Microfinanças - Estudo de caso AMODER

5/9/2018 Microfinan as - Estudo de caso AMODER - slidepdf.com

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Kietab`bîù\k lu}|ma ml eùa8

@kamlt lk Kaî`kdip|l





aioau8 Kieta+Cib`bîù lk Kaî`kdip|l ! K`tîa 4::3 0

KIETACIB@BÎ@U― \k lu}|ma ml eùa8 @kamlt lk Kaî`kdip|l

Lu}l }t`d`gfa tlztlulb}` `zlbù a zab}a ml siu}` mau ul|u `|}atlu

l båa zaml' lk p|`gp|lt eite|bu}äbei`' ult eabuimlt`ma ` zauiîåa a ei`g

a| |k eakztakiuua catk`g zat z`t}l m` Eakiuuåa L|tazéi`"




Ëbmiel

0" Kietacib`bîù ! Kietaetémi}a eaka lu}t`}éni` b` g|}` eab}t` ` Zadtlx` l ` Lveg|+uåa Uaei`g lk Kaî`kdip|l

0"0" Atinlk m` Kietacib`bî` l ma Kietaetémi}a0"4" Kietacib`bîù lk Kaî`kdip|l0"5" Lbp|`mt`klb}a gln`g m` Kietacib`bîù l ma Kietaetémi}a lk Kaî`kdip|l0"=" Ikzè}a ma Kietaetémi}a lk Kaî`kdip|l

4" @KAMLT ― @uuaei`îåa Kaî`kdie`b` z`t` a Mlulbsagsiklb}a T|t`g4"0" Ib}tam|îåa4"4" Ui}|`îåa ma Mlulbsagsiklb}a F|k`ba l Leabõkiea m` Ztasëbei` ml Biùu`4"5" Lu}t|}|t` Atn`bixèiab`g m` @KAMLT

4"5"0" Kiuuåa l Adhle}isau m` @KAMLT4"5"4" ]izau ml è}isim`mlu ml etémi}a mlulbsagsimù zlg` @KAMLT4"5"5" Cè}atlu p|l ibcg|lbei`t`k bù è}isim`mlu ml atn`bix`îåa lb}tl au `bau

4::5 l 4::=4"=" Ui}|`îåa m` E`t}lit` m` @KAMLT lk 4::5 l 4::=

5" Eabeg|uåa=" Tlcltèbeiù Didgiantàcieù




0" Kietacib`bîù ! Kietaetémi}a eaka Lu}t`}éni` b` g|}` eab}t` ̀ Zadtlx` l Lveg|+uåa Uaei`g lk Kaî`kdip|l

0"0 Atinlk m` Kietacib`bî` l Kietaetémi}a

Lviu}l |k` uétil ml è}isim`mlu eak |k` gõnie` ml c|beiab`klb}a ulklgf`b}l à

kietaetémi}a' lkdat` }lbf`k ` slt eak a|}ta }iza ml ultsiîau cib`belitau' zlt}lbelbma'

ùuik' ê luclt` kietacib`bî`' }`g eaka a kietaetémi}a" Ib}ltluu`' ùuik' lueg`tlelt au eab+

eli}au ml kietaetémi}a l ml kietacib`bî`' ml kama ` lsi}`t ` eabc|uåa lb}tl au eabeli+

}au"

Zat kietacib`bîù lb}lbml+ul eaka ` eabeluuåa ml |k eabh|b}a ml ultsiîau cib`belitau

ml zlp|lb` lue`g` ` c`këgiù zadtlu p|l zamlk ùu|kit ` catk` ml zlp|lbù za|z`bîù'

etémi}au' uln|tau' }t`bucltèbeiù l ml e`zi}`g ml tiuea" A kietacib`bî`' b|k ulb}ima g`}a'

ztluu|zül ` `}tid|iîåa ml ultsiîau eaka8 ` eabeluuåa ml kietaetémi}a a| ml zlp|lbau

lkztéu}ikau &zamlbma ult kluka ml }`v` xlta a| eak dìvù }`vù ml h|ta)? ` eabu}i+

}|iîåa mù tlg`îülu ibcatkìu lb}tl etlmatlu l ibslu}imatlu? ` eabeluuåa ml n`t`b}iù &ml

nt|za a| ml za|z`bî` adtin`}õti`)? ` ztakaîåa ml zlp|lbù za|z`bîù eak }`vù ml

h|ta `}tè}isù? ` eabu}i}|iîåa ml kieta uln|tau' eaka kle`biuka ml u`gs`n|`tm` z`t`

