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8/18/2019 Manual - Informática - evolução
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>;9?J^LIMMDHFQGÊYMLJ
CXF@SËÌF
: - Z SJ@MHMLJËÌF IC ^C\\FJ\ LFG ICHMLMÂDLMJ C MDLJ^JLMIJIC
JIQMJDF QFIQMKSC\ jirmjdfrfirmkucs.pt.vu
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ÇdimlcKídcsc ij mdhfrgêtmlj ...................................................................................................................................................................
Ljrjltcrçstmljs ij Mdhfrgjëìf ............................................................................................................................................ :>Mdhfrgjëìf Imkmtj` c Ijifs ................................................................................................................................................ :>
Êrcjs ic jp`mljëìf ijs YML ........................................................................................................................................................... :1 Lfgputjifr ............................................................................................................................................................................ :1
Mdhfrgêtmlj ......................................................................................................................................................................... :1Aurütmlj .............................................................................................................................................................................. :1
Lfgudmljëìf ........................................................................................................................................................................... :<
Yc`clfgudmljëócs .............................................................................................................................................................. :<Yc`cgêtmlj .......................................................................................................................................................................... :<
Lfdtrf`f c Jutfgjëìf ............................................................................................................................................................ :9Qfaütmlj ............................................................................................................................................................................. :9LJI-LJG ............................................................................................................................................................................ :9
Mdtrfiuëìf î cstruturj c hudlmfdjgcdtf ic ug smstcgj mdhfrgêtmlf (lfgputjifr) ................................................................. :3 Ojriwjrc c sfhtwjrc .............................................................................................................................................................. :3
Ojriwjrc ............................................................................................................................................................................ :3\fhtwjrc ............................................................................................................................................................................. :8
J L^S - Sdmijic Lcdtrj` ic ^rflcssjgcdtf........................................................................................................................... :;Gcgürmjs ................................................................................................................................................................................ :;
^rmgêrmjs2 QJG, QFG c Ljloc ........................................................................................................................................... :;
\cludiêrmjs2 supfrtcs ic jrgjzcdjgcdtf ............................................................ ............................................................ :=J p`jlj prmdlmpj` (gftocrafjri) ............................................................................................................................................. :=F ajrrjgcdtf (aus) ................................................................................................................................................................ 1>Imspfsmtmvfs ic cdtrjij c sjçij ic ijifs ............................................................................................................................... 1>
Ic cdtrjij (mdput)5 ............................................................................................................................................................. 1>Ic sjçij (futput)5 .............................................................................................................................................................. 1>Ic cdtrjij / sjçij (mdput / futput), fu gmstfs5 ................................................................................................................. 1:
Iclmsócs hudijgcdtjms dj jqumsmëìf c/fu rcgfic`jëìf ic gjtcrmj` mdhfrgêtmlf ..................................................................... 1: Fs prfkrjgjs Mdhfrgêtmlfs2 Ympfs ic sfhtwjrc ............................................................... ............................................................ 1
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J cslrmtj surkc lfgf dclcssmijic if icscdvf`vmgcdtf ij clfdfgmj c ij sflmcijic quc cstjvjg
flfrrcdif prmdlmpj`gcdtc df Frmcdtc Gíimf. J prmgcmrj hfrgj ic cslrmtj rckmstrjij dcstj `flj`mijic í j
ludcmhfrgc quc cvf`umu ifs rckmstrfs ic tcgpf ic trjaj`of. ^fr vf`tj if jdf >> j.L. dj Gcsfpftágmj
fs sugírmfs icscdvf`vcrjg ugj cslrmtj sm`êamlj pjrj rcprcscdtjr j `çdkuj sugírmj hj`jij, gítfif
jiftjif tjgaíg pc`fs jlêimfs c quc `cvj j lrmjëìf ifs j`hjactfs.
Df gcsgf pcrçfif oê f surkmgcdtf ij cslrmtj
omcrfk`çhmlj df Ckmtf Jdtmkf lfg j`kugj rc`jëìf lfg j
cslrmtj ij Gcsfpftágmj. J cslrmtj lomdcsj c j jiftjij
pc`js lmvm`mzjëócs prí-lf`fgamjdjs dj Jgírmlj, lfgf
pfr cxcgp`f j cslrmtj gjmj, tmvcrjg frmkcdsmdicpcdicdtcs. J cslrmtj bjpfdcsj hfm lrmjij j pjrtmr ij
cslrmtj lomdcsj pfr vf`tj if sílu`f MX.
