨N∞°S> kfL$pf_°hpeÏe kudp ‚p¨[_p bmhp_° kdphhp `p°[° `p°[p_u k°_p kp\° S>hp_u Ap°af L$fu l[u.hmu [°Ap° `p°[p_p k•fiedp¨ Tpgp A_° dL$hpZpAp°_° S> iºe lp°e –ep¨ kyû cf[u L$f[pl[p. (3) [°Ap°A° M°[u_p ky^pfp dpV°$ Mpk ‚e–_p° L$fpÏep A_° 1000 kp¨[u_u S>du__hu M°X$hpZ L$fphu, L$`pk_p hph°[f h^pfu S>° L$`pk cÍ$Q_p L$`pk S°hp° D√QNyZh[phpmp° \[p° lp°hp\u dy¨bB_u b≈fdp¨ ^p¨N^∞p_p L$`pk_p cph cÍ$Q_p L$`pk_ukp\° kp\ dm[p l[p. (4) M°X|$[p°_° iplyL$pfp°_u QyNpgdp¨\u bQphhp dpV°$ L©$rj b°L$ ı\pùM°X|$[p°_° fpl[ Ap`hp_p° ‚epk L$ep°Æ l[p°. (5) lmh]$dp¨ Áeyr_rk`pguV$u ı\pù [°d_pr`[p S>kh¨[tkl∆bphp_u ep]$Nufudp¨ `yı[L$pgep° ı\p‡ep. (6) [°Ap°A° ^p¨N^∞p_pfı[pAp° b¨ phu [°_p L$p¨W°$ h©np° fp° pÏep Ap rkhpe A∆[ r_hpk °g°k A_° Ap°X$uV$p°qfed,rdguV≤$u gpBfik, _hy N°ıV$ lpDk A_° _hu ky¨]$f b≈f [°Ap°A° Dcu L$fphu l[u. (7)[°Ap°A° [°d_p pV$hu Ly$dpf_p _pd D`f\u O_Ìepd L$p°V$_ ‚°k ı\p‡ey l[y. (8) p¨N ∞pdp¨B.k.1903dp¨ A_° B.k.1905dp¨ ‡g°N° ]°$Mp ]°$[p [°Ap°A° X$p°.X$u.A°Q. bpqfep_p _°[©–hl°W$m AkfL$pfL$ `Ngp gu^p l[p. (9) R>‡`r_ep ]y$ÛL$pm hM[° iÍ$ L$f°gy Nfub Of_°A_p\, A¨^ A_° A`¨Np° dpV°$_p r_hpkı\p_ dpV°$ L$pedu dpV°$ `qfhr[Æ[ L$fu _p¨MhpdpÄpÏey l[y¨. (10) hp¨L$p_°f A_° ^p¨N^∞p fpƒe h√Q° 300 hjÆ\u Qpg[p° AZb_p°° [°d_pL$pmdp¨ cp¨Nhpdp¨ ApÏep°. (11) [°Ap°A° fpS> ku[p yf, d°\pZ A_° Ddfpmpdp¨ A]$pg[p°ı\pù l[u. (12) [°Ap°_° [p.1-1-1909_p fp°S> L°$.ku.A°k.ApB._p° rM[pb ≈l°f\[p [°dZ° [° Myipgudp¨ rinZ da[ L$eyÆ A_° V$uL$f A_° L$p¢Ydp¨ L$fiep ipmpAp° iÍ$ L$fphul[u. [°dZ° b÷u_p\ A_° L°$]$pf°Ôhf_u ep”p L$fu l[u. [°Ap° k¨h[ 1967 dlpky]$u-10_pfp°S> Ahkp_ `pÁep.

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10. fpS> O_Ìepdtkl∆ Tpgp - ^p¨N^∞p^p¨N^∞p fpƒe_p ipkL$ A∆[tkl_y¨ Ahkp_ \[p A°Ap° Np]$uA° ApÏep. [p.31-5-

1889_p fp°S> ≈d_Nf_p Ly$hfu ky]$fbp_u Ly$M° [°Ap° S>_Áep l[p. (r‚. ku.d°B_ ""qlıV≤$uAp°a p¨N ∞p''dp¨ ©.151 D`f [°Ap°_u S>fid [p.29-5-1888 Ap ° R>°) [°dZ° p¨N ∞pdpÄ_° fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S> fpS>L$p°V$ A_° H¡g°fiX$dp¨ rinZ d°mÏey l[y. H¡g°fiX$dp¨ [°dZ° ıL$p°V$g°fiX$Da£ p°guk rhcpNdp¨ ≈k|ku L$peÆ [\p A`fp^ ip˜_p° Z AÊepk L$ep£. Ap AÊepk_°rlkpb° [°dZ° r`[p_p L$pm ]$fÁep_ p°guk L$rdÌ_f [fuL°$ Z L$pdNufu b≈hu l[u A_°dl°k|gu A_° lSy>f Ap°qakdp¨ `Z L$pd eyhfpS> `]°$ L$eyÆ l[y¨. [°Ap°_° B.k.1917dp¨L°$.ku.A°k.ApB._p° BÎL$pb d˛ep° A_° B.k.1918dp¨ dlpfp≈_p° ]$fƒ≈° d˛ep° A_°B.k.1922dp¨ ∆.ku.ApB.B._p° BÎL$pb d˛ep° l[p°. [°Ap°_° `p¨Q fpZuAp° l[p. (1)_hp_Nf,Óu ‚pZLy¨$hfbp hp pdbp. (2) cp]$fhphpmp rhS>epLy¨$hfbp. (3) L$p°V$Xp$hpmpAp_¨]$Ly¨$hfbp. (4) Apd°V$hpmp fpdLy¨$hfbp. (5) ≈d_Nfhpmp _hgLy¨$hfbp.[°Ap°A°fpƒedp¨ _uQ° dyS>b_p `NgpAp° gu^p A_° ky^pfpAp° L$epÆ.

(1) fpƒe_° knd b_phhp gpeL$p[_p ^p°fZ° cf[u_y¨ ^p°fZ A`_pÏey A_° bY$[ur_h©r—, k°hp_p r_edp° OX$hpdp¨ ApÏep. (2) B.k.1911\u L$dÆQpfuAp°_° `°fii_Ap`hp_u iÍ$Ap[ L$fu. (3) cpep[p°_p° ‚°d d°mhhp_p° ‚e–_ L$fu [°_° hap]$pf b_hpS>ZpÏey A_° [°Ap°_° D√Q lp°]°$ _uÁep. ]$p.[. ]$uhp_ dp_tkl∆. (4) ^p¨N^∞p fpƒedp¨[p°`]$m, AÔhk°_p A_° dLhpZp `pe]$m l[y¨ `Z hp°L$f L$fpf `R>u ip¨r[_p° eyN Aph[pk•fie lh° _L$pdp S>°hy gpN[p [°_p D`f L$p` d|L$hpdp¨ ApÏep° A_° dL$hpZp pe]$m_u Vy$L$X$uqhM°fu _p¨Mu [° k•r_L$p°_° p°gukdp¨ kdphu gu^p. A°d L$fu_° k•fie pR>m \[p° Mp°V$p° MQÆbQpÏep°. (5) [°Ap°A° `p°[p_p _pd D`f\u O_ÌepdNY$ A_° [°d_p dp°V$p]$uL$fukƒS>_bp_p _pd D`f\u kƒS>_NY$ _pd_p b° _hp Npdp° hkpÏep. (6) M°X|$[p°_usı\r[ ky pfhp [°Ap°°A° A_°L$ NgpAp° gu^p A_° tkQpB_u kNhX$p° h^pfu _hp L|$hp dpV$°d]$]$ L$fu, ]y$ÛL$pmdp¨ `Z fpl[ Apù M°X|$[p°_u kNhX$[pAp° kp¨Qhhpdp¨ Aph[u l[u.M°X|$[p°_° L©$rj b°¨L$dp¨\u `Z gp°_ A`p[u A_° fpƒe `Z M°X|$[p°_° hNf ÏepS>_u gp°_Ap`[y l[y¨. (7) [°Ap°_p L$pm kyû ‚p\rdL$ rinZ da[ l[y¨ `Z –epf `R>u [°dZ°dp¬eqdL$ rinZ Z da[ L$eyÆ. (8) S>°d_p r`[p A∆[tkl∆A° p¨N ∞pdp¨ Ap°X$uV$p°qfedbp¨¬ey l[y¨ [°_° [°dZ° A∆[tkl∆ lpBıL|$gdp¨ `qfhr[Æ[ L$eyÆ A_° A°L$ R>p”pge `Zb¨^pÏey. (9) lmh]$, ku[p`yf, QfpX$hp, V$uL$fdp¨ A¨N∞°∆ ipmpAp° Mp°gu l[u. (10)^p¨N^∞pdp¨ r`∞fik Ap°a h°Îk lp°sı`V$g ı\pù A_° ‚pZLy¨$hfbp T_p_p lp°sı`V$g A_°d°L$p°_p°L$u qX$ı`°fikfu, `°g°k qX$ı`°fikfu Mp°Îep. Ap rkhpe fpS>ku[p`yf, V$uL$f, d°\pZ,Ddfpmpdp¨ Z ]$hpMp_p Mp°Îep. (11) h°V$f_fu kS>Æ_ AL$bfMp__° _udu iy ]$hpMp_yiÍ$ L$eyÆ. (12) ky]$fbp A_p\ ApÓd ı\p‡ep°, r_fprÓ[ rh^hpAp°_° A_pS> klpe Ap`[pl[p. (13) pN ∞pdp phf lpDk Dcy L$fu ‚≈_° huS>mu_p° gpc Ap‡ep°. (14) dp_kpNfA_° fZdgkpNf [mphp°_° èÆV$_ L°$fi÷ [fuL°$ rhL$kpÏep A_° B.k.1915dp¨ ^p¨N^∞p-lmh]$ f°gh° _¨MpB A_° hpl_Ïehlpf_u kNhX$[p h^pfu kp\° kp\° [pf-V°$qgap°__ukyrh^pdp¨ `Z h^pfp° L$ep£ l[p°.(15) A°Ap°A° ap¨ku_u k≈ _pby]$ L$fu l[u. [°Ap° [p.4a°b∞yApfu 1942_p fp°S> Ahkp_ `pÁep.

20


11. fpS> deyf¬hS>tkl∆ - ^p¨N^∞p^p¨N^∞p fpƒe_p R>°âp fpS>hu deyf¬hS>tkl∆ \ep. [°Ap° Da°Æ d°OfpS>∆(”u≈)

[fuL°$ Ap°mMp[p l[p. pN ∞p_p Tpgp fpS>huAp°_° Br[lpkdp Óu fpS> A\hp fpS>kpl°b_°_pd° Ap°mMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. [°Ap°_p° S>fid [p.3-3-1923_p fp°S> L$p°V$X$pkp¨NpZuhpmpdlpfpZu Ap_¨]$Ly¨$hfbp kpl°b_u LyM° \ep° l[p°. [°Ap°A° iÍ$Ap[_y¨ rinZ p¨N^∞pdp¨ A_°`R>u_y¨ rinZ H¡g°fiX$dp¨ d°mÏey l[y¨.ƒepf° [°Ap°_p r`[p O_Ìepdtkl∆ Ahkp_ `pÁep–epf° [°Ap°_u Jdf dp” 19 hjÆ_u l[u. Ap\u hluhV$dp¨ L$pb°g b_hp dpV°$ [°Ap° hX$p°]$fpfpƒe_p ]$uhp_ kf hu.V$u. L©$ÛZpdpQpfu `pk° hluhV$ iuMhp flep l[p, cf eyhphe°[°ApA°° ^p¨N^∞p_u fpS>Np]$u k¨`|ZÆ`Z° k¨cpmu l[u.

[°Ap° `f]°$idp¨ L°$mhZu gu^°gp lp°hp\u A_° eyhp_ he° Np]$uA° Aph°gp A_° hX$p°]$fpS>°hp fpƒedp¨ [•epf \e°gp lp°hp\u [°dZ° fpƒe_° ky^pfhp A_°L$ ‚e–_p° LepÆ. Ap rkhpeA_°L$ ep°S>_pAp° d|L$u l[u. S>° _uQ° dyS>b_p dy]$pAp°\u ≈°B iL$pe R>°. (1) ‚p\qdL$rinZ fpƒe –epf° da[ [p° Ap`[y S> l[y¨. [°_° lh° afrS>ep[ B.k.1946\u L$eyÆ. (2)bpmg¡_ D`f ‚r[b¨^, rh^hp rhhpl_u Ry>V$ A_° RyV$pR>°X$p_p° L$pe]$p° A_° ı”uAp°_° `ZrdgL$[dp¨ Ar^L$pf_p L$pe]$pAp° `kpf L$fpÏep l[p. (3) fiepe[¨”_° L$pfp°bpfu\u ıh[¨”b_phu_° h^y r_Û`n b_pÏey. (4) deyf¬hS>tkl∆ Aph_pf kde_° bfpbf `pfMuiºep l[p. Ap\u [°Ap°A° Ap^yr_L$ L$pm_° A_yÍ$` ky^pfpAp° Ap‡ep l[p. Ap\u [°Ap°A°`p°[p_p kykhph Npddp¨ [pgud L$p°g°S> Dcu L$fu A_° N∞pÁe ‚≈_° [°dp¨ [pgud A`p[ul[u. (5) fpƒe_u sı\r[ ky^f° dpV°$ ıh√R> N∞pd Arcep_, riiyL$ÎepZ A_° ]|$^ L$°fi÷p°bpb[° `Z A_°L$ a°fapfp° A_° ky^pfpAp° L$fu `p°[° Ap^yq_L$ ky^pfpAp°_p° `qfQe L$fpÏep°l[p°. (6) il°f ¨Qpe[ A_° N∞pd ¨Qpe[_p° L$pe]$p° kpf L$fphu A°dZ° ıhipk_ dpV°$_uc|rdL$p [•epf L$fu Apù l[u. (7) fpS>`yf Npd_° klL$pfu M°[u n°”°_p `∞ep°N L$fhp dpV°$`k¨]$ L$eyÆ A_° M°[u ky^pfZp_p ‚e–_p° L$fpÏep. (8) [°Ap°_p L$pmdp¨ B.k.1946dp¨^p¨N^∞pdp¨ ""L$pqW$ephpX$ fpS>L$ue `qfj]$''_y¨ kp[dy Ar^h°i_ cfhp_u [°Ap°A° d¨Sy>fuApù l[u. (9) rhL$pk_u ep°S>_pdp¨ Ty¨X$ L¨$X$gp f°gh° ep°S>_p [•epf L$fu_° ^p¨N^∞p lmh]$‹pfp iÍ L$fphu l[u.ApTp]$u Aphu –epf° [°dZ° A°d_p fpS>e_° cpf[kÖ kp\° ≈°X$ey l[ÿA_° bu≈Ap°_° A°d L$fhp A_yfp°^ L$ep£ l[p°. [°d_° kp•fpÙ≤$ fpƒe_p fpS>‚dyM b_phhpdpÄpÏep l[p.B.k.1945\u 49 _f°fi]$≤d¨X$m_u ıV°$fiX$vN L$rdV$u_p kÊe Q|¨V$pep l[p.^p¨N^∞pfpƒe_u kphÆc•pd k—p ≈mhu_° ıh[¨” cpf[dp¨ kdprh[ L$fhp_p° L$fpf [p.9.8.1947_pfp°S> L$ep£ A_° [p.24.1.1948_p L$pqW$ephpX$_p bu≈ fpS>ep° [\p cpf[ kfL$pf kp\°Mp”u krl[ \B Óu fpS>° L$pqW$ephpX_° këyL$[ fpS>e b_phhp A¨N°_p L$fpf`”dp¨ klu L$ful[u.cpf[_p _hp b¨^pfZ_p° k•pfpÛV$≤ fpS>e [fa\u [°dZ° ^p¨N^∞p Mp[° `p°[p_u klu\u[p.13.11.1949_p fp °S> A°L $ ≈l°f Y ¨ $Y ° $fp ° blpf `pX$u_° ıhuL$pf L $ep £l[p°.[p.6.11.1948A° k•pfpÛV$≤_u ‚\d Q|¨V$ZuAp° [°d_p A¬eˇp`]°$ ep°S>hpdp¨ Aphul[u. A°Ap° ^pfpkÊe A_° k¨k]$ kÊe [fuL°$ `Z Q|¨V$pep l[p.[°Ap°_° Í$p.3.80 gpMhpqÛpÆL$ kprgepZp_u fL$d dm[u l[u. Ap fpS>hu ApS>° Ap`œ N•pfh R>°.

22


12. dlpfp≈ [ø[tkl∆ Np°rlg - cph_Nfcph_Nf_p 23dp ipkL$ S>kh¨[tkl∆_p Ahkp_ bp]$ [°Ap° cph_Nf_u Np]$uA°

b°W$p. [°d_p° S>fid [p.6-1-1858_p fp°S> \ep° l[p°. S>°Z° L°$mhZu Mp[p_p hX$p_pfpeZcpB depi¨L$f pk° Qpf hjÆ kyû ‚pf¨rcL$ rinZ gu^y l[y¨. [p.11-4-1870_pfp°S> [°d_p r`[p_y Ahkp_ \[p [° [p.23-4-1870_p fp°S> [°d_° Np]$uA° b°kpX$hpdpÄpÏep. Ap Afkpdp¨ S> _hu S> [•epf \e°g fpS>L$p°V$_u fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>dp¨ [ø[tkl∆_°rh¤pÊepk dpV°$ ]$pMg L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep l[p `Z g¡_ \B S>hp\u `R>u [°Z° fpS>Ly$dpfR>p°X$u `f¨[y L°$‡V$_ _V$_° fpS>]$fbpfdp¨ fpMu ApNm AÊepk iÍ$ fpøep° l[p°. [°Z°B.k.1875dp¨ cpf[cf_p° `∞hpk L$ep£ l[p°. [p. 5-11-1878_p fp°S> [ø[tkl∆_°fpƒe_u khÆ k—p kp¢`pB l[u. [p.14-1-1879_p fp°S> [ø[tkl∆ lp°rı`V$g_p° pep°ıhe¨ dlpfp≈A° `p°[° _p¨øep° l[p°. [p.7-4-1879_p fp°S> A°L$ dp°V$u Np°]$u cph_Nfdp¨DOpX$hpdp¨ Aphu. h° pf_p qhL$pk dpV°$ [°dZ° [p.22-5-1879_p fp°S> cph_Nf _pd_uApNbp°V$ kdy÷dp¨ [f[u d|L$u l[u. S>° cph_Nf A_° kyf[ h√Q° Qgphhpdp¨ Aph[u l[u.\p°X$p kde `l°gp Ap`Zp gp°L$iplu_p L$pmdp¨ A°hu k°hp iÍ$ L$fu `Z `pR>u b¨^ L$fu]°$hpdp¨ Aphu R>°. S>° [ø[tkl° –epf° bp°V$k°hp Qgphu l[u. ]y$ÛL$pm hM[° [ø[tkl∆A°15,000_y¨ ]$p_ L$eyÆ A_° dp-bp` rh_p_p 50 R>p°L$fpAp°_° ApÓe Ap‡ep° l[p°. [p.18-12-1880_p fp°S> cph_Nf- Np¢X$g f°gh° iÍ$ L$fu. [p.30-12-1882_p fp°S>cph_Nfdp¨ gpeb∞°fu_p° `pep° _p¨øep°. A° rkhpe kpfu ≈[_p Op°X$p_p° DR>°f L$fhp dpV°$AÔhipmp `Z iÍ$ L$fu l[u.

[ø[tkl∆_p kdedp¨ [p.7-1-1885_p fp°S> ipdm]$pk L$p°g°S> iÍ$ L$fhpdp¨ Aphul[u. B.k.1885dp¨ [ø[tkl∆A° fpƒe_p `°fiifp° dpV°$ A°L$ L$pe]$p° OX$Èp° l[p°. A¨N∞°S>kfL$pf° [°d_° L°$.ku.A°k.ApB. A_° ∆.ku.A°k.ApB._p° BÎL$pb Ap‡ep° l[p°. [°Ap°_pkdedp¨ S> bp°f[mph, _Nf`prgL$p, rhL$V$p°qfep bpN, V$°guN∞pa Ap°rak bpVÆ_ gpeb∞°fu,[ø[tkl∆ lp°sı`V$g hN°f° hN°f° ı\`pey l[y¨.cph_Nf fpS>e_uhkr[ B.k.1881dp¨400,323. B.k.1891dp¨ 467,282.B.k.1901dp¨ 412,664. B.k.1911dp¨441,367. B.k.1921dp¨ 426,404. B.k.1931dp¨ 500,274 l[u A_° cph_Nfil°f_u hkr[ B.k.1881dp¨ 47,792. B.k.1891dp¨ 57,653.B.k.1901dp¨56,442. B.k.1911dp¨ 60,694. B.k.1921dp¨ 69,392. B.k.1931dp¨75,594. B.k.1941dp¨ 102,851B.k.1951dp¨ 137,951.B.k.1961dp¨176,473_u l[u.B.k.2001dp¨ cph_Nf il°f_u hkr[ 10,28,793_u l[u

[°Ap° krlÛœ fpS>hu l[p ]$f°L$ ^dÆ_p ı\p_L$p°_° ]$p_ Ap`[p l[p. kp•fpÙ≤$ ApMpdp¨[°dZ° ]$p_ L$epÆ l[p. p°[° Np]$uA° Aphu M°X|$[p°_u cpNbV$pB ‚\p f]$ L$fu Mp[pb¨]$u ]$pMgL$fu l[u. Aphp ‚≈rl[°√Ry> [ø[tkl∆ l[p A_° kpdpfiedp¨ kpdpfie S>_ `Z [°d_°kl°gpB\u dmu iL$[p° l[p°. [°Ap°_p fpƒedp¨ i•nrZL$ kyrh^p M|b S> kpfu l[u. 11]$hpMp_p, 1 L$p°g°S>, lpBıL|$g, b∞pfiQ ıL|$g A_° 139 Afie r_ipmp° l[u. [°Ap° 29≈fieyApfu 1896_p fp°S> Ahkp_ `pÁep.

24


13. dlpfp≈ cphtkl∆ Np°rlg bu≈ - cph_Nfcph_Nf_p 24 dp¨ ipkL$ [ø[tkl∆_y¨ B.k.1896dp¨ Ahkp_ \[p [°d_p `y”

cphtkl∆ bu≈ Np]$uA° ApÏep. [°Ap°A° fpS>L$p°V$_u fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>dp¨rinZd°mÏeyl[y¨. S>°Ap° Ap^yr_L$ `pÔQp–e rinZ `pd°gp lp°hp\u [°_p r`[p_p A^|fp L$pep£_° ApNmh^pfu_° fpƒe ApMp_° qfh[Æ_ L$fu Ap^yr_L$ A_° kyM kNhX$[p hpmy fpƒe b_phu ]$u^yl[y¨. Ap\u [°_° Br[lpkdp¨ cph_Nf fpƒe_p Ap^yr_L$fZ_p OX$h•ep [fuL°$ X$p°.A°k.hu.≈_u A_° X$p°. ù.∆. L$p°fpV°$ hZÆÏep R>°. [°Ap°A° _uQ° dyS>b_p ky^pfpAp° A_° `NgpAp°cfu cph_Nf fpƒe_° kp•fpÙ≤$_p fpƒep°dp¨ A°L$ Ap]iÆ A_° ‚\d ¨sº[_y fpƒe b_pÏey l[y.S>°Ap°A° _uQ° dyS>b_p L$pep£ A_° ky^pfpAp° L$epÆ l[p.

(1) kp•fpÙ≤$_p ]$f°L$ fpS>huAp°A° M°X|$[p°_u sı\r[ ky^pfhp dpV°$ `Ngp gu^p l[p A_°]y$ÛL$pm hM[° fpl[ L$pep°Æ Mp°Îep l[p. [°dS> [°Ap°A° ]y$L$pmk¨rl[p fQu, NfubMp_p, L°$V$gL°$Á`Mp°Îep A_° 30 gpM_u gp°_ gB fpl[L$pep°Æ Mp°Îep. [°dp¨ ^p°mp\u `p°VÆ$ ApÎbVÆ$ rhºV$fkyû_u f°gh°, _hp fı[pAp° A_° _hp 94 [mphp° bp¨¬ep. (2) cph_Nf fpƒe ”Z hM[‡g°N_y cp°N bfiey –epf° kpfp A°hp Ngp gB A¨N∞°S> kfL$pf_u ‚i¨kp ∞p‡[ L$fu l[u. (3)L$pDrfikg ¬^r[_p hluhV$_u S>¡epA° afuhpf ]$uhp_ A_° _peb ]$uhp__u ‚\p Qpgy L$ful[u. (4) ‚≈‚r[r_r^ kcp_u fQ_p L$fu p°[p_u ∞≈_° gp°L$iplu_p° øepg Ap‡ep° A_°≈N©[ b_pÏep A_° S>° [pgud gp°L$p°_° `R>u M|b S> Dèp°Nu _uhX$u. A° fu[° cph_Nffpƒe° kp•‚\d Aphp gp°L$[¨”p–dL$ ky^pfp_p° ıhp]$ QMpX$Èp°. (5) M°X|$[ k¨L$V$ r_hpfZ a¨X$Dcy L$eyÆ. Ap rkhpe M°X|$[p°_u sı\r[ ky^pfhp dp°X°$g apdÆ, klL$pfu d¨X$mu_u fQ_p L$ful[u. (6) tkQpB_u kNhX$[p h^pfhp rilp°f_y¨ fpd^pfu_y [mph A_° cudX$p]$_y¨ d_lf[mph Í$p.5,00,000_p MQ£ bp¨¬ep. (7) [p.1-4-1902_p fp°S> ""cph_Nf ]$fbpfk°rh¨¡T b¢L$ iÍ$ L$fu, `R>u ApTp]$u bp]$ [°_y¨ _pd b°¨L$ Ap°a kp•fpÙ≤$ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey R>°. (8)[°Ap°_p L$pmdp¨ 141 qL$.du._u _hu f°gh° gpB_p° _¨MpB l[u. (9) B.k.1919dp¨ L$]$pQkp•fpÙ≤$dp¨ kp•‚\d ]$pÍ$b¨û [°dZ° afdphu l[u. (10) B.k.1918dp¨ Np°`_p\ d°V$f_uV$ulp°sı`V$g_p° `pep° _p¨øep° A_° _¨]$Ly¨$hfbp A_p\pÓd A_° _¨]$Ly¨$hfbp fpS>`|[ Ly$dpqfL$pT_p_p bp°X$wN A_° _¨]$Ly¨$hfbp fpS>`|[ rh¤pge ı\p‡ep. (11) [°Ap°_p dlpfpZu_¨]$Ly¨$hfbpA° ˜uAp°_u rı\r[ ky^pfhp OZp b^p ‚e–_p° L$epÆ l[p.(12) [°dZ° ı”uL°$mhZu_° D—°S>_ A_° `X$]$p_p qfhpS>_u _pb|]$u L$fu l[u.

[°Ap°_° A¨N∞°S> kfL$pf° B.k.1909dp¨ ""dlpfp≈''_y¨ rbfy]$ A_° B.k.1912dp¨L$°.ku.A°k.ApB._p° BÎL$pb A_° B.k.1918dp¨ [°f [p°`_y¨ dp_ dm[y [° h^pfu_° 15[p° _y L$fu Ap`hpdp¨ ApÏey A_° L$_Æg_p° dp_]$ lp°]$p° [°d_° Ap`hpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p°. S>°Ap°_pdlpfpZu _¨]$Ly$¨hfbp_° `Z `R>u ku.ApB.A_° L•$kf-A° tl]$_p° BÎL$pb d˛ep° l[p°. Apcphtkl∆ bu≈ [p.17-7-1919_p fp°S> Ahkp_ `pÁep.

26


14. dlpfp≈ L©$ÛZLy$dpftkl∆ Np°rlg - cph_NfAp cph_Nf dlpfp≈ L©$ÛZLy$dpftkl∆_p° S>fid [p.19-5-1912 frhhpf_p fp°S>

\ep° l[p°. [°d_p r`[p_y¨ Ahkp_ \hp\u dp” kp[ hjÆ_u Ly$dmu he° [°Ap° Np]$uA° ApÏepl[p. [°d_p dp[p_y Ahkp_ [° ANpD \p°X$p drl_p l°gp S> \ey l[y. [°Ap°_u kNufphı\p]$fÁep_ fpƒe_p° hluhV$ A°L$ hluhV$u L$rdqV$ ‹pfp \[p° l[p°. [°Ap°A° cph_Nfdp¨ rinZA¨N∞°S> rinL$ d°S>f g°B_V°$B_ A_° cpf[ue rinL$ A°.ù. `À$Zu `pk° iÍ$Ap[dp¨ gu^yl[y¨. `R>u [°Ap° fpS>L$p°V$_u fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>dp¨ A_° H¡g°fiX$dp¨ rinZ g°hp dpV°$ ]$pMg\ep l[p. H¡g°fiX$dp¨ [°Ap° f°hffiX$ rd.b∞pef_u l°fp° ıL|$gdp¨ ]$pMg \ep l[p. H¡g°fiX$dp¨”Z hjÆ_p rinZ R>u [p.8-6-1928_p fp°S> [°Ap° cph_Nf f[ ApÏep. rlT fp°eglpB_°k r‚fik Ap°a h°Îk ƒepf° dy¨bB dygpL$p[° ApÏep –epf° [°d_° [°d_u dygpL$p[ \Bl[u. dy¨bB_p Nh_Æf kf ƒep°S>Æ gp°BX°$ cph_Nf_u dygpL$p[ guû l[u. D`fp¨[ cpf[_phpBkfp°e gp°XÆ$ fuX$vN° fpS>L$p°V$dp¨ ]$fbpf cep°Æ –epf° Z [°dZ° [°dp¨ lpS>fu Apù l[u. [p.18-4-1931_p fp°S> [°Ap°_° |ZÆ k—p kp¢`hpdp¨ Aphu l[u. [°Ap°_p g¡_ [p.22-4-1931_p fp°S> Np°¨X$g_p eyhfpS> cp°S>fpS>∆_p Qp°\p _¨bf_p Ly$¨hfu rhƒepbp kp\° \epl[p. dlpfp≈ M|b S> kpfp Op°X°$khpf A_° dp” _h hjÆ_u Jdf° riL$pf dpV°$_y¨ B_pdd°mh_pf M|b kpfp r_ip_°bpS> l[p. [°dZ° _uQ° dyS>b_p L$pep°Æ A_° ky^pfpAp° L$epÆl[p.

