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Chapter 3 Mesopotamia and the FertileCrescent

Section NotesGeography of the Fertile CrescentThe Rise of SumerSumerian AchievementsLater Peoples of the Fertile

Crescent

VideoMesopotamian Achievements

History Close-upThe City-State of Ur

ImagesDevelopment of WritingSumerian AchievementsGilgamesh Statue

Quick FactsHammurabis CodeChapter 3 Visual Summary

Maps

The Fertile CrescentRiver Valley CivilizationsSargons Empire, c. 2330 BCBabylonian and Assyrian EmpiresPhoeniciaMesopotamia and the Fertile

CrescentAssessment Map


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Geography of the Fertile Crescent

The Big Idea

The valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers were the site ofthe worlds first civilizations.

Main Ideas

The rivers of Southwest Asia supported the growth ofcivilizations.

New farming techniques led to the growth of cities.

6.2.16.2.2


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Main Idea 1:The rivers of Southwest Asia

supported the growth of civilizations.

The Tigris and Euphrates rivers are the most importantphysical features of the region known as Mesopotamia.

Farm settlements in Mesopotamia eventually developedinto civilizations.


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Land Between Two Rivers

Mesopotamia means between the rivers in Greek.

Mesopotamia is part of a larger area of rich farmlandcalled the Fertile Crescent.

Mesopotamia was divided into two regions in ancient

times: northern and southern Mesopotamia.


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Rise of Civilizations

Annual floods on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers broughtsilt that made the land ideal for farming.

Silt is a mixture of rich soil and tiny rocks.

Plentiful food led to population growth and the formation

of villages. Villages later developed into the worlds first civilizations.


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Main Idea 2:New farming techniques led to the growth of

cities.

Farmers used irrigation and canals as a way to controlriver flow.

Increased amounts of food led to surpluses, which meantthat fewer people needed to farm.

As a result, new occupations developed.


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Controlling Water

The water levels of the Tigris and Euphrates would rise orfall, depending on the amount of rainfall. Irrigation andcanals helped solve flooding and drought problems.

Irrigation

Canals

A way of supplying water to an area of land

Human-made waterways

Farmers also built up the banks of the rivers to hold backthe floodwaters.


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Food Surpluses and Effects

Irrigation increased the amount of food farmers produced.

This created a food surplus, or more food than theyneeded.

Fewer people needed to farm, so they took on other roles

and jobs. When workers specialize in a particular task, a division of

labor is created.

Large projects were undertaken, which led to the need forstructure and rules.

Settlements grew in size, creating cities between 4000and 3000 B.C.


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The Rise of Sumer

The Big Idea

The Sumerians developed the first civilization inMesopotamia.

Main Ideas

The Sumerians created the worlds first advanced society.

Religion played a major role in Sumerian society.

6.2.3


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Main Idea 1:The Sumerians created the worlds first

advanced society.

Created basic political units called city-states

Had strong armies

Built walled cities for protection


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City-States

Consisted of a city and all the countryside surrounding it

The amount of countryside in each city-state depended onits military strength.

Fought each other to gain more farmland

Gained and lost power over time


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Sargon

Akkadian ruler who had the first permanent army

When his army conquered northern Mesopotamia, heestablished the worlds first empire.

Empire: land with different territories and peoples undera single rule

Sargon ruled for 50 years. After his death, his empire lastedonly a century longer.

Defeated all the city-states of Sumer


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Main Idea 2:Religion played a major role in Sumerian

society.

Sumerian polytheism was the basis for all Sumeriansociety.

Polytheism is the worship of many gods. Gods had enormous powers.

Priests had great statues built in Sumer.

Priests were people who performed religiousceremonies.


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Sumerian Social Order

Social hierarchy: the division of society by rank or class

Kings were at the top of the order because they claimed tobe chosen to rule by the gods.

Social order

Kings

Priests

Skilled craftspeople, merchants, and traders

Large working class of farmers and laborers

Slaves


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Men and Women in Sumer

Men generally held the political power and made laws.

Women generally took care of the home and children.

Education was generally reserved for men, but someupper class women were educated.

Some women were priestesses in Sumerian temples.