ù c`këgiù kìu zadtlu? ` eabeluuåa ml cib`bei`klb}au ml catî` ml }t`d`gfa a| lk

nébltau ` ibiei`}isù ztam|}isù? lb}tl l a|}tù"

L zat kietaetémi}a ' lb}lbml+ul lveg|uis`klb}l ` eabeluuåa ml lkztéu}ikau' ml zlp|lba

kab}`b}l' p|l ul mlu}ib`k ` ztakaîåa ma `|klb}a ml tlbmiklb}au' ê eti`îåa ml lkztlna l

à `gësia m` zadtlx` mau ul|u dlblcieiàtiau' dlk eaka a cib`bei`klb}a ma `tt`bp|l a| m`

lvz`buåa ml kietalkztluù a| uikzgluklb}l ml zlp|lbù è}isim`ml ml nlt`matù ml tlb+

miklb}a" @zlu`t ml kietaetémi}a båa eti`t iklmi`}`klb}l |k za}lbei`g leabõkiea' lu}l

é |k klia z`t` `}ibnit' zaiu au ultsiîau ml etémi}a ztazateiab`k+gflu ` |}igix`îåa ml

e`zi}`g `b}leiz`ma z`t` a eabu|ka a| z`t` ibslu}iklb}a lk è}isim`mlu ztam|}isù'

ikzlgibma au dlblcieiàtiau ` |}igix`t a ul| za}lbei`g f|k`ba lk è}isim`mlu kìu g|et`}i+

sù' p|l ztakaslk nlt`îåa ml tlbmiklb}au"

A eabeli}a ml Kietaetémi}a bùel| ba D`bng`mluf' bau cibìu mau `bau >:' eak a Ztaclu+

uat ml Leabaki` T|t`g' K|f`kk`m Y|b|u l a Nt`kllb D`bo &Ëbmi`)' ‗A D`bea mù

imliù‛ p|l }ibf` eaka ztlkiuu` dàuie`' ` eti`îåa ml |k uiu}lk` d`beàtia dùl`ma ba



aioau8 Kieta+Cib`bîù lk Kaî`kdip|l ! K`tîa 4::3 =

k|}|`giuka' b` eabci`bî`' z`t}ieiz`îåa l eti`}isim`ml' eabelmlbma lkztéu}ikau ml dì+

va s`gat ` zlp|lbau lkztllbmlmatlu ibcatkìu l kieta+lkztluù ulk èluua à uiu}l+

k` ml etémi}a }t`mieiab`g' ztibeiz`gklb}l' zat båa acltleltlk n`t`b}iù tlìu"

A Kietaetémi}a' k|i}ù slxlu l |}igix`ma z`t` mluinb`t ibu}t|klb}au misltuau eaka aetémi}a `ntëeag` a| t|t`g' a etémi}a eaazlt`}isa' a etémi}a à eabu|ka' etémi}a l lkztéu+

}ikau ùuaei`}isau a| k|}|`giu}ù"

Uln|bma K|f`kk`m Y|b|u l a Nt`kllb D`bo' lviu}lk s`tiù egùuicie`îülu l e`}lna+

tiù ml Kieta+Etémi}a' e|hù e`tè}ltëu}ieù uåa8

․ Ztakaslt a etémi}a eaka |k mitli}a ma Faklk?․ Eabelmlt etémi}a mitinima àu zadtlu' luzlei`gklb}l k|gfltlu' }lbma zat kiuuåa

`h|m`t ù c`këgiù zadtlu ` |g}t`zùu`t a giki`t m` zadtlx`?․ Dùl`t+ul b` eabci`bî` l båa lk n`t`b}iù tlìu a| eab}t`}au h|miei`gklb}l èeiabà+

sliu?․ Etémi}au eabelmimau z`t` ` eti`îåa ml `|}a+lkztlna `}t`séu ml è}isim`mlu nlt`ma+

tù ml tlbmiklb}au' dlk eaka ê f`di}`îåa z`t` au zadtlu' zat azauiîåa à etémi}aà eabu|ka?