(1) M°X|$[p° dpV°$ [°dZ° A°hy L$ÎepZL$pfu L$pd L$eyÆ L°$, M°X|$[p° dpV°$ F>Zfpl[ ep°S>_p L$fu[° ]°$hy fpƒeA° cfu ]$u^y, ≈°L°$ Ap L$pd hluhV$u krdr[_p ipk_dp¨ \ey l[y¨. (2)B.k.1943dp¨ `¨Qpe[ ipk_ ^pfp° OX$u_° Q|¨V$Zu_y¨ [“h ]$pMg L$eyÆ. (3) M°[uhpX$u_prhL$pk dpV°$ p°mpdp¨ dp°X°$g apdÆ iÍ$ L$eyÆ. (4) Np•fui¨L$f [mph (bp°f[mph)_y rhı[©[uL$fZL$eyÆ A_° raÎV$f lpDk `Z Dcy L$eyÆ A_° ‚≈_° Qp°øMp A_° S>Í$qfep[ dyS>b `pZu_u

yf[u kyrh^p yfu pX$u l[u. (5) B.k.1936dp¨ kp•fpÙ≤$_u ‚\d c|NcÆ NV$f ep°S>_p iÍ$L$fu A_° phf lpDk iÍ$ L$fu huS>mu_u kyrh^p il°f_° Apù l[u. (6) [°Ap°A° rinZ_p°a°gphp° \pe [° dpV°$ M|b S> ‚e–_p° L$epÆ. [°Ap°_p L$pmdp¨ B.k.1940dp¨ 520 rinZk¨ı\pAp° cph_Nf fpƒedp¨ l[u. (6) Apfp°¡e n°”° `Z M|b S> kNhX$[pAp° h^pfu,fpƒe iu[mp_u fku da[ Ap`[y, cph_Nf, dlzhpdp¨ Mpk d°V$f_uV$u lp°sı`V$gp° iÍ$ L$fuA_° fpƒe_p _h dlpgdp¨ _h ]$hpMp_p iÍ$ L$fpÏep. (7) b¨]$f_p° rhL$pk L$fhp ‚e–_p° L$epÆA_° 40 gpM_p MQ£ S>°V$u bp¨û A_° cph_Nf dlzhp h√Q° V≤$pd-h° `Z iÍ$ L$fu. (8)cph_Nfdp¨ Np¨ûıd©r[ k¨ı\p ı\`p[p [°dp¨ Í$p.` gpM_y¨ dp[bf fL$d_y¨ ]$p_ L$eyÆ. (9)[°Ap°_p r`[pÓuA° iÍ$ L$f°g ‚≈ ‚r[r_r^ kcp Qpgy fpMu A_° S>°_° gp°L$iplu S>°hp lΩ$p°Ap‡ep l[p.

kp•fpÙ≤$dp¨ [°Ap°A° kp•‚\d p°[p_y fpƒe Np¨û∆_° QfZ° eyÆ. [°Ap°A° kp•fpÙ≤$ fpƒe_pD`fpƒe ‚dyM A_° d÷pk fpƒe_p Nh_Æf [fuL°$ dp” Í$p.1_p V$p°L$_ Npf\u L$pd L$eyÆ l[y.[°Ap°_° Í$p.10 gpM_y hprjÆL$ kprgepœ dm[y l[y. [°Ap° [p.1-4-1965_p fp°S> Ahkp_`pÁep. `Z cph_Nf_u ‚≈dp¨ ]°$h_u S>°d ApS>° `Z `|≈[p f¸p R>°.

28


15.dlpfpZp rhL$dp[∆ S>°W$hp - `p°fb¨]$f`p°fb¨]$f_p 177dp¨ ipkL$ Mudp°∆ (B.k.1813 \u 1881)_p Ahkp_ bp]$

rhL$dp[∆A° p°fb¨]$f fpƒe_p S>°W$hp hï_p ipkL$ bfiep. S>°Ap°_° cp°S>fpS>∆ Z L$l°[pl[p. [°d_p° S>fid B.k.1823dp¨ \ep° l[p°. [°_p r`[p fpZp Mudp∆_p kde° [°Ap° ApW$hjÆ_u S> Jdf_p lp°hp\u fpƒe_p° L$pfcpf fpS>dp[pÓu Í$`pmubpBA° QgpÏep° l[p°. S>°Í$`pmubp kp]y$ ∆h_ ∆h[p, Mp°V$p MQpÆ_p rhfp°û l[p, S>°dZ° fpƒe_u r[≈°fu Mpgul[u [° hM[° `p°[° fpƒe L$fL$kf\u Qgphhp_p° dpNÆ `k¨]$ L$fu fpƒe QgpÏey. fpS>dp[p^prdÆL$ ‚L©$r[_p l[p S>°dZ° dp^h`yfdp¨ dp^hfpe∆_y¨ d¨q]$f B.k.1840dp¨ b¨^pÏey.rhL$dp[∆_p kdedp¨ p°fb¨]$fdp¨ L$°]$pf°Ôhf, L$°]$pfLy¨$X$, Í$`pmubp [mph(cp°S>kf) b¨^pep.fpS>dp[p B.k.1841dp¨ d©–ey `pÁep `R>u rhL$dp[∆A° fpS>^yfp `p°[p_p lp\dp¨ guû.

`p °fb¨] $f fpS>e_uhkr[ B.k.1881dp¨ 71,072. B.k.1891dp¨85,785.B.k.1901dp¨ 82,640. B.k.1911dp¨ 91,440. B.k.1921dp¨1,01,881. B.k.1931dp 1,15,673 l[u A_° p°fb]$f il°f_u hkr[ B.k.1881dp14,569. B.k.1891dp¨ 18,805.B.k.1901dp¨ 24,620. B.k.1911dp¨24,821. B.k.1921dp¨ 28,699. B.k.1931dp¨ 33,383. B.k.1941dp¨48,493. B.k.1951dp¨ 58,824. B.k.1961dp¨ 75,081_u l[u.S>epf° B.k.2001dp¨ il°f_u hkr[ 3,30,433_u l[u.

rhL$dp[∆_p ep°¡e hluhV$ A_° sı\f[p_° rlkpb° A¨N∞°S> kfL$pf° `p°fb¨]$f fpƒe_°‚\d hNÆdp¨ NŒey. rhL$dp[∆_p kdedp¨ ]$qfepL$p¨W$pdp¨ Qp¨rQepNufu Ap°R>u \B l[u.Ap°Mp d¨X$m NpeL$hpX$_° kp¢`[p hpO°fp° blpfhV°$ QX$Èp l[p. S>°_° `p°fb¨]$f_u ap°S>° _Ìe[L$epÆ l[p. rhL$dp[∆ ƒepf° ep”pA° Nep –epf° fpS>L$pfcpf Ly$dpf dp^htkl∆_° kp¢ù_°Nep l[p –epf° dp^htkl_° b]$g° lSy>fu gˇdZ Mhpk° fpƒe QgpÏey A_° fpƒe_° M|b S>_yL$ip_ `lp¢QpX$Èy A_° dp^htkl_p d©–ey_p kdpQpf kp¨cmu rhL$dp[∆A° ep”pA°\u`pR>p ApÏep A_° [°dZ° gˇdZ Mhpk_p _pL$-L$p_ L$pù _p¨øep [°\u Mhpk° ApbÍ$S>hp_u buL°$ ApÒp[ L$fu gu^p°. Ap OV$_p_u A¨N∞°S> kfL$pf_° ≈Z \[p [°dZ° rhL$dp[∆D`f Ngp gB p°fb¨]$f fpƒe_° ‚\d hNÆdp¨\u ”u≈ hNÆdp¨ d|L$u ]$u^y A_° rhL$dp[∆_plp\dp¨\u k—p gB A°X$rdr_ıV≤°$V$f _udu gu^p° l[p°. B.k.1888dp¨ kf A°a.A°k. g°guA°`p°fb¨]$f_p° qL$âp° [p°X$u _p¨øep° [° A¨N° A°L$ Nu[ Nhpe R>°. ""fpZp_p° NY$ g°guX°$ gu^p°,`pX$u_° `V$X$p° L$u^p°... fpZp_p° NY$X$p°. Ap kde° rhL$dp[∆A° A¨N∞°S> kfL$pf `pk° `p°[p_°\e°gp Afiepe_u fS|>Ap[p° L$fu l[u [°d R>[p¨ B.k.1886 \u 1900 kyû `p°fb¨]$fdp¨rhL$dp[∆_p kdedp¨ rb∞V$ui A°X$rdr_ıV≤°$i_ f¸y. Ap kde° f°gh° A_° kX$L$p° b¨^pB A_°fpZpiplu L$p°fu b¨^ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu.

rhL$dp[∆ fpS>rjÆ ∆h_ ∆h_pfp l[p, p°[° prdÆL$ Ïesº[ l[p. ]$ffp°S> khpf° hl°gpDW$u W¨$X$p `pZu\u ı_p_ L$fu `|≈dp¨ b°k[p l[p. `p°[° iÍ$Ap[dp¨ h•ÛZh^dw l[p. `f¨[y`R>u i•h^dw bfiep l[p. rhL$dp[∆ [p.21-4-1900_p fp°S> d©–ey `pÁep [° `R>ucphtkl∆ p°fb¨]$f_u Np]$uA° b°W$p l[p.

30


16. dlpfpZp _V$hftkl∆ - `p°fb¨]$f`p°fb¨]$f_p 179dp¨ ipkL$ cphtkl∆_y¨ Ahkp_ \[p [°d_p y” _V$hftkl∆ ApW$

hjÆ_u he° Np]$uA° b°W$p. `Z kNufphı\p_p lp°hp_° gu^° B.k.1908 \u 1920 kyû`p°fb¨]$f fpƒe_p° hluhV$ A¨N∞°≈°A° k¨cp˛ep° l[p°°. [°Ap°_° |ZÆ k—p [p.26-1-1920_pfp°S> kp¢`hpdp¨ Aphu l[u. [°Ap°_p° S>fid [p.30-6--1901_p fp°S> \ep° l[p°.

[°Ap°A° fpS>L$p°V$_u fpSLy$dpf L$p°g°S>dp¨ rinZ d°mÏey l[y¨. dlpfpZp _V$hftkl∆cgp, cp°mp A_° ‚≈‚°du ipkL$ l[p. [°Ap°_° ıL$pDqV$N_p° ip°M l[p°. qæ$L°$V$_p kpfp A°hpip°Mu_ A_° _pdp¨qL$[ M°gpX$u l[p. [°Ap° B.k.1932dp¨ cpf[ue qæ$L°$V$ V$ud_p L°$‡V$_[fuL°$ rh]°$idp¨ fdhp Nep l[p. _V$hftkl∆ l_ydp_ S>e¨r[ A_° hk¨[`¨Qdu_p q]$hk°A_°L$ ‚L$pf_u lqfapBAp° L$f[p [°dp¨ 41.6 qL$.du._u d°f°\p°_ ]$p°X$ \[u S>°dp¨ `p°fb¨]$ffpƒe_p L$p°mu, hpO°f, d°f_p eyhp_p° cpN g°[p [°dp¨ 56 hjÆ_p A°L$ h©¬^ d°f° b° hjÆ kyû‚\d _¨bf d°mÏep° l[p°. [°Ap°_p g¡_ gvbX$u_p fpS>hu ]$p°g[tkl∆_p `y”u Í$`pmubp(A°d. bu. B.) kp\° \ep l[p. [°Ap°_p ipk_L$pm ]$fÁep_ fpƒeA° kpfu A°hu ‚Nr[ L$ful[u A_° ‚≈‚°d A_l]$_p° ‚p· L$ep£ l[p°. _V$hftkl∆A° fpƒe_u ‚≈_° A_°L$ kyrh^pAp°`yfu `pX$u A_° A_°L$ ky^pfpAp° L$fpÏep l[p. il°fdp¨ fı[p_u bfi_° bpSy>A° _prme°fuhhfphu_° il°f_° iZNpeyÆ A_° fı[pAp° ky^pepÆ l[p.

[°Ap°_p ipk_L$pm ]$fÁep_ `p°fb¨]$fdp¨ Oœ b^y ı\`pey. S>°dp¨ B.k.1925dpÄ°kp°rkA°V°$X$ rkd°fiV$ L$ _u a°ºV$fu, B.k.1932dp¨ dlpfpZp L$p`X$ rdg, B.k.1935dp¨bpgdq]$f, B.k.1939dp eyhL$ kO, B.k.1945dp S>N]$ui Ap°Bg rdg, B.k.1946dp]y$rg` ıL|$g Ap°a qæ$L°$V$. Ap rkhpe ∆_vN [\p ‚°kvN L$pfMp_p, q]$hpkmu, L$pQ A_°duW$p, h°∆V°$bg Ou, kpby hN°f°_p `Z L$pfMp_p ı\`pep l[p.

`p°fb¨]$f fpƒe_p° fiepe hMZp[p° l[p° –epf° R> ap°S>]$pfu L$p°VÆ$, Qpf ]$uhp_u L$p°VÆ$ A_°lSy>f L$p°VÆ$ l[u. [°Ap°_p ipk_L$pm ]$fÁep_ B.k.1923dp¨ L$rhhf frhfi÷_p\ V$pNp°fkp•fpÙ≤$_p ‚hpk° ApÏep –epf° p°fb¨]$f Z ApÏep l[p, –epf° _V$hftkl∆A° [°d_y e\p°rQ[kfidp_ L$fu ""rhÔhcpf[u''_° dp°Vy$ ]$p_ Ap‡ey l[y¨. [°Ap°_p L$pmdp¨ S> B.k.1928dp¨L$pqW$ephpX$ fpS>L$ue qfj]$_y Qp°\y Ar^h°i_ Ad©[gpg W$L$L$f_p ‚dyM`Zp _uQ° p°fb]$fdpd˛ey l[y¨.

[°Ap°_° ‚\d rhÔheyŸdp¨ A¨N∞°≈°_° d]$]$ L$fhp b]$g B.k.1918dp¨ ""dlpfp≈''_p°BÎL$pb d˛ep° l[p°° A_° [p°`_u kgpdu_u k¨øep h^pfu_° 13_u L$fu ]°$hpdp¨ Aphu l[u.[p.3 S|>_, 1929_p fp°S> A¨N∞°≈°A° [°d_° L°$.ku.A°k.ApB._p° Z BÎL$pb Ap‡ep° l[p°.[°Ap°_y¨ 5 Ap°L$V$p°bf 1979_p fp°S> Ahkp_ \ey¨. [°Ap°_° hpqÛpÆL$ 3.80 gpM_y¨ kprgepœdm[y l[y.

32


17.W$pL$p°fkp. k¨N∞pd∆ ≈X°$≈ - Np¢X$gNp¢X$g A° ≈X°$≈Ap°_y¨ `∞\d hNÆ_y¨ fpƒe l[y¨ A_° [°_p° rhı[pf 1024 ıL°$h°f dpBg_p°

l[p° A_° fpƒedp¨ 175 Npdp° Aph°gp l[p. Np¢X$g fpƒe_u ı\p`_p Ly¨$cp°∆ l°gpA° L$ful[u. [°Ap° rb∞V$ui kfL$pf_° hprjÆL$ Í$p.49,096 M¨X$Zu_p [\p NpeL$hpX$_° Í$p.61,017[\p S|>_pNY$_° ≈°f[gbu_p Í$p.608 cf[p l[p. Np¢X$g_p bpfdp ipkL$ cpZpcpB(B.k.1841 \u 1851) \ep. [°d_p d©–ey R>u k¨N∞pd∆ Np¢X$g_u Np]$uA° ApÏep l[p.[°Ap° ip¨[, Apfpdr‚e [\p ^prdÆL$h©r[_p l[p A_° ‚cy cS>_dp¨ [Îgu_ fl°[p l[p.[°d_p fpZu_y¨ _pd fpdbp l[y¨ [° fpdbp hX$pfZ S>ip°]$p_p ∞cphdp¨ l[p. Ap\u fpƒedp¨MV$`V$p° \[u l[u. S>ip°]$pA° d¨\fp S>°hp° Np¢X$g fpƒedp¨ cpN cS>Ïep° [°\u [° S>ip°]$p aB[fuL°$ Np¢X$g fpƒedp¨ Ap°mMphp dp¨X$u l[u. k¨N∞pd∆ cp°mp lp°hp\u fpƒedp¨ A_°L$ L$php]$phpQpg[p l[p.

k¨N∞pd∆_p° S>fid cpZpcpB_u O°f fpS>bp dp°V$ubp_u LyM° [p.24-2-1823_pfp°S> \ep° l[p°. [°Ap°_° A°L$ d|mycp _pd_p cpB `Z l[p. [°Ap° [p.16-12-1850_pfp°S> Np]$uA° b°W$p A_° [f[ S> fpƒe_° L$fS>dp¨\u blpf L$pY$hp_p° ‚e–_ L$ep£ A_° S|>_y L$fS>cfu hprjÆL$ AphL$ h^pfu_° Í$p.80,000 L$fu ]$uû. [°Ap°A° D`g°V$p dlpg_p° L$p°V$, cpeph]$f_°af[p° il°f_p° NY$ A_° ^p°fp∆ dlpg_p L$p°gL$u A_° dpfX$ Npd_° dS>b|[ q]$hpgp° bp¨ûkyfrn[ b_pÏey l[y¨. Np¢X$gdp¨ A¨N∞°∆ ıL|$g fuX$vN Í$d, ]$hpMp_y, dykpafu b¨Ngp° A_°^dÆipmp b¨^phu l[u. hmu ApMp fpƒedp¨ Nfubp°_p bpmL$p°_° da[ rinZ Ap`hp OZur_ipmp° Mp°gu l[u. [°Ap° rdg_kpf ıhcph_p lp°hp\u ‚≈dp¨ M|b S> dp_u[p b_u Nepl[p. [°Ap°A° A°hy kpÍ$ fpƒe QgpÏey L°$, bu≈ il°f_p gp°L$p° Np°¨X$gdp¨ Aphu hkhp gp¡epA_° `R>u h°`pf dl°k|g A_° Apbp]$u M|b S> hû l[u. [°Ap°_p kdedp¨ B.k.1867dp¨NyZpr[[ ıhpduA° Np¢X$gdp ıhpqd_pfpeZ_y Mp[dylz[Æ L$eyÆ l[y. kN∞pd∆_° fpdbp, k]$pbp,dp¢Oubp A°d ”Z fpZuAp° l[p. [°dp¨ dp¢OubpA° [p.24-10-1865_p fp°S> ^p°fp∆_p]$fbpfNY$dp cNh[_° S>fid Ap‡ep° l[p°. kN∞pd∆_° ”Z y” l[p. (1) ©\ufpS> (`\ycp)(2) bpgtkl (3) cNh[rk¨l∆. Apdp \ycp_y¨ 21 hjÆ_u he° Ahkp_ \[p k¨N∞pd∆q]$¡dyY$ \B Nep l[p. L$p°B_u kp\° bp°g[p _lv L°$ L$Q°fudp¨ hp[Qu[ Z _ L$f[p A_° fpƒe]y$gÆc byQ Qgph[p° l[p°. Aphp kde° f¨N`f_p dı[ L$rh bpZu]$pk ApÏep A_° [°Z° A°L$iuO∞ L$pÏe b_phu [°d_° k¨cmph[p k¨N∞pd∆ \p°X$p ıhı\ \ep l[p. NyZpr[[p_¨]$ ıhpduA°`Z Np¢X$g Aphu k¨N∞pd∆_° D`]°$i Apù ip°L$dp¨\u blpf L$pY$Èp l[p. `R>u ƒepf°cNh[_p° S>fid \ep° –epf° k¨N∞pd∆A° NyZpr[[p∆_° Np¢X$g [°X$pÏep A_° Ly¨$hf_y¨ _pd`pX$hp rh_¨[u L$fu l[u.

k¨N∞pd∆ a°b∞yApfu 1870dp¨ dy¨bB Mp[° (ÍgvN r‚fikuk B.k.1869 L$l° R>°`©.53)d©–ey `pÁep. ]yg°fpe ]$a[fu ıh[¨” rhQpf_p° l[p° A_° [°\u W$pL$p°f_p° lzL$d `Zdp_[p° _lv, [°\u [°_° b]$gphhp W$pL$p°f° A°S>fikudp¨ aqfep]$ L$fu `Z [° `pep rh_p_ugpNu. Ap\u W$pL$p°f_° dy¨bB S>hy `X$Èy –ep¨ ApW$ dpk f¸p A_° –ep¨ d©–ey `pÁep l[p.

34


17. dlpfp≈ cNh[tkl∆ ≈X°$≈- Np¢X$gcNh[tkl∆_p° S>fid [p.24-10-1865_p fp°S> ^p°fp∆ Mp[° \ep° l[p°. r`[p_p

Ahkp_ kde° p°[° kNuf lp°hp\u B.k.1884 kyû d°_°S>d°fiV$ f¸y l[y¨. [° R>u [p.24-8-1884_p fp°S> [°dZ° |ZÆ k—p k¨cpmu l[u. S>°Ap°A° fpS>L$p°V$_u fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>dp¨L°$mhZu guû l[u. `R>u [p° OZu `]$huAp° `f]°$idp¨\u `Z d°mhu l[u. [p.16-4-1883\u [p.9-11-1883 kyû eyfp°`_p° [°dZ° ‚hpk L$ep°Æ l[p° A_° [° ‚hpk hZÆ__u`p°[° X$pefu gMu l[u. B.k.1887dp¨ ƒepf° dlpfpZu rhºV$p°qfep_p ipk__p° kyhZÆdlp°–kh DS>hpep° –epf° [°Ap° kp•fpÙ≤$_p fp≈Ap°_p `∞r[r_r^ [fuL°$ I¡g°fiX$ Nep l[p A_°–ep¨ [°d_° dlpfpZu_p lı[° L°$.ku.ApB.B._p° BÎL$pb A`pep° l[p°. [°Ap°A° B.k.1896dp¨friep_p Tpfr_L$p°gk bu≈_p fpƒeprcj°L$dp¨ Z cpN gu^p° l[p°. [°d_° B.k.1887dp¨∆.ku.ApB.B._p° BÎL$pb d˛ep° l[p°.Np¨û∆_° Np¢X$gdp¨ dlp–dp_y¨ rbÍ]$ A`pey l[y¨.

[°Ap° [p.3-6-1881_p fp°S> ^fd`yf_p Ly¨$hfu _¨]$Ly¨$hfbp A_° hp¨L$p_°f_p Ly¨$hfudp∆fpS>bp kp\° A°L$ S> q]$hk° `fŒep l[p. `R>u [p.4-6-1881_p fp°S> QyX$p_p Ly¨$hfu_p_ubp A_° duZp`yf_p Ly¨$hfu(kNp dpdp_u `y”u) bpBkpl°bbp kp\° `fŒep l[p.Apd [°Z° b° q]$hkdp¨ Qpf fpZuAp° kp\° g¡_ L$epÆ l[p. [°Ap°A° A°hu q]$^Æ÷qÙ$\u fpS>QgpÏey L°$, Np¢X$g fpƒe_p° M|b S> TX$`\u rhL$pk \ep° A_° `p°[° ‚≈r`∞e \B `X$Èp.[°d_p kdedp¨ Np°¨X$gdp¨ rNfprkep L$p°g°S>, L•$gpkbpN, bpgpÓd, r_fpqÓ[ N©l, h°fu[mph, lp°sı`V$g, V$`pg-[pf Ap°qak, fpS>L$p°V$ ıV°$V$_p° D[pfp°, Np¢X$g_p _hp dl°g,Np°¨X$gdp¨ ipL$dpL£$V$, cp]$f _]$u D`f ky`°X$u pk° yg hN°f° hN°f° b¨^pey l[y¨. [°dZ° fpƒedp¨]$f°L$ Npd° ]$fhp≈° A_° ıL|$g b_phu l[u. OZp Npdp°dp¨ V°$guap°__u kNhX$[p Z Dcu L$ful[u. fpƒedp¨ [°Z° rhOp°V$u_u fu[ ]$pMg L$fu M°[u_p° rhL$pk L$ep°Æ. dpg_u S>L$p[ Z L$pY$u_p¨Mu. p°mp\u p°fp∆ ky u_u f°gh° gpB_ [°d_p kdedp¨ MyÎgu dyL$pB [° ApMu gpB_dp¨kpX$p Qp•]$ dpBg S>°V$gp° S> cpN bp]$ L$f[p bpL$u bû Np¢X$g_p MQ£ b¨^pB l[u. S>°_u`pR>m 29/30 gpM S>°V$gp° MQÆ \ep° l[p°. S>°_° B.k.1881dp¨ MyÎgu dyL$hpdp¨ Aphu.[°Ap°A° B.k.1919dp¨ afrS>ep[ ‰u L$fiep L°$mhZu ]$pMg L$fu l[u.

cNh[tkl∆ M|b S> qfÓdu, kp]$pBcepÆ, L$fL$kfhpmp fpS>hu l[p, fpƒe_p A°L°$A°L$ •kp_u [°d_° d_ qL≠$d[ l[u. ºepë DX$ph MQÆ L°$ [°_p ¬ep_ blpf MQÆ L$fhpdp¨ Aph[p°_ l[p°. [°d_° kp•\u h^y qL$[w A`ph_pf [°dZ° [•epf L$fph°g ""cNh]$ Np°d¨X$g'' _pd_p°dlp_ iÂ]$L$p°j R>°. y_p_u af¡eyk_ L$p°g°S>dp¨ Í$p.22,500_y¨ ]$p_ Apù p°[p_p fpƒe_prh¤p\wAp° dpV°$ ]$i kuV$ A_pd[ fMphu l[u, S>°_p° gpc lSy> ıh[¨”[p R>u Z S|>_pNp¢X$g fpƒe_p rh¤p\wAp° gB iL° $ R> °.^p°fp∆,D`g°V$p A_° Np¢X$g_u A^[_bp¨^Zu,rhipm fı[p A_° ipmp_p ky¨]$f dL$p_p° [°Ap°_u b°_d|_ c°V$ R>°. [°Ap° ]$f°L$AW$hpqX$e° Ap°qakfp°_u dygpL$p[ gB L$pdL$pS>_u [`pk L$f[p l[p. [°Ap°A° kyhZÆ dlp°–khhM[° A_° fS>[ S>e¨r[ hM[° 50 h°fpAp° f]$ L$epÆ l[p. A¨N∞°S> Ar^L$pfuAp° `Z [°d_pfpƒe_° hMpZ[p l[p. ]$p.[. gp°XÆ rhrg¨¡X$_° L$l°gy L°$ ""Ad_° Np¢X$g fpƒe_u hkr[ [fuL°$fl°hp_y¨ d_ \pe R>°.'' [°Ap°_y¨ [p.9-3-1944_p fp°S> Ahkp_ \ey¨.

36


19.dlpfp≈ cp°S>fpS>tkl∆ ≈X°$≈ - Np¢X$gdlpfp≈ cNh[rk¨l∆ [p.9-3-1944_p fp°S> Ahkp_ `pd[p [°d_p `y”

cp°S>fpS>tkl∆ Np¢X$g_u Np]$uA° b°W$p. [°Ap°_p° S>fid [p.8-1-1883_p fp°S> \ep° l[p°°.

[°Ap°A° H¡g°fiX$dp¨ A°V$_ A_° Ap°ºkaXÆ eyr_hrkÆV$udp¨ rinZ d°mÏey l[y¨. ≈° L°$ [°d_prhQpfp° cNh[rk¨l∆ kp\° blz dm[p _lp°[p. [°d R>[p¨ –epf° fpƒe_u hluhV$u \p°X$u OZu

[pgud d°mhu l[u. [° `p°[° 61 hjÆ_u Jdf° Np]$uA° b°k[p L$pddp¨ Aphu l[u.cp°S>fpS>tkl∆_° bNkfp_p hpmp fpS>huAp° kp\° A_° q]$hp_ hufphpmp kp\° kpfp

A°hp k¨b¨ p° f¸p l[p, S>epf° bNkfpdp¨ [pgyL$]$pfÓu cpephpmpA° [°d_p _p_p cpB Ly.Óuhpg°fphpmp_p dp°V$p `y” dl°fpd hpmp_° ]$—L$ gu^p –epf° ]$—L$ rh^p_ ‚k¨N° [°Ap° dyøe

dl°dp_ `]°$ fpZukpl°b krl[ `^pepÆ l[p. [°Ap°_p fpZu kpl°b Ap°S>gdp¨ fl°[p _l[p. Ap rkhpe S>k]$Z fpƒe_p ‚k¨Np°dp¨ Z cp°S>fpS>tkl∆ S>[p l[p. Ap yı[L$_p

A°L$ g°ML$ (‚¤yÁ_ MpQf)_p dpkp Ly$.Óu hpg°fphpmp_p g¡_dp¨ cp°S>fpS>tkl∆ [p°fufpd`yf ≈_dp¨ `Z `^pepÆ l[p. Ap fu[° cp°S>fpS>tkl∆_° L$pW$u fS>hpX$pAp° kp\° kpfp°

A°hp° k¨b¨^ f¸p° l[p°.cp°S>fpS>tkl∆_p g¡_ hZp_p b_°tkl∆ Tpgp_p Ly¨ $hfufpS>Ly¨$hfbp kp\° \ep l[p. [°Ap°_° b° `y”p° l[p, (1) rhæ$drk¨l∆ (2) rihfpS>tkl∆

A_° `p¨Q `y”uAp° l[p. S>°dp¨ eyhfpS> rhæ$dtkl∆_p 30dp¨ S>fid q]$hk° [p.13-10-1944_p fp°S> [°dZ° L°$V$guL$ _hpS>°ip° S>°d Afie fpS>huAp° ≈l°f L$f[p l[p [°d L$fu l[u.

[°Ap°_° Z [°d_p r`[p cNh[tkl∆_u S>°d M°X|$[p° D`f M|b S> ‚°d l[p°, cNh[tkl∆[p° M°X| $[p°_° kp°_p_p TpX$hp L$l°[p l[p. A°hp hlpgp M°X| $[p°_u kyMpL$pfu dpV°

cp°S>fpS>tkl∆A° Nfub M°X|$[p°_° bm]$ Mfu]$hp klpe Apù l[u. A°L$ l≈f _hp L|$hpNmphhp M°X|$[p°_° dpV°$ Í$p.2,00,000_u d]$]$, Í$p.2,00,000_y¨ ÏepS> dyº[ r^fpZ

Ap`hp_y¨ W$fpÏey l[y¨. A_pS>_y¨ cphr_ed_ bp¨û M°X|$[p°_° ape]$p° A`pÏep°. D`fp¨[ kı[pÏepS>° gp°_ A_° da[ A_pS> rbepfZ Ap`[p l[p.`p°[° Np¢X$gdp¨ k¨ıL©[ `pW$ipmp `Z

Mp°ghp dp¨N[p l[p. cpep[p° kp\° `Z kpfp k¨b¨^p° fpMhp dpV°$ [° b^y S> L$fu Ry>V°$ [°hpl[p. `p°[° Np]$uA° b°W$p –epf° r`[p cNh[tkl∆ A_° dp[p _¨]$Ly¨$hfbp_p ıdpfL$ dpV°$

Í$p.5,00,000 AgN dyL$pÏep l[p, Ap fL$ddp¨\u `R>u _¨]$Ly¨hfbp lp°sı`V$g bp¨^hpdpÄphu l[uNp¢X $g fpS>e_uhkr[ B.k.1881dp¨ 135,604. B.k.1891dp¨161,036.B.k.1901dp¨ 162,859 B.k.1911dp¨ 161,916. B.k.1921dp¨167,071. B.k.1931dp¨ 205,846 l[u A_° Np¢X$g il°f_u hkr[ B.k.1881dp¨13,523. B.k.1891dp¨ 15,343.B.k.1901dp¨ 19,592. B.k.1911dp¨15,141. B.k.1921dp¨ 17,418. B.k.1931dp¨ 24,573.B.k.1941dp¨30,553.B.k.1951dp¨ 37,046.B.k.1961dp¨ 45,069_ul[u.B.k.2001dp¨ Np¢X $g il°f_u hkr[ 193,522_u l[u Np¢X $g fpƒe_°Í$p.8,00,000_y¨ hprjÆL$ kprgepœ dm[y l[y¨.

