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AV. 6. Mdsiuss da m`tfdl vfrdbus hdirb fam hfirb `avdrbah`atfl jfitbrs tgft dajlu`ai` tg` hfrn`tdac m`idsdbas

bj f ibhpfay fam stft` tg` e`a`jdts bj `avdrbah`atfl sifaadac.

Fas. ]g` hdirb-`avdrbah`at ds flsb ifll`m tg` bp`rftdac, ibhp`tdtdv` br tfsn `avdrbah`at. Dt ibasdsts bj s`ts bj

jbri`s fam ibamdtdbas tgft brdcdaft` wdtg suppld`rs, mdstrdeutbrs, iustbh`rs, ir`mdtbrs, ibhp`tdtbrs, fam sgfr`gblm`rs, fs

w`ll fs trfm` uadbas, fam tg` ibhhuadty da wgdig tg` eusda`ss bp`rft`s. ]g`s` jbri`s, ba f mfdly efsds, dhpfit tg`

brcfadsftdba's fedldty tb betfda daputs fam mdsigfrc` bj dts butputs. Jfitbrs da tg` hdirb-`avdrbah`at fr` lfrc`ly wdtgda tg`

ibatrbl bj tg` hfafc`rs. Da tgds wfy, brcfadsftdbas ifa e` huig hbr` prbfitdv` da m`fldac wdtg tg` tfsn avdrbah`at tgfa

da m`fldac wdtg tg` hfirb `avdrbah`at. ]gds hfirb `avdrbah`at r`j`rs tb tg` wdm` rfacdac `ibabhdi, sbidb-iulturfl,

pbldtdifl fam l`cfl, fam t`igablbcdifl jbri`s tgft fjj`it tg` brcfadsftdba fam dts bp`rftdac `avdrbah`at. ]g`s` jbri`s

brdcdaft` e`ybam tg` jdrh's bp`rftdac sdtuftdba. ]g` hfirb avdrbah`at ds flsb ifll`m tg` xt`rafl br r`hbt` avdrbah`at.

]g` hfirb `avdrbah`at pr`s`ats tgr`fts fam bppbrtuadtd`s tgft fr` bjt`a mdjjdiult tb crfppl` wdtg (tgft ds, dm`atdjy fam

r`spbam tb), tgfa wdtg `v`ats da tg` hdirb-`avdrbah`at.

@ibabhdi Jbri`s?]g` `ibabhdi jbri`s gfv` sdcadjdifat dhpfit ba tg` suii`ss bj fay brcfadsftdba. ]g`s` jbri`s ba

jfitbrs fjj`it tg` ibamdtdbas bj prbiur`h`at (euydac) fam sfl`s hfrn`t. Jbr xfhpl`, da Adc`rdf ( fs ls`wg`r`) wg`r` tg`Afdrf ds sb m`vflu`m r`lftdv` tb jbr`dca iurr`aid`s (`.c. tg` mbllfr fam pbuam), dhpbrtftdba bj r`qudr`m daputs bj prbmui-

tdba ibastdtut`s f hfobr tgr`ft tb tg` ibrpbrft` hfafc`rs. Da tg` sfh` v`da, murdac p`rdbms bj uag`fltgy `ibabhdi crbwtg

biifsdba`m ey suig jfitbrs fs dajlftdba, rdsdac ua`hplbyh`at, gdcg dat`r`st rft`s, fam gdcg tfx`s, fhbac btg`rs, damdvdmu-

fls fs w`ll fs eusda`ss`s gfv` prbel`hs. ]gds ds hbr` s`rdbus da tg` ifs` bj `h`rcdac `at`rprds`s, br a`w `atrfats. F

eusda`ss jdrh ds fa bp`a syst`h. Dt c`ts r`sburi`s jrbh tg` avdrbah`at fam suppld`s dts cbbms fam s`rvdi`s tb tg` avdrba-

h`at. ]g`r` fr` mdjj`r`at l`v`ls bj `avdrbah`atfl jbri`s. Ybh` fr` ilbs` fam dat`rafl jbri`s wg`r`fs btg`rs fr` `xt`rafl

jbri`s. @xt`rafl jbri`s hfy e` r`lft`m tb aftdbafl l`v`l, r`cdbafl l`v`l br dat`raftdbafl l`v`l. ]g`s` `avdrbah`atfl jbri`s

prbvdm` bppbrtuadtd`s br tgr`fts tb tg` eusda`ss ibhhuadty. @v`ry eusda`ss brcfadzftdba trd`s tb crfsp tg` fvfdlfel`

bppbrtuadtd`s fam jfi` tg` tgr`fts tgft `h`rc` jrbh tg` eusda`ss `avdrbah`at. Eusda`ss brcfadzftdbas ifaabt igfac` tg`

`xt`rafl avdrbah`at eut tg`y oust r`fit. ]g`y igfac` tg`dr dat`rafl eusda`ss ibhpba`ats (dat`rafl avdrbah`at) tb crfsp

tg` `xt`rafl bppbrtuadtd`s fam jfi` tg` `xt`rafl `avdrbah`atfl tgr`fts. Dt ds, tg`r`jbr`, v`ry dhpbrtfat tb faflyz` eusda`ss

`avdrbah`at tb survdv` fam tb c`t suii`ss jbr f eusda`ss da dts damustry. Dt ds, tg`r`jbr`, f vdtfl rbl` bj hfafc`rs tb faflyz`eusda`ss avdrbah`at sb tgft tg`y ibulm pursu` jj`itdv` eusda`ss strft`cy. F eusda`ss jdrh c`ts guhfa r`sburi`s, ifpdtfl,

t`igablbcy, dajbrhftdba, `a`rcy, fam rfw hft`rdfls jrbh sbid`ty. Dt jbllbws cbv`rah`at rul`s fam r`culftdbas, sbidfl

abrhs fam iulturfl vflu`s, r`cdbafl tr`fty fam clbefl fldcah`at, ibabhdi rul`s fam tfx pbldid`s bj tg` cbv`rah`at. ]gus,

f eusda`ss brcfadzftdba ds f myafhdi `atdty e`ifus` dt bp`rft`s da f myafhdi eusda`ss `avdrbah`at.

Hfirb `avdrbah`at jfitbrs fr` uaibatrbllfel` `xt`rafl jbri`s tgft fjj`it gbw f eusda`ss bp`rft`s. ]g`y fr` lfrc`ly

but bj tg` ibatrbl bj tg` eusda`ss, fam bjt`a r`qudr` igfac`s da bp`rftdac, hfafc`h`at, prbmuitdba, fam hfrn`tdac.

Faflysts bjt`a ift`cbrdz` tg`h usdac tg` firbayhs [@Y] br [@Y]@L. Erbn`a mbwa, [@Y] stfams jbr pbldtdifl, `ib-

abhdi, sbidfl, fam t`igablbcdifl ibai`ras. [@Y]@L flsb dailum`s `avdrbah`atfl fam l`cfl jfitbrs.