․ Mlu`ci`t au d`beau eabslbeiabìu p|l tlhli}`k au zadtlu zat båa au eabuimlt`t min+bau ml |k etémi}a' a Nt`kllb tlhli}` ` u|` kl}amagani` l etia| ` u|` ztõzti` kl}a+magani`?

․ Ztasimlbei`t ultsiîau à makieëgia dùl`ma ba ztibeëzia ml p|l a d`bea mlsl it àlbeab}ta mau ibmisëm|au?

․ Z`t` ad}lt |k lkztéu}ika' a }ak`mat }lk ml ib}lnt`t |k nt|za ml dlblcieiàtiau?․ ]amau au lkztéu}ikau zamlk ult eabelmimau u|eluuis`klb}l" \k basa lkztéu}i+ka é eabelmima p|`bma a `b}ltiat é tllkdaguàslg?

․ Nlt`gklb}l' lu}lu lkztéu}ikau uåa eabelmimau zat atn`bix`îülu ulk cibu g|et`}isau"

Au d`beau fahl lk mi`' hà eaklî`k ` `mki}it p|l a kietaetémi}a é siàslg' mluml p|l

ù e`zèim`mlu m` zluua` lk e`|u` ulh`k èik` m` kémi`' }lbf` |k lvelglb}l zta+

hle}a ml blnõeia l |k lcie`x èakz`bf`klb}a m|t`b}l au ztiklitau zltëamau ma

blnõeia' zamlbma ` e|t}a zt`xa }lt u|eluua l nlt`t tlbmiklb}au p|l zltki}`k z`n`t

au lkztéu}ikau eab}t`ëmau" A Kietaetémi}a mlsl ult lbe`t`ma eaka ibu}t|klb}a l clt+

t`klb}` ma eakd`}l ê lveg|uåa uaei`g l eaka cè}at ikz|guiab`mat ml mlulbsagsi+

klb}a"

A Kietaetémi}a é z`t}ie|g`tklb}l mlu}ib`ma ` p|lk båa zauu|i n`t`b}iù p|l zauu`k

ultsit ml eag`}lt`g à lkztéu}ika lbsagsima" E`dl ê Uaeilm`ml eisig' D`beau' Nasltbau

l Atn`bix`îülu Båa Nasltb`klb}ìu klb}`gix`tlk+ +ul ml p|l |k ztahle}a ml Kieta+

etémi}a båa é |k` ibiei`}is` ml uagim`tilm`ml' kù uik |k ztahle}a p|l `zau}` ba



aioau8 Kieta+Cib`bîù lk Kaî`kdip|l ! K`tîa 4::3 <

luzëti}a lkztllbmlmat l ml ibas`îåa mù zluuaù leabakie`klb}l lveg|ëmù ba

äkdi}a ml |k` lu}t`}éni` ml tluzabu`digim`ml uaei`g"

S`b}`nlbu ma Kietaetémi}a

UAEI@G ZAGI]IE@U LKZTLLBMLMAT@U Ztakasl ` ibiei`}is` eakltei`g Eti` basù lkztluù Ztakasl ` klb}`gim`ml m` sltm`ml'eakztakiuua l tluzabu`digim`ml Eti` basau Blnõeiau

Ztakasl ` mikib|iîåa m` }`v` mlmlulkztlna l lveg|uåa uaei`g Eti` basau lkztlnau Ztakasl |k` da` ik`nlk mau d`beau Eti` ` u|u}lb}`digim`ml l ztauzlti+

m`ml mù zaz|g`îülu mluc`satleimù Ztakasl ` catk`îåa p|`gicie`b}l maudlblcieiàtiau Eti` ` ztam|}isim`ml' ibas`îåa bau

tluzle}isau ule}at ` ibslu}it Ztakasl lu}t`}éniù l klmimù `g}ltb`+}isù z`t` ù zluuaù mlulkztln`mù'ibè}isù l tlcatk`mù