J Omstürmj ij Mdhfrgêtmlj Arcvc rcsugf ij cvf`uëìf ij mdhfrgêtmlj
Cg :811 ug gjtcgêtmlf mdk`âs icscdvf`vcu j prmgcmrj ríkuj ic lê`lu`f. Cstc hfm f pfdtf ic pjrtmij
pjrj sc lockjr î mdhfrgêtmlj, sü quc hfm ug prflcssf icgfrjif, quc hfm lfdqumstjif lfg pcqucdjs
icslfacrtjs.
Cg :?9; hfm lrmjif f smstcgj amdêrmf pc`f gjtcgêtmlf mdk`âs Kcfrkc Aff`c. Yrâs iíljijs icpfms ug
dfrtc-jgcrmljdf lrmfu ug prflcssf ic ijifs c`ctrfgcládmlf. Gcmf sílu`f gjms tjric, dfs Cstjifs
Sdmifs, ug cdkcdocmrf icscdvf`vcu ug lfgputjifr usjdif vê`vu`js ic rêimf.
Cg :=98 í lrmjif f Cdmjl, f prmgcmrf lfgputjifr c`ctrùdmlf, quc hfm c`jafrjif pjrj scrvmr fs mdtcrcsscs
aí`mlfs ifs CSJ dj MM Kucrrj Gudimj`, bê quc jbuijvj dj rcj`mzjëìf ic lê`lu`fs pjrj icscdvf`vcr j
afgaj jtùgmlj.
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Hmkurj : “ Cdmjl
Icz jdfs icpfms surkc df Mdstmtutf ic Ycldf`fkmj ic Gjssjlousctts (GMY), f prmgcmrf lfgputjifr quc
utm`mzj trjdsmtfrcs.
Cg :=8< í pjtcdtcjif f ‐gfusc‗ c df jdf sckumdtc, ug pcsqumsjifr dfrtc -jgcrmljdf prfbctfu c lrmfu
j prmgcmrj rcic ic lfgputjifrcs mdtcr`mkjij pfr hmfs.
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8
Lmdlf jdfs icpfms j MAG icscdvf`vcu f Qjgjl 3, utm`mzjdif imslfs ic gcgürmj ic 3 gckjamts.
Cg :=;3 hfm icscdvf`vmij j `mdkujkcg Ajsml, j prmgcmrj `mdkujkcg pjrj gmlrflfgputjifrcs. Jmdij df
gcsgf jdf, Am`` Kjtcs c ^ju` J``cd hudijrjg j Gmlrfsfht. Df jdf sckumdtc, \tcvc [fzdmje c \tcvc Bfas
lrmjg j Jpp`c Lfgputcr Lfgpjdy.
Cg :=?: j MAG `jdëfu f ^L 3:3>. J pjrtmr ijm cstjvj `jdëjij j ‐kucrrj‗ cdtrc js cgprcsjs c hfm scgprc
ugj imsputj j vcr qucg hjzmj gc`ofrcs icslfacrtjs j dçvc` ic mdhfrgêtmlj.
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Cg :=?3 j Gmlrfsfht `jdëfu f [mdifws c f [fri :.>.
Cg :=?= Ymg Acrdcrs-@cc lrmfu j [fr`i [mic [ca quc frmkmdfu j mdtcrdct. Cg :==: í `jdëjif f smstcgj
fpcrjlmfdj` @mdux.
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Ifms jdfs icpfms j Mdtc` lf`flfu df gcrljif f prflcssjifr ^cdtmug c df jdf sckumdtc hfm lrmjif f
djvckjifr ic mdtcrdct Dctsljpc Djvmkjtfr. C js icslfacrtjs sckumrjg, `cvjdif gcsgf f lfgputjifr j
kjdojr prfprmcijics quc crjg mdmgjkmdêvcms, f quc sc rch`ctmu, qujdif cg :==;, f ljgpcìf gudimj`
ic xjircz, Kjrrm Ejspjrfv, pcricu pjrj ug lfgputjifr.
F lcrtf í quc js mdfvjëócs tcldf`ükmljs dìf pjrjg ic jlfdtclcr c f lfgputjifr cdrjmzfu-sc ic tj`
hfrgj, quc sìf pfuljs js lfmsjs quc suasmstcg scg f scu usf. Yfrdfu-sc pjrtc csscdlmj` dj vmij ijs
sflmcijics. F lrcslmgcdtf pfpu`jlmfdj`, j k`faj`mzjëìf c f icscdvf`vmgcdtf if ljpmtj`msgf df sílu`f
__, mdlutmrjg dfvjs dclcssmijics df scr ougjdf. J mdhfrgêtmlj surkc dcstc lfdtcxtf, cg quc ojvmj j
dclcssmijic if ofgcg rckmstjr c gjdmpu`jr ijifs cg krjdics qujdtmijics lfg prclmsìf c rjpmicz.