38


20..W$pL$p°fkp. S>kh¨[tkl∆ Tpgp- gvbX$ugvbX$u A° Tpgp ipkL$p°_y¨ bu≈ hNÆ_y¨ 74 Npdp° ^fph[y fpƒe l[y¨. a[°lrk¨l∆ dp”

24 hjÆ_u Jdf° Ahkp_ `pd[p S>kh¨[tkl∆ [p.30-1-1862_p fp°S> Np]$uA° b°W$p`f¨[y [°Ap° bpm he_p lp°hp\u 1862 \u 1876 ky u A_yæ$d° dp[p lqfbp A_° A¨N∞°≈°_p°hluhV$ f¸p° `R>u R>°L$ B.k.1877dp¨ S>kh¨[tkl∆_° `|ZÆ k—p kp¢`hpdp¨ Aphu l[u.[°Ap°_p° S>fid B.k.1859dp¨ \ep° l[p° A_° [°dZ° ‚p\rdL$ rinZ gvbX$udp¨ A_° Of°AÊepk L$fu d°mÏey. R>u [°Ap° fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>dp¨ cŒep A_° –ep¨ [°dZ° p°[p_u ‚r[cpb[phu l[u A_° _p°_ d°V≤$uL$ kyû cŒep l[p. [°Ap°_° Qpf fpZu l[p, fpS>Lydpf L$p°g°S>dp¨cZ°gp OZp qh¤p\wAp°_° [°_p r‚sfik`pg kp\° rh]°$i ‚hpk_u [L$ dm[u l[u,S>kh¨[tkl∆A° b° hM[ qh]°$i ‚hpk L$ep£ l[p°. [°d_pdp¨ AdyL$ Mpk NyZ l[p, S>°hp L°$fpƒe hluhV$ `f A¨N[ ]°$Mf°M, fiepreL$ ‚Ô_p°_p° ≈[° DL°$g A_° Ap°rakdp¨ k[[ lpS>fuAp NyZp°_° rlkpb° fpƒe_° OZp° ape]$p° \ep° l[p°. [°Ap°_p fpƒe L$pm ]$fÁep_ gvbX$ufpƒeA° OZu ‚Nr[ L$fu A_° [°_p L$pmdp¨ gvbX$udp¨ ‚øep[ Ïesº[Ap°dp¨$ dy¨bB_p Nh_ÆfS>°Ák af¡eyk_, kf kep∆fph NpeL$hpX$, dy¨bB_p Nh_Æf gp°XÆ$ f°, ıhpdu rhh°L$p_¨]$ hN°f°dlp_ycphp° `^pepÆ l[p.S>kh¨[tkl∆A° ]$fbpfNY$dp¨ cÏe V$phf b¨Ngp° b¨^phu [°dp¨ `f]°$iu L$gp–dL$ ar_ÆQfrQ”p° L$fpÏep A_° `¨]$f `¨]$f dur_V°$ X¨$L$p `X°$ [°hy A]$c|[ OqX$epm dyL$pÏey A_° ]$fbpfuAp°qakhpmy dL$p_ b¨^pÏey. [°Ap°A° ‚≈S>_ dpV°$ hp°V$f hLÆ$k, _l°fp°, bNuQpAp° b¨^pÏepA_° rinZ dpV°$ B.k.1885dp¨ S>kh¨[tkl∆ duX$g ıL|$g A_° kf S>kh¨[tkl∆lpBıL|$g B.k.1907dp¨ b¨^phu A_° A° rkhpe L$fiep ipmp A_° `yı[L$pge_u ı\p`_pL$fu l[u. S>kh¨[tkl∆ qhQnZ A_° dy–k]$u fpS>hu lp°hp\u c|[L$pmdp¨ bfhpmp `fA¨N∞°S> k—pA° `p°[p_u lL|d[ W$fphu l[u. [° TOX$pdp¨ ep°¡e fS|>Ap[p° L$fu l[u. ]$f°L$fpS>huAp° `p°[p_p A_° Afie kNp_p _pd\u S>°d Npdp° hkph[p lp°e R>° [°dS>kh¨[tkl∆A° _hp Npdp° hkpÏep [°d_p _p_p cpB Dd°]$tkl∆ D`f\u Dd°]$`yfB.k.1887dp¨ hkpÏey. Ap rkhpe B.k.dp¨1894 ]°hı\m, ≈gd`yf A_° eih¨[`yf_pd_p ”Z _hp Npdp° hkpÏep. L$fZtkl∆ gM[f A_° S>kh¨[tkl∆ bfi_° kpYy$cpB\[p l[p. [°Ap° ƒepf° Qpf ^pd_u ep”pA° Nep –epf° Qp•]$ drl_p [°dZ° fpS> QgpÏey A_°[° rd”[p A_° OV$_p_u ep]$uNufuÍ$` gM[fdp¨ L$fZtkl∆A° S>kh¨[tkl∆ lpBıL|$gı\pù A° S> fu[° S>kh¨[tkl∆A° `Z L$]$f L$fu gvbX$u_p N∞u_ Qp°L$_p rhı[pf_°L$fZtkl∆ ıL$h°f _pd Ap‡ey¨. S>kh¨[tkl∆_° ^dÆdp¨ M|b S> Ó¬^p l[u A_° A_°L$dlp`yÍ$jp° k¨[p°_p k–k¨N L$f_pfp l[p. [°_p L$pmdp¨ gvbX$udp¨ ıhpdu rhh°L$p_¨]$ ApÏepA_° [°d_p ]$fbpfNY$dp¨ dl°dp_ bfiep l[p A_° `R>u kp•fpÙ≤$dp¨ Afie ı\m° S>hp [°dZ°cgpdZp° L$fu Apù l[u. [°Ap°_y [p.15-4-1907_p fp°S> dlpbm°Ôhf dyL$pd° Ahkp_\ey¨. [°dZ° gvbX$u_° OZu ky¨]$f kNhX$[pAp° `yfu `pX$u ^prdÆL$ fu[° iZNpfu_° rhøep[il°f b_pÏey l[y¨. [°d_° L$p°B `y” k¨[p_ _ l[p [°\u [°dZ° ]$—L$_u k_]$ d°mhu l[u.

40


21..W$pL$p°fkp. ]$p°g[tkl∆ Tpgp- gu¨bX$ugvbX$u_p 35dp¨ ipkL$ S>ih¨[tkl∆_y¨ [p.15-4-1907_p fp°S> Ahkp_ \[p

]$p°g[tkl∆ gvbX$u_u Np]$uA° b°W$p. S>°Ap° S>ih¨[rk¨l∆_p kNp y” _ l[p Z _∆L$_pcpep[ l[p. [°Ap°_y d|m _pd ]$p]$cp l[y¨ A_° ≈d_Nf fpƒe_p bp°X$u Npddp¨ [p.11-7-1868_p fp°S> S>_Áep l[p. [°Ap°A° bp°X$u Npd_u ‚p\rdL$ ipmp A_° ≈d_Nf_ulpBıL|$gdp¨ AÊepk L$ep°Æ l[p°. [°Ap°_° fd[ Nd[ A_° Op°X°$ khpfu_p° Mpk ip°M lp°hp_°gu^° A_° MX$[g ifuf_p rlkpb° [°Ap° k•fiedp¨ L$dpfiX$f bfiep l[p A_° A°L$ n°”dp¨ M|bS> _pd_p d°mhu `p°[p_u qL$[w ‚r[cphp_ b_phu l[u.

S>ih¨[rk¨l∆_p Ahkp_ `R>u gvbX$u_u Np]$u d°mhhp Afie Ïesº[Ap°A° R>°L$H¡g°fiX$dp¨ ""k°æ°V$fu Ap°a ıV°$V$ ap°f BrfiX$ep'' kyû p°[p_p ]$php fS|> L$epÆ Z Np]$u_y¨ cp¡e]$p°g[tkl∆_p lp\dp¨ gMpey l[y¨. Ap\u [p.14-4-1908_p fp°S> [°Ap° ]$p]$cp dp¨\u]$p°g[tkl∆ _pd ^pfZ L$fu ]$b]$bp`|hÆÆL$ Np]$uA° b°W$p. ]$p°g[tkl∆_° A°L$ dp” fpZubpgybp (≈X°$≈) l[p, [°Ap°_° Qpf y”p° A_° b° y”uAp° k¨[p_dp¨ l[u. ]$p°g[tkl∆ D]$pf]$p_huf prdÆL$ ‚L©$r[_p fpS>hu l[p. p°[p_p fpƒedp¨ ƒepf° ƒepf° [°Z° L$p°B ‚k¨Np° DS>Ïep–epf° D]$pf lp\° ]$p_ L$fu kMph[p° ≈l°f L$fu l[u. S>° dpZk af° R>° [° Oœ op_ d°mh° R>° A°fiepe ]$p°g[tkl∆ bfpbf kdƒep lp°hp\u [°Ap°_° ‚hpk_p° S>bfp° ip°M l[p° A_° [°Z°cpf[ A_° rh]°$ip°_p ‚hpkp° L$epÆ l[p. Ap ‚hpkp°\u Ap fpS>hu Oœ b^y ≈Zu ApÏepA_° [°_y ‚r[rb¨b gvbX$u fpƒedp¨ [f[ S> ]°$Mpey l[y¨.

Ap `R>u [p° [°d_p fpƒedp¨ OZp ky^pfpAp° L$fpÏep [°dp¨ gvbX$u_° iZNpfhp dL$p_p°b¨^pÏep, S>°dp¨ hyX$ lpDk dpL£$V$, cph°fi÷rhgp, gpgb¨Ngp°, R>pguep b≈f, dp°V$u b≈f,]$p°g[b∞uS, fpdfpS>°fi÷∞tkl lp°sı`V$g, [mphp°, azhpfp hN°f° hN°f° b_pÏey.

Ap rkhpe `∞≈_u kyMpL$pfu dpV°$ [°dZ° `pZu, huS>mu A_° V≤$pd k°hpAp° h^pfufpƒe_p rhN[p°_p kdpQpf Ap`[y ""gvbX$u ]$fbpfu N°T°V$'' `Z iÍ$ L$eyÆ. [°dZ° af[p

yı[L$pge_u iÍ$Ap[ L$fu l[u. p°[° A°L$ kpfp ky pfL$ fp≈ [fuL°$ blpf ApÏep A_° ]$pÍ$ f‚r[b¨^, bpmgî `f `∞r[b¨^ gvbX$u fpƒedp¨ d|ºep° l[p°.

Ap rkhpe [°dZ° ]$p°g[`f, q]$s¡hS>eNY$, fpdfpS>`f, _V$hfNY$, ‚[p`NY$, fpZpNY$A_° O_Ìepd`f _pd_p Npdp° hkpÏep l[p. M°X|$[p°_° D`f gphhp g°Zp dyº[ L$epÆ A_° A°L$b¢L$ ı\pù D¤p°Np°_° ‚p°–kpl_ Ap‡ey A_° rinZ n°”° Z dl“h_p ky pfp A_° kNhX$[pL$fu L$fiep L°$mhZu_° dl“h Ap`_pfp fpS>hu l[p. [°Ap°A° ^prdÆL$ q]$hkp°dp¨ ìyh^ L$fhp`f ‚r[b¨^ afdpÏep° l[p°. [°Ap° [p.30-9-1940_p fp°S> Ahkp_ `pÁep. [°d_u fpS>ıdip_dp¨ Apfk_u ]°$fu Dcu R>°.gub¨X$u fpS>e_uhkr[ B.k.1881dp¨ 43,063.B.k.1891dp¨ 48,176.B.k.1901dp¨ 31,287. B.k.1911dp¨ 33,682.B.k.1921dp¨ 35,422. B.k.1931dp¨ 40,088 l[u B.k.2001dp¨ gub¨X$u il°f_uhkr[ 40,071_u l[u.gvbX$ufpS>e_° hpqÛpÆL$ Íp.1,95,000_y¨ kprgepœ dm[y l[y¨.

42


22..W$pL$p°fkp. q]$r¡hS>etkl∆ Tpgp - gvbX$uq]$r¡hS>etkl∆_p° S>fid [p.10-4-1896_p fp°S> \ep° l[p° A_° [°dZ° fpS>L$p°V$_u

fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S> A_° H¡g°fiX$_u BV$_ L$p°g°S>dp¨ AÊepk L$ep£ l[p°. AÊepk ]$fÁep_[°Ap°\u [°d_° cZph_pfp `Z M|b ‚cprh[ \ep l[p. ]$l°fp]|$_ rdrgV$fu L$p°g°S>_pBqÁ`qfeg L°$X°$V $L$p°fdp¨ `Z [°Ap° cf[u \ep l[p. A° k•fie_p k¨ıL$pf A_° riı[ [°d_pD`f A°hp [p° khpf \B Nep L°$, [°Ap° L$p°B ‚k¨Np°A° A° L°$X°$V$_p° `p°ipL$ `l°f[p A_° A°`p°ipL$ `l°fhp_u A¨N∞°S> kfL$pf `pk° d¨Sy>fu dp¨Nu l[u A_° A° d¨Sy>fu dm[p [° `p°ipL$‚k¨Np°`p[ l°f[p l[p. ApV$gp° b^p° [°d_° BsÁ`qfeg L°$X°$V$ L$p°fdp¨ A_° [°_p p°ipL$dp¨ fkl[p° L°$ [°d_° gp°L$p° k[[ Ap L°$X°V$ L$p°f_p k•q_L$ [fuL°$ Ap°mM°.

[°Ap° gvbX$u_p 36dp¨ ipkL$ ]$p°g[tkl∆_p ƒe°õ$ y” l[p A_° q]$r¡hS>etkl∆ Da£]$p]$pkpl°b [fuL°$ `Z Ap°mMp[p l[p. [°Ap° [p.13-10-1940_p fp°S> Np]$uA° b°W$pl[p. B.k.1910dp¨ [°d_p ‚\d g¡_ BX$f_p dlpfp≈ L°$kfurk¨l∆_p Ly¨$hfu _¨]$Ly¨$hfbpkp\° \ep l[p, bu≈ g¡_ B.k.1939dp¨ ≈X$°≈_p Ly¨$hfu ‚rhZLy¨$hfbp kp\° \ep l[p.

‚rhZLy¨$hfbp\u [°Ap°_° –ep¨ W$pL$p°f R>”kpg∆_p° S>fid \ep° l[p°. ƒepf° _¨]$Ly¨$hfbp_°fpdfpS>°fi÷tkl∆ _pd_p y” A_° b° y”uAp° \ep l[p. f¨[y fpdfpS>°fi÷tkl∆_y¨ AL$pm°k¨h[ 1987 cp]$fhp ky]$-6_p fp°S> 14 hjÆ_u he° Ahkp_ \ey, Ap\u [°d_p ]$p]$p]$p°g[tkl∆A° [°d_u ıd©r[_° [p∆ fpMhp [°d_p _pd D`f\u fpdkpNf [mph, fpdfpS>`fNpd A_° fpdfpS>°fi÷tkl∆ _pd_u lp°sı`V$g bp¨û l[u.

q]$r¡hS>etkl∆ M|b S> lp¢riepf, hpL$R>V$phpmp A_° kpdp dpZk_u kp\° k¨b¨^p°bp¨û g° [°hp Q`m l[p. L$pÌduf_p dlpfp≈ lqftkl∆ A_° `pg_`yf_p _hpb [pg°dld] Mp_∆ [°Ap°_p Mpk rd” l[p.

ƒepf° _hp_Nf_p ≈d kpl°b guN Ap°a _°ifik_u b°W$L$dp¨ lpS>fu Ap`hp Nep –epf°[°Ap° q]$r¡hS>etkl∆_° A¨N[ d¨”u [fuL°$ kp\° g°[p Nep l[p. ƒepf° `p°[° eyhfpS> l[p–epf° [°dZ° gvbX$udp¨ O_Ìepdtkl∆ L$gb_u ı\p`_p L$fu l[u.

[°Ap° [p.6-1-1941_° kp°dhpf_p fp°S> Akp¬e fp°N_u rbdpfu\u ArNepf dpk_p`y”_° d|L$u dy¨bBdp¨ Ahkp_ `pÁep. `f¨[y [°d_p `pr\Æh ]°$l_° fpS>^p_u gvbX$udp¨ S>ghpep° A_° gvbX$udp¨ S> Ar¡_k¨ıL$pf L$fu fpS>ıdip_dp¨ [°d_u R>[fX$u Dcu L$fu [°dpÄpfk_p° rigpg°M L$p°[fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°, S>°dp¨\u [°d_u S>fid, d©–ey kpg A_° fpƒeL$pm_p° kde ≈Zhp dm° R>°. [°Ap° Ahkp_ pÁep –epf° A°L$ bu∆ OV$_p A° Z b_u l[uL°$, gvbX$udp¨ fl°[u rdk.ip`Æ _pd_u A¨N∞°S> rh]y$ju bpB L°$ S>°Z° ]$p°g[tkl∆_y¨ A¨N∞°∆dp¨∆h_ Qqf” gøey l[y¨ A_° ]$p°g[rk¨l∆_° Afi_]$p[p L$lu_° bp°gph[u l[u [° `Zq]$r¡hS>etkl∆_u kp\° kp\° [° fp”° S> d©–ey `pdu l[u. gvbX$u fpƒedp¨ 50 k¨`|ZÆlL|$d[hpmp Npdp° l[p A_° dp” dl°k|gu lL|$d[hpmp 34 Npdp° B.k.1941dp¨l[p.gvbX$u il°f_u hkr[ B.k.1881dp¨ 12,873. B.k.1891dp¨13,497.B.k.1901dp¨ 12,485. B.k.1911dp¨ 11,039. B.k.1921dp¨11,294. B.k.1931dp¨ 13,808_u l[u.

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23..W$pL$p°fkp. bphp∆fpS>≈X°$≈ - fpS>L$p°V$fpS>L$p°V$_p ArNepfdp¨ ipkL$ d°fpdZ∆ Qp°\p `R>u bphp∆fpS> fpS>L$p°V$_u Np]$uA°

ApÏep. fpS>L$p°V$ fpƒe bu≈ hNÆ_y¨ l[y¨ A_° 65 Npd ^fph[y fpƒe l[y¨. [p.30-8-1856_p fp°S> bphp∆fpS> S>_Áep `Z b° hjÆdp¨ S> [°d_p dp[p lqfbp d©–ey `pÁep.r`[p_p Ahkp_ kde° bphp∆fpS>_u D¨df 6 hjÆ_u lp°hp\u ]$p]$udp _p_bpA° fpƒeQgpÏey. bphp∆fpS>° fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>dp¨ rinZ d°mÏey l[y¨. Ap fpS>hu rhŸp_, kpfphpQL$, rdg_kpf, tld[hp_, ‚[pù A_° L$pe]$p L$p_|__p ≈ZL$pf l[p. M|b S> kp]$Nu`|ZÆ fl°_pfp l[p. [°Ap°_° ArNepf fpZuAp° l[p S>°dp¨ (1) hp¨L$p_°f_p L$y¨hfu Qp¨]$bp (2)kpegp_p Ly$¨hfu L°$kpbp (3) Ly¨X$gp_p Tpgp_p Ly¨$hfu bp∆fpS>bp (4) kpegp_p Ly¨$hfubu≈ (5) tk^ph]$f_p Ly¨$hfu lpSy>bp (6) L$p_`yf_p Ly¨$hfu bpBfpS>bp (7) ^fd`yf_pLy$hfu Ap_¨]$Ly$hfbp (8) tk^ph]$f_p Lyhfu ky]$fbp (9) gpMZL$p_p Np°rlg Ly$hfu NNybp.[°dp¨\u [°d_p dfZ kde° ArNepfdp¨\u ”Z fpZuAp° lep[ l[p. Ly$dpfÓu gpMp∆fpS>_°^fd`yf hpmp fpZu Ap_¨]$Ly¨$hfbpA° kf^pfdp¨ S>fid Ap‡ep° l[p°.

B.k.1873dp bphp∆fpS>° tl]y$ı[p__p° ‚hpk L$ep£ l[p°. bphp∆fpS>° p°[p_p fpƒedpOZp b^p ky^pfpAp° Z L$fpÏep l[p. [°dp¨ [°Z° AdyL$ S>¡epA° cpNbV$pB_° b]$g° NZp°[W$fphu rhOp°V$u_u iÍ$Ap[ L$fu A_° Aùg L$p°V$Æ [\p ıdp°g L$p°VÆ$_u ı\p`_p L$fu A_° [°dp¨fiepeûi [fuL°$ My]$ b°k[p l[p.B.k. 1877_p ]y$ÛL$pm hM[° kf^pf_y¨ S|>_y [mph A_°S|>_p° ]$fbpfNY$ kdfphhpdp¨ A°L$ gpM MQw_° ‚≈_° L$pd Ap‡ey. L$p°W$pqfep _pL$p blpf_pfpS>L$p°V$_p fpS> bNuQpdp¨ A°L$ cÏe dl°g b¨^pÏep°. fp¨]$fX$p_y¨ [mph, L$prW$ephpX$_pfp≈Ap°_p MQ£ b_phhp_y¨ l[y¨ [°dp¨ [°dZ° S>du_ Apù l[u.

bphp∆fpS>_p L$pmdp¨ fpS>L$p°V$ fpƒe_° ]u$hp_u L$pddp¨ azg k—p A_° ap°S>]$pfu L$pddp¨`p°[p_u f•e[_° ]°$lp¨[ ]¨$X$_u k≈ L$fu iL°$ Z f fpƒe_u f•e[_° ]°$lp¨[ ]¨$X$_u k≈ L$fhp dpV°$A¨N∞°S> kfL$pf_u d¨S|fu g°hu `X$[u l[u. Ap bphp∆fpS>° S> A¨N∞°S> kfL$pf_° fpS>L$p°V$dp¨rkhug ıV°$i_ dpV°$ 385 A°L$f S>du_ Í$p.4500_p cpX$p\u Apù l[u. [°d_p L$pmdp¨fpS>L$p°V$ A_° kf^pfdp¨ `yı[L$pgep° Myâp d|L$hpdp¨ ApÏep A_° `fp b≈f A_° dpL£$V$b¨ pZu A_° Áeyq_rk`prgV$u_u ı\p`_p \B A_° Áeyr_rk`prgV$u_y ep°¡e b¨ pfZ OX$hpdpÄpÏey¨. fpS>L$p°V$ A_° S|>_u fpS>^p_u kf^pf_° rhL$kphhp_p° kpfp° A°hp° ‚e–_ L$f_pf ApfpS>hu l[p.

bphp∆fpS> [p.11-4-1890_p fp°S> _p_u he° A°L$ dpk_u kM[ rbdpfudp¨ d©–ey`pÁep. `f¨[y ApS>° `Z [°d_p _pd_u fpS>L$p°V$dp¨ ipmp Qpg° R>°, [° fu[° ]$ffp°S> ApfpS>hu_° rh¤p\wAp° ep]$ L$f° R>°. bphp∆fpS>° fpS>L$p°V$_° Ap^yr_L$ eyNdp¨ ‚h°i L$fphufpƒe_° h y dS>b|[ A_° kpÍ$ b_pÏey l[y. fpS>L$p°V$ $ il°f_u hkr[ B.k.1881dp 21,152.B.k.1891dp¨ 29,247.B.k.1901dp¨ 36,151. B.k.1911dp¨ 34,194.B.k.1921dp¨45,845.B.k.1931dp¨59,112. B.k.1941dp¨66,353.B.k.1951dp¨132,069. B.k.1961dp¨ 194,145.S>epf °B.k.2001dp¨ fpS>L$p°V$$_u hkr[ 19,70,491_u l[u.

46


24..W$pL$p°fkp. gpMp∆fpS> ≈X$°≈ - fpS>L$p°V$fpS>L$p°V$ fpƒe_p bpfdp ipkL$ bphp∆fpS>_p Ahkp_ bp]$ gpMp∆fpS> Np]$uA°

ApÏep. [°Ap° kdN∞ L$pqW$ephpX$dp¨ ‚≈ h–kg fpS>hu [fuL°$ _pd_p ^fph[p \ep l[p.[°d_p° S>fid kf^pf dyL$pd° k¨h[ 1942 dpNif ky]$-10_p fp°S> \ep° l[p°. r`[p_pAhkp_ kde° [°Ap° ^fd`yf dpdp_° Of° l[p. –ep¨\u Aphu_° Np]$uA° b°W$p `Z bpm help°hp_° gu^° d°_°S>d°fiV$ r_dpey. [°Ap°_° ”Z fpZuAp° l[p (1) k°drmep_p R>”rk¨l∆fpW$p°X$_p Ly$hfu fpS>°fi÷bp (2) gpW$u_p L$rh k|frk¨l∆ Np°rlg_p Ly$hfu fdZuL$Ly$hfbp (3)duZ$p`yf_p L©$ÛZL$y¨hfbp. gpMp∆fpS>° fpS>L$p°V$_u fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>dp¨ A_° ]$l°fp]|__ugÌL$fu L$p°g°S>dp¨ AÊepk L$ep°Æ l[p°. p°[° H¡g°fiX$, ‰pfik, ıhuV$Tfg°fiX$, L$pÌduf, fpd°Ôhf,d\yfp, L$piu, DS>•S>_, q]$Îlu, ApN∞p, `¨QNu_u, ]$p∆ÆgvN hN°f° ı\mp°_p° ‚hpk L$ep°Æl[p°.[°Ap° 2a°b∞yApfu 1930_p fp°S> Ahkp_ `pÁep.

gpMp∆fpS>_p L$pmdp¨ B.k.1924dp¨ fpS>L$p °V$dp¨ frhfi÷_p\ V$pNp°f A_°B.k.1925dp¨ dlp–dp Np¨û fpÙ≤$ue ipmp MyÎgu d|L$hp ApÏep l[p. [°Ap°A° Np¨û∆_°B.k.1921dp¨ fpS>L$p°V$dp¨ L$pqW$ephpX$ fpS>L$ue qfj]$_u ‚\d b°W$L$ cfhp ]°$hp_u fhp_NuApù l[u. R>u cph_Nf Mp[° L$pqW$ephpX$ fpS>L$ue qfj]$_u ”u∆ b°W$L$dp¨ gpMp∆fpS>_y[p.8-1-1925_p fp°S> kfidp_ \ey l[y¨.

gpMp∆fpS>° `p°[p_p fpƒedp¨ OZp b^p ky^pfpAp° L$epÆ S>°dp¨ ]yÛL$pm hM[° fpƒedp¨_hp L|$hpAp° NmpÏep A_° Qpf dp°V$p [mphp° b¨^pÏep l[p A_° M°X|$[p°_° [Nphu `•kpAp‡ep. ‚≈_° ]y$ÛL$pmdp¨ blz l°fp_ \hp ]$uû _lp°[u. [°Ap° rh¤p\uÆAp°_° kpfu A°hufL$d_u ıL$p°gfiu` Ap`[p A_° gygp,g¨NX$p, Ap¨ mp, bl°fp dyNp dpV°$ A_p\pÓd b_pÏep°l[p°. fpƒedp¨ Np•h^ D`f ‚r[b¨^ d|ºep° l[p°. B.k.1916dp¨ Ly$hpX$hp dlpgdp¨ hp¨L$hX$_pd_y _hy Npd hkpÏey. M°X|$[p°_p rinZ dpV°$ Mpk ep°S>_pAp° L$fu ıV°$i_fu A_° Qp° X$uAp°da[ `yfu `pX$u A_° M°X|$[p° dpV°$ N∞pÁe M°X|$[ b°¨L$p° Mp°gu l[u.

fpƒedp¨ dyøe dyøe Npdp°dp¨ [\p dyøe dyøe Adg]$pfp°_° Of° V°$qgap°_ _p¨MhpdpÄpÏep l[p. Mpk [p° [°Ap°_y¨ ‚]$p_ A° NZpe R>° L°$, B.k.1923dp¨ ‚≈_° d[pq^L$pfApù ‚≈ ‚r[r_r^ kcp, AqMg dÆ kcp, dS|>f dlpd¨X$m, M°X|$[ dlpd¨X$m, pfpkcpı\pù_° gp °L $p °_ ° hluhV$dp ¨ cpN g°[p L $ep Æ A° [ °d_u Mpk D]$pf[p l[u.Af° ! fpS>L$p°V$, kf^pf A_° Ly$hpX$hp_p° hluhV$ Áeyr_rk`prgV$u_° kp¢ù ]$u^p° l[p°.B.k.1895dp¨ gpg`fu [mph_y¨ Mp[dyl|[Æ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey l[y¨. B.k.1910dp¨ ıV°$V$ b°¨L$A_° B.k.1915dp¨ M°X|$[ b°¨L$p°, ıù_vN [\p huhvN dug [\p gpMp∆fpS> fp°gf „gp°fdug Mp°ghpdp¨ Aphu. B.k.1920dp¨ fpS>L$p°V$ ApV$L$p°V$ h√Q° fpƒeA° dp°V$f krhÆk iÍ$L$fu. B.k.1921dp¨ d°fi÷tkl∆ ipL$dpL°$ÆV$ Mp°gu, B.k.1923dp¨ fpS>L$p°V$ b°X$$u V≤$pd-h°iÍ$ L$fu. B.k.1924dp¨ dp°Vy `phf lpDk, B.k.1925dp¨ \p°X$u h^y `p°ıV$ Ap°°qakp° A_°OZp Npdp°dp¨ da[ L°$mhZu_u Ïehı\p L$fu.B.k.1924,25dp¨ ‡g°N A_° BfiagyA°fiTp_pfp°NQpmp hM[° Mpk fk gB_° gp°L$p°_° fpl[ Apù l[u. [°d_° 1918dp¨ L°$.ku.ApB.B._p°BÎL$pb d˝ep° l[p°.

48


25..W$pL$p°fkp.^d°fi÷tkl∆ ≈X°$≈ - fpS>L$p°V$fpS>L$p°V$_p [°fdp ipkL$ gpMp∆fpS>_p Ahkp_ R>u d°fi÷tkl∆ Np]$uA° ApÏep.