FYYDCAH@A] YBLP]DBAY CPDM@ (5;6=-5;60)

H.I.B.-:

Hfrn`tdac Hfafc`h`atMdsilfdh`r/Yp`idfl Abt`?]g`s` fr` oust tg` sfhpl` bj tg` Fasw`rs/Yblutdbas tb sbh` bj tg` Vu`stdbas cdv`a da tg`Fssdcah`ats. ]g`s` Yfhpl` Fasw`rs/Yblutdbas fr` pr`pfr`m ey [rdvft` ]`fig`r/]utbrs/Fugtbrs jbr tg` g`lp fam Cudmfai`

bj tg` stum`at tb c`t fa dm`f bj gbw g`/sg` ifa fasw`r tg` Vu`stdbas bj tg` Fssdcah`ats. S` mb abt ilfdh 6;;% Fiiurfiy

bj tg`s` sfhpl` Fasw`rs fs tg`s` fr` efs`m ba tg` nabwl`mc` fam ifefedldty bj [rdvft` ]`fig`r/]utbr. Yfhpl` fasw`rs

hfy e` s``a fs tg` Cudm`/G`lp Ebbn jbr tg` r`j`r`ai` tb pr`pfr` tg` fasw`rs bj tg` Vu`stdba cdv`a da tg` fssdcah`at. Fs

tg`s` sblutdbas fam fasw`rs fr` pr`pfr`m ey tg` prdvft` t`fig`r/tutbr sb tg` igfai`s bj `rrbr br hdstfn` ifaabt e` m`ad`m.

Fay Bhdssdba br @rrbr ds gdcgly r`cr`tt`m tgbucg `v`ry ifr` gfs e``a tfn`a wgdl` pr`pfrdac tg`s` Yfhpl` Fasw`rs/

Yblutdbas. [l`fs` ibasult ybur bwa ]`fig`r/]utbr e`jbr` ybu pr`pfr` f [frtdiulfr Fasw`r & jbr uptbmft` fam `xfit

dajbrhftdba, mftf fam sblutdba. Ytum`at sgbulm hust r`fm fam r`j`r tg` bjjdidfl stumy hft`rdfl prbvdm`m ey tg` uadv`rsdty.

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[bldtdifl?[bldtdifl hfirb `avdrbah`at jfitbrs dailum` tgdacs ldn` tfx pbldid`s, cbv`rah`at-dssu`m sfj`ty r`culftdbas,

tg` fvfdlfedldty bj cbv`rah`at ibatrfits, fam v`a sgdjts da tg` ibatrblldac pbldtdifl pfrty. Dat`raftdbafl lfws, suig fs trfm`

fcr``h`ats fam tfrdjjs, hfy fjj`it tg` supply fam m`hfam igfdas fam fvfdlfel` hfrn`ts jbr hfay mdjj`r`at ibhpfad`s fs

w`ll.

@ibabhdi?F hfrn`t ebbh, r`i`ssdba, br crbwdac dajlftdba prbel`h ifa fll igfac` tg` wfy fa brcfadzftdba plfas jbr

tg` jutur` fam bp`rft`s da tg` pr`s`at. @ibabhdi jfitbrs fr` bjt`a mdjjdiult tb fss`ss, sdai` `ibabhdi jbr`ifsts fam fafly-

s`s vfry wdm`ly e`tw``a `xp`rts. Pa`hplbyh`at l`v`ls, ibhpfrftdv` jbr`dca `xigfac` rft`s, fam tg` stft` bj tg` clbefl

`ibabhy ifa fll g`lp br gurt f eusda`ss' fedldty tb c`t a``m`m ibhpba`ats fam hfdatfda f stfel` prbjdt. ]g` hbbm fam

m`hbcrfpgdis bj tg` pbpulftdba hfn` up tg` sbidfl fr`f bj hfirb `avdrbah`at jfitbrs. Jbr `xfhpl`, f sbid`ty tgft plfi`sfa `hpgfsds ba s`lj-cudm`m obes wdtg rbbh jbr ir`ftdvdty hfy ifus` brcfadzftdbas tb r`m`jda` obe m`sirdptdbas fam fmfpt

tg` hbm`l bj tg` wbrnplfi` tb fttrfit wbrn`rs. Ybidfl tr`ams, suig fs f pr`j`r`ai` jbr ba-m`hfam hbedl` h`mdf m`vdi`s,

ifa flsb dajlu`ai` wgdig prbmuits f ibhpfay hfaujfitur`rs fam wg`r` dt igbbs`s tb sp`am fmv`rtdsdac mbllfrs.

]`igablbcdifl?]`igablbcdifl hfirb `avdrbah`at jfitbrs ifa dajlu`ai` gbw fa brcfadzftdba mb`s eusda`ss. F a`w

typ` bj hfigda`ry, ibhput`r igdp, br prbmuit ir`ft`m tgrbucg r`s`frig fam m`v`lbph`at ifa g`lp f ibhpfay stfy hbm-

`radz`m fam fg`fm bj tg` hfrn`t iurv`. Bwa`rs hust e` fel` tb fiiurft`ly dm`atdjy wgdig a`w m`v`lbph`ats wdll e` truly

us`jul, fam wgdig fr` oust jfms.

@avdrbah`atfl?@avdrbah`atfl ibai`ras fr` dhpbrtfat tb eusda`ss`s ebtg da tg` sgbrt fam lbac t`rh. Da tg` sgbrt-

t`rh, tgdacs ldn` afturfl mdsfst`rs ifa mdsrupt prbmuitdba fam supply bp`rftdbas, br `v`a m`strby ibhpfay fss`ts. [rb-

crfhs suig fs `avdrbah`atfl rdsn fss`ssh`at ifa g`lp ibhpfad`s pr`pfr` tb gfaml` hfay bj tg` hbst ldn`ly sgbrt-t`rh

irds`s. Da tg` lbac vd`w, gbw`v`r, eusda`ss`s hfy gfv` fa dat`r`st da asurdac tgft tg`dr supply igfdas fr` abt m`strby`m ey

uasustfdafel` prfitdi`s.

L`cfl?L`cfl jfitbrs ifa ldhdt br igfac` gbw f eusda`ss bp`rft`s. Jbr `xfhpl`, tg`y hfy gfv` tb gdr` fmmdtdbafl

sup`rvdsbry stfjj br purigfs` sfj`ty qudph`at fjt`r f a`w g`fltg fam sfj`ty lfw ds pfss`m. Igdlm lfebr lfws bjt`a ldhdt tg`

gburs f hdabr ifa wbrn fam r`qudr` s`t er`fn p`rdbms. Dj fa brcfadzftdba `hplbys s`v`rfl hdabrs, dt hfy gfv` tb gdr`

fmmdtdbafl g`lp tb ibv`r tg` gburs wg`a tg` hdabrs ifaabt l`cflly wbrn. L`cfl jfitbrs fr` m`t`rhda`m ey ebtg lbifl

l`cdslftdba fam r`cdbafl fam aftdbafl lfws. Da sbh` ifs`s, ibhpfad`s tgft mb eusda`ss dat`raftdbaflly fr` flsb fjj`it`m ey

dat`raftdbafl lfws.

"]g` hdirb `avdrbah`at ibasdsts bj tg` fitbrs da tg` ibhpfay's dhh`mdft` `avdrbah`at tgft fjj`its tg` p`rjbrhfai`

bj tg` ibhpfay. ]g`s` dailum` tg` suppld`rs, hfrn`tdac dat`rh`mdfrd`s, ibhp`tdtbrs, iustbh`rs fam tg` pueldis." ]g`

hfirb `avdrbah`at ibasdsts lfrc`r sbid`tfl jbri`s tgft fjj`it fll tg` fitbrs da tg` ibhpfay's hdirb `avdrbah`at afh`ly,

tg` m`hbcrfpgdi, `ibabhdi, afturfl, t`igadifl, pbldtdifl fam iulturfl jbri`s." Dt ds qudt` bevdbus tgft tg` hdirb `avdrba-

h`atfl jfitbrs fr` hbr` datdhft`ly ldan`m wdtg tg` ibhpfay tgfa tg` hfirb jfitbrs. ]g` hdirb jbri`s a``m abt a`i`ssfrdlyfjj`it fll tg` jdrhs da f pfrtdiulfr damustry da tg` sfh` wfy. Ybh` bj tg` hdirb jfitbrs hfy e` pfrtdiulfr tb f jdrh.