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Lfdlcmtfs aêsmlfs
Mdhfrgêtmlj
J pj`jvrj Mdhfrgêtmlj hfm lrmjij cg :=81 pc`f hrjdlâs ^om`mppc Ircmhus.
MDHFQGJYMFD + JSYFGJYMZSC
7
MDHFQGJYMZSC
(Mdhfrgjëìf jutfgêtmlj 7 mdhfrgêtmlj)
Ofbc j pj`jvrj Mdhfrgêtmlj icsmkdj f lfdbudtf ic imslmp`mdjs lmcdtçhmljs c ic tíldmljs utm`mzjijs df
prflcssjgcdtf `ükmlf c rêpmif ij mdhfrgjëìf, usjdif lfgputjifrcs.
Ycldf`fkmjs ij Mdhfrgjëìf
‐Ycldf`fkmjs ij Mdhfrgjëìf‗ (YM) utm`mzj-sc qujdif sc qucr icsmkdjr f cqumpjgcdtf c fs prfkrjgjs ifs
lfgputjifrcs quc chcltujg prflcssfs ic trjtjgcdtf, lfdtrf`f c lfgudmljëìf ic mdhfrgjëìf
Ycldf`fkmjs ij Mdhfrgjëìf c Lfgudmljëìf
J trjdsgmssìf ic mdhfrgjëìf prcssupóc f usf ic rcics ic lfgputjifrcs c gcmfs ic lfgudmljëìf, ijç f
jpjrclmgcdtf ij cxprcssìf ‐Ycldf`fkmjs ij Mdhfrgjëìf c Lfgudmljëìf‗(YML)
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J Mdhfrgjëìf
J mdhfrgjëìf í j ‐gjtírmj-prmgj‗ quc cstê dj ajsc ifs lfdoclmgcdtfs c ij lfgudmljëìf cdtrc js
pcssfjs
Ljrjltcrçstmljs ij Mdhfrgjëìf
Í trjdspfrtêvc`5
Jrgjzcdêvc` (dj gcgürmj ougjdj, cg `mvrfs, djs gcgürmjs ifs lfgputjifrcs)5
Yrjiuzçvc` (pfic scr lfdvcrtmij, pfr cxcgp`f, dfutrj `mdkujkcg, pjrj pficr scr cdtcdimij
pc`f rclctfr)5
Qclml`êvc` (pfic scr usjij pjrj lrmjr dfvj mdhfrgjëìf).
Mdhfrgjëìf Imkmtj` c Ijifs
Ijifs
\ìf rcprcscdtjëócs lfimhmljijs ic hjltfs fu cvcdtfs, fabctfs, pcssfjs fu futrfs
tmpfs ic cdtmijics
Mdhfrgjëìf
Í f lfdbudtf ic ijifs, icvmijgcdtc frkjdmzjifs c fricdjifs, j hmg ic tcrcg
smkdmhmljif.
Ijifs
Ljrjtcrcs, pj`jvrjs Dògcrfs^fdtfs, `mdojs c
hfrgjs
LG^, Bfìf, Lfgputjifr 3, ::>>, 33>>. VVVVV /
Sg lfdbudtf ic ijifs iê rcsu`tjif j ugj mdhfrgjëìf
Mdhfrgjëìf
F Bfìf lfgprfu ug
lfgputjifr
3 Ljmxjs ic imsquctcs j < ₠
ljij2 tftj` 13₠
Hrjsc Zujdtmijic, prcëf c tftjms Mgjkcg, sçgaf`f
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::
^jrj j`íg ic tuif mstf, j mdhfrgjëìf icvc scr2
^rclmsj, scg lfdtcr crrfs5
Lfgp`ctj, hfrdclcdif tfifs fs ijifs mgpfrtjdtcs5
H`cxçvc`, pficdif scr usjij lfg imvcrsjs hmdj`mijics5
Ic hfdtc hmicimkdj, mstf í, icvc prfvmr ic ugj hfdtc ic lfdhmjdëj5
Qc`cvjdtc, mstf í, òtm` pjrj qucg j rclcac5
L`jrj, smgp`cs c fabctmvj (dìf icvc ojvcr sfarcljrkj lfg mdhfrgjëìf icsdclcssêrmj)5
Jltuj`, jijptjij jfs tcgpfs c îs lmrludstádlmjs cg quc vmvcgfs.