[°Ap° [p. 4 dpQÆ 1910_p fp°S> S>_Áep l[p. S>°dZ° \p°X$p° kde fpS>L$p°V$_u fpS>Ly$dpfL$p°g°S>dp¨ A_° R>u H¡g°fiX$_u lpBN°V$ ıL|$gdp¨ rinZ gu y l[y. Aphp ‚øep[ qh¤p^pdp°dp¨cZ°gp lp°hp R>[p¨ [°Ap°_° L$p°B_p k¨N° L°$ Ly$]$f[u bm° r`[p L$f[p Ahmu ‚L©$r[_p b_phu]$u^p l[p. p°[° riL$pf_p S>bfp ip°Mu_ l[p. Ap kde° fpS>L$p°V$_p ]$uhp_ [fuL°$ bNkfp_p]$.Óu. hufphpmp d|myhpmp kpl°b l[p A_° [°Ap° S> dp°V°$ cpN° fpƒe Qgph[p l[p.ƒepf°`p°[° Np]$uA° b°W$p A_° `p°[p_pA° h•chu MQÆ_° rlkpb° fpƒe_u r[≈°fu Mpgu \hp gpNu–epf° ∞≈ D`f L$p°B _hp L$fh°fp _p¨Mhp_y rhQpfhpdp¨ ApÏey. [° R>u q]$hpkmu, Mp¨X$, bfahN°f°_p C≈fp Apù L$p_whg _pd_u L$ _u_° Sy>Npf N©l iÍ$ L$fhp_u fhp_Nu AphL$ dpV°$A`pB Ap kde° Np¨ûhp]$uAp°A° Ap rhfp°^ L$fhp_u [L$ TX$ù guû A_° d°fi÷tkl∆_pipk__° tl]y$ı[p_cfdp¨ hNp°Ïey . ≈Z° L°$ ^d°fi÷tkl∆_p cp¡edp¨ Aèi A_° hNp°ZpS> gMpep l[p. [°\u fpS>[¨” L$p¨B ky peyÆ _lv –epf° hmu fpS>L$p°V$_u L$p`X$ dug_p dS|>fp°A°L$pd_p L$gpL$p° dpV°$ lX$[pg `pX$u A° kam b_u –epf° ‚≈S>_p° M|b S> Myi \B Nep A_°A°_p d_dp¨ rhÔhpk Aphu Nep° L°$ Ap`Z° fpS>[¨”_° `Z Mp°V$p fı[° Qpg[y lp°e [p° S>Í$fky^pfu iL$iy¨.A°L$ [p° fpS>L$p°V$dp¨ A°S>fiku_y¨ dyøe d\L$ A_° hmu Aphp _p_p dp°V$p b_php°b_[p Nep. [°\u fpS>L$p°V$ fpƒe QQpÆ_p QL$X$p°m° QX$Èy A_° _°[pAp°A° Ap bpb[dp¨\ufpS>L$p°V$ k–epN∞l fpƒe kpd° L$ep£ A_° Np¨ u∆ D`hpk D`f D[epÆ A_° ApMp tl]y$ı[p_dpÄp k–epN∞l_u hp[p° a°gpZu A_° ]$uhp_ hufphpmpA° R>°L$ q]$Îlu kyû fS|>Ap[p° A_°L$php]$php L$epÆ. ApMf° Np¨û∆A° D`hpk R>p°X$Èp A_° L$¸y ""lz¨ lpep£ A_° [d° ∆[≈°''`f[y Ap ‚kN\u d°fi÷tkl∆ A_° fpS>L$p°V$ fpƒe_° A°L$ L$gL$ gpNu Ney A_° Ap k–epN∞l_ur_Ûam[p `Z kam[pdp¨ NZpZu A_° `R>u [p° OZu S>¡epA° A°_u AkfÍ$`° ‚≈L$ueAp¨]$p°g_p° \ep A_° kam \ep.^d°fi÷tkl∆_p L$pmdp¨ kp•\u kpÍ$ L$peÆ fpS>L$p°V$dp¨ [°d_p_pd\u [p.16-12-1937_p fp°S> L$p°g°S> Mp°ghpdp¨ Aphu. Ap\u kp•fpÙ≤$_u ”u∆dl“h_u L$p°g°S> A° S>dp_pdp NZphp gpNu. d°fi÷tkl∆_° M|b S> apıV$ dp°V$f Qgphhp_p°ip°M l[p° A_° [°Ap° fpS>L$p°V$\u bNkfp kyû M|b S> V|¨L$p kdedp¨ `lp¢Qu S>[pl[p.^d°fi÷tkl∆ Qp¨QB `prZep(rS>âp° Adf°gu) riL$pf° Nep l[p –ep¨ fp_u ìyA°[°d_p `f lzdgp° L$f[p [°Ap° [p.11-6-1940_p fp°S> Ahkp_ `pÁep. ^d°fi÷tkl∆_°L$p°B y” k¨[p_ _ lp°hp\u [°d_p Ahkp_ R>u [°d_p cpB ‚¤yÁ_tkl∆ Np]$uA° ApÏepl[p. ApS>° `Z fpS>L$p°V$dp¨ ^d°fi÷tkl∆ fp°X$ R>°. [°Ap°_p r`[pÓu_p _pd° gpMp∆fpS>lp°ıV°$g A_° _p_p cpB ‚¤yÁ_tkl∆_p _pd° lp°ıV°$g A_° c”u≈ h[Ædp_ W$pL$p°f kpl°bd_p°lftkl∆_p _pd° `Z lp°ıV°$g R>°, Ap ”Z°e lp°ıV$°g ^d°fi÷tkl∆ L$p°g°S>_u R>°.

fpS>L $p °V $ fpS>e_uhkr[ B.k.1881dp¨ 46,540. B.k.1891dp¨49,938.B.k.1901dp¨ 49,795. B.k.1911dp¨ 50,638. B.k.1921dp¨60,993. B.k.1931dp¨ 75,540 l[u. fpS>L$p°V$_° hpqÛpÆL$ Íp.2,85,000_y kprgepœ

dm[y l[y¨.50


26..W$pL$p°fkp. fhp°∆ bu≈ ≈X°$≈ - dp°fbudp°fbudp¨ ≈X°$≈ hï_u k—p l[u A_° `∞\d hNÆ_y¨ fS>hpXy$ l[y¨. dp°fbu fpƒedp¨ Ly$g

149 NpdX$pAp° l[p A_° 822 ıL°$h°f dpBg_p° rhı[pf l[p°. B.k.1934dp¨ [°_u hprjÆL$AphL$ Í$p.21,00,000 l[u A_° [°_u kpd° hprjÆL$ MQÆ Í$p.18,00,000_y¨ l[y¨.

dp °fbu fpS>e_uhkr[ B.k.1881dp¨ 89,964. B.k.1891dp¨105,335.B.k.1901dp¨ 87,496. B.k.1911dp¨ 90,230. B.k.1921dp¨91,355. B.k.1931dp¨ 113,023 l[u A_° dp°fbu il°f_u hkr[ B.k.1881dp¨15,353. B.k.1891dp¨ 16,325.B.k.1901dp¨ 17,820. B.k.1911dp¨1 4 , 9 6 2 . B . k . 1 9 2 1 d p ¨ 1 3 , 1 1 5 . B . k . 1 9 3 1 d p ¨ 1 8 , 9 3 4 .B.k.1941dp¨37,048. B.k.1951dp¨ 40,722. B.k.1961dp¨50,192_ul[u.B.k.2001dp¨ dp°fbu il°f_u hkr[ 3,23,774_u l[u. dp°fbu fpƒe rb∞V$uikfL$pf_° Í$p.9,263, NpeL$hpX$_° Í$p.49,208 A_° S|>_pNY$_° Í$p.3,088 ≈°f[gbu_pcf[y¨ l[y¨. dp°fbu fpƒe_p ı\p`L$ L$pëp°∆ l[p, (2) Argep°∆ (3) fhp°∆ `l°gp (4)`QpZ∆ (5) hpOp°∆ l°gp (6) lduf∆ (7) ∆ep°∆ (8) ©’hufpS> (9) fhp°∆ bu≈(10) hpO∆ bu≈ (11) gMûf∆ (12) R>°âp ipkL$ dl°fi÷tkl∆ l[p. Apdp¨ fhp°∆bu≈ dp°fbu_p _hdp ipkL$ bfiep. [°Ap° dp°fbu_p ApW$dp ipkL$ `©’hufpS>∆_p A°L$dp” `y” l[p. [°Ap°A° L°V$gy rinZ gu^y l[y¨ [°_u dprl[u ‚p‡e b_u _\u. `f¨[y dp”\p°X$u OZu ‚p\rdL$ L°$mhZu [°Ap°A° d°mhu li°. [°Ap°_° R> fpZuAp° l[p, S>°dp¨ QyX$p_pLy$hfu dp∆fpS>bp\u Ly$dpf Óu hpO∆ W$pL$p°f bu≈_p° S>fid \ep° l[p°. hpO∆_p bu≈ cpBlfcd∆fpS>_p° S>fid kh[ 1918dp \ep° l[p°. [°Ap°_p _pd_° ep]$ fpM[y ApS>° fpS>L$p°V$dplfcd∆fpS> Nfprkep R>p”pge(S>°_y S|_y _pd û qL≠$N ƒep°S>Æ L$p°fp°_°i_ rNfprkeplp°ıV°$g) Dcy R>°.

fhp°∆ bu≈_p L$pmdp¨ V$L$pfp Npd_p° qL$Îgp° bp¨ hpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p°. [°Ap° M°X|$[p°_° M|bQpl[p l[p A_° M°X|$[p°_° Apr\ÆL$ d]$]$ L$fu M°[u_° Apbp]$ L$fhp_p `∞e–_p° L$epÆ l[p. ]$f°L$fp≈Ap°° kprl–eL$pfp°_° ApÓe Ap`[p A_° d]$]$ L$f[p l[p [° fu[° fhp∆A° dpÍ$ QpfZrdkZ ipMp_p ]$°]$g cN[_° fpS>L$rh [fuL°$ _uÁep l[p. `Z [°d_u kp\° ^dÆ_u bpb[°[L$fpf \[p fhp°∆A° [°d_° p°[p_y fpƒe R>p°X$u ]°$hp lzL$d L$ep£ l[p° A_° [°Ap° dprmep S>[pf¸p, `Z `pR>p `p°[p_u c|g kd≈[p dp°fbu bp°gphu_° fpøep A_° dp°Vy¨ B_pd ApùhjpÆk_ bdœ L$fu Ap‡ey l[y¨. Alv\u L$pY$hp `pR>m_y¨ L$pfZ ]°$]$g cN[ ıhpqd_pfpeZk¨ ∞]$pe_p riÛe bfiep l[p [° S> [°_p° Ny_p° l[p°°. A°hy L$l°hpe R>° L°$ R>u My]$ kl≈_¨]$ıhpduA° Qd–L$pqfL$ fu[° ]$iÆ_ Ap‡ep [°\u [°_u c|g kd≈Zu l[u. [°Ap°_p fpƒeL$pmdp¨k¨ıL©$[ `pW$ipmp, ]$hpipmp ı\`pB l[u A_° dp°fbu fpƒe_p fiepe[¨”dp¨ a°fapf L$fuap°S>]$pfu A_° ]u$hp_u A]$pg[p° ı\p`hpdp¨ Aphu l[u. fhp°∆ ^prdÆL$,Ó¬^pmy `yÍj l[p.ƒepf° Ly$.Óu hpO∆_° iu[mp _uL$m[p L$pgphX$_p iu[mpdp_u dp_[p L$f°gu A_° kpfy \BS>[p L$pgphX$dp¨ b∞p˚Zp°_u Qp°fpku L$fu A_° hpO∆_° Qp¨]$u_p Í$rèp\u [p°mu [° Qp¨]$udp¨\ud¨q]$f_° Qp¨]$u_p L$dpX$ L$fphu Ap‡ep [°Ap° 17 a°b∞y.1870_p fp°S> Ahkp_ `pÁep l[p.

52


27.kf hpO∆ W$pL$p°f bu≈ ≈X°$≈ - dp°fbudp°fbu_p _hdp ipkL$ fhp°∆ bu≈_y¨ Ahkp_ \[p dp°fbu_u Np]$uA° hpO∆ bu≈

[p.17-12-1870_p fp°S> Np]$uA° ApÏep, [°Ap° ≈X°$≈ hï_p l[p. [°d_p° S>fid [p.17-4-1858_p fp°S> \ep° l[p°. r`[p_p Ahkp_ kde° [°d_u kNuf he lp°hp\u d°_°S>d°fiV$ı\`pey A_° [°d_° ”Z fpZuAp° l[p.

[°Ap° bpm`Z\u rh¤pÊepkdp¨ M¨[ ^fph[p A_° fpS>L$p°V$_u fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>dp¨[°S>ıhu rh¤p\uÆ [fuL°$ `¨L$pep l[p, fd[-Nd[dp¨ `Z A°V$gp S> lp¢riepf A_° ApNm`X$[p l[p. L$p°g°S>dp¨\u _uL$˛ep bp]$ L°$‡V$_ l¨‰u kp\° tl]y$ı[p__p `∞hpk° _uL$˛ep l[p`R>u [°Ap°A° eyfp°`_p° Z ‚hpk L$ep£ l[p°. [°Ap°_° [p.1-1-1879_p fp°S> fpƒe_u |ZÆk—p kp¢ hpdp¨ Aphu l[u. R>u [p° hpO∆ W$pL$p°f° dp°fbu_° iZNpfu_° Ap yr_L$ b_phhp_pS>bfp ‚e–_p° L$epÆ A_° dp°fbu_° kp•fpÙ≤$_p `°fuk_y¨ D`_pd A`pÏey¨. (1) [p.20-2-1879_p fp°S> d√Ry> _]$u D`f_p yg_p° pep° _p¨øep° A_° 4 gpM_p MQ£ [° yg Dcp° L$ep£A_° `yg_y¨ _pd L•$kf° tl]$ fpMu eyfp°`dp¨ b_°gp L$p¨kp_p ApMgp-Op°X$p_p `|[mpAp° bfi_°R>°X°$ d|L$pÏep. (2) [p.28-2-1880_p fp°S> dp°fbu_u iZNpfuL$ b≈f_p° `pep° _p¨øep°A_° A°L$ kfMu bp¨ Zuhpmu S>e yf_u b≈f S>°hu cÏe b≈f Dcu L$fu. (3) [p.22-5-1880_p fp°S> fpS>dl°g_y¨ hpı[y L$eÆy, Ap dl°gdp¨ BV$prge_ rQ”L$pf `pk° rQ”p° ]$p°fphuA_° f]°$i\u AgÊe hı[yAp° A_° fpQfQugy dNphu iZNpep£. (4) [p.25-12-1880_pfp°S> dp°fbudp¨ R>p`Mp_y iÍ$ L$eyÆ. (5) [p.16-11-1884_p fp°S> dp°fbu\u hY$hpZ f°gh°_p¨Mhp_y¨ iÍ$ L$fpÏey A_° [p.1-4-1886_p fp°S> Ap `pV$p `f f°gh° iÍ$ L$fu Ap rkhpe`Z f°gh° gpB_p° [°dZ° _p¨Mu l[u. (6) [p.20-3-1888_p fp°S> b≈f_p° dp°V$p° ]$fhp≈°A_° [°_° hyX$ lpDk N°V$ _pd Ap`hp_y¨ _Ω$u L$fu `pep° _p¨øep°. (7) d√Ry> _]$u D`f Tyg[p°

yg b_pÏep° A_° p°[p_u dZu _pd_u fMp[_u ep]$dp B.k.1903dp dZu dq]$f bp^hp_uiÍ$Ap[ L$fu A_° Í$p.30 gpM M√epÆ R>[p¨ [° A^yÍ$ f¸y A_° hpO∆ W$pL$p°f NyS>fu Nep. (8)[°Ap° kp•fpÙ≤$dp¨ _uQ°_u hı[y ‚\d gph_pf A_° iÍ$ L$f_pf l[p. rhdp_, ap°X$Æ dp°V$f, gpBV$,V°$qgap°_, ApeÆkybp°^ _pV$L$ L¨`_u. Ap rkhpe Z OZp b^p ky^pfpAp° [°dZ° L$epÆ. [°Ap°]$epmy ipkL$ l[p [°dZ° B.k.1877_p ]y$ÛL$pmdp¨ 21 q]$hk 3000 dpZkp°_° S>dpX$Èpl[p A_° 1879_p ]y$ÛL$pmdp¨ fpl[L$pdp° Mp°Îep l[p. [°Ap° QpfZp°, kprl–eL$pfp°_° D—°S>_Ap`_pfp l[p. ıhcph° kpfp A_° kp]$p A_° Myipd[\u ]|$f fl°_pfp l[p. [°d_° A¨N∞°S>kfL$pf° L°$.ku.ApB.B. A_° ∆.ku.ApB.B._p BÎL$pbp° Ap‡ep l[p. Ap ‚≈ h–kg fpS>hu_°_pd° ApS>° `Z dp°fbudp¨ hpO`fp R>° A_° ‚≈S>_p°A° `p°[p_p MQ£ A°L$ Apfk_y¨ bphgyd|ºey¨ R>°. ApS>° `Z gp°L$p° `p°[p_p ]y:M bpb[° ıdfZ L$fu_° L°$ dp_[p dp_u_° A° bphgp_°lSy> _prme°f h^°f[p ≈°hp dm° R>°. [°Ap° kpfp fpS>hu r_hX$Èp `pR>m_y¨ L$pfZ [°d_ybpm`Z_y sinZ, ‚hpk A_° `p°[p_u q]$^Æ÷rÙ$ [°dp¨ cm[p dp°fbu_u ‚≈_° BÔhf S>°hpA_° kNhX$[pAp° Ap`hpdp¨ ∆_ S>°hp ipkL$ dmu Nep.[°Ap° [p.11.6.1922_p fp°S>Ahkp_ `pÁep l[p.

54


28.dlpfp≈ gMûf∆ ≈X°$≈ - dp°fbudp°fbu_p 10 ipkL$ hpO∆ W$pL$p°f bu≈_y Ahkp_ \[p gMûf∆ Da£ ∆gycp dp°fbu_p

ipkL$ bfiep l[p. [°Ap°_p° S>fid [p.26-12-1876_p fp°S> \ep° l[p° A_° [°dZ° H¡g°fiX$dp¨rinZ d°mÏey l[y¨. [°Ap° S|>_, 1922dp¨ Np]$uA° b°W$p l[p. [°Ap°_° ”Z fpZuAp° l[p.(1) fpS>ù`mp_p Ly$hfu _¨]$Ly$hfbp (2) ]°$hNY$ bpqfep_p Ly$hfu (3) fpZuNpd (]$pW$p)_pkfh•ep_p Ly$hfu. [°Ap°_° [p.4-7-1926_p fp°S> hX$u kfL$pf [fa\u dp°fbu k¨ı\p__p° hï`f¨`fpN[ dlpfp≈_p° BÎL$pb d˛ep° l[p°. rb∞V$ui kfL$pf° [°Ap°_° [p.1-1-1930_p fp°S>L°.ku.A°k.ApB._p° A_° [p.8-6-1939_p fp°S> ∆.bu.B.(_pBV$ N∞pfiX$ æ$p°k Ap°a ûrb∞V$ui A°Á`pef)_pd_p° BÎL$pb d˛ep° l[p°. ƒepf° B.k.1942dp¨ b_pfk rlfi]y$eyr_hrkÆV$uA° [°Ap°_° X$p°ºV$f Ap°a gp°T_u dp_]$ `]$hu Apù l[u.

gMûf∆ cZ°gp NZ°gp rhŸp_ lp°hp\u [°dZ° r`[p_p ‚Nr[iug L$pep£_° ApNm^`phu ‚≈_p ä]$edp¨ gpX$ugp gMûf [fuL°$ ı\p_ `pÁep l[p. [°Ap° Np]$uA° b°W$p –epf°M°X|$[p°_u rhOp°V$u dpa L$fu l[u. [\p L$pfuNf D`f_p° L$f [\p bpfu bpfZp D`f_u gpN[L$pY$u _p¨Mhpdp¨ Aphu l[u. B.k.1922\u da[ L°$mhZu_y¨ p°fZ ]$pMg L$eyÆ l[y¨. [°Ap°A°rinZ_p rhL$pk dpV°$ ıh[¨” L$fiep ipmpAp° ı\pù, lqfS>_p° dpV°$ b° ipmpAp° iÍ$ L$fu.Ap D`fp¨[ bp∆fpS>bp A_p\pÓd_° ]$p_ Ap‡ey l[y. B.k.1938dp¨ V°$L$r_L$g BfiıV$uV$ÈyV$ı\p`hp S>°dZ° Í$p.7 gpM_y ]$p_ L$eyÆ l[y. S>° k¨ı\p ApNm S>[p gMûf∆ A°sfiS>r_efvNL$p°g°S> _pd° Ap°mMpZu. [°Ap°A° kf hpO∆ lp°sı`V$g, _¨]$Ly$¨hfbp T_p_p lp°sı`V$g,V¨$L$pfpdp¨ lp°sı`V$g, dlpfpZu _¨]$L$y¨hfbp dÆipmp iÍ$ L$fu l[u. 9 gpM_p MQ£ A°L$ b¨]$fhkphu [°_y _pd _hgMu b¨]$f `pX$Èy. dp°fbudp¨ [°dZ° kud°fiV$ fp°X$, rhrg¨¡X$_ k°æ$V$fuA°V$A_° A^yfp dZud¨q]$f_° `|ZÆ L$eyÆ. gp°BX$ N°V$ hN°f° S>°hp kyrh^p h^pf_pfp L$pep£ [°dZ° L$epÆl[p. [°Ap°A° hpl_Ïehlpf A_° k¨]°$ipÏehlpf_u kNhX$[p h^pfu l[u. [°dZ° \p_-Qp°V$ugp, k_pmp-Mp_`f, S>°[ yf-MpMf°Qu, MpMf°Qu-OpV$ugp hN°f° Í$V$_u f°gh° iÍ$ L$fphuA_° dp°fbu _hgMu f°gh°_° _°fp°°N°S>dp¨\u duV$fN°S>dp¨ a°fhu l[u.

[°Ap°_p fpƒedp¨ AphL$h°fp°, Ofh°fp° L°$ Qygph°fp° l[p° _lv. dLÆ$fiV$pBg b°L$ B.k.1927dp¨Mp°gu S>°dp¨\u M°X|$[p°_° 6 V$L$p_p ^p°fZ° gp°_ dm[u l[u. [°Ap°A° Np•h^ D`f ‚r[b¨^dyºep° l[p°. [°Ap°_p kdedp¨ dp°fbudp¨ A_°L$ L$pfMp_pAp° ı\`pZp l[p. [°dZ° M°X|$[p° [faD]$pf ÷qÙ$ fpMu ”Z hM[ dl°k|g dpa L$fu_° fpl[ Apù l[u. dp°fbudp¨ M°X|$[ rh¤p\wAp°dpV°$_p R>p”pge_° Í$p.1 gpM_u dp°V$u fL$d_y ]$p_ Ap‡ey l[y. B.k.1924dp¨ Í$p.25 gpM_y]y$ÛL$pm r_hpfZ a¨X$ Dcy L$eyÆ l[y¨. [°Ap°A° dp°fbu_° ıh√R>, ky¨]$f b_phhp cNuf\ ‚epkp°L$epÆ A_° [°Ap°_p L$pmdp¨ ≈l°f dpNÆ D`f huS>mu_u kyrh^p `|fu `pX$hpdp¨ Aphu l[u.[°Ap°A° B.k.1947dp¨ dp°fbu fpƒe_° cpf[kÖdp¨ rhgu_ L$f[p `|h£ fp≈ `]°$\u r_h©—\B [°d_p `pV$hu `y” dl°fi÷tkl∆_° Np]$uA° b°kpX$Èp l[p. [°\u dl°fi÷tkl∆A° cpf[kp\° dp°fbu fpƒe_y¨ ≈°X$pZ L$eyÆ l[y¨. kp\° kp\° Afie ]°$iu fS>hpX$pAp°_p ‚dpZdp¨ dp°fbufpƒe° OZu dp°V$u fL$d S>dp L$fphu l[u.[°d_° 8gpM_y¨ hpqÛpÆL$ kprgepœ dm[y l[y¨.

56


29. dlpfpZp hM[tkl∆ Tpgp - kpegpkpegp_p kp[dp ipkL hM[rk¨l∆ bfiep, [°d_y d|m _pd ‚[p`tkl∆ l[y¨.

[°Ap°_p° S>fid [p.10-7-1845_p fp°S> \ep° l[p°. [°Ap°A° fpS>L$ydpf L$p°g°S>dp¨ AÊepkL$ep£ l[p°. A°d_p kde ]$fÁep_ kp•fpÙ≤$ ApMy fı[p, f°gh°, dL$p_p° A_° ky^pfp_p n°”° _hpÍ$ f¨N pfZ L$fu f y l[y. Ap Akf hM[rk¨l∆ D`f Z \B A_° [°dZ° OZp rhL$pk_pL$pep£ L$epÆ. [°Ap°A° ]$fbpfNY$ kpd° L$fiep ipmp b¨^phu, ÂguL$ NpXÆ_, ]$fbpfNY$dp¨ L$Q°fu,Q°fuV°$bg X$uı`°fikfu A_° `p°[p_p Npdp° Qp°fhufp A_° kfpdp¨ fpƒe_p D[pfp dpV°$_pb¨NgpAp° b¨^pÏep l[p. Ap D`fp¨[ ∆_vN‚°kvN a°ºV$fu, `phf lpDk, Mp°X$uepf d¨q]$f,Np°fqX$ep l_ydp_ A_° L$piurhÔh_p\_y¨ d¨q]$f b¨^pÏey. Ap d¨q]$f_y¨ NcÆN©l_y [p°fZ R>u`L$pd\u kyip°rc[ R>°. Ap rkhpe d¨q]$fdp¨ af[u bpSy> ku]$uk•e]$_u ≈mu_u ep]$ A`ph° [°huApfk_u ky¨]$f L$p°[fZuhpmu ≈muAp° R>°, S>°dp¨ OZp b^p ]$°hp°_° L¨X$pfhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°,Aprkhpe A°L$ ≈mudp¨ A°k.L°$.hu.A°d A°L$ S> Anfp°\u Sy>]$p Sy>]$p hmp¨L$p°\u b[ph°g R°.L$piurhÔh_p\_p Ap d¨q]$f° `p°[° ]$ffp°S> ]$iÆ_° `^pf[p l[p. Ap dlpfpZp_p kdedp¨ S>kpegp ≈°fphf_Nf f°gh° gpB__y¨ L$pd iÍ$ \ey¨ l[y¨ [°Ap°_p L$pmdp¨ kp°dhpqfep `¢X$pb_phhp_u L¨$]$p°BA° iÍ$Ap[ L$fu l[u S>° M|b S> ‚øep[ \ep R>°.

dlpfpZp hM[rk¨l∆A° fpƒe_° A_° Tpgphï_° b° ape]$pL$pfL$ kdp^p_p° L$epÆ.B.k.1881dp¨ p¨N ∞p fpS>kpl°b kp\° rQ”p°X$u A_° _pfuQpZp Npd_u S>dpb¨ u bpb[°kdp^p_ L$eyÆ. hY$hpZ fpƒe kp\° A`•ep° l[p° [° kdp^p_ L$fu ]|$f L$ep£. [°Ap° kde_p M|bS> `pb¨^ l[p A°L$ hM[ kpegpdp¨ `p°guV$uL$g A°S>fiV$ X°$huk Aphhp_p l[p. `Z [°_°dp°Xy$ \[p [°dZ° `pV$hu Ly¨$hf d]$pftkl∆_° AphL$pfhp dp°L$Îep l[p A_° `p°[° `pR>p hmuNep R>u X°$huk° Z dp°Xy$ \hp b]$g ]$ugNufu Ïeº[ L$fu l[u. [°Ap°_° [p.3 S|>_, 1913_pfp°S> rb∞V$ui kfL$pf [fa\u ku.A°k.ApB._p° BÎL$pb d˛ep° l[p°.kpegp fpƒe_p° rhL$pkL$fhp dpV°$ [°Ap°A° OZp `NgpAp° gu^p l[p. S>°dp¨ f°hfiey Mp[pdp¨ A_°L$ ky^pfpAp°L$fpÏep l[p. [°Ap°_° Op°X°$khpfu_p° ip°M l[p°. ƒepf° fpS>L$p°V$dp¨ Op°X$p]$p°X$_u lqfapB \Bl[u –epf° kpegp_p Op°X$p Ìepdf[_, l°L$V$f V$hpB gpBV$, dql]$pf, ıV$pf gpBV$, dS>dp_pd_p Op°X$pAp°_° ]$p°X$dp¨ B_pdp° d˛ep l[p. [°Ap°_° R> `y”p° l[p. (1) d]$pftkl∆ (2)L$ÎepZqk¨l∆ (3) d°Í$cp (4) ]°$hycp (5) hSy>cp Da£ kf]$pfrk¨l (6) d_ycp. Ap b^pLy¨$hfp°_° hY$hpZ_u rNfprkep L$p°g°S>dp¨ cZpÏep l[p A_° ApNm S>[p [°Ap° kpfplp°]$pAp°A° Np°W$hpep l[p. ]$p.[.d°Í$cp ≈dS>kp∆_p A°.X$u.ku. hSy>cp fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>dpthNdpıV$f, cphtkl A_° ]°$hutkl p°guk kyr‚fiV°$fiX°$fiV$. hM[rk¨l∆A° Ly$dpfp° h√Q° L$p°B[L$fpf _ \pe [° dpV°$ [°dZ° lp\° Ly$dpfp°_° Nfpk hl¢Qu ]$u^p° l[p°. [°Ap°_p kde ]$fÁep_kpegp fpƒe ”u≈ hNÆdp¨\u bu≈ hNÆdp¨ d|L$pey l[y¨. [°Ap° [p.25-1-1924_p fp°S>Ahkp_ `pd[p [°d_u R>[fX$u bk ıV°$i_ `pR>m_u Afie fp≈Ap°_u R>[fX$u kp\° DcuL$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°.

58


30. dlpfpZp d]$pftkl∆ bu≈ - kpegpkpegp_p kp[dp fpS>hu hM[tkl∆_y¨ Ahkp_ \ep `R>u [°d_p `y” d]$pftkl∆

Np]$uA° ApÏep l[p. S>°Ap° [p.28-5-1868_p fp°S> S>_Áep l[p A_° [p.25-1-1924_p fp°S> Np]$uA° b°W$p l[p. [°Ap°A° fpS>L$p°V$_u fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>dp¨ rinZ d°mÏeyl[y¨. [°d_° ku.ApB.B._p° [p.3-6-1933_p fp°S> BÎL$pb d˛ep° l[p°. [°Ap°_° Npep°,c¢kp° [\p Op°X$p `pmhp_p° M|b S> ip°M l[p°. L$pqW$ephpX$u Op°X$p_u ≈[p°dp¨ ky^pfp [\prb∞X$vN L$fph[p. D`fp¨[ dpfhpX$u Op°X$p `Z `p°[p_u AÔhipmpdp¨ fpøep l[p [\p [°d_u≈[p° ky^pfu l[u. Í$`L$p°V$, dS>du, hpeyL$ydpf, `°Ny, ıV$pfgpBV$, dy_gpBV$, Ìepdky¨]$f,kyLy$dpf hN°f° _pd_p [°d_p ‚øep[ Op°X$pAp° l[p. Npep°_u ≈[dp¨ qNfrb∞X$ [\p hqY$epfuA_° L$p¨L$f°∆_y¨ rb∞X$vN L$fph[p l[p. c¢kp°dp¨ Ly¨$Y$u [\p kÖZ A_° _hky¨]$fu_u ≈[p° l[u,[°dp¨ ky^pfp L$fpÏep l[p. ]$f kp[d-ApW$d° ÓphZ dpkdp¨ L$p°W$u b¨Ngp_p d°]$p_dp¨ fd[-Nd[ [\p lqfapBAp° Np°W$h[p. D`fp¨[ ]$f hj£ ∆__p b¨Ngp_p d°]$p_dp¨ L°$V$g ip° A_°lp°kÆ ip° ep°S>[p l[p. Ap ip° ≈°hp dpV°$ L$pqW$ephpX$_p A_°L$ fp≈Ap°, p°guV$uL$g A°S>fiV$p°A_° f°qkX°$fiV$p° dl°dp_ b_[p l[p. B.k.1927dp¨ kpegp V≤$pd-h° iÍ$ L$fhpdp¨ Aphul[u.

d]$pftkl∆ D¤du, M¨[ugp A_° dl°_[y l[p. [°d_p r`[pA° S>° V≤$pd-h° A_° ∆_vNa°ºV$fu ı\pù l[u [°_° [°dZ° MyÎgu d|L$u l[u. Ap rkhpe [°dZ° fpƒedp¨ L°V$gpL$ ky pfpAp°A_° kNhX$[pAp° L$fu. kpegp Npd_u A¨]$f Aph°gp dp_kfp°hf_° `pm b¨^phu l[u.ApS>_p lpB-h° fp°X$_u pk° b°g N°ıV$ lpDk Mp°gu p°guV$uL$g A°S>fiV$ rd.b°g_p lp\° S>[°_y D]π$$OpV$_ L$fpÏey l[y¨. [°Ap°A° M°X|$[p° [fa ¬ep_ Apù M°[u bpb[° L°$V$gpL$ ky^pfpAp°L$fpÏep l[p. [mph_u S>du_p° `Z M°[u dpV°$ hp`fhp ]°$hp_y W$fpÏey. kpegp fpƒe_°Opk_p huX$ lp°hp\u M°X|$[p° dpV°$ Opk_u `|f°`|fu kNhX$[p L$fphu Apù l[u. Apa[_pkde° M°X|$[p°_° Apr\ÆL$ klpe L$fhpdp¨ Aph[u A_° bm]$p°_u kNhX$ L$fu Ap`[p l[p.