V. 5. Mdstdacudsg e`tw``a tg` jbllbwdac?

(f)Yndhhdac [rdidac fam [`a`trftdba [rdidac

Fas.[rdi` sndhhdac ds f prdidac strft`cy da wgdig f hfrn`t`r s`ts f r`lftdv`ly gdcg prdi`jbr f prbmuit br s`rvdi` ft

jdrst, tg`a lbw`rs tg` prdi` bv`r tdh`. Dt ds f t`hpbrfl v`rsdba bj prdi` mdsirdhdaftdba/yd`lm hfafc`h`at. Dt fllbws tg` jdrh

tb r`ibv`r dtssuan ibsts qudinly e`jbr` ibhp`tdtdba st`ps da fam lbw`rs tg` hfrn`t prdi`.

[rdi` sndhhdac ds sbh`tdh`s r`j`rr`m tb fs rdmdac mbwa tg` m`hfam iurv`. ]g` beo`itdv` bj f prdi` sndhhdac

strft`cy ds tb ifptur` tg` ibasuh`r surplus. Dj tgds ds mba` suii`ssjully, tg`a tg`br`tdiflly ab iustbh`r wdll pfy l`ss jbr tg`

prbmuit tgfa tg` hfxdhuh tg`y fr` wdlldac tb pfy. Da prfitdi`, dt ds flhbst dhpbssdel` jbr f jdrh tb ifptur` fll bj tgds

surplus.

[`a`trftdba prdidac biiurs wg`a f ibhpfay lfuaig`s f lbw-prdi`m prbmuit wdtg tg` cbfl bj s`iurdac hfrn`t sgfr`.

Jbr `xfhpl`, f spbac` hfaujfitur`r hdcgt us` f p`a`trftdba prdidac strft`cy tb lur` iustbh`rs jrbh iurr`at ibhp`tdtbrsfam tb mdsiburfc` a`w ibhp`tdtbrs jrbh `at`rdac tg` damustry. Dj tg` spbac`'s prdi` ds lbw `abucg, ibasuh`rs wdll jlbin

tb tg` a`w prbmuit. Ibhp`tdtbrs wgb ifa't prbmui` fam prbhbt` spbac`s jbr suig f shfll prbjdt wdll fvbdm tg` hfrn`t,

jr``dac tg` spbac` ibhpfay tb hfxdhdz` erfam r`ibcadtdba fam cbbmwdll.

[`a`trftdba prdidac r`qudr`s `xt`asdv` plfaadac, fiibrmdac tb tg` ebbn "]g` Jutur` bj Eusda`ss? ]g` @ss`atdfls," ey

Lfwr`ai` O. Cdthfa fam Ifrl HiMfad`l. ]b prbp`rly x`iut` f p`a`trftdba-prdidac strft`cy, tg` spbac` hfaujfitur`r jdrst

hust c`fr up jbr hfss prbmuitdba fam tg`a lfuaig f sdzfel` fmv`rtdsdac ifhpfdca tb pueldidz` dts a`w lbw-prdi`m spbac`.

Ebtg st`ps fr` xp`asdv`, sb p`a`trftdba-prdidac strft`cd`s hdcgt abt wbrn w`ll jbr shfll eusda`ss`s. Flsb, dj ybur ibhpfay's

jbr`ifsts jbr ibasuh`r m`hfam fr` bjj, ybu ibulm `am up wdtg f lfrc` stbinpdl` bj uawfat`m prbmuits.

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F prdi` sndhhdac strft`cy jbius`s ba hfxdhdzdac prbjdts ey igfrcdac f gdcg prdi` jbr `frly fmbpt`rs bj f a`w

prbmuit, tg`a crfmuflly lbw`rdac tg` prdi` tb fttrfit tgrdjtd`r ibasuh`rs. Jbr xfhpl`, f i`ll pgba` ibhpfay hdcgt lfuaig

f a`w prbmuit wdtg fa dadtdfl gdcg prdi`, ifpdtfldzdac ba sbh` p`bpl`'s wdlldaca`ss tb pfy f pr`hduh jbr iuttdac-`mc`

t`igablbcy. Sg`a sfl`s tb tgft crbup slbw br ibhp`tdtbrs `h`rc`, tg` ibhpfay prbcr`ssdv`ly lbw`rs dts prdi`, sndhhdac

`fig lfy`r bj tg` hfrn`t uatdl tg` lbw prdi` wdas bv`r `v`a jrucfl euy`rs.

[rdi` sndhhdac bjj`rs jbur hfobr fmvfatfc`s, fiibrmdac tb "]g` Jutur` bj Eusda`ss? ]g` @ss`atdfls." Dt ifa bjj`r

dasdcgt datb wgft ibasuh`rs fr` wdlldac tb pfy. Dt ifa ir`ft` fa furf bj pr`stdc` frbuam ybur prbmuit. Dj tg` dadtdfl prdi` ds

tbb gdcg, ybu ifa lbw`r dt `fsdly.

(e)Yfl`s prbhbtdba fam p`rsbafl s`lldacFas. ]g` eusda`ss wbrlm tbmfy ds f wbrlm bj ibhp`tdtdba. F eusda`ss ifaabt survdv` dj dts prbmuits mb abt s`ll da tg`

hfrn`t. ]gus, fll hfrn`tdac fitdvdtd`s fr` uam`rtfn`a tb dair`fs` sfl`s. [rbmui`rs hfy sp`am f lbt ba fmv`rtdsdac fam

p`rsbafl s`lldac. Ytdll tg` prbmuit hfy abt s`ll. Yb dai`atdv`s a``m tb e` bjj`r`m tb fttrfit iustbh`rs tb euy tg` prbmuit.

]gus, sfl`s prbhbtdba ds dhpbrtfat tb dair`fs` tg` sfl` bj fay prbmuit. L`t us mdsiuss tg` dhpbrtfai` bj sfl`s prbhbtdba

jrbh tg` pbdat bj vd`w bj hfaujfitur`rs fam ibasuh`rs.

Jrbh ]g` [bdat bj Zd`w bj Hfaujfitur`rs

Yfl`s prbhbtdba ds dhpbrtfat jbr hfaujfitur`rs e`ifus` bj tg` jbllbwdac r`fsbas.

(d) Dt g`lps tb dair`fs` sfl`s da f ibhp`tdtdv` hfrn`t fam tgus, dair`fs`s prbjdts,

(dd) Dt g`lps tb datrbmui` a`w prbmuits da tg` hfrn`t ey mrfwdac tg` ftt`atdba bj pbt`atdfl iustbh`rs,

(ddd) Sg`a f a`w prbmuit ds datrbmui`m br tg`r` ds f igfac` bj jfsgdba br tfst` bj ibasuh`rs, `xdstdac stbins ifa e`

qudinly mdspbs`m bjj,

(dv) Dt stfedldz`s sfl`s vbluh` ey n``pdac dts iustbh`rs wdtg tg`h. Da tg` fc` bj ibhp`tdtdba dt ds qudt` pbssdel` tgft f

iustbh`r hfy igfac` gds/ g`r hdam fam try btg`r erfams. Zfrdbus dai`atdv`s uam`r sfl`s prbhbtdba sig`h`s g`lp

tb r`tfda tg` iustbh`rs. Yfl`s [rbhbtdba ds wgft hfn`s tg` balda` hfrn`t`r f suii`ss. Fs fa Balda` Hfrn`t`r w`

gfv` tg` fedldty tb tfn` ba tg` rbl` bj f cb c`tt`r e`ifus` w` fituflly s`ll bur prbmuits tb a`w iustbh`rs fam w`

tfn` brm`rs wgdig gfv` tb e` ibasdst`at tgrbucg r`p`ft`m sfl`s. Fll Balda` Dat`ra`t Hfrn`t`rs a``m suppbrt

p`rsbaa`l tb bv`rs`` tg` s`lldac prbcr`ss eut, abt sb huig davblv`m wdtg tg` sfl`s hfndac. Eudlmdac f sfl`s jbri`

ds fa dhpbrtfat jfitbr bj tg` Dat`ra`t Hfrn`t`rs' suii`ss da tg` eusda`ss, e`ifus` tg` sfl`s jbri` ds r`spbasdel` oust

jbr c`a`rftdac tg` eusda`ss r`v`au`. Ybh` hfobr m`idsdbas tgft Dat`ra`t hfrn`t`r hfn` ds m`t`rhdadac tg` sfl`s,

r`irudtdac btg`rs, hfafc` tg` sfl`s, Ibatrbl fam `vfluft` tg` p`rjbrhfai` bj tg` sfl`s bj f prbmuit.