Eti` ` eakzl}i}isim`ml l etlueiklb+}a m` leabaki` gae`g l bèiab`g

0" 4" Kietacib`bîù lk Kaî`kdip|l

Lk Kaî`kdip|l ù kietacib`bîù lkltnit`k `p|`bma ma lu}`dlgleiklb}a tlg`}isa ma

egik` ml z`x" @zlu`t ma u|eluua mù lvzltièbeiù ma Nt`kklb D`bo &D`bng`mluf)' D`b+

ea Uag &Dagësi`) l Tòi`} b` Ibmabéui`' au lkztllbmlmatlu lk Kaî`kdip|l za|ea ètl+

mi}`s`k ba mlulbsagsiklb}a mlu}` è}isim`ml ba z`ëu" Eabulp|lb}lklb}l' p|`bma `

âtgm Tlgilc `b|beia| lk 0995 p|l iti` eaklî`t |k` azlt`îåa ml zlp|lbau d`beau bù

sigù eak ib}lbîåa ml `}ibnit a kìu zadtl mau zadtlu' au ibslu}imatlu lbe`t`t`k ` imlièak k|i}a elz}ieiuka &Ml Sgl}}lt' 099984)"

Blu}` cùl' ù kietacib`bîù lt`k |k` s`tiàslg za|ea s`gatix`m` ùuaei`m` ê }t`buiîåa

mù Atn`bix`îülu båa nasltb`klb}ìu mau ztant`kù ml lkltnèbei` z`t` ztant`kù

ml mlulbsagsiklb}a p|l }izie`klb}l `dt`bni`k |k bøklta ib}lnt`ma ml eakzablb+

}lu' }ìu eaka }tlib`klb}a z`t` blnõeiau' etémi}a &f`di}|`gklb}l u|duimi`ma)' }tlib`+

klb}a ml f`digim`mlu l lv}lbuåa `ntëeag`"

Bau `bau 9:' a IT@K &Ibu}i}|}l ml Tlefltefl m’@zgie`}iabu mèu Kl}famlu ml Méslgaz+

klb}) lu}|m` ` zauuidigim`ml ml ibiei`t |k ztant`k` u|u}lb}àslg ml kietacib`bîù lk


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elt}ù ztasëbeiù l |k ztant`k` ziga}a lbsagslbma ibu}i}|iîülu ml Kietaetémi}a ml nt|+

zau uagimàtiau cai lu}`dlgleima lk 099> lk K`z|}a" \k a| maiu `bau mlzaiu m` lvzl+

tièbei` m` âtgm Tlgilc' ` atn`bix`îåa f|k`bi}àti` E@TL eaklîa| eak |k ztant`k` ml

nt|zau uagimàtiau lkztlu}`bma mibflita êu zluuaù lk sàtiù eim`mlu ml Kaî`kdip|l"0

@ z`t}it mlu}` ézae`' ù kietacib`bîù }atb`t`k+ul tleabfleimù eaka |k` cltt`klb}`

lcieilb}l z`t` a mlulbsagsiklb}a' ù ABN½U }lu}lk|bf`t`k tlu|g}`mau ikztluuiab`b}lu'

mliv`bma &ù kietacib`bîù) ml ult za|ea s`gatix`mù l siu}ù eaka |k` s`tiàslg kibi+

k`giu}` mau ztant`kù ml mlulbsagsiklb}a' zùu`bma ` |k` lu}t`}éni` ztiati}àti` lk

Kaî`kdip|l"

Eak ` `mazîåa ma Zg`ba ml @eîåa z`t` Tlm|îåa m` Zadtlx` @duag|}` &Z@TZ@)' lk

Kaî`kdip|l }amù ù lu}t`}éniù zagë}ieù l ztant`kù nasltb`klb}ìu ztauuln|lk aadhle}isa elb}t`g ml tlm|îåa m` zadtlx` `duag|}`' `}t`séu ml lucatîau ml ztakaîåa ma

mlulbsagsiklb}a leabõkiea l uaei`g" É z`zlg ma Lu}`ma a caklb}a mù ibct`+lu}t|}|tù

f|k`bù l cëuieù l ibu}i}|eiabìu l ml ztasiuåa mau ultsiîau dàuieau p|l etilk |k

`kdilb}l c`satàslg l ibm|}at ml lvz`buåa m` ibiei`}is`' èîåa l ibslu}iklb}a ztis`mau"