[°Ap°_° ep”p_p° M|b S> ip°M l[p° Ap\u [°Ap° ]$f hj£ ep”pA° S>[p l[p A_° ^prdÆL$‚L©$r[_p lp°hp\u L$piurhÔh_p\_p d¨q]$fdp¨ dlpÍ$÷ eo L$fph[p l[p. [°Ap°A° b°g N°ıV$lpDkdp¨ L$p°W$u b¨Ngp°, _hpNY$, X$p°rmep A_° cud°Ôhf_u V°$L$fu D`f b¨NgpAp° [\pNpdX$pAp°dp¨ D[pfpAp° b¨^pÏep l[p. [°Ap°_° 12 fpZuAp° l[p. [°d_° (1) L$fZtkl∆(2) L$_L$tkl∆ (3) dp_ycp (4) q]$`ycp A°d Qpf `y”p° l[p.

kpegp_p ApS>_p bk ıV°$i_ pk° kpegp_p Tpgp fpS>huAp°_u Ly$g 18 R>[fX$uAp°Dcu R>°. ]$f°L$ R>[fX$uAp°dp¨ rigpg°M S>X°$gp R>°. S>°dp¨ dlpfpZp i°jdg∆ `l°gp_uR>[fX$udp¨ g°M R>° L°$, k¨h[ 1807dp¨ 24 hjÆ_u D¨df° [°dZ° L$f`X$p L$pW$uAp° pk°\u kpegp∆[u fpS>^p_u ı\pù. Ap R>[fX$uAp°dp¨ dlpfpZuAp°_u `Z R>[fX$u R>°. dlpfpZpd]$pftkl∆ Ahkp_ `pd[p [°d_u R>[fX$u `Z Alv Dcu L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. S>°_prigpg°Mdp¨ gøey R>° L°$, [°Ap° [p.9-4-1938_p fp°S> Ahkp_ `pÁep.

60


31. dlpfpZp L$fZrk¨l∆ Tpgp - kpegpkpegp fpƒedp¨ 43 Npdp° l[p. S>° Qpf dlpgp°dp¨ hl¢Qpe°gp l[p. ƒepf° kpegp

hM[rk¨l∆_p kdedp¨ ”u≈ hNÆdp¨\u bu≈ hNÆdp¨ d|L$pey l[y¨. S>°_p° rhı[pf 222.1ıL°$h°f dpBg l[p°. kpegp_° `l°gp 43 Npd l[p `Z `R>u\u 45 Npdp° \ep l[p. [°_uA¨]$prS>[ hprjÆL$ AphL$ Í$p.2,00,000 A_° Í$p.1,75,000_u ≈hL$ l[u. kpegp fpƒehprjÆL$ Í$p.1,500 rb∞V$ui kfL$pf_° A_° Í$p.510 S|>_pNY$_° ≈°f[gbu_p cf[y l[y¨.

dlpfpZp L$fZtkl∆_p° S>fid [p.11-5-1891_p fp°S> \ep° l[p° A_° [p.9-4-1938_p fp°S> [°Ap° Np]$uA° b°W$p l[p. kpegp fpƒe_u ı\p`_p i°jdg∆ `l°gpA°B.k.1751dp¨ L$fu l[u. (1) i°jdg∆ l°gp B.k.1751 \u 1794 (2) L$L$p°cpB Da°ÆrhL$dp[∆ B.k.1794 \u B.k.1813 (3) d]$pftkl∆ l°gp B.k.1813 \u 1814(4) Ap[pcpB B.k.1814 \u 1837 (5) bphp∆ Da£ i°jdg∆ bu≈ B.k.1837 \u1839 (6) L°$kfutkl∆ B.k.1839 \u 1881 (7) hM[tkl∆ B.k.1881 \u1924 (8) d]$pftkl∆ bu≈ B.k.1924 \u 1938 (9) L$fZrk¨l∆ B.k.1938 \u1948. Apd kpegp_p Tpgp hï_p _h fpS>huAp°A° ipk_ QgpÏey.

kpegp Npd_u hı[u _uQ° dyS>b_u l[u. S>° b[ph° R>° L°$, kpegp q]$_‚r[q]$_ _bmy`X$[y f y R>°. B.k.1881dp¨ 6,488, B.k.1891dp¨ 5,650, B.k.1901dp¨ 5,367,B.k.1911dp¨ 4,921, B.k.1921dp¨ 4,715, B.k.1931dp¨ 5,230,B.k.2001dp¨ kpegp_u hkr[ 13,185_u l[u.

kpegp fpƒe_u hı[u _uQ° dyS>b_u l[u. B.k.1881dp¨ 16,993, B.k.1891dp¨15,891, B.k.1901dp¨ 11,661, B.k.1911dp¨ 12,853, B.k.1921dp¨13,351, B.k.1931dp¨ 15,285 l[u.

dlpfpZp L$fZtkl∆ D[°rgep A_° huf`yf `fŒep l[p. L$fZtkl∆_° ”Z `y”p°l[p. (1) kyf°fi÷tkl∆ (2) cp°S>fpS>rk¨l∆ (3) dl°fi÷‚[p`tkl∆ A_° p¨Q Ly$hfuAp°l[p. S>°d_p dp°V$p `y” kyf°fi÷tkl∆ `pV$hu Ly$dpf l[p. ƒepf° Ly.Óu cp°S>fpS>tkl∆_°Y°$Yy$L$u [\p kpd[`f_u k—f kp¨[u_u Nfpkdp¨ S>du_ Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu l[u. ƒepf° Ly.Óudl°fi÷‚[p`rk¨l∆ _p_u Jdfdp¨ d©–ey `pÁep l[p, [°d_p ıdfZp\£ kpegp `°g°kdp¨h°]$d¨q]$f b¨^phhpdp¨ ApÏey R>°.

L$fZtkl∆A° fpƒedp¨ L°V$gpL$ ky^pfpAp° L$fu kNhX$[pAp° h^pfu l[u. _hu S>°gb_phu, rk_°dp r\e°V$f b_pÏey, cpep[p°_y¨ dp°Vy$ g°œ dpa L$eyÆ, h°`pfu_p ]°$hp_y¨ ÏepS> dpaL$eyÆ, kpegp fpƒe_p [dpd d|m NfprkepAp°_y¨ `Z g°œ dpa L$eyÆ, `p°[° lpBıL|$g A_°lp°sı`V$g b¨^phu. p°[p_p fpƒepfp°lZ_p q]$hk° ı`°rieg A°fp°‡g°_ Mfu]$ey l[y¨. [°Ap°A°k_p[_ ^dÆdp¨\u ApeÆkdpS> ^dÆ ıhuL$pep°Æ l[p°. [°Ap° B.k.1962dp¨ Ahkp_ `pÁep.[°Ap°_u kpegp blpf A¨r[d rhr^ \B lp°hp\u [°Ap°_u R>[fX$u R>u kpegpdp¨ b_phhpdpÄphu _\u. kpegp_° hpqÛpÆL$ Íp.62,500_y¨ kprgepœ dm[y l[y¨.

62


32..W$pL$p°fkp. ]$p∆fpS> Tpgp-hY$hpZhY$hpZ_p ]$idp ipkL$ fpetkl∆_p Ahkp_ bp] $ [°d_p p•” ]$p∆fpS> hY$hpZ_u

Np]$uA° b°W$p. A° Tpgp hï_p fpS>hu l[p. [°d_p° S>fid [p.4-1-1861_p fp°S> \ep°l[p°. [°Ap°A° fpS>L$p°V$_u fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>dp¨ rinZ d°mÏey l[y¨ A_° cpf[ A_° eyfp°`_p°‚hpk L$ep°Æ l[p° A_° g¨X$_dp¨ dlpfpZu rhL$V$p°qfep_° bfi_° cpBAp° d˛ep l[p.

hY$hpZ fpS>e_uhkr[ B.k.1881dp¨ 42,500. B.k.1891dp¨42,438.B.k.1901dp¨ 34,851. B.k.1911dp¨ 35,831. B.k.1921dp¨37,946. B.k.1931dp¨ 42:602 l[u A_° hY$hpZ il°f_u hkr[ B.k.1881dp¨16,949. B.k.1891dp¨ 17,440.B.k.1901dp¨ 16,223. B.k.1911dp¨15,543. B.k.1921dp¨ 16,390. B.k.1931dp¨ 18,269_u l[u.B.k.2001dp¨hY$hpZ il°f_u hkr[ 1,25,176_u l[u.

[°Ap°_p r`[p_p Ahkp_ kde° ]$p∆fpS> kNuf lp°hp\u d°_°S>d°fiV$ r_dpey¨, `R>u [°Np]$uA° [p° B.k.1875dp¨ b°W$p l[p `Z `|ZÆ k—p B.k.1881dp¨ kp¢`hpdp¨ Aphu_°°[°dZ° _uQ° dyS>b_p L$pep°Æ L$epÆ l[p. (1) Q¨÷rhgpk `°g°k A_° `p°guk gpB__p dL$p_p°b¨^pÏep (2) lhp dl°g b¨^phhp° iÍ$ L$ep°Æ `f¨[y [°d_p AQp_L$ Ahkp_\u A_° `R>u\uAp dl°g_° AìyL$r_epm NZu_° A° L$p°B hp¨^pkf yfp° L$p°B fpS>huA° _ L$ep£ [° ApS>° ZA yfp° dl°g Dcp° R>° (3) dpB NY°$Qu_° ]$i°fp_p q]$hk° pX$p° QX$phhp_u S>° Í$qY$N[ ‚ZprgL$pl[u [° b¨^ L$fu (4) ]$p∆fpS>_p L$pmdp¨ hY$hpZdp¨ B.k.1880dp¨ l≈dp°A° cphh^pfpdpV°$ lX$[pg `pX$u [°_p° DL°$g Ap`d°m° L$fpÏep° (5) dp°fbu_p hpO∆ W$pL$p°f bu≈ A_°]$p∆fpS>_° f°gh° gpB_ bpb[° TOX$p° \[p ]$p∆fpS>° p°guk pV$w dp°L$gu p°[p_u l]$dp¨\u`pV$p L$Y$phu _p¨øep l[p A_° TOX$p° dp°V$p° \ep°. B.k.1879dp¨ hY$hpZ cph_Nf gpB_b¨^p[u l[u [°dp¨ f°gh°_p eyfp°rè_ A°sfiS>r_ef b°L$ap°X£$ L$p°Th°_p `pZu bpb[° hY$hpZkp\° [L$fpf L$fu –epf° ]$p∆fpS>° dQL$ _ Apù. ApMf° cp°Nphp_p f°gh°_p gp°M¨X$_p° `ygbp¨ hp A°L$ gpM_p° apmp° Apù D]$pf[p b[phu l[u (6) hY$hpZ\u |hÆdp¨ Aph°g N¨]$hX$p[mph_° D¨Xy$ L$fphu [°_° ]$p∆kpNf _pd Ap‡ey l[y¨.

[°Ap°A° fpƒe_y¨ fiepe Mp[y ky^peyÆ A_° L°$mhZu_° D—°S>_ Ap‡ey, ≈l°f bp¨^L$pd Mp[yı\p‡ey, il°f ky^fpB Mp[p_° dS>b|[ b_pÏey. [°Ap° rinZ pR>m hprjÆL$ Í$p.45 l≈f_p°MQÆ L$f[p l[p. ^dÆp]$p lp°rı`V$g A_° ]$hpMp_y `Z Mp°gpÏey l[y¨. [p.1-1-1877_pfp°S> dlpfpZu rhL$V$p°qfepA° L$•kf° tl]$_p° CÎL$pb ^pfZ L$ep°Æ A°_u ep]$Nufudp¨ [°d_° _h[p°`_u kgpdu_y¨ dp_ A`pey l[y¨.]$p∆fpS>° hY$hpZdp¨ Mpfhp_u `p°m blpf Q¨÷rhgpkbpN ky u ]$p∆`Í$ hkpÏey l[y. ]$p∆fpS>_p L$pmdp¨ hY$hpZdp¨ A_° kp•fpÙ≤$dp¨ ‚\d f°gh°A°`NfZ L$epÆ. ]$p∆fpS> lp°¨riepf A_° dpepmy fpS>hu l[p. S>°Ap° p°[p_u ‚≈_u ep]$NufudpV°$ ApV$gu R>p` d|L$[p Nep R>°. Ap AÎ`∆hu fpS>huA° hY$hpZ_u ‚≈ dpV°$ D¨X$u R>p`d|L$u R>°, S>° c|gpe [°hu _\u. ]$p∆fpS> [p.5-5-1885_° d¨Nmhpf_p fp°S> A y” Ahkp_`pÁep.

64


33..W$pL$p°fkp. bpgtkl∆ Tpgp - hY$hpZhY$hpZ_p ]$kdp ipkL$ fpetkl∆_p Ahkp_ `R>u ]$p∆fpS> Np]$uA° ApÏep [°Ap°

Tpgp hï_p l[p. bpgtkl∆_p r`[p Q¨÷tkl∆ eyhfpS> `]°$ S> d©–ey `pÁep l[p. [°Ap°[p.28-1-1863_p fp°S> S>_Áep l[p. [°d_y buSy> _pd L$pmycp l[y¨ A_° ]$p∆fpS>_p_p_p cpB l[p. Ap bfi_° cpBAp° fpS>L$p°V$_u fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>dp¨ cŒep l[p A_° cpf[A_° eyfp° _p° ‚hpk Z L$ep£ l[p°. ]$p∆fpS>_y nefp°N\u d©–ey \hp\u bpgtkl∆ hY$hpZ_uNp]$uA° [p.17-5-1885_p fp°S> b°W$p –epf° këyº[ L$pfcpf Qpg[p° l[p°. `R>u [p.20-11-1885_p fp°S> bpgtkl∆_° `|ZÆ k—p kp°¨`hpdp¨ Aphu [°Z° OZp b^p ky^pfpAp°L$fpÏep l[p (1) fpƒedp¨ fiepeûi L$p°VÆ$ A_° lSy>f L$p°VÆ$ ı\pù fiepe Ïehı\pdp¨ ky^pfpL$fu TX$ u fiepe b_pÏep° (2) [p.19-11-1885_p fp°S> hY$hpZdp¨ ]$p∆fpS> lpBıL|$g_p°`pep° _¨MpÏep° (3) [p.21-11-1885_p fp°S> ]$p∆fpS> hp°V$f hLÆk Myây d|L$hpdp¨ ApÏeyA_° Of° Of° _m A`pÏep, B.k.1887dp¨ ky^fpB pfp° kpf L$fu ‚≈_° hluhV$dp¨ kpd°gL$fu l[u (4) hY$hpZdp¨ ipL$ dpL£$V$ Dcu L$fu A_° M°[uhpX$u_p D—°S>_ dpV°$ ‚e–_p° L$epÆA_° [p.1-3-1886_p fp°S> M°[uhpX$u_y¨ A°L$ ‚]iÆ_ ceyÆ, M°X|$[ b¢L$ ı\pù [°dp¨\u Ap°R>pÏepS>_u gp°_ M°X|[p°_° Apù A° rkhpe bQ[ ‚h©r[_° D—°S>_ Ap‡ey (5) hY$hpZdp¨`pfkuAp°_° ]$p°Mdy bp¨^hp dpV°$ da[ S>du_ B.k.1887dp¨ Apù A_° ‚≈S>_p° dpV°$^dÆipmp bp¨ u (6) [p.9-2-1889_p fp°S> hY$hpZdp¨ g°X$u f° L$fiep ipmp [\p bpgtkl∆ıV°$bg MyÎgp d|ºep (7) bpgQ¨÷ rhgpk `°g°k bNuQp kp\° b_pÏep° (8) [p.23-8-1888_p fp°S> Y$p°f_y¨ A°L$ dp°Vy$ ‚]iÆ_ ceyÆ l[y¨. bpgqk¨l∆A° Ap hY$hpZ_° ip°cpedp_L$fhp_y¨ A_° ‚≈_° kyMpL$pfu Ap`hp dpV°$ S>° L$eyÆ [°_u `pR>m `p°[p_p cpB ]$p∆fpS>_y¨ıh‡_y l[y¨ A_° [°Z° Ap]$f°gp A^yfp L$peÆ_° `yfp L$fhp_p° ‚e–_ L$ep£ l[p°. b∞p˚Zp°_° S>°S>du_ A`pB l[u [°_p D`f dl°k|g g°[p _ l[p `f¨[y B.k.1898dp¨ [° S>du_ D`fdl°k|g g°hp_y iÍ$ L$f[p b∞p˚Zp°A° k–epN∞l iÍ$ L$ep£ A_° ”pNp L$epÆ A_° gp°lu R>p¨V$Èy. [°k–epN∞l R> dpk QpÎep° ApMf° kdp^p_ \ey ( L$p°BL$ yı[L$p°dp¨ Ap k–epN∞l 6 hÛpÆ QpÎep°[°d gøey R>° [° Ar[iep°qL$[ R>°.)[° `Z bpgtkl∆_p L$pmdp¨ bfiey.

bpgtkl∆ ıhcph° _d∞, lkdyMp, k]$NyZu A_° kp]$pB\u fl°_pfp qæ$L°$V$_p ip°Mu_fpS>hu l[p. `p°[° kpfpdp¨ kpfy¨ kpfy¨ A¨N∞°∆ bp°gu iL$[p l[p A_° eyfp°`_p ‚hpk hM[°B¡g°fiX$_u dlpfpZu rhL$V$p°qfep_° d˛ep l[p –epf° [° bfi_° cpBAp°_u _d∞[p A_° kp]$pe\uMyi \B l[u. bpgtkl∆ A° D]$pf ipkL$ l[p A_° OZp b^p ]$p_ Ap‡ep l[p. fiepeAp`hp `Z `p°[° b°k[p A_° [°d_p° fiepe hMZp[p° l[p°. bpgrk¨l∆A° kpegp kp\°_p°A`•ep° cp¨¡ep° l[p°. NY°Qu dp[p_° S>° `pX$p_p° cp°N QX$php[p° [° ]$p∆fpS>° b¨^ L$fpÏep° l[p°`f¨[y bpgrk¨l∆ pR>p° ]$i°fp_p q]$hk° pX$p° A_° AÙ$du_° q]$hk° b° O°V$p QX$phhp_y¨ Qpgy L$eyÆl[y. bpgrk¨l∆ k¨h[ 1966 h•ipM ky]$ 4_p fp°S> d©–ey pÁep, S>°d_u R>[fX$u hY$hpZ_pfpS> ıdip_dp¨ Dcu R>°.hY$hpZ fpS>e_° hpqÛpÆL$ Íp.1,42,000_y¨ kprgepœ dm[y l[y¨.

66


34..W$pL$p°fkp.dp_tkl∆ Np°rlg - `prg[pZp`prg[pZp_p 23dp¨ ipkL$ k|ftkl∆_p Ahkp_ bp]$ dp_tkl∆ Np]$uA° ApÏep.

[°d_p° S>fid k¨h[ 1917 S>°W$ ky]$-7_p fp°S> \ep° l[p°. [°d_p AÊepk bpb[° [°d_pr`[pÓuA° blz gˇe Ap‡ey _ l[y¨, –epf° [°Ap°A° ıh`qfÓd\u Mp_Nu fu[° NyS>fp[u,A¨N∞°∆_p Mpk rinL$p° fpMu AÊepk L$ep°Æ l[p°. dp_tkl∆ A_° [°_p _p_p cpB r`[p_phgZ_° rlkpb° fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>_p° gpc gB iºep _ l[p. [°Ap°_° AÔhp°_p° kpfp° A°hp°ip°M l[p°. dp_tkl∆_° r`[p kp\° hp¨Ly$ `X$u S>[p k‡V°$Ábf 1884dp¨ [°Ap° `prg[pZpR>p°X$u_° QpÎep Nep l[p. `R>u [° gp¨bp° kde [°d_p dpdp_° –ep¨ huf`yf(S>gpfpd) f¸pl[p. ApS>° huf`yfdp¨ [°d_u ep]$NufuÍ$` dp_L°$Ôhf _pd_y dlp]°$h_y¨ dp°Vy$ d¨q]$f Dcy R>°.

[°Ap°_p r`[p k|ftkl∆A° dp_tkl∆_p _p_p cpB kpd[tkl∆_° Np]$u hpfkW$fphhp_p° OZp° ‚e–_ L$ep°Æ l[p°. k|ftkl∆ [p.25-11-1885_p fp°S> |_p pk° lh°gu[pgyL$p_p rihpf`yf Npd° d©–ey pÁep, [°d_p° Ar¡_k¨ıL$pf |_p Mp[° L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p°.Ap kde° dp_tkl∆ [p–L$prgL$ huf`yf\u `prg[pZp Aphu `lp¢√ep –epf° k–e_p° S>e\ep° A_° `p°[° S> Np]$u_p kpQp hpfk W$epÆ A_° [p.7-12-1885_p fp°S> `p°guqV$L$gA°S>fiV$ L$_Æg _V°$ [°d_° fpS>Np]$uA° b°kpX$Èp l[p. [°Ap°A° S>•_p° A_° prg[pZp fpƒe_uh√Q° S>° TOX$p° Qpg[p° l[p° [° [°dZ° `[pÏep° l[p°. [p.8-3-1886_p fp°S> [°dZ°`prg[pZpdp¨ L$_Æg hp°V$k__p lp\° L$fiep ipmp Mp°gu l[u. [°Ap°A° dy¨bB ‚hpk L$ep£ –epf°S>•_ ÓphL$p°A° [°d_° [°d_p° TOX$p° `[phhp b]$g ky¨]$f dp_`” Ap‡ey l[y¨.

dlpfpZu rhºV$p°qfep_p ipk__° 50 hjÆ |ZÆ \[p [° D–kh prg[pZpdp¨ Z [°Ap°A°DS>Ïep° l[p° A_° [°dZ° ""û rhºV$p°qfep `ÂguL$ `pLÆ'' dp_tkl∆ L$fiep ipmp A_°ƒeyrbgu H¡guk ıL|g bp¨^hp_p° W$fph L$ep£ l[p°. [°d_° –ep¨ [p.21-4-1888_p fp°S> y”S>fid[p Npqfep^pfdp¨ _hu r_ipm_y¨ dL$p_ A_° A°L$ Ap•j^pge bp¨^hp_y¨ ≈l°f L$eyÆ l[y¨.[°Ap°_p ]u$hp_ [fuL°$ _pfpeZfph MpfL$f A_° BX$f_p ]$uhp_ Qy_ugpg kpfpcpBA° `ZL$pd L$ey l[y¨. fpS>L$p°V$_p hp°V$k_ ÁeyrTed_p a¨X$dp¨ [°dZ° Í$p.1000 Ap‡ep l[p. kyf[_pAr¡_ lp°_pf[ kde° –ep¨ Z Í$p.1000_u fL$d ]$p_dp¨ Apù l[u. Ap rkhpe Z OZp≈l°f a¨X$p°dp¨ ]$p_ L$epÆ l[p. [°Ap°A° \p°X$pL$ fı[pAp°, S>mpiep°, r_ipmp° b¨^phu l[u.[°Ap°_° prg[pZp rilp°f h√Q° f°gh° gpB_ _p¨Mhp_u B√R>p lp°hp\u [°dZ° [° kh£ L$fpÏep°`Z –epf° AdyL$ hp¨^pkf [° L$pd \B iºey _ l[y¨. `p°[° fiepe [fa Mpk ¬ep_ Ap`[p A_°Aùgp° p°[° S> r_Û`n`p[\u kp¨cmu [°_p° QyL$p]$p° Ap`[p l[p. [°Ap° ıhcph° ip¨[, _d∞,dpepmy, ]$epmy A_° k–ehp]$u l[p, kp\° kp\° kp]$p A_° rdg_kpf `Z l[p. [°Ap° 305Qp°°fk dpBg rhı[pf A_° 100 Npd_p fpS>hu l[p. S>°d_u hprjÆL$ AphL$ Apif° Í$p.5gpM_u l[u. [°Ap°_° [p.10 qX$k°Ábf 1896dp¨ L°$.ku.A°k.ApB._p° rb∞V$ui kfL$pf° BÎL$pbAp‡ep° l[p°.`prg[pZp il°f_u hkr[ B.k.1881dp¨ 7,659. B.k.1891dp¨10,442.B.k.1901dp¨ 12,800. B.k.1911dp¨ 13,445 B.k.1921dp¨12,890. B.k.1931dp¨ 13,343.S>epf° B.k.2001dp¨ `prg[pZp il°f_u hkr[51,944_u l[u. [°Ap°_y¨ [p.29-8-1905_p fp°S> Ahkp_ \ey l[y¨.

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35..W$pL$p°fkp.blp]|frk¨l∆ Np°rlg - `pgu[pZp`pgu[pZp_p Qp°hukdp¨ ipkL$ dp_tkl∆_y¨ Ahkp_ \[p blp]|frk¨l∆ p¨Q hjÆ_u

he° Np]$uA° b°W$p. [°Ap°_p° S>fid [p.3-4-1900_p fp°S> \ep° l[p°. Np]$uA° b°W$p –epf°[°d_u kNuf D¨df lp°hp_° L$pfZ° B.k.1905 \u 1919 kyû A¨N∞°≈°A° `pgu[pZp_p°hluhV$ QgpÏep° l[p°. [°d_° [p.27-11-1919_p fp°S> |ZÆ k—p kp¢`hpdp¨ Aphu l[u.≈°L°$ A°X$rdr_ıV≤°$$i__p kdeNpmp ]$fÁep_ fpƒeA° kpfu A°hu ‚Nr[ L$fu l[u.

blp]|frk¨l∆ fpS>L$p°V$_u fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S> A_° H¡g°fiX$_u Ó°Ïkbfu ipmpdp¨ rinZd°mÏey lp°hp\u D]$pf A_° `∞Nr[iug A_° Ap^yr_L$ rhQpfp°hpmp fpS>hu bfiep l[p.blp]|frk¨l∆ fd[-Nd[, _pV$L$_p ip°Mu_ l[p. [°Ap°A° Np]$uA° b°ku_° fpƒe_° dlpgp°dp¨hl¨°Qu _p¨Mu_° –ep¨ dlpgL$pfuAp° _udu ]$u^p.

`pgu[pZpdp¨ [°d_p L$pmdp¨ il°f_° ıh√R> fpMhp dpV°$ Mpk r_edp° b_pÏep l[p.≈l°f fı[p D`f N¨]$L$u L$f_pf_p° ]$X$ L$fhpdp¨ Aph[p°°. pgu[pZpdp¨ ºepë lp°V$g L$fu iL$p[u_lu .hY$hpZ_p ≈°fphftkl∆A° Z B.k.1926\u hY$hpZdp Qp_u lp°V$g D`f ‚r[b^d|L$ep° l[p°. [°Ap°A° ‚≈_u kyrh^p dpV°$ _uQ° dyS>b_p A_°L$ L$pep£ L$epÆ l[p.

(1) ‚p\rdL$ A_° dp¬erdL$ rinZ da[ Ap`hp_u ≈°NhpB L$fu. (2) blpf_prh¤p\wAp° dpV°$ pgu[pZpdp¨ fl°hp dpV°$ kphÆS>r_L$ rh¤p\w ApÓd ı\p‡ep° S>°dp¨ fl°hp- S>dhp_u da[ kNhX$ Ap`hpdp¨ Aph[u l[u. (3) rh¤p\uÆAp°_° ]°$i-`f]°$idp¨ AÊepkL$fhp S>hp ıL$p°gfiu`p° Apù l[u. (4) [°Ap° M°X|$[p°_° Mpk Qpl[p l[p, M°X|$[p°_° ìy,rbepfZ A_° L|$hpAp° dpV°$ fpƒe d]$]$ Ap`[y l[y¨. ƒepf° L¨bp°qX$ep ≈[_p L$`pk_y¨ hph°[fL$fhp cgpdZ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u. `Z [° kam _ \[p dqW$ep ≈[_p L$`pk_p hph°[f_°D—°S>_ Ap‡ey l[y¨. (5) ƒepf° `p°[° k—p lp\dp¨ gu^p_° 25 hjÆ `|ZÆ \ep –epf°B.k.1944dp¨ ipk__u fS>[ S>e¨r[ ^pd^|d `|hÆL$ DS>hu –epf° M°X|$[p°_y¨ Í$p.1 gpM_y¨L$fS> dpa L$fu ]$u y, D`fp¨[ ]$pY$uh°fp° [\p DcX$h°fp_° Z L$pY$u _p¨øep° l[p°. (6) Mpfu _]$uD`f Í$p.2 gpM_p MQ£ `yg bp¨¬ep° l[p°. (7) `pgu[pZp A_° Npfuep^pfdp¨ V°$qgap°_A°nQ°fiS> ı\pù k¨]°$ip Ïehlpf_u kNhX$[p h^pfu l[u. (8) ‚≈_° h^y kpfu kyrh^pdm° [° dpV°$ il°f ky^fpB_u `Z fQ_p L$fu `Z [° Ar^L$pfu k¨Qprg[ l[u. A°hu S> A°L$‚≈`∞r[r_r^ kcp `Z ı\p`hpdp¨ Aphu l[u. (9) `pgu[pZp_u ‚≈_° ""]$fbpfub°L''$_u kyrh^p yfu pX$u l[u.[°Ap°A° [p.12-12-1911_p fp°S> r]$Îlu ]$fbpfdp¨ lpS>fuApù l[u. [°Ap° [p.2-12-1919_p fp°S> Np¢X$g_p eyhfpS>Óu (A° kde° eyhfpS>)cp°S>fpS>∆_p Ly$hfu ku[pbp kp\° fŒep l[p.]$f°L$ fS>hpX$pAp°_u S>°d S> [°Ap°A° A¨N∞°S>kfL$pf_° ‚\d rhÔheyŸdp¨ d]$]$ L$fu l[u. [°\u [°d_° B.k.1930dp¨ L$°.ku.ApB.B._p°BÎL$pb Ap`hpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p°. `prg[pZp fpSe_uhkr[ B.k.1881dp¨ 49,271.B.k.1891dp¨ 60,848.B.k.1901dp¨ 52,858. B.k.1911dp¨ 60,660B.k.1921dp¨ 57,929. B.k.1931dp¨ 62,150 l[u [°Ap° B.k.1965dp¨ d©–ey`pÁep –epf° [°d_° hprjÆL$ Í$p.1.80 gpM_y¨ kprgepœ dm[y l[y¨.

70


36..W$pL$p°fkp. k|frk¨l∆ Np°rlg - gpW$u[°Ap° gpW$u_p fpS>hu gpMp∆_p `p•” A_° [ø[rk¨l_p `y” l[p. [ø[tkl∆_°

]$p∆fpS> Da£ Adfrk¨l _pd_p A°L$ cpB `Z l[p. k|ftkl∆_p° S>fid [p.26-1-1874_p fp°S> \ep° l[p° A_° [°Ap° NyS>fp[u kprl–e S>N[dp¨ ""L$gpù''_p D`_pd\uAp°mMp[p l[p. [°dZ° fpS>L$p°V$_u fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>dp¨ rinZ d°mÏey l[y, –ep¨ [°_° lX$pmp]$.Óu hpS>kyfhpmp_u rd”[p b¨^pB l[u. _p_`Zdp¨ r`[p A_° dp[p Ahkp_ `pd[pL$gpù_° S>bfp° ApOp[ gp¡ep° l[p°,–epf° [°d_p ≈_u dpı[f° M|b S> ‚e–_p° L$epÆ A_°[°Ap° kprl–e [fa h˛ep. [° R>u [p° 15 hjÆ_u he° S> L$gpù_p g¡_ L$√R>_p fp°lp fpƒe_pA_° L$p°V$X$p kp¨NpZu_p A°d b° Ly$¨hfuAp° kp\° \ep l[p. S>°dp¨ fp°lphpmp_y¨ _pd fpS>bp(fdp) A_° L$p°V$X$phpmp fpZu_y¨ _pd Ap_¨]$ubp l[y¨. iÍ$Ap[dp¨ L$gpù Ap fpS>fpZuAp°kp\° M|b S> Ny¨Qhpe°gp fl°gp A_° –epf\u S> L$pÏe_u fQ_pAp° L$fhp dp¨X$Èp. gpW$ufpS>e_uhkr[ B.k.1881dp 6,804. B.k.1891dp 8,320.B.k.1901dp 8,831.B.k.1911dp¨ 9,239. B.k.1921dp¨ 8,334. B.k.1931dp¨ 9,404 l[u.gpW$uil°f_u hkr[ B.k.1891dp¨ 5,236.B.k.1901dp¨ 5,997. B.k.1911dp¨ 6,017.B.k.1921dp¨ 5,281. B.k.1931dp¨ 6,096_u l[u.B.k.2001dp¨ gpW$u il°f_uhkr[ 20,966_u l[u.