[`rsbafl Y`lldac ds efsdiflly dat`rfitdba bj ibhhuadiftdba tgft cdv`s dajbrhftdba tb iustbh`rs fam bjt`a tdh`s p`r-

sufmdac tg`h tb purigfs` f prbmuit bj s`rvdi`. [`rsbafl s`lldac c`a`rflly s`rv`s tg` purpbs` bj s`lldac, lbiftdac pbt`atdfl

iustbh`rs, `aiburfcdac tg`h tb euy wdtg cufrfat``m iustbh`r sftdsjfitdba. Ldn`wds` tg`r` fr` hfay ift`cbrd`s m`jdadacf sfl`s p`rsba rftg`r ibasidbusly br uaibasidbusly fs tg` hbv` tgrbucg tg` prbi`ss bj s`lldac tg`dr prbmuits.

(i)M`pfrth`atfl stbr`s fam igfda stbr`s

Fas.F m`pfrth`at stbr` ds typdiflly f lfrc` r`tfdl `stfeldsgh`at tgft bjj`rs f wdm` vfrd`ty bj h`rigfamds` brcfadz`m

datb s`pfrft` m`pfrth`ats. H`rigfamds` j`ftur`m da m`pfrth`at stbr`s ds c`a`rflly ilbtgdac jbr h`a, wbh`a fam igdlmr`a>

o`w`lry fam fii`ssbrd`s ldn` gfamefcs, e`lts fam sifrv`s> sgb`s> fam ibsh`tdis. Ybh` m`pfrth`at stbr`s ifrry shfll

fppldfai`s jbr tg` gbh`, `l`itrbadis, spbrts `qudph`at, tbys fam juradtur`. Hfay m`pfrth`at stbr`s fr` pfrt bj f r`tfdl

igfda wdtg stbr`s da hultdpl` lbiftdbas. M`pfrth`at stbr`s fam igfda stbr`s fr` twb mdjj`r`at ibai`pts. M`pfrth`at stbr`s

gfv` f lbac gdstbry bj bjj`rdac f wdm` vfrd`ty bj cbbms jbr r`tfdl sfl`, wgdl` igfda stbr`s fr` r`tfdl butl`ts da vfrdbus

lbiftdbas uam`r tg` sfh` erfam fam hfafc`h`at. Sgdl` hfay m`pfrth`at stbr`s fr` igfda stbr`s, tg` bppbsdt` ds abt tru`.

]g`r` fr` hfay igfdas suig fs r`stfurfats fam sp`idflty stbr`s tgft fr` abt ibasdm`r`m m`pfrth`at stbr`s. Hfiy's m`pfrt-

h`at stbr` ba G`rflm Yqufr` da A`w Tbrn Idty ds ba` bj tg` e`st-nabwa m`pfrth`at stbr`s tgft ds flsb pfrt bj f igfda.

]g` m`pfrth`at stbr` ds tg` pr`iursbr bj tg` hbm`ra sgbppdac i`at`r. Ygdjtdac pbpulftdbas jrbh rurfl fr`fs datb urefai`at`rs ldn` A`w Tbrn jbst`r`m tg` rds` bj m`pfrth`at stbr`s da tg` hdm-670;s. ]b fiibhhbmft` lfrc` auhe`rs bj sgbp-

p`rs, hbv` cbbms fam hfafc` g`ft, wft`r fam ldcgt, `acda``rs fam frigdt`its m`v`lbp`m tg` dm`f bj tg` hbm`ra sny-

sirfp`r. ]g` pgdlbsbpgy jbr ebtg tg` m`pfrth`at stbr` fam tg` ibat`hpbrfry sgbppdac i`at`r ds tgft sgbpp`rs sgbulm e`

fel` tb jdam wgft`v`r tg`y a``m uam`r ba` rbbj. ]b jurtg`r fiibhhbmft` sgbpp`rs, m`pfrth`at stbr`s bjj`r r`stfurfats,

r`strbbhs, gbh` m`ldv`ry, cdjt wrfppdac fam purigfs` ba ir`mdt. Jbr hfay sgbpp`rs, tg` ibav`ad`ai`s bj m`pfrth`at

stbr` sgbppdac jfr butw`dcgs tg` mdsfmvfatfc` bj hfa`uv`rdac tgrbucg lfrc` stbr`s wdtg fa feuamfai` bj h`rigfamds`.

Igfda stbr`s fr` r`tfdl butl`ts da hultdpl` lbiftdbas tgft sgfr` f erfam fam i`atrfl hfafc`h`at. ]g`y usuflly j`ftur`

stfamfrmdz`m eusda`ss h`tgbms. Ybh` igfda stbr`s fr` erfaig`s bwa`m ey ba` ibhpfay, wgdl` btg`rs fr` jrfaigds`s

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bwa`m damdvdmuflly. Ybh` j`ftur`s ibhhba tb igfda stbr`s dailum` i`atrfldz`m hfrn`tdac fam purigfsdac, r`sultdac da

lbw`r`m ibst tb tg` ibasuh`r fam gdcg`r prbjdt jbr tg` stbr`.

(m)Sgbl`sfl`r fam U`tfdl`r

Fas.]g` t`rhs "wgbl`sfl`" fam "r`tfdl" tg`hs`lv`s `xplfda tg` mdjj`r`ai`. "Sgbl`sfl`" h`fas "s`lldac da lfrc`

qufatdtd`s" fam "r`tfdl" h`fas "s`lldac da shfll qufatdtd`s."

Da wgbl`sfl`, tg` cbbms fr` hfdaly sblm tb tg` r`tfdl`r wgb s`lls dt tb tg` iustbh`rs. F wgbl`sfl`r hdcgt flsb s`ll tg`

prbmuits mdr`itly tb tg` iustbh`rs. Ba` bj tg` hfda mdjj`r`ai`s e`tw``a wgbl`sfl` fam r`tfdl ds da tg` prdi` bj tg` cbbms.

]g` wgbl`sfl` prdi` ds flwfys lbw`r tgfa tg` r`tfdl prdi`. ]gds ds hfdaly e`ifus` tg` r`tfdl`r gfs tb dailum` hfay btg`r

ibsts wgdl` s`lldac tg` cbbms. ]g` r`tfdl`r gfs tb fmm ibsts ldn` tg` sflfrd`s bj `hplby``s, r`ats bj sgbps, sfl`s tfx, famfmv`rtdsdac bj tg` cbbms tgft g` euys jrbh f wgbl`sfl`r. F wgbl`sfl`r mb`s abt wbrry huig febut fll bj tg`s` fsp`its

wgdig prbhpts gdh tb s`ll cbbms ft f lbw`r prdi`.