Zat lu}` si`' `kzgi`k+ul ù zauuidigim`mlu ma bleluuàtia etlueiklb}a leabõkiea l ibeg|+

uisa' p|l é |k cè}at etë}iea z`t` a `|klb}a ma lkztlna l' eabulp|lb}lklb}l' z`t` a

ztantluua u|u}lb}àslg b` tlm|îåa m` zadtlx`"

Au zadtlu ztleiu`k ml cè}a ml p|ìup|lt ultsiîau cib`belitau ml lkztéu}ika a| za|+

z`bî` z`t` u|u}lt ù u|ù bleluuim`mlu' kù p|lu}ülu gin`mù à bëslg e|g}|t`g l ctèù

f`digi}`îülu gi}ltàtiù }atb`k micëeig a èluua êu ibu}i}|iîülu catkìu cib`belitù z`t` tluag+

slt u|ù bleluuim`mlu" É blu}l eab}lv}a p|l u|tnl a kietaetémi}a' eaka |k` mù catkù

a| cab}l ml uag|îåa ma ztadglk` ml c`g}` ml èluua àu ultsiîau cib`belitau z`t` ù zlu+

uaù zadtlu' `}t`séu ml zlp|lbau lkztéu}ikau eabelmimau ` lu}l nt|za"

@u kietacib`bîù båa uåa |k` uag|îåa z`t` a eakd`}l ê zadtlx`' kù uik |k` `g}ltb`+

}is` z`t` au zadtlu eab}t` ` lveg|uåa uaei`g l a èluua à mibflita' é lu}l uln|bma

ùzle}a p|l ità zat si` mù è}isim`mlu ` ultlk mlulbsagsimù' `h|m`t àu zadtlu ` ultlk

`|}a+u|cieilb}lu" A eakd`}l ê zadtlx` zùu` }`kdék zlg` e`zèim`ml mau zadtlu

zamltlk za|z`t' l ùuik zamltlk tl`gix`t kieta lkztllbmiklb}au l ibslu}iklb}au"

0 A u|eluua m` lvzltièbei` m` âtgm Tlgilc |g}t`zùua| }amù ù lvzle}`}isù kluka ù kìu zluuikiu}ù' `

atn`bix`îåa tlniu}a| }`vù ml tllkdagua l ml e|kztiklb}a mau ztaelmiklb}au b` eù` mau 0::, zatz`t}l ml ul|u dlblcieiàtiau' l ulb}i| `}é ` bleluuim`ml ml `|klb}`t a sag|kl ma etémi}a"


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aioau8 Kieta+Cib`bîù lk Kaî`kdip|l ! K`tîa 4::3 >

M`m` ` c`g}` ml za|z`bîù p|l lu}` e`k`m` }lk sibma ` k`biclu}`t' a kietaetémi}a }at+

b`+ul `g}ltb`}is` z`t` a `|klb}a ma tlbmiklb}a' ma p|`g |k` z`t}l zamltà ult z`t` a

eabu|ka l a|}t` z`t` ` za|z`bî`' p|l tlu|g}`tà lk ibslu}iklb}au lk c|}|tù è}isim`+

mlu"A eabeli}a ml Kietacib`bî` bùel lk 099<' }lbma eaka ib}ltslbilb}lu ztibeizìu ` @HK