Afie fpS>huAp°_u S>°d L$gpùA° `Z OZp ‚hpkp° L$epÆ l[p, [°dp¨ [°_p° L$pÌduf_p°‚hpk _p¢^`p” R>°. Ap `∞hpkdp¨\u S> ≈Z° L°$ [°Ap° kp¨•]eÆ‚°du b_u Nep. Ap b^y ≈°BL$gpù_° [p° fpS>h•ch A_° Np]$u Z [y√R> S>°hp gp¡ep A_° Np]$u_p° dp°l Z f¸p° _ l[p°.`p°[° fp≈ b_hp B√R>[p _\u [°hy `Z L$l°hp gp¡ep l[p. Ap b^p Ak¨dS>k hpmpL$pmdp¨ L$gpù_° drZgpg q‹h°]$u [fa\u dpNÆ]$iÆ_ A_° ]$p°ı[u d˛ep [°\u L$gpù [°_° NyÍ$dp_hp gp¡ep. ApMf° [p.21-1-1895_p fp°S> L$gpùA° gpW$u_u fpS>Np]$u_u k¨`|ZÆfpS>k—p k¨cpmu A° `R>u fdpbp kp\° Aph°g ]$pku dp¢Ou Da£ ip°c_p kp\° ûf° ûf° ‚°dk¨b¨^ b¨^pep° A_° [°_° `p°[p_u ˙]$ekpd∞püpu∞ dp_hp gp¡ep. (L$gpù_p Ahkp_ `R>uip°c_p M|b S> gpW$udp¨ ≈≈° kde ∆hu[ flu l[u A_° [°Z° NyS>fp[u kprl–e `qfj]$_pk¨d°g_dp¨ L$gpù kp\°_p k¨ıdfZp° fS|> L$epÆ l[p.) Ap R>u [p° L$gpùA° A_°L$ dyÌL°$guAp°cp°Nhu A_° [° ]$fÁep_ Ak¨øe L$pÏep° f√ep. [°dp¨_p dp°V$p cpN_p ‚Ze_° gN[p R>°. L$gpù]$fbpfNY$ blpf gugp b¨Ngpdp¨ ≈≈° kde rh[ph[p A_° –ep¨ kprl–eL$pfp°_p° ]$fbpf cf[pA_° [°_y¨ kfidp_ L$f[p l[p. [° gugp° b¨Ngp° Z lh° dl°g_u kp\° pX$u_° S>du_]$p°ı[ L$fu_¨Mpep° R>°. ƒep¨ ApS>° L$gpù`pLÆ$ _pd_u kp°kpeV$u b_u NB R>°. Ap gugp b¨Ngpdp¨ S>dp¢Ou kp\° g¡_ L$epÆ l[p. ƒepf° Adfrhgpk `°g°kdp¨ [°Ap° khpf° g°M_ L$f[p l[p.L$gpù_p ‚\d afS>¨]$ Ly¨$hfu l[p [° fpS>L$p°V$ gpMp∆fpS>_° `fZpÏep l[p. Aphp Ly$]$f[‚°du, ‚≈‚°du F>Sy> fpS>hu_u [p. 9-6-1900_p fp°S> 26 hjÆ_u cfeyhp_uA° gpW$udpÄhkp_ \ey¨. Ap fpS>hu_p ıdfZ_° ep]$ fpM[u gpW$u_p fpS>ıdip_dp¨ [°d_u R>[fX$uAph°g R>°. L$gpù_p dl“h_p L$pÏep° ""L$gpù_p L°$L$pfh''_pd° N∞¨\dp¨ ‚NV$ \ep R>°. Aprkhpe L$gpù_p 600 S>°V$gp `”p° `Z R>°, S>°dp¨\u [°d_u d_sı\r[_p° øepg Aph° R>°.

72


37..W$pL$p°fkp.‚lgp]$tkl∆ Np°rlg - gpW$ugpW$u fpƒe A° cg° _p_y fpƒe l[y¨ `f¨[y k¨b¨^p°dp¨ A_° _pd_p n°”° Afie fpƒep° kp\°

kpfu fu[° ≈°X$pe°gy l[y¨. gpW$u_u kp\° ]°$]$p°(]°$]$dg) L$gpù, •eÆQ¨÷ byŸ, fZR>p°X$]$pk, Ly.Óud¨Ngtkl∆, hSycpB cN[ A_° L$p¨r[ dqX$ep_u ıd©r[Ap° ≈°X$pe°gu R>°.

gpW$uA° Np°rlgp°_p [pbp_y¨ Qp°\p hNÆ_y¨ fpƒe l[y¨. gpW$u fpƒe_p ı\p`L$ k°S>L$∆_py” kpf¨N∆ l[p. gpW$u fpƒe_p° A°qfep 48.8 ıL°$h°f dpBg_p° l[p° [°_p ”Z dlpgp° l[p

(1) gpW$u (2) c|frMep (3) hpmyL$X$. B.k.1934-35dp S>°_u hprjÆL$ AphL$ 1,86,387A_° Í$p.1,40,216_p° MQÆ l[p°. kpf¨N∆A° A\wgp Qp°huku d°mhu l[u. kpf¨N∆_pbl°_ hpgdLy$hfbp_p g¡_ S|>_pNY$_p fp,M¢Npf h°f° L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep l[p. kpf¨N∆_p p•”_p¢^Z∆A° bplzbm\u gpW$u ‚p· L$eyÆ l[y¨.

‚lgp]$tkl∆_p° S>fid [p.31-3-1912_p fp°S> \ep° l[p° A_° [p.14-10-1918_p fp°S> [°Ap° Np]$uA° b°W$p l[p. [°Ap°A° fpS>L$p°V$_u fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>dp¨ rinZd°mÏey l[y¨ A_° [°Ap° kNuf he_p lp°hp_° gu^° A°S>fiku_y¨ d°_°S>d°fiV$ ApÏey l[y¨. `R>u[°Ap°_° `|ZÆ k—p [p.10-2-1931_p fp°S> dmu l[u. ‚lgp]$tkl∆A° Np]$uA° b°ku_°il°fdp¨ ky^pfpAp° L$fhp_y¨ _Ω$u L$eyÆ A_° hı[u_p k¨L$V$p° ]|$f L$epÆ. [°Ap°A° ‚lgp]`yf A_°Aq_Í$¬^`yf _pd_p b° Npdp° hkpÏep. [°d_p _p_p cpB d¨Ngtkl∆_p _pd° gpW$udp¨d¨Ng`fy hkpÏey. ‚lgp]$tkl∆_° kprl–e L$gp_p° S>bfp° ip°M l[p° A_° `p°[° `Z kpfpAÊepku A_° g°ML$ l[p. [°Ap°_p r_d¨”Z\u ArNepfdy NyS>fp[u kpsl–e `qfj]$_y¨kd°g_ gpW$udp B.k.1933-34dp cfpey l[y, Ap Ahkf° gpW$udp L$gpù dq]$f_y Mp[dyl|[Æ`qfj]$_p ‚dyMÓu L©$ÛZgpg dp°. Th°fu_p lp\° L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey l[y¨. (Ap L$peÆ lh°B.k.2005dp¨ gpW$udp¨ L$gpù r[\Æ pd V≤$ıV°$ AY$pf gpM_p MQ£ ch_ r_dpÆZ L$eyÆ, [° |ZÆ\ey NZpe.) Ap k¨d°g_ hM[° ∆hu[ ip°c_p A_° L$gpù_p rd”p° A_° rinL$p°_p k¨ıdfZp°hp¨Qhpdp¨ ApÏÈp l[p. ‚lgp]$tkl∆_° kprl–e_p° S>bfp° ip°M lp°hp_° gu^° gpW$ukprl–eL$pfp°_p D[pfp A_° Apfpd_y¨ ı\m b_u Ney l[y¨. _p_pgpg, k¨Nu[L$pfAp°dL$pf_p\∆, L$rh ]y$gpL$pN, L$rh W$pfZcpB, d°OpZ¨]$ NY$hu, L$rh ggu[ hN°f° hN°f°gpW$udp¨ Ahpf_hpf Aph[p. ‚lgp]$tkl∆A° AgÊe A_° ky¨]$f yı[L$p°_y¨ A°L$ yı[L$pge`°g°kdp¨ b_pÏey l[y¨. ‚lgp]$tkl∆_° V°$q_k_p° `Z M|b S> JX$p° ip°M l[p° A_° gpW$udp¨V$°_uk_p ‚øep[ M°gpX$uAp°_° fdhp dpV°$ Ahpf_hpf [°Ap° bp°gph[p l[p. gpW$udp¨ –epf°kprl–e, k¨Nu[ A_° L$gp_u r”h°Zu k≈ÆB l[u. NyS>fp[_p ≈Zu[p rb_L$pf dld]$Mp_afu]$u fpƒe_p k¨Nu[L$pf l[p A_° A¨^ [bgQu S>N∆h_]$pk l[p. ‚lgp]$tkl∆_pcpB Ly$.Óu d¨Ngtkl∆A° ‚[p`rhgpk `°g°kdp¨ rQ”p° ]$p°epÆ l[p. [°dZ° H¡g°fiX$dp¨ L$gprinZ gu^y l[y¨. d¨Ngtkl∆_y¨ fpNd¨Sy>jp _pd_y¨ fpNrQ”p°_y¨ ApÎbd blpf `X$Èy l[y¨.gpW$u_p OZp fpS>huAp°_° ∆∆bphp_p TpX$hp _pd_p ı\m° Ar¡_k¨ıL$pf L$fu –ep¨ D`f]°$fuAp° bp¨ hpdp¨ Aph°gu R>°. –ep¨ R> ]°$fuAp° lSy> L$gpù_u A_° [°_p hï≈°_u ıd©r[ ≈mhuflu R>°. ‚lgp]$tkl∆_p `y” Ly$.Óu c|`°fi÷tkl∆ [p.27-11-1935_p fp°S> S>_Áepl[p. gpW$u_° hpqÛpÆL$ Íp.77,500_y¨ kprgepœ dm[y l[y¨.

74


38.fpS>kpl°b b_°tkl∆ Tpgp- hp¨L$p_°fhp¨L$p_°f_p ]$kdp ipkL$ fpS> hM[rk¨l `R>u [°d_p `p•” b_°tkl∆ Np]$uA° ApÏep

l[p. [°d_p r`[p S>kh¨[tkl∆ eyhfpS> `]°$ S> d©–ey `pÁep l[p. Ap Tpgp hï_p ipkL$l[p. hM[tkl∆_y¨ B.k.1861 dpNkf ky]$-2_p fp°S> Ahkp_ \[p b_°tkl∆A°dp°fbu\u Aphu Np]$u lp\dp¨ guû. f¨[y –epf° fpƒe D`f Oœ L$fS> QX$u Ney l[y¨. [°dp¨\ublpf _uL$mhp OZp ky^pfpAp° L$epÆ A_° hp¨L$p_°f_° Ap^yr_L$ eyNdp¨ ‚h°i L$fpÏep°.

[°Ap°A° NyS>fp[u L°$mhZu kpfu fu[° gu^°gu. [°d_u funp A°ƒeyL°i_ Bfiı`°ºV$f rd.V$u.ku. lp°`° guû l[u. [°Ap°A° _uQ° dyS>b_p ‚≈rl[_p A_° fpƒe_p L$pep£ L$epÆ l[p.(1) NpdX$pAp° B≈f° Ap`hp_u ‚\p b¨^ L$fu r_Û`n fiepe dm° A° dpV°$ A]$pg[p° ı\pù_p°L$f hNÆ_° ùX°$ _lv [°_p° Mpk øepg fMph[p l[p, (2) B.k.1812dp¨ dS>dy]$pff¨Nug]$pk Np•fu]$pk dpfa[ b√Qp S>dp]$pf_° [°_p c”u≈ BkbcpB_p dp\p b]$g d°krfepNpd hp¨L$p_°f° Ap‡ey l[y. [° b_°tkl∆A° A¨N∞°S> kfL$pf_u A_ydr[ d°mhu B.k.1873dp¨Í$p.45,000dp¨ pRy> d°mÏey, (3) b_°tkl∆_° [p.2-8-1875_p fp°S> pX$g_p MpQf]$fbpfp° kp\° S>bf]$ı[ vNpœ \ey l[y¨ Ap ]$fbpfp° hp¨L$p_°f fpƒedp¨ ]$Mg L$f[p l[p A_°cud ^p^g _pd_p blpfhqV$ep_° ApÓe Ap`[p l[p. [° TOX$p_p° DL°$g `p°guV$uL$gA°S>fiV$ S>°.bu. ùg° Ap‡ep° l[p°, (4) B.k.1877dp¨ s]$Îlu ]$fbpf cfpep° [°dp¨b_°tkl∆_y¨ _h [p°`_y dp_ _Ω$u L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ –epf° b_°tkl∆A° A°_u ep]$uNufudpÄ°L$ dykpafu b¨Ngp° A_° bpdZbp°fdp¨ ^dÆipmp b¨^phu, (5) fpS>L$p°V$\u hY$hpZ kyûfı[pAp° D`f L|$hpAp° [\p dÆipmp bp¨ hp [°dZ° Í$p.3000 Ap‡ep l[p, (6) hp¨L$p_°f_pqL$Îgp_° Í$p.20,000_p MQ£ kdfpÏep° A_° ]$fbpf cfhp L$Q°fu bp¨ u A° rkhpe 1876dpÄ°L$ lp°sı`V$g A_° S>°g b¨^phfphu l[u, (7) fplbfu rQgp° b¨^ L$fu fpƒedp¨ `p°guk‚\p ]$pMg L$fphu A_° L$pfcpfu ]$g`[fpd pk° b¨ pfZ OX$phu h° pf_u h©qŸ L$fphu, (8)hp¨L$p_°f [m`]$dp¨ B.k.1855dp¨ R>p°L$fpAp° dpV°$ A_° B.k.1878dp¨ R>p°L$fuAp° dpV°$r_ipmp° Mp°gu A_° R> NpdX$pdp r_ipmp° Mp°gu, (9) fpS>NY$, lqf yf, A]°$ yf, kdrY$epmp,k[p`f, R>[f A°d R> _hp `p°[° hkpÏep.

b_°tkl∆_° `p¨Q fpZuAp° l[p. [°Ap° ifuf° dS>b|[ A_° M|b S> ]°$MphX$p fpS>hul[p. bplp°i A_° byqŸdp_ fpS>hu lp°hp\u [°_u ]$f°L$ fu[cp[ ApL$jÆL$ l[u. [°Ap°A°`p°[p_p fpƒe L$pm ]$fÁep_ tl]yı[p__p OZp ı\mp°_p° ‚hpk L$ep£ l[p°. b_°tkl∆_pfiepe`|ZÆ A_° D]$pf ipk_ A_° dpepmy q]$g_p rlkpb° hp¨L$p_°f fpƒe L$fS>dp¨\u blpfAphu_° ‚Nr[iug fpƒe b_u Ney. Ap fu[° [°Ap° hp¨L$p_°f fpƒe_p riÎù A_° dy–k]$u A_°‚≈rl[°√Ry> fpS>hu [fuL°$ kp•fpÙ≤$dp¨ `¨L$pep l[p. [°Ap° B.k.1881dp¨ S>°W$ ky]$-15_°frhhpf_p fp°S> dp” b° hjÆ_p eyhfpS> Adftkl∆_° d|L$u_° Ahkp_ pÁep. b_°tkl∆A°`y”_u Mp°V°$ S> `p¨Qdp g¡_ L$epÆ A_° kS>_`f hpmp ≈dbpA° Adftkl∆_° S>fidAp‡ep° l[p°. hp¨L$p_°f il°f_u hkr[ B.k.1881dp¨ 5,533. B.k.1891dp¨ 7,100.B.k.1901dp¨ 6,973. B.k.1911dp¨ 7,887. B.k.1921dp¨ 8,596.B.k.1931dp¨ 11,136. S>epf° B.k.2001dp¨ hp¨L$p_°f il°f_u hkr[ 40,191_ul[u.

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39.fpS>kpl°b Adftkl∆ Tpgp- hp¨L$p_°fhp¨L$p_°f_p11dp¨ ipkL$ b_°tkl∆_y¨ Ahkp_ \[p hp¨L$p_°f_u Np]$uA° Tpgp

Adfrk¨l∆ b° hjÆ_u Jdf° [p.25-6-1881_p fp°S> Np]$uA° b°W$p. `f¨[y [°Ap° kNuflp°hp\u d°_°S>d°fiV$ ı\`pey A_° 18 hjÆ [°_p ‹pfp ipk_ [¨” QpÎey. [°Ap°A° fpS>Ly$dpfL$p°g°S>dp¨ rinZ gu^y l[y¨ A_° cpf[_p° A_° eyfp°`_p° ‚hpk L$ep°Æ l[p°. [°_y¨ ‚hpk hZÆ_`Z dm° R>°. [°Ap°_° Qpf fpZuAp° l[p,[°_° hpqÛpÆL$ Íp.1,80,000_y¨ kprgepœ dm[y l[y¨.

[p.18-3-1899_p fp°S> `p°guV$uL$g A°S>fiV$ l¨V$f° [°d_° `|ZÆ k—p kp° ¨ù.Adfrk¨l∆A° r`[p_° `Ng° Qpgu_° hp¨L$p_°f fpƒe_° h^pf° Ap¤yr_L$ A_° ‚Nr[iugfpƒe b_pÏey. (1) fpƒe_u AphL$ dpV°$ M°[u A_° D¤p°N dl“h_p lp°e R>° dpV°$ [°Ap°A°M°[u ky pfhp dpV°$ A_°L$ ‚e–_p° L$epÆ A_° X$[f S>du_p° M°X|$[p°_° Apù ]$uû. B.k.1900_p]y$ÛL$pm hM[° M°X|$[p°_° blpf\u bm]$p°, Npep°, Opk, A_pS> Apù_° `Z _ucpÏÈp A_°Nfubp° dpV°$ A_p\N©l Mp°Îey. ‚≈S>_p°_° L$pd dmu fl° [° dpV°$ hX$kfdp¨ S>kh¨[ [mphA_° d°kqfepdp¨ [mph bp¨^hp iÍ$ L$epÆ. Ap rkhpe Qpf Npddp¨ [mph A_° `p¨Q ‹pfL$p_uL°$_pg kdfphu. (2) hp¨L$p_°f_u kX$L$p° `lp°mu L$fphu NpdX°$ NpdX°$ L|$hpAp° b¨^pÏep. (3)S>X°$Ôhf S>hp_p° fı[p° XyNf [p°X$phu L$fpÏep°. (4) M°X|$[p° dpV°$ 1913dp¨ L$©rj klL$pfu b¢L$ iÍ$L$fu. (5) M°X|$[p°, cpep[p°_p g°Zp dpa L$epÆ A_° `Nu ghpS>d, kp[uh°fp°, Qygyh°fp° hN°f°h°fp _pb|]$ L$fu ]$u^p. (6) hp¨L$p_°f fpƒedp¨ V°$qgap°__u kNhX$[p Dcu L$fu A_° S|>_p ]$a[fp°kpQhhp dpV°$ ]$a[f c¨X$pf ı\pù ]$a[fp° Ap Mp[p ‹pfp kp¨Qhhp dp¨X$Èp. (7) ∆hpB]$pfp°_°Nfpk _lv `Z fp°L$X$ fL$d Ap`hp_u [°dZ° iÍ$Ap[ L$fu. (8) B.k.1911_p r]$Îlu]$fbpfdp¨ `p°[° cpN g°hp Nep l[p –ep¨ [°d_° ƒep°S>Æ `p¨Qdp_p lı[° L°$.ku.ApB.B._p°BÎL$pb A`pep°. A° `R>u rb∞V$ui kfL$pf° [°d_° fphblp] yf_p° A_° 1924dp¨ dlpfp≈_p°BÎL$pb `Z d˛ep° l[p°.Adftkl∆A° ıh°√R>pA° A¨N∞°S> kfL$pf_° ‚\d rhÔh eyŸdp¨dp°fQp D`f gX$hp S>hp_u [•epfu b[phu A_° ‰p¨kdp¨ B.k.1915-16dp¨ L$pqW$ephpX$dp°V$f A°Áeygfik L$p°‡kÆdp¨ ApW$ drl_p afS> b≈hu. Ap rkhpe [°Z° ]$f°L$ fpS>huAp°_u S>°dhp°f gp°_dp¨ `Z `•kp Ap‡ep l[p. A¨N∞°S> kfL$pf° eyŸdp¨ Adftkl∆_u k°hp dmhp\u[°d_° B.k.1918dp¨ L°$‡V$__p° lp°]$p° Ap‡ep° A_° _h [p°`_u kgpdudp¨\u 11 [p°`p°_ukgpdu L$fu Apù [°d_u L$]$f L$fu l[u.Adftkl∆A° hp¨L$p_°f_p fpS>LyVy¨b dpV°$ A°L$A`•ep° l[p° [° cp¨¡ep°. hp¨L$p_°f fpS>Ly$Vy¨b° A°hu ‚r[op L$fu l[u L°$, ƒep¨ kyû [°Ap° lmh]$_°∆[u g°i° _lv –ep¨ kyû [°Ap° g¡__p `yfp a°fp afi° _lv. Ap ‚r[op L°$ A`•ep° `p°fb¨]$f_pdlpfpZp cphtkl∆A° c¨NpÏep°°. [°_p° S>i Adftkl∆ A_° ^p¨N^∞p A∆[tkl∆_°d˛ep°. Aphp ‚≈ h–kg A_° fpƒe DŸpfL$ fpS>hu_u A°L$ dp°V$u ‚r[dp [°d_p ipk_L$pm_p25 hjÆ |ZÆ \ep –epf° B.k.1924-25dp¨ hp¨L$p_°fdp¨ d|L$hpdp¨ Aphu R>°. B.k.1947dp¨cpf[ ApTp]$ \[p Ap fpS>huA° S> hp¨L$p_°f_° cpf[ kÖdp¨ rhgu_ L$fu ]$u^y. `R>u [p°ApTp]$u R>u [°Ap° kp•fpÙ≤$ fpƒe_u pfpkcpdp¨ A`n Dd°]$hpf [fuL°$. QyV$pep l[p.fpS>e_uhkr[ B.k.1881dp¨ 30,491. B.k.1891dp¨ 39,329.B.k.1901dp¨ 27,383.B.k.1911dp¨ 32,653. B.k.1921dp¨ 36,824. B.k.1931dp¨ 44,259 l[u.

78


40..W$pL$p°fkp. ]$p°g[tkl∆≈X°$≈ - ^∞p°m^∞p°m A° ≈X°$≈ hï_p ipkL$_y¨ bu≈ hNÆ_y¨ 71 Npdp° ^fph[y fpƒe l[y¨. Ap fpƒe_y¨

n°”am Apif° 2827 Qp°fk dpBg_y¨ l[y¨. hprjÆL$ D`S> ”Z gpM_u A_° AY$u gpM\u`p°Zp ”Z gpM_y MQÆ l[y. ∞p°m fpƒe_u ı\p`_p lf^p°m∆A° B.k.1519dp¨ L$fu l[u.

R>u _uQ° dyS>b_p ipkL$p° Np]$uA° ApÏep l[p.(2) S>kp∆ B.k.1550 \u 1564(3) bpdqZep°∆ B.k. 1564 \u 1566 (4) lf^p°m∆ bu≈ B.k.1566 \u 1604(5) dp°X$∆ B.k.1604 \u 1609 (6) `QpZ∆ B.k.1609 \u 1644 (7) L$gp∆B.k.1644 \u 1706 (8) Sy>Zp∆ B.k.1706 \u 1712 (9) M°[p∆ B.k.1712\u 1715 (10) L$gp∆ bu≈ B.k.1715 \u 1716 (11) hpO∆ B.k.1716 \u1760 (12) S>°k¨N∆ B.k.1760 \u 1763 (13) Sy>Zp∆ bu≈ B.k.1763 \u1771 (14) _p\p∆ B.k. 1771 \u 1782 (15) dp°X$∆ bu≈ B.k. 1782 \u1803 (16) c|`[tkl∆ B.k.1803 \u 1844 (17) S>°k¨N∆ bu≈ B.k.1844\u 1866 (18) lqftkl∆ B.k.1866 \u 1914.(19) ]$p°g[tkl∆ B.k.1914\u1939 (20)Qfi]$≤tkl∆ B.k.1939\u 1948. ^∞p°m fpS>e_p [° kde_p ipkL° [°d_p`p]$fdp¨ gX$pe°g ‚øep[ c|Qfdp°fu_u gX$pBdp¨ cpN gu^p° _ l[p° Z fpZu kyfS>Ly$hfbp_°k[u \hpdp¨ d]$]$ L$fu l[u.

^∞p °mfpSe_u hkr[ B.k.1881dp¨ 22,376. B.k.1891dp¨27,007.B.k.1901dp¨ 21,906. B.k.1911dp¨ 24,358. B.k.1921dp¨23,640. B.k.1931dp 27,639 l[u A_° ∞p°m il°f_u hkr[ B.k.1881dp 4,613.B.k.1891dp¨ 5,721.B.k.1901dp¨ 5,660. B.k.1911dp¨ 6,481.B.k.1921dp¨ 6,283. B.k.1931dp¨ 7,507_u l[u. S>epf° B.k.2001dp¨ ^∞p°mil°f_u hkr[ 23,628_u l[u.

^∞p°m_p Ap°NZukdp¨ ipkL$ ]$p°g[rk¨l∆ \ep S>° [p.22-8-1864_p fp°S> S>_Áepl[p A_° [p.2-9-1914_p fp°S> fpS> Np]$uA° b°W$p l[p. [°Ap°_p kdedp¨ ∞p°mdp¨ fpÛV$≤¬hS>dpV°$ k–epN∞l \ep° l[p°.

[°Ap°A° iÍ$Ap[_y¨ rinZ ∞p°mdp¨ A_° R>u\u fpS>L$p°V$_u fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>dp¨ rinZd°mÏey l[y. [°Ap°A° ‚\drhÔhey¬^dp¨ A¨N∞°≈°_° d]$]$ L$fu l[u. ]$p°g[tkl∆_° p¨Q fpZuAp°l[p. (1) cp]$fhp_p Ly¨$hfu (2) d|mu_p `fdpf ‚[p`tkl∆_p Ly¨$hfu (3) rilp°f_pNp°rlg_p Ly¨$hfu (4) D[°rmep_p Ly¨$hfu (5) gpW$u_p ‚[p`rk¨l∆ Np°rlg_p Ly¨hfu.

Ap b^p fp≈Ap°_° OZp b^p fpZuAp° lp°e R>°. `Z [° gîp° A°L$ ep bu≈ Ahkp_`pÁep lp°e –epf° ºepf°L$ hpfpaf[u `Z \ep lp°e R>°. bpL$u b° ”Z fpZuAp° fpMhpA° A°S>dp_pdp¨ fp≈Ap° dpV°$ kpdpfie l[y¨.

]$p°g[tkl∆_° A°L$ dp” Ly¨$hf q]$`rk¨l∆ l[p, [° eyhfpS> ]°$ S> Ahkp_ pÁep l[p,[°d_° b° y”p° l[p. (1) ≈°fphftkl∆ (2) Q¨÷tkl∆. ∞p°m fpƒe_° _h [p°`_u kgpdudm[u l[u. ^∞p°m fpS>e `p°[p_p lL$L\u S> _f°fi]$≤ d¨X$m_y kÊe l[y¨.$ ^∞p°m fpS>e_° hpqÛpÆL$Íp.1,10 gpM_y¨ kprgepœ dm[y l[y¨.

80


41..W$pL$p°fkp. d|mhp∆ ≈X°$≈ - L$p°V$X$pkp¨NpZuL$p°V$X$pkp¨NpZu A° ≈X°$≈Ap°_p [pbp_y fpƒe l[y A_° [°_p° rhı[pf 90 ıL°$h°f dpBg_p°

l[p°. Ap fpƒedp¨ 15 Mpgkp Npdp° l[p. S>°_u hprjÆL$ AphL$ Í$p.1,62,515 A_° MQÆÍ$p.1,37,513_y¨ l[y¨. [°Ap° Í$p.10,189 rb∞V$ui kfL$pf_° A_° Í$p.1,427 S|>_pNY$_°≈°f[gbu_p cf[p l[p.L$p°V$X$p_° hpqÛpÆL$ Íp.67,000_y¨ kprgepœ dm[y l[y¨.