Mdhfrgjëìf Imkmtj`
Yfij j mdhfrgjëìf quc sc cdlfdtrj sfa j hfrgj ic içkmtfs (zcrfs c uds) c quc í
prflcssjij, cg pjrtmlu`jr, dfs lfgputjifrcs, imz-sc imkmtj`.
J`íg ijs ljrjltcrçstmljs lfguds j tfif f tmpf ic mdhfrgjëìf, j mdhfrgjëìf imkmtj`
í2
Gjdmpu`êvc`5
^jrtm`oêvc`5
Lfgpjltj5
Lfgprmgçvc`5
Mdtcrjtmvj c gu`tmgíimj.
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Êrcjs ic jp`mljëìf ijs YML
Js YML pficg scr jp`mljijs djs gjms vjrmjijs êrcjs ij jltmvmijic ougjdj, lfgf j mdhfrgêtmlj, j
aurütmlj, js tc`clfgudmljëócs, j tc`cgêtmlj, f lfdtrf`f c jutfgjëìf mdiustrmjms, j hçsmlj, j clfdfgmj,
ctl.
Lfgputjifr
F lfgputjifr í ugj gêqumdj prfkrjgjij pjrj rclcacr c prflcssjr ijifs, kcrjdif mdhfrgjëìf, c pjrj
jrgjzcdjr c trjdsgmtmr cssj mdhfrgjëìf, dug lurtf cspjëf ic tcgpf, ic ugj hfrgj sckurj c hmêvc`.
dhfrgêtmlj
J mdhfrgêtmlj í j jp`mljëìf ic lfgputjifrcs pjrj prflcssjgcdtf ic mdhfrgjëìf.
Aurütmlj
J aurütmlj í j jp`mljëìf ic gcmfs mdhfrgêtmlfs
df trjtjgcdtf c lmrlu`jëìf ij mdhfrgjëìf cg
cslrmtürmfs c cg tjrchjs if tmpf jigmdmstrjtmvf
(j frmkcg ij pj`jvrj ‐aurütmlj‗ í j gcsgj ij
pj`jvrj ‐aurflrjlmj‗).
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Lfdtrf`f c Jutfgjëìf
F lfdtrf`f c jutfgjëìf sìf js êrcjs ic jp`mljëìf ijs YML quc cdk`fajg f lfdtrf`f ic gcljdmsgfs c fs
prflcssfs mdiustrmjms. \ìf usjifs djs gjms vjrmjijs mdiòstrmjs2 jutfgüvc`, ic p`êstmlfs, j`mgcdtjr, ic
hjarmlf ic c`cltrfifgístmlfs, ic pfrtjs jutfgêtmljs, ctl.
Qfaütmlj
Dj mdiòstrmj jutfgüvc` fu dj mdiòstrmj c`cltrüdmlj, í
ofbc ojamtuj` j utm`mzjëìf ij rfaütmlj, mstf í, ic
smstcgjs c`cltrfgcládmlfs mdhfrgjtmzjifs, gjms
lfdoclmifs pfr ‐Qfafts‗.
LJI-LJG
Yjgaíg f icscdof c hjarmlf ic pcëjs pjrj j mdiòstrmj í ljij vcz gjms lfdtrf`jif pfr
lfgputjifrcs. Kcrj`gcdtc icsmkdj-sc pfr LJI/LJG “ Lfgputcr Jmici Icsmkd (Icscdof
jssmstmif pfr lfgputjifr)/Lfgputcr Jmici Gjduhjltfrmdk (hjarmlf jssmstmif pfr
lfgputjifr).
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Mdtrfiuëìf î cstruturj c hudlmfdjgcdtf ic ug smstcgj mdhfrgêtmlf
lfgputjifr)
Ojriwjrc c sfhtwjrc
Ojriwjrc
Í j pjrtc hçsmlj ic ug smstcgj mdhfrgêtmlf, fu scbj, í f cqumpjgcdtf cg sm, fs
lfgpfdcdtcs hçsmlfs if lfgputjifr. Í f lfdbudtf ic cqumpjgcdtfs c imspfsmtmvfs ic ug
lfgputjifr.
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\fhtwjrc
Í f lfdbudtf ic prfkrjgjs, prflcimgcdtfs c rckrjs rc`jtmvfs c dclcssêrmfs pjrj fhudlmfdjgcdtf if Ojriwjrc df prflcssjgcdtf ic ijifs.