è}|`gklb}l Uletl}`ti` m` Eaazlt`îåa Ib}ltbèiab`g &UEI) l ` Eaazlt`îåa U|ëî` z`t`

zlup|iu` mù catkù }t`mieiabìu ml etémi}a l ml za|z`bî` lk Kaî`kdip|l' }lbma

eaka kiuuåa ztikàti`' a `zaia à g`bî`klb}a ml |k ztahle}a+ziga}a ml Kieta+Etémi}a

z`t` c|}|tau kieta+lkztluàtia' }lbma eaka ule}at `gsa ` Lm|e`îåa l U`øml' eabua`b}l

au tlu|g}`mau l lcieàei` mù è}isim`mlu tl`gix`mù' zùu`ti`+ul z`t` |k` Ibu}i}|iîåa sae`+

eiab`m` à ule}at m` Kieta+Cib`bîù4

"@ 05 ml A|}|dta' é ztak|gn`ma a Mletl}a ma Eabulgfa ml Kibiu}ta b¸ <5!96 p|l `|}ati+

x` ` `dlt}|t` m` ztiklit` Ibu}i}|iîåa ml Kieta+Cib`bîù lk Kaî`kdip|l &]ef|k`)' }lb+

ma eaka e`zi}`g uaei`g ]tèu Kig Kigfülu ml Kl}ieìu l eaka èeiabiu}ù ibu}i}|eiabìu a

C|bma ml Mlulbsagsiklb}a Eak|bi}àtia &CME) l ` UEI"

@e}|`gklb}l' a Basa D`bea é ` kìat Ibu}i}|iîåa ml Kietacib`bîù ` azlt`t lk Kaî`k+

dip|l' kìu luzleicie`klb}l b` àtl` ma Kietaetémi}a5" A Basa D`bea ml}ék elte` ml

09, ma }a}`g mau egilb}lu mù Kieta+Cib`bîù l =3, ma }a}`g m` tluzle}is` e`t}lit` ml

etémi}a" Uln|lk+ul a UAETLKA l ]EF\K@ p|l eakzgl}`k ` giu}` mù ibu}i}|iîülu ml

Kietacib`bîù azlt`bma b|k` dùl eakltei`g"

Ba äkdi}a ma ztahle}a ma Elb}ta z`t` ` Ztakaîåa ml Ultsiîau Cib`belitau T|tìu cai

eabelmim` à Basa D`bea |k` cèigim`ml ml |k c|bma ml etémi}a ba s`gat ml maiu

Kigfülu ml mõg`tlu `kltie`bau' eak a ib}|i}a ml zauuidigi}`t ` lvz`buåa m` u|` e`t}lit`

ml etémi}au" Ê ulklgf`bî` ml a|}tù Ibu}i}|iîåa ml Kietacib`bîù a Basa D`bea lu}à `

lvz`bmit ` u|` ztlulbî` l è}isim`mlu ` a|}tù tlniülu ma z`ëu' bakl`m`klb}l z`t` `

Dlit`' B`kz|g` l Efikaia" @ u|` e`t}lit` ml egilb}lu ibeg|i zlp|lbù l kémiù lkztluù

mau ule}atlu m` eabu}t|îåa' z`bicie`îåa' eabcleîülu' e`dlglitlitau' kadigiàtiau l `siàtiau"

M|ù a|}tù ibu}i}|iîülu ml Kietaetémi}a' gin`mù ` ABN½u azlt`k b` ztasëbei` ml P|l+

gik`bl' eak mlu}`p|l z`t` ` O`tlg` ‗Lbtip|lelt b` gëbn|` gae`g‛ p|l eabelml lkztéu}i+

kau ` nt|zau ml p|`}ta a| eibea k|gfltlu eak tlbmiklb}au dìvau l ibelt}au p|l ul

mlmie`k ê zlue` l à eakéteia ml zlivl' ê `z`bf` l eakéteia ml ct|}au a| ultsiîau ml

4 Slh`+ul @ctie`"u`za"z}5 ~~~"ezuct"atn"kx




}t`buzat}l ml zluuaù ml dieiegl}ù lb}tl a e`kza l ` eim`ml" A s`gat kàvika zat e`m`

lkztéu}ika é ml <:: kig Kl}ieìu &klbau ml 4: L|tau)' zat zt`xau ml 03 ulk`bù l eak

tllkdaguau ulk`bìu"

Lk Kaî`kdip|l' a ule}at ml Kietacib`bîù é ìbm` k|i}a mlciei}àtia' lk 4::< `zlbùeab}`s` eak <<::: egilb}lu l |k` e`t}lit` ml 0<'= kigfülu ml \UM =" Kaî`kdip|l é |k

z`ëu lk ctèa mlulbsagsiklb}a? iu}a mlsl+ul à cè}a ml Kaî`kdip|l zauu|it |k uiu}l+

k` cib`belita za|ea mlulbsagsima' |k méciel ml etlueiklb}a l nt`slu miuz`tim`mlu ule+