L$p°V$X$p fpƒe_u ı\p`_p kp¨Np∆A° L$fu l[u. [° kp¨Np∆ Np°X$g fpƒe_p ı\p`L$ Ly$cp°∆`l°gp_p `y” l[p. Ap kp¨Np∆A° fpS>L$p°V$_u d]$] $\u fpe`f_p L$pW$uAp° `pk°\u kf^pf∆[u gu^y l[y¨. [°Ap° L$pW$uAp° kp\° gX$[p gX$[p d©–ey `pÁep. ƒepf° L$p°V$X$p_p ”u≈ ipkL$S>kp∆A° L$p°V$X$p [pgyL$p° h•≈≈°Nuep _pd_p L$pW$u ]$fbpf `pk°\u ∆[u gB AfX$p°B\ufpS>^p_u L$p°V$X$p a°fhu l[u.d|mhp∆A° L$p°V$X$p_p ArNepfdp ipkL$ l[p A_° [°Ap° L$p°V$X$p_p]$idp¨ ipkL$ [p°Np∆_p y” l[p. [°Ap°_p° S>fid [p.5-2-1872_p fp°S> \ep° l[p°, [°d_y¨lzgpdZy _pd NNycp l[y. W$pL$p°f [p°Np∆ [p. 11-11-1879_p fp°S> Ahkp_ `pÁep`R>u [p.22-11-1879_p fp°S> d|mhp∆ Np]$uA° b°W$p. Z [° kNuf lp°hp\u d°_°S>d°fiV°$fpƒe QgpÏey l[y¨. d|mhp∆A° fpS>L$p°V$_u fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>dp¨ rinZ d°mÏey l[y¨. [°dZ°A_° hqX$ep ]$.Óu bphphpmp kpl°b° rlfi]y$ı[p__p° ‚hpk L$fu [°_p° ‚hpk N¨∞\ ‚NV$ L$ep°Æl[p°. [°d_° [p.7-4-1895_p fp°S> |ZÆ k—p kp¢ hpdp¨ Aphu l[u. [°Ap° prdÆL$ ‚L©r[_pfpS>hu l[p A_° Ó¬^p A_° fp° L$pf_p L$peÆdp¨ h y fk g°[p l[p. ]$ffp°S> r_erd[ Ap°qakdpÄph[p A_° gp°L$p°_u fS|>Ap[ kp¨cm[p l[p. [°Ap°_p kdedp¨ L$p°V$X$pdp¨ Npd blpf dykpafub¨Ngp°, hpR>`fu _]$u_° L$p¨W°$ b¨Ngp°, ƒeybugu L$fiep ipmp_y¨ dL$p_ Í$p.35,000_p MQ£fpS>dl°g A_° Ap_¨]$ cyh_ b¨^pÏep l[p. d|mhp∆A° L°$V$gpL$ ^pfp^p°fZp° `Z fpƒe_°dS>b|[ b_phhp OX$Èp l[p. S>°dL°$ bL$fp_p b√Qp_° fMX$[p _ d|L$u ]$°hp, MpV$L$u_° _ ]°$hp,bm]$p°_u Mku _ L$fphhu, riL$pf^pfp°, lr\epf^pfp°, [`pkZu^pfp, p°ıV$ Ap°qak A°ºV$,bp°egf [`pkZu^pfp, Np¨≈_p hph°[f_p° ^pfp°, `yø[ Jdf_p° L$pe]$p°, [p°gdp`_p° ^pfp°,ıV°$Á` pfp° hN°f° hN°f°.d|mhp∆ ]°hu cº[ A_° Np•cº[ l[p. Npep°_u M|b S> k°hp L$f_pfpA_° Npep°_° `pm_pfp A_° Qpl_pfp l[p. d|mhp∆_p _pd_u A°L$ lpBıL| $gL$p°V$X$pkp¨NpZudp¨ l[u, f¨[y gp°L$ipludp¨ ≈Z° L°$ fp≈Ap°_p _pd_° c|¨ku _p¨Mhy R>° ? A°hpeyNdp¨ [° lpBıL|$g_y¨ _pd ApS>° b]gpB_° dlpfpZp ‚[p` lpBıL|$g L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey R>°.

d|mhp∆_° p°[p_p° A¨[L$pm ]°$MpB S>[p p°[° ‚cpk pV$Z S>[p f¸p A_° –ep¨ S>B_°]$p_ yŒe LepÆ A_° ApMf° [p.7-3-1913_p fp°S> Ahkp_ pÁep. [°Ap° ApMp° ÓphZdpkD`hpk L$f[p A_° _hfp”u ^pd^|d\u DS>h[p l[p. [°Ap° Qp°\, ApW$d, ArNepfk,Adpk hN°f° q]$hkp°dp¨ ºepf°e fpZuhpkdp¨ p°Y$[p _lv. ]$fbpfNY$dp¨ ]$pÍ$, dV$_ gphhp_ud_pB afdphu l[u. [°Ap°_° bpmL$p° D`f M|b S> ‚°d lp°hp\u bpmL$p° [°d_u pk° gpX$ L$fu^peyÆ L$fph[p l[p. [°d_p `R>u tld[rk¨l∆ Np]$uA° ApÏep l[p.fpSe_uhkr[B.k.1881dp¨ 8,642. B.k.1891dp¨ 10,221.B.k.1901dp¨8,835B.k.1911dp¨ 9,240. B.k.1921dp¨ 10,044. B.k.1931dp¨ 10,420_u l[uS>epf° L$p°V$X$p il°f_u hkr[ B.k.2001dp¨ 7,832_u l[u

82


42. .W$pL$p°fkp. k|fp∆ bu≈ ≈X°$≈ - huf`yfhuf`yf A° ≈X°$≈Ap°_p [pbp_y¨ 13 Npdp°_y¨ fpƒe l[y¨. huf`yf rhi° A°d L$l°hpe R>° L°$,

[°_y¨ S|>_y _pd L$p•cp¨X$_Nf l[y¨ `Z [° L$p°B`Z L$pfZp°kf DƒS>X$ \B Ney l[y¨ –epf° –ep¨huf`fu_p\ _pd_p rk¬^ fl°[p l[p A_° –ep¨ R>u S>° Npd hıey [°_y _pd huf`yf X$Èy R>°.huf`yf fpƒe_p° rhı[pf 66.6 ıL°$h°f dpBg_p° l[p°. B.k.1934-35dp¨ [°_u A¨]$prS>[hprjÆL$ AphL$ Í$p.1,23,800 l[u A_° MQÆ Í$p.1,23,000_p° l[p°. [°Ap°_° ”Z hjÆ_uk≈ L$fhp_u A_° `p¨Q l≈f_p° ap°S>]$pfu Ny_pdp¨ ]¨$X$ L$fhp_u k—p l[u A_° rkrhg ]$phpÍ$p.10,000 kyû_p S> kp¨cmu iL$hp_p° lΩ$ l[p°. Ap fpƒe_° Mf°X$u huf`yf ıV°V$ [fuL°$Ap°mMhpdp¨ Aph[y l[y¨.huf`yf_° hpqÛpÆL$ Íp.44,500_y¨ kprgepœ dm[y l[y¨.

S>° huf`yf fpƒe_p Np]$u ı\p`L$ W$pL$p°f cpZ∆_° _hp_Nf (≈d_Nf) fpƒe [fa\ud˛ey l[y¨. Ap bpb[_p° A°L$ ]y$lp° dm° R>° L°$, ""rkkp¨N kp¢ù fZdgp¨ c|`Mf°X$u cpZ. h°fp°lqX$ApZ° hk°, ”lz fpep ”X$ [pZ.'' ƒepf° L$_Æg S>°. X$bÎey .hp°V$k_ gM° R>° L°$, ""cpZ∆_°L$pgphX$ ∆hpBdp¨ Ap`hpdp¨ ApÏey l[y¨ `Z d|m fpƒe kp\° TOX$p° \hp\u cpZ∆A°Nfpk D`f\u p°[p_p° lΩ$ DW$phu gu^p° –epf° Mf°X$u D`f L$pW$uAp° (dp¨S>qfep lp°hp ≈°BA°)lzdgp° L$f[p l[p. –epf° Ap L$pW$uAp°_° `pR>p lV$phhpdp¨ Mf°X$u_p dyrıgd \pZ]$pf_° W$pL$p°fcpZ∆A° d]$]$ L$fu l[u. Ap\u [° dysıgd \pZ]$pf° Mf°X$u_u AX$û S>du_ [°d_° Apùl[u.'' ƒepf° dph]$p_∆ f–_y_p Dâ°M dyS>b cpZ∆A° p°[p_° dm°gp° L$pgphX$ fNZp_p°Nfpk ≈d_Nf_° pR>p° Apù ]$u^p° A_° p°[° ıh[” fu[° bplzbm\u Mf°X$u d°mÏey. huf yf_p_uQ° dyS>b_p ipkL$p° \ep, (1) cpZ∆ (2) cpfp∆ (3) lf^p°m∆ (4) kpl°b∆ (5)dp°L$p∆ (6) d|my∆ (7) S>°W$u∆ (R>p°V$p≈d) (8) dp°L$p∆ bu≈ (9) k|fp∆ l°gp (10)d|my∆ bu≈ (11) kf[p_∆ (12) k|fp∆ bu≈ (13) lduftkl∆.

kf[p_∆_p Ahkp_ kde° k|fp∆ kNuf he_p lp°hp\u [°d_p dp[yÓu _p_ubp kpl°b°kNuf_p _pd\u ıh[¨” fu[° k¨h[ 1908 \u 1920 ky u 12 hjÆ fpƒe QgpÏey. k|fp∆_p°S>fid [p.12-7-1846_p fp°S> \ep° l[p° A_° [p.30-11-1851_p fp°S> Np]$uA° ApÏepA_° 66 hjÆ ipk_ L$eyÆ. k|fp∆ i|fhuf l[p A_° [°Ap°A° hpO°f A_° rdepZp blpfhqV$epAp°_°`fpı[ L$epÆ l[p. Ap\u rb∞V$ui kfL$pf° [°d_° Arc_¨]$_ Ap‡ep l[p. ƒepf° bu≈ ıV°$V$p° A_°[pgyL$pAp° pk°\u blpfhqV$ep_p apmp hfpX$_p° rlıkp° g°hpdp¨ Aph[p° l[p°, Z [° huf yf`pk°\u g°hp_p° _ l[p°. huf`yf fpƒe_p [° `y_fp°¬^pfL$ l[p. [°Ap° AÔhrh¤p, ApeyhÆ°]$,d©Neprh^p_ A_° kprl–e_p r_ÛZp¨[ A_° ìyh•¤ `Z l[p. fd[-Nd[_p `Z ip°Mu_l[p. k|fp∆A° S|>_pNY$_p S>° MpV$L$uAp° S>° Npep° gB_° S>[p l[p [°_° huf yf R>p°X$phu guûl[u A_° Ly$.Óu fpdtkl∆ ‹pfp S|_pNY$ _hpb kpl°b_° kdpQpf Ap‡ep A_° Np•b∞p˚Z‚r[`pm_y¨ kpQp A\Ædp¨ rbfy]$ pÁep l[p. [°Ap°_° L$rh[p_p° Z ip°M l[p°, hmu fpƒe_u`f¨`fp dyS>b L$pgphX$_p Np•fui¨L$f Np°th]$∆ dl°[p_° fpS>L$rh [fuL°$ r_Áep l[p. [°Ap°[p.18-10-1918_p fp°S> Ahkp_ `pÁep.fpSe_uhkr[ B.k.1881dp¨ 5,338.B.k.1891dp¨7,316.B.k.1901dp¨6,146B.k.1911dp¨ 6,780. B.k.1921dp¨6,675. B.k.1931dp¨ 8,050_u l[u . B.k.2001dp¨ il°f_u hkr[ 10,957.

84


43. .W$pL$p°fkp. lqfÔQ¨÷tkl∆ `fdpf - d|mukp•fpÙ≤$dp fdpfp°_y A°L$ dp” fpƒe d|mu l[y. d|mu fpƒe_u ı\p`_p gMûf∆ l°gpA°

L$fu l[u. –epf\u dp¨X$u lqfÔQ¨÷tkl∆ kyûdp¨ Ly$g 22 ipkL$p° \ep R>°. d|mu fpƒe_p°rhı[pf 133.2 ıL°$h°f dpBg_p° l[p°. d|mu fpƒe hprjÆL$ Í$p.7,501 rb∞V$ui kfL$pf_°S|>_pNY$_° Í$p.1,853 ≈°f[gbu_p cf[y l[y¨. fpƒe_u ıh–hp`ÆZ krl[_u Ly$g AphL$Í$p.7,50,000_u l[u. ≈° fpƒe_u AphL$dp¨\u ıh–hp`ÆZ_u fL$d bp]$ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° [p°fpƒe_u Ly$g AphL$ B.k.1932dp¨ Í$p.2,11,000 \[u l[u A_° MQÆ Z gNcN A°V$gp°S> \[p° l[p°.d|mu_° hpqÛpÆL$ Íp.53,000_y¨ kprgepœ dm[y l[y¨.

d|mu A° ”u≈ hNÆ_y¨ Qp°huk Npdp° ^fph[y fpƒe l[y¨. (1) d|mu (2) dy¨S>`f (3)i°M`f (4) QpZ`f (5) gudgu (6) S>ip`f (7) Ly$L$X$p (8) l°d[`f (9) _rgep(10) _hprZep (11) ]$uNkf (12) ]$pZphpX$p (13) kp°dpkf (14) Np°]$phfu (15)Np•[dNY$ (16) p¨X$hfp (17) V$uL$f (18) NY$p]$ (19) V$uX$pZp (20) lqfÔQ¨÷NY$, S>°W$pL$p°f kpl°b_p _pd D`f\u Npd hkpÏey l[y Z R>u hku _ iºey.(21) ku]$kf (22)^d°fi÷NY$ (23) dY$p]$ (24) DdfX$p.

lqfÔQ¨÷tkl∆ d|mu_p 21dp ipkL$ rl¨d[rk¨l∆_p y” l[p. d|mu fpƒe_° ap°S>]$pfubpb[p°dp¨ 7 hjÆ_u k≈ L$fhp_u A_° Í$p.10,000 kyû_p° ]¨$X$ L$fhp_u k—p l[u. ƒepf°Í$p.20,000 kyû_p [° ]$uhp_u ]$phpAp° kp¨cmu iL$[p l[p. lqfÔQ¨÷tkl∆_p° S>fid[p.10-7-1899_p fp°S> \ep° l[p°. [°Ap° [p.3-12-1905_p fp°S> Np]$uA° b°W$p l[p.[°Ap° [p.19-5-1920_p fp°S> Ly_fuL$p°V$p_p fph blp]yf fpS>rb∆eptkl∆_p `y”u_¨]$Ly¨$hfbp kp\° `fŒep l[p. [°d_° [p.25-5-1921_p fp°S> ^d°fi÷tkl∆ _pd_p A_°bu≈ y” S>e°fi÷rk¨l∆ [p.23-6-1922_p fp°S> S>_Áep l[p. [°Ap° kNuf he_p lp°hp\uA°S>fikuA° fpƒe QgpÏey l[y¨. [°dZ° Afie fS>hpX$p_p fpS>Ly$dpfp°_u S>°d S> fpS>L$p°V$_ufpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>dp¨ qX$‡gp°dp `funp `pk L$fu l[u. –epf`R>u _hp_Nf_p dlpfp≈ ≈dkpl°b kf fZ∆[tkl∆_p dpNÆ]$iÆ_ l°W$m [°dZ° hluhV$u A_ych d°mÏep° l[p° A_°[p.20-6-1918_p fp°S> [°d_° |ZÆ k—p kp¢`hpdp¨ Aphu l[u. rlT fp°eg lpB_°k X$ÈyL$Ap°a L$p°_p°V$ ‹pfp S>°_y D]$OpV$_ \ey l[y [° Q°Ábf Ap°a r‚fik°kdp¨ L$pqW$ephpX$_p ”u≈ A_°Qp°\p hNÆ_p fpƒep°_y¨ `∞r[r_r^“h L$fhp dpV°$ A°S>fiku ‹pfp [°d_u `k¨]$Nu L$fhpdp¨ Aphul[u. d|mudp¨ [°Ap°A° ApS>_p bk ıV°$i__u kpd° S|>_pNY$_u rhøep[ blpD]π$u_ L$p°g°S>S>°hp° rhipm ]$fbpfNY$ B.k.1936dp¨ b¨^pÏep° A_° S>°_° A¨rbL$p r_hpk _pd Ap‡ey l[y¨.Ap `°g°k ≈°hp S>°hp° A_° kp•fpÙ≤$_p _d|_°]$pf ı\p5–ep°dp_p° NZpe R>°. ApTp]$u Aphu–epf° d|mudp¨ A°L$ _hu_ OV$_p b_u l[u, L$pfZ L°$ lqfÔQ¨÷tkl∆_° ıh[¨” Npdp° Ap°R>pl[p A_° cpep[u Npdp° ≈≈ lp°hp\u [°d_° dyÌL°$gu X$[u l[u. Aphp kde° [°d_° cpep[p°kp\° kpfp k¨b¨^p° l[p _lv –epf° d|mu_p `∞≈S>_p° A_° cpep[p°_p ApN°hp_p° A_° L$p¢N°∞kL$peÆL$fp°A° c°Np dmu_° d|mudp¨ ‚≈L$ue [¨” ı\p`hp_u dp¨NZu L$fu l[u.d|mu fpS>e_uhkr[ B.k.1931dp¨ 17,109_u l[u.

86


44..W$pL$p°fkp.fperk¨l∆ ≈X°$≈ - dprmeprdepZpdprmep fpƒe_p ı\p`L$ dp°X$∆ l[p. L$pëp°∆_° ApW$ `y”p° l[p, Argep°∆ A_°

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94


48. ]$.Óu cpephpmp fpdhpmp - bNkfpbNkfp Br[lpkdp¨ cpepZu bNkfp [fuL°$ `∞rk¬^ R>°. bNkfp A° OZu bpb[p°dp¨

S>Nrhøep[ bfiey R>°. S>°dL°$ lp\kpm_p hZpV$_p L$`X$p, ¡g°V$hpmp ]$pNu_p, Qp°apmÏeqº[Ap°dp¨ ]$.Óu hpS>kyfhpmp, ]$uhp_ hufphpmp, ]ylpNuf, gyL$dp_ hp°fp, D¤p°N`r[_S>Í$]$u_ A°X$_hpgp, Npûhp]$u gpgQ]$cpB hp°fp, L°$°.gpg ≈]y$Nf, dlÁd]$cpB eykyacpB,Ly$[yb ApTp]$..B.k.2001dp¨ bNkfp il°f_u hkr[31,796_u l[u.

bNkfpA° hpmpAp°_u `pk° ApÏep `l°gp bpbqfepAp°_u `pk° l[y¨. [°d_u `pk°\uB.k.1525dp¨ dp¨QphpmpA° ∆[u gu^y, dp¨Qphpmp_p r`[p_y _pd cpephpmp l[y [°\ubNkfp cpepZu [fuL°$ Ap°mMpe R>°. bNkfpdp¨ A°L$ L$pm° ”Z cpN]$pfp° l[p. (1)lfkyfhpmp (2) Np°]$X$hpmp (3) hpS>k|fhpmp. Ap ”Z°e rhøep[ kpd[hpmp_p `y”p°l[p.

Ap`Z° Alv bNkfp_p A°L$ p¨Mu_p cpN]$pf fpdhpmp d|myhpmp_p y” cpephpmp_°bNkfp_p R>°âp fpS>hu [fuL°$ ≈°BA° R>uA°. [°d_p r`[p fpdhpmp_° _p_p fpdhpmplkk|fhpmp_p° `Z [pgyL$p° dm[p [°d_y fpƒe dp°Vy$ bpf Npdhpmy b_u Ney l[y¨.

S>°d_p fpƒe_p° rhı[pf kpX$p R> dpBg ıL°$h°f_p° l[p°. S>°d_u hprjÆL$ AphL$Í$p.30,000_u l[u. [°Ap° NpeL$hpX$_° Í$p.212-13-11 cf[p A_° S|>_pNY$_°≈°f[gbu_p Í$p.128-10-8 cf[p l[p.

cpephpmp_p° S>fid B.k.1908dp¨ \ep° l[p°. [°d_p r`[p fpdhpmp_y¨ k¨h[ 1999dlph]$-3_° d¨Nmhpf_p fp°S> Ahkp_ \[p [°Ap° Np]$uA° b°W$p l[p. [°d_° [p.4-8-1921_p fp°S> fpS>L$p°V$_u fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>dp¨ ]$pMg L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep l[p. [°Ap°_p g¡_

∞k¨N° B.k.1922dp¨ S|>_pNY$_p _hpb dlpb[Mp_∆ ”u≈A° p°ipL$ c°V$ dp°L$Îep° l[p°.[°Ap°_p A°L $S> fpZu l[p [°d_y¨ _pd _pd Adfbp l[y¨.

cpephpmpA° Apd Ar[ cp°mp A_° D]$pf q]$g_p fpS>hu lp°hp\u lSy>qfepAp°\urh¨V$mpe°gp fl°[p l[p. [°Ap°_° [°d_u ‚≈ M|b S> hlpgu l[u. [°_p° A°L$ ]$pMgp° A°hp° dm°R>° L°$, [p.9-11-1947_p fp°S> fuƒep°_g L$rdÌ_f_° ‚≈S>_p°A° [pf L$ep°Æ l[p° L°$ ∆cpBap°S>]$pf dysıgdp°_° DÌL°$f° R>° A_° [°_° lV$phhpdp¨ _lv Aph° A_° h^pfp_p° L$fh°fp° A_° h°W$_lu¨ b¨^ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° [p° Ad° dphTvThp pR>p _lv S>BA°. –epf° [f[ S> cpephpmpA°`p°[p_p hlpgp ‚≈S>_p°_° S>hpb Ap‡ep° l[p° L°$, "" lz¨ rhÔhpk Ap`y Ry> L°$, S>° L$pe]°$kfL$fhp_y \i° S>° c|gp° ky^pfhp_u li° [° ky^pfpi°, h^ydp¨ [°Ap°A° L$¸y l[y L°$, lz¨ dpfu ‚≈_y¨l¨d°ip kyM A_° ip¨r[ A_° kd©r¬^ ≈°hp B√Ry> Ry>¨ A_° [°d_° k¨[p°j Ap`hp ‚e–_ L$fy Ry>¨''

cpephpmpA° A°V°Qd°fiV$ ep°S>_pdp¨ ≈°X$pe_° bNkfp fpƒe_° hX$p°]$fp_p NpeL$hpX$ fpƒekp\° ≈°X$pZ L$eyÆ l[y¨. cpephpmp_° L$p°B k¨[p_ _ lp°hp\u [°dZ° [°d_p _p_pcpB Ly$.Óuhpg°fphpmp_p dp°V$p `y” dl°fpdhpmp_° ]$—L$ gu^p l[p. Ap ]$—L$ rh^p_ hM[° [p.18-11-1947_p fp°S> Np¢X$g dlpfp≈ cp°S>fpS>tkl∆ A_° p°fb¨]$f dlpfpZp _V$hftkl∆A_° L$pqW$ephpX$_p Afie fpS>huAp° A_° dlp_ycphp° lpS>f f¸p l[p. Ap ]$—L$ rh^p__piyc `∞k¨N° cpephpmpA° M°X|$[p° A_° Afie hkr[ dpV°$ OZu bû _hpS>°ip° blpf `pX$ul[u. [°Ap° kh[ 2009 cp]$fhp ky]$-9_p fp°S> bNkfpdp Ahkp_ pÁep. ApS>° bNkfpdp]$fbpfNY$ `pk°_p fp°X$_° cpepZu fp°X _pd _Nf`prgL$pA° Ap‡ey R>°.

96


49. ]$.Óu gˇdZhpmp-\pZp]$°hmu\pZp]°$hmu A° kp•fpÙ≤$_y¨ A°L$ dl“h_y¨ L$pW$u k¨ı\p_ l[y¨ A_° [° 29 Npdp° ^fph[y A_°

”u≈ A_° R>u\u bu≈ hNÆ_y fpƒe l[y. [°Ap°_p° S>fid [p. 4-1-1849_p fp°S> d¢]$fX$pdp¨\ep° l[p°. [°Ap°A° ArNepf hjÆ_u Jdf kyû ]°$iu NyS>fp[u r_ipmdp¨ rinZ gu^y l[y¨.[°Ap° [p.17-9-1883_p fp°S> Np]$uA° b°W$p A_° B.k.1889dp¨ \pZp]°$hmudp¨ fpS>Np]$uı\pù A_° p¨Q hjÆdp¨ ]$fbpfNY$p°, Ap°qakp°, S>°g, X$uı °fikfu, rhL$V$p°qfep ƒeybugu ıL|$ghN°f° b^pÏep. [°Ap°_° Qpf fpZuAp° l[p, [°Ap° fpdp_y≈QpeÆ k‚]$pe pm[p A_° fpdpeZ_pop[p l[p. L$ped Nu[p`pW$ L$f[p l[p, [°Ap°A° yÛL$m S>¡epA° ]$p_ L$epÆ l[p. ƒepf° [°d_p]$p]$p lfkyfhpmp L$piu `Nfı[° ‚hpk° Nep –epf° [°d_u kp\° Nep l[p. [°Ap° A°L$ kpfpOp°X°$khpf l[p A_° A°L$ L$gpLdp¨ 12 dpBg\u h^y Op°X$p D`f_u khpfu L$f[p l[p. Aprkhpe [ghpf_p° `À$p° M°ghpdp¨ A_° kpfp r_ip_bpS> l[p.$ [°Ap°_° ≈_hfp° `pmhp_p°S>bfp° ip°M l[p° A_° `pX$p, Ly$L$X$p A_° My¨V$_u gX$pB L$fph[p l[p. B.k.1887dp¨\pZp]$°hmudp¨ X$uı`°fikfu Mp°gu. S>°[`yfdp¨ Í$p.35,000_u qL≠$d[_p° ]$fbpfNY$ S>•_p°_°]$p_dp¨ Ap‡ep°. fpS>L$p°V$dp¨ g°bp°f°V$fu b_phhp Í$p.31,522_y ]$p_ Ap‡ey. Ap rkhpe Npd°Npd Qp°fp [\p d¨X$`p°,$ Ah°X$p A_° dÆipmpAp°_° Qpf Ap¨L$X$pAp°_u fL$d_p ]$p_ L$epÆ l[p.B.k.1900_p ]y$ÛL$pm hM[° Í$p. 35,000_y¨ A_pS> Nfubp°_° Ap‡ey. k¨h[ 1968 A_°k¨h[ 1975_p ]y$ÛL$pmp°dp¨ S>°[`yf, ^p°fp∆, fpS>L$p°V$, d°¨]$fX$p_u `p¨S>fp`p°mp°_° 25 gpM`ymp da[ Opk Ap‡ey l[y¨. [°Ap° M°X|$[_° [f[ S> kp[ L$pd `X$[p d|L$u_° dygpL$p[ Ap`[pl[p. ≈° L$p°B M°X|$[ L|$hp° b_phhp B√R>° [p° [f[ S> fL$d d¨S|>f L$fu ]°$[p A_° kpfp M°X|$[p°_°kfidp_Í$` `pOX$u b¨^ph[p l[p. ƒepf° k|ftkl∆ (`pgu[pZp) Ahkp_ `pÁep –epf°`p°[° Mfp rd” NydpÏep_u gpNZu A_ychu [° q]$hk\u `p°[° L$ped_° dpV°$ f¨Nu_ kpap°bp¨^hp_y¨ b¨^ L$fu ka°]$ `pOX$u bp¨û ip°L$ `p˛ep° l[p°. [°Ap° A°hp D]$pf Qqf” l[p L°$fpS>Np°f dp^pA° ApÒp[ L$f[p [°_p `y”A° gˇdZhpmp rhÍ$¬^ Mp°V$u aqfep]$ ‚p¨[Ap°qakf_° L$fu l[u, [°hy¨ kprb[ \[p [°_° `Z ‚≈S>_ NZu dpau Apù l[u.[°Ap°A°`p°[p_p fpƒeL$pm ]$fÁep_ \pZp]°$hmu, dp°V$p]$°hrmep, OyOfpmp, dr[fpmp A°d QpfNpdp°dp da[ rinZ Ap`[u ıL|$gp° ı\pù l[u. [°d_° rb∞V$ui kfL$pf [fa\u B.k.1911dpr]$Îludp¨ _pd]$pf il°_ipl blp]y$f_p L$p°fp°_°i_ hM[° ku.ApB.B._p° BÎL$pb Ap`hp_y¨≈l°f \ey A_° [p.17-12-1912_p fp°S> fpS>L$p°V$dp¨ [°d_° A° BÎL$pb A`ÆZ L$fhpdpÄpÏep° l[p°. [°Ap°A° ‚\d rhÔh eyŸdp¨ rb∞V$ui kfL$pf_° 37,000_u d]$]$ L$fu l[u A_°fpS>L$p°V$_p° D[pfp° eyŸ kde° hp`fhp Ap‡ep° l[p°.

gˇdZhpmp_° Qpf fpZuAp° l[p. [°_° p¨Q Ly¨$hfp° \ep Z A°L°$e lep[ _ fl°[p [°dZ°gyZu ]$.Óu L$pmphpmp_p `y” Adfphpmp_° ]$—L$ gu^p l[p. ]$.Óu gˇdZhpmp_° R>°â° b°hjÆ\u `N° hp_y¨ ]$]Æ$ l[y¨ A_° [p.12-5-1922_p fp°S> [°Ap° Ahkp_ `pÁep. S>°Ap°_u]$l_qæ$ep fpd°Ôhf d¨q]$f\u D—f bpSy>_p X$[f ‡gp°V$dp¨ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u. [°Ap°_u Mp¨cuS>°[ yfdp¨ k¨h[ 1979dp¨ Dcu L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u. \pZp]°$hmu_° ApS>° Adf_Nf L$l° R>°[°_u B.k.2001dp¨ hkr[ 4,221_u l[u.

98


50. ]$.Óu Adfphpmp - \pZp]°$hmuAp fpS>hu_p L$pmdp¨ \pZp]°$hmu fpƒe_° bu≈ hNÆdp¨ d|L$hpdp¨ ApÏey l[y¨. [°d_p°

S>fid [p.28-11-1886_p fp°S> gyZu Npddp¨ \ep° l[p°. AdfphpmpA° L$pW$u opr[dp¨rinZ‚°du A_° ]$p_huf A_° opr[‚°du [fuL°$_u _pd_p d°mhu l[u. S>°Ap°A° fpS>L$p°V$_ufpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>dp¨ rinZ d°mÏey l[y¨. [° r`[p_p kde\u fpS>L$pS>dp¨ cpN g°hp dp¨X$Èpl[p A_° [°d_° fp≈ dlpfp≈_p k¨`LÆ$dp¨ fpMhpdp¨ Aph[p l[p. [°Ap°_p° fpƒeprcj°L$[p.23-10-1922_p fp°S> L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p°. Np]$uA° b°k[p_u kp\° S> [°dZ° OZuD]$pf ≈l°fp[p° L$fu l[u. M°X|$[ `pk°\u [dpd g°œ dpa LeyÆ. [dpd _p°L$fp°_° A°L$ dpk_p°`Npf B_pddp¨ Ap`hpdp¨ ApÏep°. p¨Q rh^hpAp°_° °fii_ L$fu Ap‡ey. [dpd pL$p L$pd_pL°$]$uAp°_° dyº[ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep, R>u p°[° \pZp]°$hmu fpƒe_° rhL$kphhpdp¨ A\pN ‚e–_p°L$epÆ A_° 22 S>°V$gp Sy>]$p Sy>]$p ^pfpAp° Adgdp¨ d|ºep l[p.