Enheduanna, a priestess who wrote hymns, is the firstknown female writer in history.


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Sumerian Achievements

The Big Idea

The Sumerians made many advances that helped theirsociety develop.

Main Ideas

The Sumerians invented the worlds first writing system.

Advances and inventions changed Sumerian lives.

Many types of art developed in Sumer.

6.2.9


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Main Idea 1:The Sumerians invented the worlds first

writing system.

The cuneiform system involved the use of sharp toolscalled styluses.

The Sumerians first used cuneiform to keep businessrecords.

The Sumerians also used their writing skills to write booksabout history, poems, and math.


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Cuneiform

Worlds firstsystem of writing

Cuneiform

symbols couldrepresentsyllables. Earlierpictographs hadrepresented onlyobjects.

The Sumerianswrote on claytablets with astylus.

Scribes

Writers

Kept track ofitems people

traded andwrote downgovernmentrecords

Scribes couldmove up in

social class.

Invention of Writing

Other Uses

Wrote works ofliterature, stories,proverbs, andsongs

Wrote poemsabout the godsand militaryvictories.

Created epics,

long poems thattell the stories ofheroes.


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Main Idea 2:Advances and inventions changed

Sumerian lives.

Development of the wheel

Used for carts and wagons

Potters wheel

The plow increased farm production.

Sewers under city streets

Math and science

Number system based on 60

Names of animals, plants, and minerals

Used medicines for healing and catalogued medicalknowledge


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Later Peoples of the Fertile Crescent

The Big Idea

After the Sumerians, many culturesruled parts of the Fertile Crescent.

Main Ideas The Babylonians conquered Mesopotamia and created a

code of law.

Invasions of Mesopotamia changed the regions culture.

The Phoenicians built a trading society in the easternMediterranean region.

6.2.4


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Main Idea 1:The Babylonians conquered Mesopotamia and

created a code of law.

Hammurabi was Babylons king.

During his rule, Babylon became the most important city

in Mesopotamia.

Hammurabis Code was a set of 282 laws he created thatdealt with almost every part of daily life.


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Babylons king andthe citys greatestmonarch, or rulerof a kingdom orempire

Brilliant war leaderwho brought all ofMesopotamia intohis BabylonianEmpire

Hammurabi

Oversaw buildingand irrigationprojects andimproved the taxsystem

Developed a setof laws that waswritten down forall to see


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Hammurabis Code

Hammurabi wrote down 282 laws which contained someideas still found in laws today.

Specific crimes brought specific penalties.

Social class was taken into account. It was a greater crime

to injure a rich man than a poor one.

It was unique not only because of how thorough it was,but also because he wrote it down for all to see.


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Main Idea 2:Invasions of Mesopotamia changed the

regions culture.

Armies battled for control of fertile land.

Different peoples ruled Mesopotamia.

Hittites Kassites

Assyrians

Chaldeans

Each group affected the culture of the region.


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The Hittites & Kassites

The Hittites were the first to master ironworking, so they madethe strongest weapons of the time.

They used the chariot, a wheeled, horse-drawn cart, whichallowed them to move quickly around the battlefield.

They were taken over by the Kassites after their king wasassassinated.

The Kassites ruled for almost 400 years.


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The Assyrians

The Assyrians had a strong army that used chariots andiron weapons.

They spread terror before battles by looting villages andburning crops.

Assyrian kings ruled their empire through local leaderswho each governed a small area.

The local leaders demanded heavy taxes.


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The Chaldeans

The Chaldeans attacked the Assyrians when they wereweak and destroyed their empire.

Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt Babylon into a beautiful city thathad the famous Hanging Gardens.

They admired the Sumerian culture, studied theirlanguage, and built temples to Sumerian gods.

Babylon became a center for astronomy.


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Resources

Prized Cedartrees for timber

Accessed the seafor trade

Built greatharbors

Main Idea 3:The Phoenicians built a trading society in the

eastern Mediterranean region.

Alphabet

Recorded theiractivities

Made writingmuch easier foreveryone

Is the basis forthe Englishlanguage

Expansion ofTrade

Sailed shipsaround theMediterraneanSea

Founded severalnew colonies

along the traderoutes

Became wealthy

Expansion ofTrade


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