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:;
J L^S - Sdmijic Lcdtrj` ic ^rflcssjgcdtf
J L^S (Lcdtrj` ^rflcssmdk Sdmt), fu Sdmijic Lcdtrj` ic ^rflcssjgcdtf, í f «lírcarfµ if lfgputjifr,
rcspfdsêvc` pfr lfdtrf`jr c rcj`mzjr tfijs js tjrchjs cxmkmijs pc`fs utm`mzjifrcs.
Gcgürmjs
J gcgürmj í ug supfrtc lfg ljpjlmijic pjrj jrgjzcdjr quj`qucr tmpf ic mdhfrgjëìf (ijifs c
prfkrjgjs). Cxmstcg ifms tmpfs ic gcgürmjs2 js prmgêrmjs c js scludiêrmjs.
^rmgêrmjs2 QJG, QFG c Ljloc
Í î gcgürmj quc lfgpctc jrgjzcdjr js scquâdlmjs ic mdstruëócs, fs ijifs rc`cvjdtcs
pjrj cssjs mdstruëócs c fs rcsu`tjifs ijs gcsgjs.
Gcgürmjs prmgêrmjs, prmdlmpjms fu lcdtrjms2
Cdlfdtrjg-sc cg lfdtjltf imrctf lfg f L^S, hfrdclcdif-`oc mdstruëócs c fs ijifs lfg
quc cstc fpcrj, c ic`c rclcacdif ijifs rcsu`tjdtcs if scu prflcssjgcdtf.
QJG í j smk`j pjrj Qjdifg Jllcss Gcgfry(gcgürmj ic jlcssf j`cjtürmf). Cstc tmpf ic
gcgürmj pcrgmtc tjdtf `cmturj lfgf krjvjëìf c
rckrjvjëìf ic ijifs. Df cdtjdtf, jssmg quc cstjs
icmxjg ic scr j`mgcdtjijs c`cltrmljgcdtc, fu scbj,
qujdif f utm`mzjifr ics`mkj f lfgputjifr, j
gcgürmj QJG pcric tfifs fs scus ijifs.
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:?
QFG í j smk`j pjrj Qcji Fd`y Gcgfry (gcgürmj sfgcdtc ic `cmturj). Bê pc`f dfgc, í
pfssçvc` pcrlcacr quc cssc tmpf ic gcgürmj jpcdjs pcrgmtc `cmturj, fu scbj, js sujs
mdhfrgjëócs sìf krjvjijs pc`f hjarmljdtc ugj òdmlj vcz c icpfms imssf dìf pficg scr
j`tcrjijs fu jpjkjijs, sfgcdtc jlcimijs. Cg futrjs pj`jvrjs, sìf gcgürmjs lubf
lfdtcòif í krjvjif pcrgjdcdtcgcdtc.
Gcgürmj Ljloc í ugj pcqucdj qujdtmijic ic gcgürmj cstêtmlj ic j`tf icscgpcdof,
tcdif pfr hmdj`mijic jugcdtjr f icscgpcdof if prflcssjifr rcj`mzjdif ugj auslj
jdtclmpjij dj gcgürmj QJG.
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:=
\cludiêrmjs2 supfrtcs ic jrgjzcdjgcdtf
Gcgürmjs scludiêrmjs fu supfrtcs ic jrgjzcdjgcdtf2
\upfrtcs ic jrgjzcdjgcdtf ic mdhfrgjëìf quc mdtcrcssj kujrijr pjrj j`íg if tcgpf
cg quc í utm`mzjij j gcgürmj prmgêrmj fu scbj, sìf utm`mzjijs pjrj kujrijr fs trjaj`ofs
quc sc cdlfdtrjg cg gcgürmj QJG, ic ugj hfrgj gjms pcrgjdcdtc.
Cx.2 imslf rçkmif (fu imslf iurf), imsquctc, LI-QFG, IXI, ctl.
J p`jlj prmdlmpj` gftocrafjri)
J p`jlj prmdlmpj`, fu gftocrafjri, í j
ajsc fdic sc cdlfdtrjg lmrlumtfs
c`cltrüdmlfs mgprcssfs c js gcgürmjs
QFG c fdic sc vìf mdstj`jr tfifs fs
lfgpfdcdtcs mdtcrdfs if lfgputjifr2
prflcssjifr, gcgürmj QJG, imslfs,
irmvcs ic imsquctcs fu LIs, p`jlj
krêhmlj, p`jlj ic sfg, ctl.