}atiìu l luzèiìu lb}tl K`z|}a l a tlu}a ma z`ëu"

@ eabh|b}|t` cib`belit` lu}à k`te`m` zat |k` tlm|îåa m` mlus`gatix`îåa ma kl}ie`g l

zat |k` ztantluuis` kl}ie`gix`îåa m` leabaki`" Ba p|l mix tluzli}a ` etémi}au d`beà+

tiau' ù }`vù ml h|tau zt`}ie`mù zlgau d`beau uåa dù}`b}lu lgls`mù l ui}|`k+ul bàtmlk mau 50,' eti`bma b` kìat z`t}l mù slxlu a ulb}iklb}a ml lveg|uåa uaei`g zat

z`t}l mù c`këgiù l zluuaù p|l båa zauu|ë`k n`t`b}iù cib`belitù l z`}tikabiìu z`t`

tleattltlk a etlmi}a }t`mieiab`g"

A ule}at d`beàtia catk`g e`tè}ltix`+ul zat |k` cat}l eabelb}t`îåa ml p|`}ta d`beau

&DIK' D`bea @|u}t`g' DEI' U}`bm`tm D`bo) p|l eabelb}t`k 95, ma è}isa" Ba ule}at

ibcatk`g ù c`këgiù }lk az}`ma zlg` ztà}ie` ma &vi}ip|l)<' lk ml}tiklb}a ma mlzõui}au

bau D`beau"

Æ eabslbilb}l p|l ù Ibu}i}|iîülu Cib`belitù kaî`kdie`bù' etilk kle`biukau' lu}t`+

}éniù l zagi}ieù ml `giei`klb}a mau egilb}lu t|tìu' |k` slx p|l 6<, m` zaz|g`îåa è}i+

s` ul lbeab}t` ba klia t|t`g' ù zaz|g`îülu t|tìu tlztlulb}`k >6, m` zaz|g`îåa

kaî`kdie`b` l <>, m` zaz|g`îåa miuzül ml |k` za|z`bî`"

Ulbma ùuik' ù ibu}i}|iîülu cib`belitù' mlslti`k c`satlelt a èluua àu ultsiîau l zta+

m|}au cib`belitau mù zaz|g`îülu t|tìu p|l `}é à kaklb}a ul lbeab}t`k k`g ultsimù"

E`dl ê Kietacib`bî` }ak`t |k z`zlg ztlzabmlt`b}l ba eab}lv}a zagi}iea' uaei`g l lea+

bõkiea' c`satlelbma a lp|igëdtia' in|`gm`ml l ` miu}tid|iîåa m` tip|lx` zlga z`ëu' l zat

a|}ta g`ma zltki}ibma a mlulbsagsiklb}a `|}õbaka l u|u}lb}àslg mù eak|bim`mlu

mluc`satleimù l lveg|ëmù m` uaeilm`ml"

= ~~~"ezuct"atn"kx

<

Uåa uiu}lkù ibcatkìu ml mlzõui}au lk zlp|lb` lue`g` p|l lviu}lk lk Kaî`kdip|l' luzlei`gklb}lbù xabù t|tìu' p|l ztasimlbei`k êu zaz|g`îülu t|tìu a èluua ù za|z`bîù nlt`mù gae`gklb}l lc|beiab`k eaka |k` elt}` `g`s`be` lk zltëamau ml mlulp|igëdtiau leabõkieau"




Lk Kaî`kdip|l' a ule}at mù Kietacib`bîù é e`tè}ltix`ma zlg` ztlulbî` ml sàtiau

è}atlu l ma`matlu p|l ibslu}lk ba ule}at" A D`bea ml Kaî`kdip|l }lk mlulkzl+

bf`bma a z`zlg ml Lb}im`ml klt`klb}l tln|g`mat` l ciue`gix`mat`" Au Azlt`matlu ml

Kietacib`bîù tlnlk+ul zlga Tln|g`klb}a mù Kietacib`bîù &TKCu)3

"