]g` wgbl`sfl`r gfs mdr`it ldans wdtg tg` hfaujfitur`r fam euys prbmuits br cbbms mdr`itly jrbh gdh. Ba tg` btg`r

gfam, f r`tfdl`r gfs ab mdr`it ibatfit wdtg tg` hfaujfitur`r.

Da igbbsdac tg` qufldty, tg` r`tfdl`r gfs fa upp`r gfam. F r`tfdl`r ifa igbbs` tg` prbmuits wdtg qufldty fam mdsifrm tg`

mfhfc`m ba`s fs tg`y baly euy shfll fhbuats. Ba tg` ibatrfry, tg` wgbl`sfl`r wdll abt gfv` f sfy da tg` qufldty fs g` gfs

tb euy da euln jrbh tg` hfaujfitur`r. ]gds h`fas tgft tg` r`tfdl`r gfs tg` jr``mbh tb igbbs` tg` prbmuits wg`r`fs tg`

wgbl`sfl`r mb`s abt gfv` tg` jr``mbh tb igbbs` tg` prbmuits.

V. 9. (f)Sgft ds igfaa`l ibajldit2 @xplfda dts ifus`s. Mdsiuss vfrdbus h`igfadshs jbr `jj`itdv` ibajldit hfa-

fc`h`at.

Fas.Igfaa`l ibajldit ds f sdtuftdba da wgdig igfaa`l pfrta`rs gfv` tb ibhp`t` fcfdast ba` fabtg`r br tg` v`ambr's

dat`rafl sfl`s m`pfrth`at. Igfaa`l ibajldit ifa ibst f ibhpfay fam dts pfrta`rs hba`y fs pfrta`rs try tb uam`riut ba`fabtg`r. Dt ifa flsb lbw`r hbrfl` wdtgda tg` igfaa`l fam ifus` sbh` pfrta`rs tb ibasdm`r btg`r v`ambrs. ]b pr`v`at

igfaa`l ibajldit, pfrta`rs sbh`tdh`s `afit fcr``h`ats suig fs m`fl r`cdstrftdba.

Igfaa`l ibajldit hfy flsb biiur fhbac vfrdbus s`ch`ats bj ibrpbrft` m`pfrth`ats, suig fs tg` sfl`s igfaa`l. Jbr

`xfhpl`, tg` mdr`it ibatfit ibhpba`at bj tg` sfl`s m`pfrth`at hfy gfv` tb ibhp`t` wdtg btg`r sfl`s igfaa`ls, suig fs

t`l`pgba`, balda` fam hfdl ifhpfdcas.

Igfaa`l ibajldit biiurs wg`a hfaujfitur`rs (erfams) mdsdat`rh`mdft` tg`dr igfaa`l pfrta`rs, suig fs mdstrdeutbrs,

r`tfdl`rs, m`fl`rs, fam sfl`s r`pr`s`atftdv`s, ey s`lldac tg`dr prbmuits mdr`itly tb ibasuh`rs tgrbucg c`a`rfl hfrn`tdac

h`tgbms fam/br bv`r tg` Dat`ra`t.

Igfaa`l ibajldit ifa flsb biiur wg`a tg`r` gfs e``a bv`r prbmuitdba. ]gds r`sults da f surplus bj prbmuits. A`w`r

v`rsdbas bj prbmuits, igfac`s da tr`ams, dasblv`aiy bj wgbl`sfl`rs fam r`tfdl`rs fam tg` mdstrdeutdba bj mfhfc`m cbbms

flsb fjj`it igfaa`l ibajldit. Da tgds ibaa`itdba, f ibhpfay's stbin il`frfai` strft`cy ds dhpbrtfat.

]b fvbdm f igfaa`l ibajldit da f ildin-fam-hbrtfr eusda`ss, dt ds a`i`ssfry tb `asur` tgft ebtg trfmdtdbafl fam balda`

igfaa`ls fr` jully dat`crft`m. ]gds r`mui`s pbssdel` ibajusdba wdtg iustbh`rs wgdl` prbvdmdac tg` eusda`ss e`a`jdts bj f

mufl igfaa`l.

Hfaujfitur`rs tbmfy s`ll tg`dr prbmuits tgrbucg f erbfm frrfy bj igfaa`ls. Ydai` hbst hfaujfitur`rs s`ll tgrbucg

s`v`rfl igfaa`ls sdhultfa`busly, igfaa`ls sbh`tdh`s jdam tg`hs`lv`s ibhp`tdac tb r`fig tg` sfh` s`t bj iustbh`rs.

Sg`a tgds gfpp`as, igfaa`l ibajldit ds vdrtuflly cufrfat``m. Da tura, suig ibajldit flhbst davfrdfely jdams dts wfy efin tb

tg` hfaujfitur`r.

]gds ifa flsb e` t`rh`m fs f sdtuftdba wg`a f prbmui`r br suppld`r eypfss`s tg` abrhfl igfaa`l bj mdstrdeutdba fam

s`lls mdr`itly tb tg` `am us`r. Y`lldac bv`r tg` Dat`ra`t wgdl` hfdatfdadac f pgysdifl mdstrdeutdba a`twbrn ds fa `xfhpl` bj

igfaa`l ibajldit.

Da ifs`s wg`a tg` ibajldit ifa abt e` pr`v`at`m, tg`r` fr` ibhhbaly us`m h`igfadshs tb r`sblv` tg`h. Gbw iba-

jldits fr` r`sblv`m wdll gfv` f sdcadjdifat dhpfit ba tg` suii`ss br jfdlur` bj tg` [[[. ]g` ultdhft` cbfl ds tb r`sblv` fay

mdjjdiultd`s qudinly, da prdvfiy, wdtgbut mdsruptdba da s`rvdi` tb tg` `am us`r fam da f hfaa`r tgft bp`as igfaa`ls bj

ibhhuadiftdba fam r`mui`s tg` pbt`atdfl jbr mdsput`s jurtg`r ba da tg` ldj` bj tg` [[[.

]g`r` fr` hfay flt`raftdv`s jbr ibajldit r`sblutdba. M`idmdac ba tg` typ` bj mdsput` h`igfadsh tb us` m`p`ams ba f

vfrd`ty bj jfitbrs dailumdac?

tg` aftur` bj tg` mdsput`>

tg` r`lftdbasgdp e`tw``a tg` twb pfrta`rs>

tg` s`asdtdvdty bj tg` dssu`s davblv`m> fam

tg` ldn`ly butibh` fam ibst bj ldtdcftdba.

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(e)Sgft ds pueldidty2 Gbw ds dt mdjj`r`at jrbh fmv`rtdsdac2 @xplfda wdtg sudtfel` `xfhpl`s.

Fas.[ueldidty ds tg` hbv`h`at bj dajbrhftdba wdtg tg` `jj`it bj dair`fsdac pueldi fwfr`a`ss bj f sueo`it. ]g`

sueo`its bj pueldidty dailum` p`bpl` (jbr xfhpl`, pbldtdidfas fam p`rjbrhdac frtdsts), cbbms fam s`rvdi`s, brcfadzftdbas bj

fll ndams, fam wbrns bj frt br `at`rtfdah`at.

[ueldidty ds cfdadac pueldi vdsdedldty br fwfr`a`ss jbr f prbmuit, s`rvdi` br ybur ibhpfay vdf tg` h`mdf. Dt ds tg`

pueldidst tgft ifrrd`s but pueldidty, wgdl` [U ds tg` strft`cdi hfafc`h`at juaitdba tgft g`lps fa brcfadzftdba ibhhuad-

ift`, `stfeldsg fam hfdatfda ibhhuadiftdba wdtg tg` pueldi. ]gds ifa e` mba` dat`raflly, wdtgbut tg` us` bj h`mdf.