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1>
F ajrrjgcdtf aus)
F ajrrjgcdtf (aus, cg mdk`âs) í f lfdbudtf ic hmfs lfdiutfrcs smtujifs dj gftocrafjri pfr fdic
lmrlu`jg fs ijifs cdtrc j L^S, j gcgürmj QJG c js p`jljs ic cxpjdsìf ic pcrmhírmlfs.
Imspfsmtmvfs ic cdtrjij c sjçij ic ijifs
Fs imspfsmtmvfs, fu pcrmhírmlfs, ic cdtrjij c sjçij ic ijifs, pcrgmtcg j lfgudmljëìf cdtrc f
lfgputjifr c f cxtcrmfr.
Cxmstcg trâs tmpfs ic imspfsmtmvfs2
Ic cdtrjij mdput)5
^crgmtcg quc f utm`mzjifr cdvmc mdhfrgjëìf pjrj f lfgputjifr.
Ic sjçij futput)5
^crgmtcg cdvmjr mdhfrgjëìf if lfgputjifr pjrj f cxtcrmfr.
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Ic cdtrjij / sjçij mdput / futput), fu gmstfs5
^crgmtcg quc f utm`mzjifr cdvmc mdhfrgjëìf pjrj f lfgputjifr c quc f lfgputjifr
cdvmc mdhfrgjëìf pjrj f utm`mzjifr.
Iclmsócs hudijgcdtjms dj jqumsmëìf c/fu rcgfic`jëìf ic gjtcrmj` mdhfrgêtmlf
Í mgpfrtjdtc tcr j dfëìf quc quj`qucr ug ifs lfgpfdcdtcs ic ug smstcgj mdhfrgêtmlf tcg mdh`uâdlmj
imrctj df scu icscgpcdof. Yfifs qucrcgfs tcr ug lfgputjifr lfg ug prflcssjifr gumtf rêpmif,
lfg gumtj gcgürmj QJG, lfg ug imslf rçkmif ic krjdic ljpjlmijic, lfg ugj afj p`jlj krêhmlj c
rcstjdtcs lfgpfdcdtcs if gc`ofr quc oê. Df cdtjdtf, cstjrçjgfs j micj`mzjr ugj gêqumdj lubf prcëf
scrmj gumtf c`cvjif.
Ic jlfrif lfg j hmdj`mijic if lfgputjifr jssmg icvc scr j suj lfdhmkurjëìf. \crê imhcrcdtc jiqumrmr
ug lfgputjifr pjrj rcj`mzjr trjaj`ofs pjrj j cslf`j c jlcicr î mdtcrdct ic jiqumrmr ug lfgputjifr
pjrj utm`mzjr hcrrjgcdtjs ic icscdof jssmstmif pfr lfgputjifr lfg krjdic cxmkâdlmj jf dçvc` if
prflcssjifr, QJG c p`jlj krêhmlj. Dj j`turj ic jiqumrmr ug lfgputjifr icvcs tcr cg cspclmj` jtcdëìf2
J gftocrafjri, quc icvc scr ic afj quj`mijic pjrj dìf lfgprfgctcr f icscgpcdof if
lfgputjifr.
F prflcssjifr, quc icpcdicrê if usf quc prctcdics ijr jf lfgputjifr.
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J gcgürmj QJG, quc icvcrê tcr ugj ljpjlmijic ljpjz ic scr kcrmij pc`f prflcssjifr.
J ljpjlmijic c vc`flmijic if imslf rçkmif, quc dfrgj`gcdtc sìf prfpfrlmfdjms, imslfs ic gjmfr
ljpjlmijic sìf, kcrj`gcdtc, gjms rêpmifs.
J p`jlj krêhmlj5
J p`jlj ic sfg.
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Sdmijics ic gcimij ic mdhfrgjëìf2 Amt, Aytc, Eaytc, Gaytc, Kaytc, Yaytc
J mdhfrgjëìf imkmtj` pfic scr kujrijij djs gcgürmjs if lfgputjifr sfa j hfrgj ic amts c aytcs.
Sg amt (amdjry imkmt) í j gcdfr udmijic ic mdhfrgjëìf kujrijij dug lfgputjifr. Írcprcscdtjif pfr ifms içkmtfs2 > fu :.
Sg aytc í ug lfdbudtf ic ? amts. Ljij ljrêltcr (`ctrj fu sçgaf`f if tcl`jif) flupj : aytc
qujdif í kujrijif cg gcgürmj. J `ctrj A, pfr cxcgp`f, í rcprcscdtjij pfr >:>>>>:>.