Ap ^pfp D`f\u [°d_p fpƒe_u Ïehı\p_p° Ap`Z_° øepg dm° R>° L°$, Ap fpƒedp¨L°$hu Ïehı\p l[u. [°Ap°A° fpƒedp¨ h°W$_u ‚\p []$_ b¨ L$X$L$ lp\° L$fu l[u. M°X|$[p°_° [° Z[°d_p r`[p_u S>°d M|b Qpl[p A_° ]y$ÛL$pm hM[° rhOp°V$u dpa L$f[p. p°[° fpƒe_° M|b S>ApNm `X$[y b_pÏey A_° A_°L$ kyrh^pAp° ‚≈_° `|fu `pX$u l[u. S>°dp¨ N¨NpS>rmep L|$hpD`f B.k.1925dp¨ Í$p.30,000_p MQ°Æ Bg°ºV≤$u$L$ `phf lpDk Dcy L$fu ‚≈_° gpBV$_ukyrh^p Apù. \pZp]°$hmu\u ]°$hmp_p rkdpX$p kyû b° dpBg_u kX$L$ b¨^phu. Npddp¨Í$p.60,000_p MQ°Æ lSy>f `°g°k bp¨û gˇdZrhgpk _pd Ap‡ey. Ap rkhpe eyfp°rè_N°ıV$ lpDk fpdrhgpk _pd° B.k.1928dp¨ Í$p.13,000_p MQ°Æ bp¨¬ey. dp°V$p L$p°V$X$pdp¨B.k.1929dp¨ AdfN°BV$ bp¨¬ep°. _hu kp¨L$mu, Qp¨÷hpX$udp¨ b¨NgpAp° b¨^pÏep.B.k.1932dp¨ gM°Ôhf, S>i°Ôhf A_° fp^p-L©$ÛZ_p d¨q]$fp° Í$p.3000_p MQ£ b¨^pÏep.B.k.1936dp¨ lp°sı`V$g A_° NyS>fp[u ıL|$g_y¨ _hy dL$p_ bp¨¬ey. [°Ap° Np]$uA° b°W$p –epf°fpƒedp¨ Qpf ıL|$g l[u, [°_° h^pfu_° 16 L$fu A_° \pZp]°$hmu fpƒedp¨ L$fiep ipmp `Zı\pù. hmu [dpd ıL|$gp°dp da[ rinZ_p p°fZ_° Qpgy fpøey. p°[p_p ‚≈S>_ prZep_p`V°$g L$fi_ hpg∆_p y”_° cph_Nf L$p°g°S>dp¨ cZhp ıL$p°gfiu` Apù l[u. Ap rkhpe`Z OZu ıL$p°gfiu`p° [°Z° ‚≈S>_ [°dS> L$pW$u_p bpmL$p° dpV°$ ≈l°f L$fu l[u. fpƒedp¨‚≈_p fnZ dpV°$ fpƒe_p Qpf°e dlpgdp¨ A°L$ A°L$ ap°S>]$pf r_Áep l[p. Ap rkhpe ]$f°L$Npddp¨ L$p¨qV$ep hZÆ_p_° `kpe[p [fuL°$ r_dhpdp¨ ApÏep l[p. Ap\u B.k.1922 \u"37 kyûdp¨ A°L$`Z X$pL$pe[u Ny_p° fpƒedp¨ bfiep° _ l[p°. hı[u_° fiepe Ap`hp A°L$bplp°i fieperî _udhpdp¨ Aph[p° A_° [°d_p W$fph D`f kf fiepeprî_u L$p°VÆ$dp¨ a°¨kgp°Wfphu R>°hV_u Aùg lSy>f L$p°VÆdp¨ L$fhpdp¨ Aph[u l[u, [° W$fph My]$ Adfphpmp Ap`[pl[p. B.k.1922 R>u [m`]$ \pZp]°$hmudp¨ Áeyr_rk`prgV$u_p [¨”_p° ‚≈S>_p°_° gpcAp‡ep° l[p°. fpƒedp¨ h°`pf_p° rhL$pk \pe [° dpV°$ [pf Ap°qak A_° `p°ıV$ Ap°qak `ZMp°ghpdp¨ Aphu l[u. ‚≈S>_p°A° [°d_p _pd_° Adf fpMhp \pZp]°$hmu_y _pd b]$gu_°Adf_Nf [°d_u kyhpk_° L$pfZ° S> L$eyÆ R>°. [°Ap° 29 k‡V°$bf 1960_p fp°S> Ahkp_`pÁep. [°Ap°_° 1gpM_y ¨ kprgepœ dm[y l[y ¨. \pZp]° $hmu fpS>e_u hkr[B.k.1891dp¨12,506.B.k.1901dp¨ 11,568.B.k.1911dp¨ 11,942.B.k.1921dp¨ 11,436. B.k.1931dp¨ 16,005_u l[u.

100


51. ]$. Óu fph[hpmp - bugMpbugMp A° hpmpAp°_u hufpZu `°V$pipMp_y¨ fpƒe l[y¨. ƒepf° bugMp_p fpS>hï_p

d|m `yÍ$j hufphpmp l[p. S>° hufphpmp_° ”Z `y”p° l[p. L$p\X$hpmp, Lÿ$`phpmp A_°Ap°OX$hpmp. S>°dp¨ bugMp_p fpS>hï_u ı\p`_p Ap°OX$hpmpA° L$fu l[u.

hufphpmp_° –ep¨ Ap°OX$hpmp_p° S>fid L$p°B ep°Nu_p ApiuhpÆ]$\u \e°gp° A_° [°d_° fpS>dmi° A°hu L$p°BA° crhÛehpZu D√Qpfu l[u [° kpQu X$u. L$pfZ L°$, Ap°OX$hpmp_p S>fidhM[° S> [°d_p r`[p hufphpmp_° S|>_pNY$_p _hpb° 1/3 cpN Ly$hf R>°X$pdp¨ Ap‡ep° l[p°.Ap\u S>°[ yf ]$fbpf hufphpmp bugMpdp¨ fl°hp gp¡ep, [°_u kp\° kp\° bu≈ L$pW$uAp° Z–ep¨ hkhpV$ L$fhp gp¡ep.

cpepd°f `pk°\u hpmpAp°A° bugMp_u Qp°huku_u k¨`|ZÆ k—p `p°[p_p lp\dp¨ gBguû l[u. Ap°OX$hpmp_° ”Z `y”p° \ep. (1) Apgphpmp (2) kp°dgphpmp (3)kp[phpmp. S>°dp¨ Apgphpmp_p hïdp¨ ]°$h]$p_hpmp, L$pmphpmp, _p≈hpmp A_° L$p\X$hpmp\ep,S>° L$p\X$hpmp\u bugMp_p° A°L$ cpN]$pf_p° r_hØi Nep°. ƒepf° kp[phpmp_° cudphpmp_pd_p `y” l[p. S>° cudphpmp_° b° `y”p° \ep. (1) Apgphpmp (2) ]°$iphpmp. S>°dpÄpgphpmp_° pQ y”p° \ep. S>°dp A°L$ fpdhpmpl[p. S>° fpdhpmp_p y” A° Ap fph[hpmp.

fph[hpmpA° fpdhpmp_p dp°V$p `y” (S>fid 19 S>pfiey. 1906)l[p. S>°_p _p_pcpB_y¨ _pd lpr\ephpmp l[y¨.bfifip°A° fpS>L$p°V$_u fpS>Ly$dpf L$p°g°S>dp¨ rinZ d°mÏey l[y¨.B.k.1920dp¨ fph[hpmp_p r`[p fpdhpmp_y¨ Ahkp_ \[p fph[hpmp Np]$uA° b°W$p,`f¨[y [°Ap° kNuf he_p lp°hp\u [p.23-7-1920 \u rb∞V$ui kfL$pf_y¨ d°_°S>d°fiV$ ı\`peyl[y¨. bugMp_p A°L$ cpN]$pf L$p\X$hpmp_y¨ A`y” Ahkp_ \[p [°d_p fpƒe A¨N° [L$fpfQpgu. `R>u [°d_p° Nfpk fph[hpmp_° [p.19-1-1928_p fp°S> kp¢`hpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p°.`R>u fph[hpmp_° Mpk k—p Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu l[u. [°Ap° ”Z hjÆ_u k≈ A_° Í$p.5,000kyû_p° ]$¨X$ ap°S>]$pfu L$pddp¨ L$fu iL$[p l[p. ƒepf° Í$p.10,000 kyû_p rkrhg ]$phpAp°kp¨cmu iL$[p l[p. bugMp fpƒe Í$p.3,810-13-6 rb∞V$ui kfL$pf_° A_° Í$p.225-13-9 NpeL$hpX$_° A_° Í$p.322 S|>_pNY$_° ≈°f[gbu_p cf[p l[p. fph[hpmp qæ$L°$V$,V°$_uk A_° hp°gubp°g_p M|b S> kpfp M°gpX$u l[p. [°dZ° fpS>L$p°V$dp¨ A°L$ ∆dMp_y b_phuApù fd[hufp°_° A`ÆZ L$eyÆ l[y¨. S>°Ap°A° V°_ukdp¨ [p° A_°L$ C_pdp° d°mÏep l[p. [°Ap°kpfp A°hp r_ip_bpS> riL$pfu Z l[p. [°d_p _pd\u ApS>° Z bugMpdp¨ (fph[°Ôhfdlp]°$h, dÆpge R>° S>° dp°V$p fph[hpmp_p _pd D`f\u R>°.) fph[kpNf A_° fph[`fp ApfpS>hu_u ep]Nufu ≈mh[p Dcp R>°,[°dZ° [°d_p fpZu ]°$hLy¨$hfbp D`f\u ]°$hNY$ A_°Ly$.ÓulqfÔQ¨÷tkl∆,Ly$.Óu qL$ip°ftkl∆(fpÛV$≤ueøep[_pd rQ”L$pf) D`f\u lqf`f A_°qL$ip°fNY$ _pd_p Npdp° hkpÏep l[p. fph[hpmp_p eyhfpS> Óu S>kh¨[tkl∆ R>°,S°Ap°_p_pd D`f\u rQ—g_u pk° S>kh¨[NY$ _pd_y Npd hk°g R>°. fph[hpmp M|b S> ıhprcdp_u‚L©$r[_p A_° dp°cp]$pf A_° ifdhpmp fpS>hu l[p. [°\u [°Ap°A° _∆hp L$pfZkf p°[p_p_pd_u L$ur[Æ dpV°$ 10 Ap°L$V$p°bf 1965_p fp°S> ApÒp[ L$ep£ l[p°. S>°Ap°_° bugMpdpÄq¡_]$pl A`pep° [° cyh_ _pd° Ap°mMp[u S>¡epA° A°L$ d¨q]$f bp¨ hpdp¨ ApÏey R>°. S>°Ap°_°1gpM_y¨ hpqÛpÆL$ kprgepœ dm[y l[y.B.k. 2001dp¨ bugMp Npd_u hkr[11,006_ul[u.

102


52. ]$. Óu S>°WkyfcpB MpQf - ApZ¨]$`yfTpgphpX$ ‚p¨[_p Qp°V$ugp \pZp _uQ° MpQf ]$fbpfp°_p° Qp°huk Npd_p° [pgyL$p° Aph°gp°

l[p°. Ap ApZ¨]$`yf Npd_° af[p° L$p°V$ bp¨^°gp° R>°. ApZ¨]$`yf_p MpQf ]$fbpfp°°A° fpdpZuipMp_p MpQf R>°. ApZ¨]$`yfdp¨ Qpf cpN]$pf l[p.

]$. Óu S>°W$kyfcpB MpQf_p° S>fid dpZkyf MpQf_° O°f kSy>bpB_u Ly$M° [p.9-9-1869_p fp°S> \ep° l[p°. S>°Ap°_y¨ bpm`Z M|b S> kpfu fu[° A_° bu≈_° _hpB `dpX°$ [°fu[_y¨ rh–ey l[y¨. [°Ap°_° [p.1-12-1878_p fp°S> ı\pr_L$ NyS>fp[u ipmpdp¨ AÊepkL$fhp dpV°$ b°kpX$hpdp¨ ApÏep l[p, –ep¨ `Z [°dZ° `p°[p_u byqŸisº[_p° `qfQe L$fpÏep°l[p° A_° lp¢riepf A_° Q`m rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ ı\p_ `pÁep l[p. `R>u [°Ap°_° [p.10-4-1881_p fp°S> hY$hpZ_u [pgyL$]$pfu rNfprkep L$p°g°S>dp¨ ]$pMg L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep l[p, –ep¨[°Ap° r‚.A°.A°k. ıV≤$u` kpl°b_p° ‚°d d°mhu iºep l[p. [°Ap°A° gNcN ApW$ hjÆ kyûA¨N∞°∆ AÊepk L$epÆ `R>u [°Ap°A° 20 hjÆ_u he° [p.9-4-1889_p fp°S> L$p°g°S> R>p°X$u[°Ap°_p rhi° L°$mhZu Mp[p_p Bfiı °ºV$f° Mpk qfdpLÆ$ L$f°g L°$, ""ıL|$gdp¨ l°gp° _¨bf S>°W$kyfMpQf_p° Aph° R>° A_° rinL$p°, r‚sfik`pg_p° ‚°d A_° ApiuhpÆ]$ d°mh°g R>°.''

[°Ap°A° AÊepk `|ZÆ L$epÆ `R>u [°d_p r`[p_p L$pmdp¨ [L$fpfdp¨ A¨N∞°S> kfL$pf° [°d_p°Nfpk S· L$ep°Æ l[p°. [° `pR>p° d°mhhp TpgphpX$dp¨ S> f¸p A_° TpgphpX$_p `p°guV$uL$gA°S>fiV$ A°Q.A°g. _V$ kpl°b pk° p°[p_p° [pgyL$p° f[ d°mhhp_p° lzL$d L$fpÏep° l[p°. R>u[p.3-5-1890_p fp°S> [°d_p° S>· \e°g Nfpk `f[ d˛ep° l[p°. `p°[° [pgyL$p_u k—plp\dp¨ gB fpƒedp¨ ky pfpAp° ]$pMg L$epÆ A_° L$pd]$pf [fuL°$ hprZep r”cyh_ L°$ih∆ A_°ap°S>]$pf Ap°^h∆ rlf∆ cÀ$_° _uÁep S>° d°V≤$uL$ `pk \e°gp l[p. `R>u `p°[° ]$f°L$ L$pd ≈[°L$fhp_y¨ fpøey. [pgyL$p_u D`S> h^pfhp S>du_dp¨ Mp[f _¨MpÏey, _bmp M°X|$[p°_° d]$]$ L$fu,L$fh°fp lmhp L$epÆ, M°X|$[p° pk°\u S>du_p° X$phu _lv g°hpdp¨ Aph° [°hy hQ_ Ap‡ey. Ap\u[pgyL$p_u D`S> 6,000dp¨\u hû 10,000_u \B NB. [°Ap°A° k—p lp\dp¨ gBApZ¨]$`yfdp¨ S>°g A_° ]$fbpfNY$ bp¨¬ep l[p. [°Ap° L$ped [p° kp]$p° `p°ipL$ `l°f[p `Z‚k¨Np°`p[ `pe≈dp°, b¨X$u, dp\° Ap¨V$uepmu `pOX$u, rbf∆k D`f c°V$ bp¨^[p A_° c°V$D`f kp°_°fu QN]$phpmp° L$Ádf`À$p° l°f[p [° À$pdp¨ kp°_°fu dyW$_u [ghpf L°$X°$ gV$L$ph[p A_°c°V$dp¨ L$V$pf hN°f° lr\epf A_° lp\dp¨ R>fu fpM[p l[p.

S>°W$kyf MpQf_p _p_p cpB L$pmy MpQf AcZ l[p. [°d_° V$ugpe[ ^pfp_u buL$gpN[p dy¨Tp[p l[p A_° bfi_° cpBAp° h√Q° Ly$k¨`_p buS> fp°`pZp A_° ApMf° A°L$ q]$hkS>°W$kyf MpQf° L$pmy MpQf_° b¨]|$L$_u ”Z Np°muAp° fbu ]$uû A_° R>u ı[php° \[p p°[°`Z –ep¨ S> lp\° Np°mu MpB_° [p.30-5-1905_p fp°S> ApÒp[ L$ep£ l[p°°. Ap kdpQpf[°d_p r‚.A°k.A°.ıV≤$u` kpl°b_° `X$[p [°Ap° `Z ApZ¨]$`yf MfMfp° L$fhp ApÏep A_°V$p°ù R>pX$u_° bp°Îep l[p L°$, S°W$kyf MpQf Ap [dpf° L$fhp_u S>Í$f[ _ l[u ? ApS>° ZApZ¨]$ yf_p p]$fdp¨ Ap bfi_° cpBAp°_u ]°$fuAp° Dcu R>°.B.k.2001dp¨ ApZ¨]$ yf Npd_uhkr[1878_u l[u.

104


53..W$pL$p°fkp.b°Qftkl∆ Tpgp - QyX$phY$hpZ_p S> `Z by¨]$u, L$p°V$p\u Aph°gp Ap bfifip° cpBAp° dp^htkl∆_p `y”p°

l[p(1) ASy>Æ_tkl∆ (2) Acetkl∆. [° bfi_° cpBAp° h√Q° fpƒe_u hl¢QZu \[pASy>Æ_rk¨l∆_p cpNdp¨ hY$hpZ ApÏey. ƒepf° Acetkl∆_p cpNdp¨ QyX$p ApÏey. [°\u[°Ap° QyX$p fpƒe_p ı\p`L$ NZpep A_° [°Ap°A° B.k.1707 \u 1750 kyû ipk_QgpÏey l[y. [° R>u (2) fpetkl∆ B.k. 1750 \u 1760 (3) NS>tkl∆ B.k.1760\u 1780 (4) lW$utkl∆ B.k.1780 \u 1820 (5) Acerk¨l∆ bu≈ (6)fpetkl∆ bu≈ (7) b°Qftkl∆ Ap ”Z°e ipkL$p°A° B.k.1820 \u 1908 kyûipk_ QgpÏey l[y¨. (8) ≈°fphftkl∆ B.k.1808 \u 1920 (9) blp]|ftkl∆B.k.1920 \u 1948 (10) ^d°fi÷rk¨l∆ B.k.1948.

QyX$p fpƒe_p° rhı[pf 78.2 ıL°$h°f dpBg_p° l[p° Ap fpS>edp¨ QyX$p, TvTph]$f, Ly$X$gp,Np°MfhpX$p, QpQL$p, duZp`yf, S>°`f, c©Ny`yf, R>[qfepmp, fpd]°$hNY$, Qp°L$X$u, bp°fpZp,c¢k≈m, h°mph]$f A°d Ly$g 14 Npdp°° l[p.B.k.1934-35 ]$fÁep_ Ap fpƒe_u A]$prS>[AphL$ Í$p.1,02,000 A_° ≈hL$ Í$p.88,000 l[u. QyX$p fpƒe hprjÆL$ Í$p.6,467-6-5rb∞V$ui kfL$pf_° A_° Í$p.676 S|>_pNY$_° ≈°f[gbu_p cf[p l[p.

QyX $p fpS>e_uhkr[ B.k.1881dp¨ 13,495. B.k.1891dp¨13,123.B.k.1901dp¨ 12,005. B.k.1911dp¨ 12,590. B.k.1921dp¨11,333. B.k.1931dp¨ 12,915 l[u A_° QyX$pNpd_u hkr[ B.k.1881dp¨ 5,061.B.k.1891dp¨ 5,326.B.k.1901dp¨ 5,581. B.k.1911dp¨ 5,860.B.k.1921dp¨ 5,463. B.k.1931dp¨ 6,338_u l[u.B.k. 2001dp¨ QyX$p Npd_uhkr[ 14,561_u l[u.

.Acetkl∆A° QyX$pdp¨ Np]$u ı\pù [°d_° fpetkl∆, Dd°]$tkl∆ A_° fpS>iu _pd_p”Z `y”p° l[p. B.k.1750dp¨ Acetkl∆ Ahkp_ `pd[p `pV$hu Ly$dpf fpetkl∆QyX$p_u Np]$uA° b°W$p. ƒepf° Ly$.Óu Dd°]$tkl∆_° d°dL$p (d°dL$p Ry>V$Èp bp]$) Dd°]$tkl∆_°QyX$p [fa\u L$fdX$ _pd_y Npd Ap`hpdp¨ ApÏey l[y¨ [\p fpS>tkl∆_° c¢k≈m _pd_yNpd Nfpkdp¨ Ap‡ey l[y¨. fperk¨l∆_p kdedp¨ `prmep]$_p L$pW$u ]$fbpfp°A° QyX$p D`fQX$pB L$fu, [°dp¨ fpetkl∆ d©–ey `pÁep.`f¨[y `R>u\u Qp°\p ipkL$ [fuL°$ S>° lW$utkl∆(B.k. 1780 \u 1820) \ep [°dZ° MpQf ]$fbpfp° pk°\u QyX$p pR>y d°mhu gu y.`p¨QdpipkL$ [fuL°$ Acetkl∆ bu≈ bfiep R>u fpetkl∆ A_° b°Qftkl∆ hN°f° ipkL$p° \epS>°dp¨ b°Qftkl∆A° QyX$p fpƒe_° Apbp]$ b_phhpdp¨ A_° kyM kNhX$p° h^pfhp kpfukpfu A°hu dl°_[ guû l[u.b°Qftkl∆ 13 ≈fieyApfu 1908_p fp°S> Ahkp_ pÁep.b°Qftkl∆ `R>u ≈°fphftkl∆ (`p•”) QyX$p_p ApW$dp ipkL$ bfiep.

QyX$p fpS>e ‚dpZdp¨ _p_y lp°hp R>[p¨ [°_p k¨b¨^p° dp°V$p fpS>ep° kp\° l[p A_° [°° _uQ°fpS>ep° kp\° gî kb¨ p°\u ≈°X$pe°gy l[y S>°dL°$ Np¢X$g, dp°fbu, d•kyf, rhS>e_Nf, dpZkp,kpZ¨]$ . ApS>_p Ly$.Óu apÎNy_tkl∆ gpW$u_p Ly¨$hfu l°dp¨rN_u]°$hu kp\° `fŒep R>°.

106


54. .W$pL$p°fkp. ≈°fphftkl∆ Tpgp - QyX$phY$hpZ fpS>e_p fp≈°∆_° cphtkl∆ _pd° A°L$ Ly$dpf l[p, [°d_° BX$f gB S>hpdp¨

ApÏep l[p. `R>u [°Ap°_° kphfNY$_p Ly¨$hfu `fZphhpdp¨ ApÏep l[p, [°_p\u [°d_° –e¨pL$y.Óu dp^htkl∆_p° S>fid \ep° l[p° A° dp^htkl∆A° by¨]$u, L$p°V$p_p dlpfp≈_u k°hpb≈hu,[°Ap°_° ”Z `y”p° l[p. (1) d]$_tkl∆(2)ASy>Æ_tkl∆(3) Acetkl∆,[°dp¨ b° y”p°A° hY$hpZ Aphu p°[p_p r`[fpBcpB cNh[tkl∆_u pk°\u fpS>e ∆[ugB hY$hpZ_u Np]$u lp\ L$fu l[u. A° kde° hY$hpZ [\p QyX$p _uQ° bpf bpf Npd l[pA_° A° Qp°huku A°L$ S> NZp[u l[u.

`R>u bfifip° cpBAp° h√Q° Nfpk_u hl¢QZu \[p B.k.1707 dp¨ Acetkl∆A°QyX$p_u ıh[¨” Np]$u ı\pù, [°Ap°_° fpetkl∆, Dd°]$tkl∆, [\p fpS>tkl∆ _pd_p”Z Ly$dpfp° l[p. S>° Acetkl∆ B.k.1750 dp¨ Ahkp_ `pÁep [° `R>u fpetkl∆QyX$p_u Np]$uA° b°W$p l[p.

Ap fpetkl∆_° NS>tkl∆, L$igtkl∆,h°fp°∆ [\p `©’hufpS>∆ _pd° Qpf Ly¨$hfp°l[p. fpetkl∆ B.k.1760dp¨ Ahkp_ `pÁep. `R>u NS>tkl∆ Np]$uA° b°W$p,L$imtkl∆ [\p `©’hufpS>tkl∆ r_k¨[p_ Ahkp_ `pÁep, S>epf° h°fp∆_° duZ`f_p°Nfpk Ap`hpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p°.

NS>tkl∆_° p¨Q y”p° l[p, [°Ap° QpQL$p Npd° L$pW$u ]$fbpfp° kp\° \e°gu gX$pBdp¨ d©–ey`pÁep. `R>u lW$utkl∆ Np]$uA° ApÏep [°dZ° [°d_p cpBAp°_° Ac°tkl∆_° cX$L$hpA_° hM[tkl∆_° h°mph]$f Npd Nfpkdp¨ ]$u^y l[y¨ lW$utkl∆ M|b tld[hpmp fpS>hul[p [°d_° ”Z y”p° l[p, [°dZ° [°d_p Ly$dpf _plftkl∆ _° QpQL$p Npd A_° f[_tkl∆_° hprZeph]$f_p° Nfpk Ap‡ep°l[p°.

`R>u Ac°tkl∆ bu≈ Np]$uA° ApÏep [°d_° Z b° y”p° l[p. [°d_p R>u fpetkl∆bu≈ Np]$uA° ApÏep [°Ap°A° ‚≈_° kyfˇpp `|fu `pX$u fpS>e_y¨ fˇpZ L$eyÆ [°d_° b° `y”p° \ep(1) b°Qftkl∆ (2) hM[tkl∆ . fpetkl∆ B.k.1854dp¨ Ahkp_ `pd[p 9a°b∞yApfu 1840_p fp°S> S>fid°gp b°Qftkl∆ Np]$uA° b°W$p A_° hM[tkl∆ _° TvTph]$fNpd Nfpkdp¨ Ap‡ey l[y¨. b°Qftkl∆ _p fpS>eL$pm ]$fÁep_ S> `pV$huLy¨$hf dp^htkl∆Ahkp_ `pÁep l[p, [°\u `R>u `•p” ≈°fphftkl∆ Np]$uA° ApÏep l[p.

≈°fphfrk¨l∆ [p. 19-4-1886_p fp°S> S>fiÁep l[p. [° 22 a°b∞yApfu 1908_pfp°S> Np]$uA° b°W$p l[p,[°Ap° kpfp ApV$wıV$ A_° `°fiV$f l[p. [°Ap° [p.21-12-1920_pfp°S> d©–ey `pÁep.`R>u [p. 23-4-1909_p fp°S> S>fid°gp blp]|$ftkl∆ Np]$uA° _hdpïpkL$ [fuL°$ [p.21qX$k°Ábf 1920_p fp°S> Np]$uA° b°W$p S>° kNuf lp°hp_° L$pfZ° d°_°S>d°fiV$\ufpS> QpÎey¨ A_° [p. 7-2-1929_p fp°S> [°_° |ZÆ k—p kp¢`pB. blp]$|ftkl∆A° fpƒe_°kpfu A°hu _pd_p A`phu l[u, [°Ap° BrfiX$e_ L$gprkL$g ÁeyrTL$dp¨ fk ^fph[p l[p,[°dZ° k¨ıL©$[ `pW$ipmp, lqfS>_ ipmp, h$p°fp lp°sı`V$g ı\pù S>°d_p kdedp¨ cpf[ApTp]$ \ey¨ –epf° [°d_p eyhfpS> d£fi÷tkl∆ l[p.QyX$p_° Íp.51,250 kprgepœ dm[y¨.

108


k¨]$cÆN∞\p°(1) kp•fpÙ≤$ ]°$i_p° Br[lpk - cNhp_gpg k¨`[fpd B.k.1868.(2) kp•fpÙ≤$_p° Br[lpk - cNhp_gpg k¨`[fpd B.k.1908.(3) kp•fpÙ≤$_p° Br[lpk - i¨cy‚kp]$ ]°$kpB B.k.1990.(4) kp•fpÙ≤$ Br[lpk ]$iÆ_ -Np°f^_]$pk dl°[p B.k.1937.(5) kp•fpÙ≤$_p° Br[lpk - A°k.hu. ≈_u B.k.2003.-(6) kp•fpÙ≤$ Br[lpk_° `p_° - ‚¤yÁ_ c. MpQf agR>pb, L$V$pf, by^hpf `|r[Æ.(7) Tpgphïhpqfû - _\yfpd iyºg B.k.1917-18.(8) rhcprhgpk - hS>dpg∆ dl°Xy$ B.k.1897.(9) e]y$hï‚L$pi - dph]$p_∆ f–_y B.k.1934.(10) dL$f¬hS>hïu drl`dpmp - S>N∆h_fpd `pW$L$ B.k.1922.(11) Óu eih¨[∆h_ Qqf” - hk_∆ fpOh∆ ≈°iu B.k.1896.(12) Np¢X$m_p° Br[lpk - ∆hfpd L$pmu]$pk ip˜u B.k.1927.(13) cpf[ fpƒe d¨X$m - Ad©[gpg Np°. ipl B.k.1902.(14) dlpb[ ApÎbd - ∆.A°. i°M B.k.1938.(15) rilp°f_u lL$uL$[ - ]°$hi¨L$f cÀ$ B.k.1919.(16) LpqW$ephpX$ khÆk¨N∞l (A_yhp]$) - S>°.X$bÎey. hp°V$k_ B.k.1886.(17) ]$.Óu ApgpMpQf_y¨ ∆h_ Qqf” - S>°W$dg ıhpdu B.k.1940.(18) ]$.Óu S>°W$kyf MpQf_y¨ ∆h_ Qqf” - S>°W$dg ıhpdu B.k.1939.(19) kp°fW$_p A¨r[d bpbu ipkL$ - S>ekyMgpg kp°Y$p B.k.2002.(20) gvbX$u fpƒe_p° Br[lpk - dyNV$gpg bphuku B.k.2000.(21) cph_Nf fpƒe_p° Br[lpk (k¨`p]$L$p°)-ù.∆.L$p°fpV$, A°k.hu. ≈_u, cpg.(22) Br[lpk kyd_ - ‚¤yÁ_ c. MpQf B.k.2001.(23) kp•fpÙ≤$-NyS>fp[_p ipkL$p°_u hïphmuAp° - ‚¤yÁ_ c. MpQf B.k.2002.(24) kp°fW$_u rh¤pùW$ blpD]$u_ L$p°g°S> - ‚¤yÁ_ c. MpQf B.k.2002.(25) [hpfuM - ‚¤yÁ_ c. MpQf B.k.2004.(26) L$gpù A_° k¨rQ[ - iyºg fd°i B.k.1981.(27) `p°fb¨]$f ıV°$V$ qX$f°ºV$fu cpN-1 B.k.1916.(28) k¨ı\p_ fpS>L$p°V$_u qX$f°ºV$fu cpN-1,2,3.(29) Qqf”dpmp - _Nu_]$pk d¨R>pfpd B.k.1890.(30) L$pW$u fpS>`|[ (dprkL$)_p A¨L$p°. [¨”u, cNhp_∆ cud∆ kphfL$f.(31) `qÔQd tl]y$ı\p__u `p°V≤°$V$ ¡epgfu - Í$.lp°. ≈gcpB B.k.1886.(32) d|mhp∆ Ap–d∆h_ - qNf≈i¨Lf TuZpcpB pZ°fu B.k.1919.

(33) Adfk¨N∞l, L$rh AgfpS> _pS>cpB, B.k.1937.

(34) Adfei AfŒh `yfyÛpp°[d R>N_gpg B.k.1947.(35) ]$p∆fpS>_y¨ ∆h_ Qqf”, S>°W$dg ıhpdu(36) Óu gMûf eyN cpN 1 cV$ lqfi¨L$f dp^h∆,B.k.1939.(37) S>pd_Nf_p° Br[lpk,X$p°gffpe dp¨L$X$ B.k.1972.(38) Np¢X$g_u c|Np°m, fpS>e_y¨ ‚L$pi_ ,k¨h[2003.(39) k¨ı\p_ fpS>L$p°V$_p° k¨qˇp‡[ Br[lpk, ipl `p°`V$gpg.(40) kf]$pf V°$g, Np¨û fpS>dp°l_.(41) cNh[ NyZc¨X$pf, fpS>°fi]$≤ ]$h°. B.k. 2000.

A¨N∞°∆ N∞\p°(1) The Babi Rulers of Sorath - State Publication 1903 A.D.

(2) The History of kathiawad - Bell Wilberforce 1980 A.D.

(3) A Short History of Gondal - Dave H.L. 1889 A.D.

(4) The Ruling Princes of Junagadh - Edwards S.M. and Fraser

L.G. 1909 A.D.

(5) The Ruling Princes of Bhavnagar - Edwards S.M. and

Fraser L.G. 1909 A.D.

(6) Memorada on Indian States - 1940 A.D.

(7) History of Dhrangadra - Mayne C. 1921 A.D.

(8) The Maker of Modern Gondal - Nihalsingh 1934 A.D.

(9) The Prince of Weles and the Princes of India - Vol.1 -Laxmichand

D. Shah 1923 A.D.

(10) Jam, the Great - M.H. Shah 1934 A.D.

(11) The Ruling Princes, chiefs and Leding Personages in the Western

India States Agency Second Edition 1935

(12) The story of the Integration of Indian States - Menon V.P. 1961

(13) Urban Rural Integration in Regional Development A Case Study

of Saurashtra.- Spodek Howard. 1976 A.D.

(14) Story of saurashtra - Shukla rasiklal B. 1993 A.D.

(15) Forty years of Rajkumar College - vol.1.2.3......... Bhavsinhji

(16) Statistical Account of Junagadh - J. W.watson - 1884 A.D.

(17) Statistical Account of Porbandar -J. W.watson - 1879A.D.

(18) Rajkot District Gazetteer - 1965 A.D.

(19) Bhavnagar District Gazetteer - 1969 A.D.

(20) Jamnagar District Gazetteer - 1972 A.D.

(21) Surendranagar District Gazetteer - 1977 A.D.


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