S` m`jda` pueldidty fs f aba p`rsbafl fam pfdm ibhhuadiftdba wgdig prbhbt`s dm`fs, cbbms, br s`rvdi`s, wgdig ds fa

dm`atdjd`m prbhbtbr. ]g` jdrst igfrfit`rdstdi bj pueldidty ds Ibhhuadiftdba. ]g`r`jbr`, tg`r` ds f ]rfashdtt`r, f H`ssfc`,f H`fas fam sbh` U`i`ptbrs. [ueldidty trd`s tb ibhhuadift` f h`ssfc` usdac mdjj`r`at H`fas bj Ibhhuadiftdba.

[ueldidty ds pfdm ibhhuadiftdba?Dj f a`wspfp`r sp`fns febut bur ibhpfay da fa frtdil` tgds ds abt pueldidty. Dj da

f a`wspfp`r fa frtdil` r`j`rs tb us dt ds usuflly e`ifus` bur ibhpfay gfs c`a`rft`m sbh` a`ws.

[rbhbtdac dm`fs, cbbms br s`rvdi`s?[ueldidty trd`s tb prbhbt` dm`fs, cbbms br s`rvdi`s fam tg`r`jbr` gfs tg` obe bj

tfndac i`rtfda dm`fs, cbbms fam s`rvdi`s tb tg` idtdz`as. Abrhflly, wg`a sbh`ba` tflns febut pueldidt, tg`y dhh`mdft`ly

tgdan febut tg` fmv`rtdsdac bj prbmuits.

Fmv`rtdsdac bj [rbmuits?Dt ds tru` tgft f lfrc` pfrt bj pueldidty ibai`atrft`s ba prbhbtdac prbmuits. Fmv`rtdsdac

ifrs, m`t`rc`ats br p`rjuh`s fr` cbbm `xfpl`s bj prbmuit fmv`rtdsdac.

Da tg` hbm`ra wbrlm s`rvdi`s fr` e`ibhdac hbr` fam hbr` dhpbrtfat. Efans, gbspdtfls, uadv`rsdtd`s fam lfwy`rs fll

bjj`r tg`dr s`rvdi`s tb sbid`ty. Fs f ibuatry's daibh` dair`fs`s s`rvdi`s e`ibh` hbr` dhpbrtfat.

S` mdjj`r`atdft` e`tw``a [ueldi U`lftdbas fam [ueldidty. [ueldi U`lftdbas ds f erbfm`r jd`lm tgft aibhpfss`s pueldi-

dty, eut flsb dailum`s suig tgdacs fs dav`stbr r`lftdbas, irdsds ibhhuadiftdbas, sp`idfl `v`ats fam spbasbrsgdps, fam btg`r

fitdvdtd`s m`sdca`m tb hblm bpdadba. Ba` typdifl fitdvdty r`lft`m tb [ueldi U`lftdbas ds tb hfn` sur` f ibhpfay fpp`frs da

tg` h`mdf fam tgft dt fpp`frs da f pbsdtdv` ldcgt. ]g`y s`am pr`ss r`l`fs`s fam r`l`vfat dajbrhftdba febut f ibhpfay tb

a`wspfp`rs, rfmdb stftdbas fam t`l`vdsdba igfaa`ls.

V. =. Sgft mb ybu h`fa ey hfrn`tdac r`s`frig2 Mdsiuss tg` prbi`ss bj ibamuitdac hfrn`tdac r`s`frig.

Fas.Hfrn`tdac r`s`frig ds f syst`hftdi prbi`ss. Dt jdrst ibll`its mftf (dajbrhftdba) febut tg` hfrn`tdac prbel`h.

Y`ibamly, dt r`ibrms tgds mftf. ]g`a dt faflysds (stumd`s) tgds mftf fam mrfws ibailusdbas febut dt. Fjt`r tgft, dt cdv`s

succ`stdbas (fmvdi`) jbr sblvdac tg` hfrn`tdac-prbel`h.

Yb, hfrn`tdac r`s`frig g`lps tb sblv` tg` hfrn`tdac prbel`hs qudinly, ibrr`itly fam syst`hftdiflly.

Hfrn`tdac r`s`frig ibll`its jull dajbrhftdba febut ibasuh`rs. Dt jdams but tg` a``ms fam `xp`itftdbas bj tg` ibasuh-

`rs. Yb tg` ibhpfay prbmui`s tg` cbbms fiibrmdac tb tg` a``ms fam xp`itftdbas bj tg` ibasuh`rs. Hfrn`tdac r`s`frig ds

"tg` prbi`ss br s`t bj prbi`ss`s tgft ldans tg` ibasuh`rs, iustbh`rs, fam `am us`rs tb tg` hfrn`t`r tgrbucg dajbrhftdba -dajbrhftdba us`m tb dm`atdjy fam m`jda` hfrn`tdac bppbrtuadtd`s fam prbel`hs> c`a`rft`, r`jda`, fam `vfluft` hfrn`tdac

fitdbas> hbadtbr hfrn`tdac p`rjbrhfai`> fam dhprbv` uam`rstfamdac bj hfrn`tdac fs f prbi`ss. Hfrn`tdac r`s`frig

sp`idjd`s tg` dajbrhftdba r`qudr`m tb fmmr`ss tg`s` dssu`s, m`sdcas tg` h`tgbm jbr ibll`itdac dajbrhftdba, hfafc`s fam

dhpl`h`ats tg` mftf ibll`itdba prbi`ss, faflyz`s tg` r`sults, fam ibhhuadift`s tg` jdamdacs fam tg`dr dhpldiftdbas." Dt ds

tg` syst`hftdi cftg`rdac, r`ibrmdac, fam faflysds bj qufldtftdv` fam qufatdtftdv` mftf febut dssu`s r`lftdac tb hfrn`tdac

prbmuits fam s`rvdi`s. ]g` cbfl bj hfrn`tdac r`s`frig ds tb dm`atdjy fam fss`ss gbw igfacdac `l`h`ats bj tg` hfrn`tdac

hdx dhpfits iustbh`r e`gfvdbr. ]g` t`rh ds ibhhbaly dat`rigfac`m wdtg hfrn`t r`s`frig> gbw`v`r, xp`rt prfitdtdba`rs

hfy wdsg tb mrfw f mdstdaitdba, da tgft hfrn`t r`s`frig ds ibai`ra`m sp`idjdiflly wdtg hfrn`ts, wgdl` hfrn`tdac r`s`frig

ds ibai`ra`m sp`idjdiflly febut hfrn`tdac prbi`ss`s.

]g` hfrn`t r`s`frig prbi`ss davblv`s f rbuam bj s`pfrft` stfc`s bj mftf dat`rpr`tftdba, brcfadzftdba fam ibll`itdba.

]g`s` stfc`s ibulm e` ibasdm`r`m fs f e`aighfrn bj hfrn`t r`s`frig, eut dt m`p`ams ba fa brcfadzftdba gbw tg`y gfv`

`aifpsulft`m tg`dr strft`cd`s tb jbllbw tgds prbi`ss. G`ai` sbh` bj tg` dat`rldan`m stfc`s ibulm e` ibamuit`m r`p`ft`mlyfam sbh` bj tg` stfc`s ifa flsb e` bhdtt`m. Cdv`a e`lbw ds f typdifl hfrn`t r`s`frig prbi`ss wgdig ds m`pdit`m stfc`-

wds`?