Fs lfgputjifrcs "cdtcdicg" mgpu`sfs c`ítrmlfs, pfsmtmvfs fu dckjtmvfs, quc sìf rcprcscdtjifs pfr :
fu >. J ljij mgpu`sf c`ítrmlf ijgfs f dfgc ic amt (AMdjry imkmY). Sg lfdbudtf ic ? amts rcudmifs lfgf
ugj òdmlj udmijic hfrgj ug aytc.
Dfs lfgputjifrcs, rcprcscdtjr 138 dògcrfs amdêrmfs í suhmlmcdtc pjrj quc pfssjgfs `mijr j lfdtcdtf
lfg cstjs gêqumdjs. Jssmg, fs aytcs pfssucg ? amts. Í sü hjzcr fs lê`lu`fs2 lfgf ug amt rcprcscdtj ifms
tmpfs ic vj`frcs (: fu >) c ug aytc rcprcscdtj ? amts, ajstj hjzcr 1 (if amt) c`cvjif j ? (if aytc) quc í
mkuj` j 138.
Fs aytcs rcprcscdtjg tfijs js `ctrjs (gjmòslu`js c gmdòslu`js), smdjms ic pfdtujëìf, jlcdtfs,
ljrjltcrcs cspclmjms c jtí mdhfrgjëócs quc dìf pficgfs vcr, gjs quc scrvcg pjrj lfgjdijr f
lfgputjifr c quc pficg mdl`usmvc scr cdvmjifs pc`f tcl`jif fu pfr futrf imspfsmtmvf ic cdtrjij ic
ijifs c mdstruëócs.
^jrj quc mssf jlfdtcëj, fs lfgputjifrcs utm`mzjg ugj tjac`j quc lfgamdj dògcrfs amdêrmfs lfg
sçgaf`fs2 j tjac`j J\LMM ( Jgcrmljd \tjdijri Lfic hfr Mdhfrgjtmfd Mdtcrlojdkc). Dc`j, ljij aytc
rcprcscdtj ug ljrjltcrc fu ug smdj`.
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J pjrtmr ijç, hfrjg lrmjifs vêrmfs tcrgfs pjrj hjlm`mtjr j lfgprccdsìf ougjdj ij ljpjlmijic ic
jrgjzcdjgcdtf, prflcssjgcdtf c gjdmpu`jëìf ic ijifs dfs lfgputjifrcs. Df quc sc rchcrc jfs amts
c aytcs, tcg-sc js sckumdtcs gcimijs2
: Aytc 7 ? amts
: em`faytc (EA fu Eaytcs) 7 :>19 aytcs
: gckjaytc (GA fu Gaytcs) 7 :>19 em`faytcs
: kmkjaytc (KA fu Kaytcs) 7 :>19 gckjaytcs
: tcrjaytc (YA fu Yaytcs) 7 :>19 kmkjaytcs
: pctjaytc (^A fu ^aytcs) 7 :>19 tcrjaytcs
^jrj sjacrgfs qujdtfs GA sìf 1,3 KA, lfgf pfr cxcgp`f, tcgfs quc gu`tmp`mljr 1,3x:>19 lfdhfrgc
csqucgj2
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J tcr cg lfdtj2
Sg crrf lfgug quc gumtfs düs lfgctcgfs í ic, jf vcr djs pua`mlmijics Mdtcrdct j 9> Gaps pfr cxcgp`f, gumtfs pcdsjgfs quc sìf 9>
Gckjaytcs pfr sckudif, gjs dìf, sìf 9> Gckjamts pfr sckudif! 9> Gckjamts sìf jpcdjs 3 Gckjaytcs! (9> j imvmimr pfr ?)
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\mstcgjs ic dugcrjëìf
Amdêrmf
F smstcgj amdêrmf fu ic ajsc 1 í ug smstcgj ic dugcrjëìf pfsmlmfdj` cg quc tfijs js qujdtmijics scrcprcscdtjg lfg ajsc cg ifms dògcrfs, fu scbj, zcrf c ug (> c :)
Iclmgj`
F smstcgj iclmgj` í ug smstcgj ic dugcrjëìf ic pfsmëìf quc utm`mzj j ajsc icz.
Hfrgj c scquâdlmj ij krjhmj gcimcvj` ifs j`kjrmsgfs jrêamlfs quc jpjrclcg dj pêkmdj ic tçtu`f if
@marf Mdtmtu`jif Jrmtogctmlj ^rjltmlj, pfr Bujd ic ]lmjr.