6. M`jdadac tg` [rbel`h br A``m?]g` stfrtdac pgfs` ds flwfys dm`atdjydac tg` r`fsba br prbel`h jbr wgdig r`s`frig

ds tb e` ibamuit`m. ]gds dailum`s ibll`itdac bj r`l`vfat dadtdfl dajbrhftdba fam gbw tgds dajbrhftdba wdll fjj`it m`idsdba

hfndac prbi`ss. Dt flsb dailum`s m`jdadac prbel`hs fjt`r mdsiussdac wdtg m`idsdba hfn`rs bj tg` brcfadzftdba. Bai` tg`

prbel`h ds m`jda`m pr`ids`ly fam tg` a``m bj r`s`frig ds mdsiuss`m, tg` jurtg`r prbi`ss ibulm e` ibamuit`m da fa `jjdid`at

hfaa`r.

5. [dindac but tg` fpprbprdft` h`tgbmblbcy?F sp`idjdi h`tgbmblbcy ds `atfdl`m ey tg` r`s`frig prbj`ssdbafl fjt`r

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dm`atdjydac tg` sp`idjdi a``ms fam `xplbrdac tg` ifs` stumd`s. Dt hfy dailum` f ibhedaftdba bj sp`idjdi fpprbfig`s ldn`

t`l`pgba` surv`y, w`e br `hfdl surv`y, ba`-tb-ba` dat`rvd`ws, s`ibamfry r`s`frig `ti.

9. Mftf Ibll`itdba [rbi`ss?]gds prbi`ss dailum`s jd`lm wbrn fam m`sn wbrn jbr ibll`itdac fll r`l`vfat mftf fam

dajbrhftdba. Jd`lm wbrn dailum`s dat`rvd`wdac tg` p`rsbafls ey dat`rfitdac tg`h jfi` tb jfi` ey vdsdtdac tg`h da gbh` br

bjjdi`s br frrfacdac crbup h``tdacs ft fay pr`j`rr`m plfi`. M`sn wbrn dailum`s ibatfitdac p`rsbafls bv`r t`l`pgba` br

vdf s`rd`s bj hfdls fam w`e h``tdacs. ]gds ibulm tfn` ibhpfrftdv`ly hbr` tdh` fs ibhpfr`m tb tg` jd`lm wbrn. Davblvdac

`xp`rd`ai`m fam trfda`m `x`iutdv` jbr tgds g`lps da r`muidac mftf ibll`itdba `rrbrs.

=. M`t`rhdadac wgb wdll mb tg` r`s`frig? Bai` tg` dadtdfl stfc` bj m`jdadac tg` prbel`h fam tg` a``m bj r`s`frig ds

mba`, dt ds dhpbrtfat tb m`t`rhda` wgb wdll mb tg` r`s`frig fam wgft wdll e` tg` fpprbfig`s tb r`sblv` tg`s` prbel`hs.]gds davblv`s ir`ftdac f prbel`h sblvdac jrfh`wbrn fam faflytdifl hbm`ls fjt`r mdsiussdac wdtg brcfadzftdba `xp`rts. Da

tgds sfhpl` ifs` stumd`s fr` ir`ft`m fiibrmdac tb tg` m`jda`m jrfh`wbrn ey `ajbridac tg` r`l`vfat dajbrhftdba fam s`i-

bamfry mftf.

V. 0. Srdt` sgbrt abt`s ba tg` jbllbwdac?

(f)]btfl syst`hs fpprbfig bj hfrn`tdac lbcdstdis

Fas.]g` t`rh "tbtfl syst`hs fpprbfig" dhpld`s tgft fll bj tg` pfrts bj f pfrtdiulfr syst`h fr` syatg`sdz`m tb ibll`i-

tdv`ly figd`v` tg` ultdhft` cbfl jbr tgft syst`h. F tbtfl syst`hs fpprbfig jbr crbwdac ds dm`atdjd`m fs f tbtfl crbwdac

syst`hs fpprbfig. F tbtfl crbwdac syst`hs fpprbfig ds (sgbulm e`) pfrt bj f gdcg`r tbtfl syst`hs fpprbfig wdtg f gdcg`r

ultdhft` beo`itdv`. F tbtfl crbwdac syst`hs fpprbfig, jbr `xfhpl`, wbulm e` uam`r f tbtfl qufldty syst`hs fpprbfig

wgdig wbulm e` uam`r f tbtfl autrdtdbafl (jbr guhfas & fadhfls) syst`hs fpprbfig wgdig wbulm e` uam`r f tbtfl g`fltg

syst`hs fpprbfig wgdig wbulm e` uam`r f tbtfl eusda`ss syst`hs fpprbfig fam sb ba. @v`atuflly, fll syst`hs fpprbfig`s

fr` uam`r f tbtfl ldj` syst`hs fpprbfig wgdig tg` ultdhft` cbfl ds f p`rsba's br ibhpfay's stfamfrms jbr rdcgt/wrbac fam

cbbm/`vdl. @fig p`rsba `dtg`r pfssdv`ly (but bj dcabrfai` br ey m`jfult) br fccr`ssdv`ly (m`stday da ldj`) m`v`lbps f tbtfl

syst`hs fpprbfig wdtg fa ultdhft` beo`itdv` jbr ldvdac. ]gds ds wgy fll lbw`r tbtfl syst`h fpprbfig`s ultdhft`ly, iba-

sidbusly br uaibasidbusly, r`jl`it tg` e`ld`js, m`stday, fam ultdhft` stfamfrms wgdig hbtdvft` fll tgdandac fam fitdbas da

ldj`. Lbcdstdis ds ibai`ra`m wdtg tg` stbrfc` fam trfaspbrtftdba bj cbbms fam dajbrhftdba jrbh tg` plfi` bj brdcda tb tg`

plfi` bj ibasuhptdba. Dt ds erbfmly mdvdm`m datb twb ift`cbrd`s afh`ly pgysdifl supply fam pgysdifl mdstrdeutdba. [gysdifl

supply m`fls wdtg tg` trfaspbrtftdba bj tg` cbbms jrbh tg` suppld`r tb tg` hfaujfitur`r fam tg` stbrfc` bj rfw hft`rdfl

us`m jbr wbrn da prbcr`ss. [gysdifl mdstrdeutdba ds ibai`ra`m wdtg trfaspbrtftdba fam stbrfc` bj tg` jdadsg`m cbbms jrbh

tg` hfaujfitur`r tb tg` iustbh`r. Ibst ds fa dhpbrtfat fsp`it da tg` lbcdstdis juaitdba. @v`ry sue-juaitdba bj lbcdstdis ds

fssbidft`m wdtg sbh` ibst fam tg` lbcdstdis juaitdba fs f wgbl` prbv`s tb e` `jj`itdv` baly wg`a dts tbtfl ibst ds hdad-

hdz`m. ]gds ds tg` ibai`pt e`gdam tg` fppldiftdba bj tg` tbtfl ibst fpprbfig tb lbcdstdis. Iustbh`r s`rvdi` plfys fa

dhpbrtfat rbl` da tg` bv`rfll juljdllh`at bj tg` lbcdstdis juaitdba. @l`h`ats bj iustbh`r s`rvdi` da lbcdstdis dailum` l`fmtdh`, dav`atbry fvfdlfedldty, brm`r jdll rft`, fam brm`r stftus dajbrhftdba.

Fabtg`r sue-juaitdba, wfr`gbusdac, ds ibai`ra`m wdtg tg` jj`itdv` stbrfc` fam prbt`itdba bj cbbms. Sfr`gbus`s fr`

mdvdm`m datb pueldi wfr`gbus`s fam prdvft` wfr`gbus`s. [ueldi wfr`gbus`s ifrry cbbms bj hbr` tgfa ba` suppld`r wg`r`fs

prdvft` wfr`gbus`s fr` m`mdift`m tb baly ba` suppld`r. @v`ry hfaujfitur`r fdhs ft bptdhdzdac fam da hfay ifs`s, hdad-

hdzdac tg` dav`atbry gblmdac l`v`l. @ibabhdi Brm`r Vufatdty (@BV) ds us`m tb dm`atdjy fam ifrry bptdhuh dav`atbry

l`v`ls. Dav`atbry ifa e` hdadhdz`m ey fpplydac tg` oust-da-tdh` t`igadqu` tb hfdatfda v`ry tgda dav`atbry l`v`ls. @jj`i-

tdv` lbcdstdis hfafc`h`at fdhs ft hdadhdzdac tg` brm`r prbi`ssdac tdh` fam m`ldv`rdac tg` cbbms tb tg` iustbh`r ft fa

`frly mft` fam tg`r`ey sftdsjydac tg` iustbh`rs.