Sg smstcgj ic dugcrjëìf í ug lfdbudtf ic prmdlçpmfs lfdstmtumdif f jrtmhçlmf `ükmlf ic l`jssmhmljëìf cg
krupfs c suakrupfs ijs udmijics quc hfrgjg fs dògcrfs. J ajsc ic ug smstcgj ic dugcrjëìf í ugj
lcrtj qujdtmijic ic udmijics quc icvc lfdstmtumr ugj udmijic ic fricg mgcimjtjgcdtc supcrmfr. Fs
smstcgjs ic dugcrjëìf tcg scu dfgc icrmvjif ij suj ajsc, fu scbj, f smstcgj amdêrmf tcg ajsc ifms, f
smstcgj scptmgj` tcg ajsc sctc c f iclmgj` tcg ajsc icz.
Fltj`
\mstcgj Fltj` í ug smstcgj ic dugcrjëìf lubj ajsc í ?, fu scbj, utm`mzj ? sçgaf`fs pjrj j rcprcscdtjëìf
ic qujdtmijic. Df flmicdtc, cstcs sçgaf`fs sìf fs j`kjrmsgfs jrêamlfs2 > : 1 < 9 3 8 ;
F fltj` hfm gumtf utm`mzjif cg mdhfrgêtmlj lfgf ugj j`tcrdjtmvj gjms lfgpjltj jf amdêrmf dj
prfkrjgjëìf cg `mdkujkcg ic gêqumdj. Ofbc, f smstcgj ocxjiclmgj` í gjms utm`mzjif lfgf j`tcrdjtmvj
jf amdêrmf.
Ocxjiclmgj`
F smstcgj ocxjiclmgj` í ug smstcgj ic dugcrjëìf pfsmlmfdj` quc rcprcscdtj fs dògcrfs cg ajsc :8,
pfrtjdtf cgprckjdif :8 sçgaf`fs.
Cstê vmdlu`jif j mdhfrgêtmlj, pfms fs lfgputjifrcs lfstugjg utm`mzjr f aytc fu fltctf lfgf udmijic
aêsmlj ij gcgürmj5 c, icvmif j ug aytc rcprcscdtjr 1? 7 138 vj`frcs pfssçvcms, c mstf pficr rcprcscdtjr-
sc lfgf 1? 7 19 . 19 7 :8 . :8 7 : . :81 + > . :8: + > . :8>, f quc, sckudif f tcfrcgj kcrj` ij dugcrjëìf
pfsmlmfdj`, cqumvj`c jf dògcrf cg ajsc :8 :>>:8, ifms içkmtfs ocxjiclmgjms lfrrcspfdicg cxjltjgcdtc
’ pcrgmtcg rcprcscdtjr j gcsgj `mdoj ic mdtcmrfs’ j ug aytc.
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Lfdvcrsócs ic ug smstcgj pjrj futrf
Lfdvcrsìf ic ug dògcrf iclmgj` pjrj amdêrmf2
^jrj lfdvcrtcr ug dògcrf iclmgj` cg ug dògcrf amdêrmf í dclcssêrmf chctujr sulcssmvjs imvmsócs pfr
1 jtí sc fatcr ug quflmcdtc mkuj` j :. Jpüs js sulcssmvjs imvmsócs, hfrgj-sc f dògcrf amdêrmf lf`fljdif
fs amts pfr fricg mdvcrsj ij imvmsìf, fu scbj, ij imrcmtj pjrj j csqucrij fu ic ajmxf pjrj lmgj.
Dftj2 F quflmcdtc ij ò`tmgj imvmsìf (:) í mdl`uçif df dògcrf amdêrmf.
Lfdvcrsìf ic ug dògcrf amdêrmf pjrj iclmgj`2
^jrj lfdvcrtcr ug dògcrf amdêrmf cg ug dògcrf iclmgj` í dclcssêrmf lf`fljr pfr fricg ljij amt quc
f lfgpóc c gu`tmp`mlê-`f pc`j ajsc if smstcgj amdêrmf, quc í scgprc 1, c c`cvjr cssj ajsc î pfsmëìf quc
flupj lfgcëjdif pc`j imrcmtj, fu scbj, j ajsc if ò`tmgf amt quc jpjrclc î imrcmtj í c`cvjif j >, j ajsc
if amt quc jpjrclc mgcimjtjgcdtc î csqucrij í c`cvjif j : c jssmg sulcssmvjgcdtc, jtí jf prmgcmrf amt
if dògcrf amdêrmf. ^jrj sc fatcr f dògcrf rcj`, sfgj-sc fs rcsu`tjifs ic ljij gu`tmp`mljëìf.