(e)Erfamdac Ytrft`cd`s

Fas.F erfamdac strft`cy ds f plfa m`vds`m da fmvfai` wdtg tg` dat`at tb dair`fs` f ibhpfay's erfam vdsdedldty da tg`

ibasuh`r hfrn`t plfi`. Bjt`a, sp`idflly da tg` damustrdfl s`itbr, dt ds oust tg` ibhpfay's afh` wgdig ds prbhbt`m (l`fmdac

tb ba` bj tg` hbst pbw`rjul stft`h`ats bj erfamdac? sfydac oust e`jbr` tg` ibhpfay's mbwacrfmdac. ]gds fpprbfig gfs abtwbrn`m fs w`ll jbr C`a`rfl Hbtbrs, wgdig r`i`atly bv`rgful`m gbw dts ibrpbrft` erfam r`lft`s tb tg` prbmuit erfams.

@xfitly gbw tg` ibhpfay afh` r`lft`s tb prbmuit fam s`rvdi`s afh`s ds nabwa fs erfam frigdt`itur`. M`idsdbas febut

ibhpfay afh`s fam prbmuit afh`s fam tg`dr r`lftdbasgdp m`p`ams ba hbr` tgfa f mbz`a strft`cdi ibasdm`rftdbas.

Da tgds ifs` f strbac erfam afh` (br ibhpfay afh`) ds hfm` tg` v`gdil` jbr f rfac` bj prbmuits (jbr `xfhpl`,

H`ri`m`s-E`az br Elfin & M`in`r) br f rfac` bj suesdmdfry erfams (suig fs Ifmeury Mfdry Hdln, Ifmeury Jlfn` br

Ifmeury Jdac`rs da tg` PN).

Ey mbdac tgds f ibhpfay dair`fs`s dt's erfam qudty fam ibasuh`r trust. Ytrft`cd`s hfy dailum` dat`crftdac erfam datb

l`tt`rg`fm, `av`lbp`s, fmv`rtds`h`ats, fam prbhbtdbafl dt`hs. F erfamdac strft`cy g`lps `stfeldsg f prbmuit wdtgda tg`

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hfrn`t fam tb eudlm f erfam tgft wdll crbw fam hftur` da f sfturft`m hfrn`tplfi`. Hfndac shfrt erfamdac m`idsdbas up

jrbat ds iruidfl sdai` f ibhpfay hfy gfv` tb ldv` wdtg tg` m`idsdba jbr f lbac tdh`.

N`y [bdats?

Fttdtum` erfamdac ds tg` igbdi` tb r`pr`s`at f lfrc`r j``ldac, wgdig ds abt a`i`ssfrdly ibaa`it`m wdtg tg` prbmuit

br ibasuhptdba bj tg` prbmuit ft fll.

Dibadi erfams fr` m`jda`m fs gfvdac fsp`its tgft ibatrdeut` tb tg` ibasuh`r's s`lj-`xpr`ssdba fam p`rsbafl dm`a-

tdty.

Da "ab erfam" erfamdac, tg` prbmuit ds hfm` ibaspdiubus tgrbucg tg` fes`ai` bj f erfam afh`.

Da m`rdv`m erfamdac, sbh` suppld`rs bj n`y ibhpba`ats hfy wdsg tb cufrfat`` dts bwa pbsdtdba ey prbhbtdactgft ibhpba`at fs f erfam da dts bwa rdcgt.

(i)Beo`itdv`s bj prdidac

Fas.[rdidac beo`itdv`s br cbfls cdv` mdr`itdba tb tg` wgbl` prdidac prbi`ss. M`t`rhdadac wgft ybur beo`itdv`s fr` ds

tg` jdrst st`p da prdidac. Sg`a m`idmdac ba prdidac beo`itdv`s ybu hust ibasdm`r? 6) tg` bv`rfll jdafaidfl, hfrn`tdac, fam

strft`cdi beo`itdv`s bj tg` ibhpfay> 5) tg` beo`itdv`s bj ybur prbmuit br erfam> 9) ibasuh`r prdi` `lfstdidty fam prdi`

pbdats> fam =) tg` r`sburi`s ybu gfv` fvfdlfel`.

Ybh` bj tg` hbr` ibhhba prdidac beo`itdv`s fr`?

hfxdhdz` lbac-rua prbjdt

hfxdhdz` sgbrt-rua prbjdt

dair`fs` sfl`s vbluh` (qufatdty)

dair`fs` hba`tfry sfl`s

dair`fs` hfrn`t sgfr`

betfda f tfrc`t rft` bj r`tura ba dav`sth`at (UBD)

betfda f tfrc`t rft` bj r`tura ba sfl`s

stfedldz` hfrn`t br stfedldz` hfrn`t prdi`? fa beo`itdv` tb stfedldz` prdi` h`fas tgft tg` hfrn`tdac hfafc`r

ftt`hpts tb n``p prdi`s stfel` da tg` hfrn`tplfi` fam tb ibhp`t` ba aba-prdi` ibasdm`rftdbas. Ytfedldzftdba bj

hfrcda ds efsdiflly f ibst-plus fpprbfig da wgdig tg` hfafc`r ftt`hpts tb hfdatfda tg` sfh` hfrcda r`cfrml`ss

bj igfac`s da ibst.

ibhpfay crbwtg

hfdatfda prdi` l`fm`rsgdp

m`s`asdtdz` iustbh`rs tb prdi`

mdsiburfc` a`w `atrfats datb tg` damustry

(m)U`pbsdtdbadacFas.U`pbsdtdbadac r`j`rs tb Igfacdac f erfam's stftus da ibhpfrdsba tb tgft bj tg` ibhp`tdac erfams. U`pbsdtdbadac

ds `jj`it`m usuflly tgrbucg igfacdac tg` hfrn`tdac hdx da r`spbas` tb igfac`s da tg` hfrn`t plfi`, br mu` tb f jfdlur` tb

r`fig tg` erfam's hfrn`tdac beo`itdv`s.

Dt ds tg` hfobr igfac` da pbsdtdbadac jbr tg` erfam/prbmuit. ]b suii`ssjully r`pbsdtdba f prbmuit, tg` jdrh gfs tb

igfac` tg` tfrc`t hfrn`t's uam`rstfamdac bj tg` prbmuit. ]gds ds sbh`tdh`s f igfll`ac`, pfrtdiulfrly jbr w`ll-`stfeldsg`m

br strbacly erfam`m prbmuits. Jdrhs hfy ibasdm`r r`pbsdtdbadac f prbmuit mu` tb m`ildadac p`rjbrhfai` br mu` tb hfobr

sgdjts da tg` `avdrbah`at. Hfay jdrhs igbbs` tb lfuaig f a`w prbmuit (br erfam) dast`fm bj r`pbsdtdbadac e`ifus` bj tg`

`jjbrt fam ibst r`qudr`m tb suii`ssjully dhpl`h`at tg` igfac`. U`pbsdtdbadac davblv`s igfacdac tg` dm`atdty bj f prbmuit

r`lftdv` tb ibhp`tdac prbmuits.

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