Lk Kaî`kdip|l' ` Eìv` Eak|bi}àti` ml Etémi}a l Za|z`bî` &EEEZ) l a Basa D`bea

uåa ù Ibu}i}|iîülu Cib`belitù p|l `ztlulb}`k kìat bøklta ml egilb}lu' }lbma ù m|ù

kìu ml >::: egilb}lu' iu}a mlsl+ul ê kl}amagani` |}igix`m` zat lgù' ba p|l eabeltbl ê

EEEZ' }lk az}`ma zat |k` zagi}ie` ml lkztéu}ikau lk p|l ztisiglni` ù ùuaei`îülu

eabu}i}|ëmù zat nt|zau uagimàtiau' tlm|xibma ùuik a nt`| ml tiuea"

@ @kamlt' lkdat` lu}lh` ba ule}at ` gabnau `bau' ` u|` e`t}lit` ml egilb}lu l k|i}a

tlm|xim`' iu}a mlsl+ul à cè}a m` @kamlt ztakaslt ` eabeluuåa ml etémi}a z`t` ` tl`gi+

x`îåa ml ibiei`}is` gae`g êu zlp|lbù l kémiù lkztluù &ZKL½u)' ztis`mù l bèiabìu

p|lt ulh`k ibmisim|ìu' ùuaei`îülu a| eaazlt`}isù' mluml p|l lu}`h`k gln`gklb}l

eabu}i}|ëmù"

@ @kamlt' }lk |}igix`ma |k` lu}t`}éni` ml eagae`îåa ml etémi}a ba ule}at mù ZKL½u'

lveg|ibma blu}` cùl a cib`bei`klb}a ml kieta+lkztluù t|tìu' ` båa ult p|l ul lu}`dl+

glî`k z`teltiù eak ù ABN½u gaeìu a| a|}tù catkù ùuaei`}isù' lu}` lu}t`}éni`dùli`+ul ba cè}a ml lviu}itlk `g}au e|u}au azltèiabìu' giki}`mau tlu|g}`mau' `|uèbei`

ml leabaki` ml lue`g` l zlg` miuzltuåa nlantàcie` p|l båa zltki}l a èakz`bf`klb+

}a eabslbilb}l ma etémi}a"

Lk Kaî`kdip|l' eaka lk p|`gp|lt a|}ta z`ëu lk siù ml mlulbsagsiklb}a' ù k|gfl+

tlu uåa `gsau càeliu m` lveg|uåa uaei`g' |k` slx p|l ìbm` lviu}lk `gn|bu ztleabeli}au

ba ulia mù uaeilm`mlu `ctie`bù" Kù lk Kaî`kdip|l' e`dl à ule}at m` Kietacib`bîù

`h|m`t ` eab}atb`t ` ui}|`îåa eabcatkl ig|u}t` a ntàciea èik`"

@ lgls`m` }`v` ml k|gfltlu' zaml ult |k ibmie`}isa p|l ù Ibu}i}|iîülu ml Kietacib`bîù

lu}åa `dt`bnlt ù e`k`mù kìu zadtlu l mluc`satleimù ml Kaî`kdip|l' à kluka

}lkza p|l lu}à ` }lt |k ikzè}a b` klgfati` mù eabmiîülu ml sim` mau `ntln`mau

c`kigi`tlu' lk z`t}ie|g`t mau `ntln`mau eflci`mau zat k|gfltlu" Uåa ka}isau z`t` lu}`

kìat e`b`gix`îåa ml kietaetémi}a z`t` ù zluuaù ml ulva clkibiba' a uln|ib}l8

3 D`bea ml Kaî`kdip|l"~~~"d`beakae"kx' Tln|g`klb}a mù Kieta+Cib`bîù' Mletl}a b¸ <>!4::=' ml 0:ml Mlxlkdta"



aioau8 Kieta+Cib`bîù lk Kaî`kdip|l ! K`tîa 4::3 0:

․ Zat t`xülu nlbé}ieù l uaeiìu' ù k|gfltlu }èk klbau azat}|bim`mlu ml lkztlna ba

ule}at catk`g l lk cèl miuua' lgù mlmie`k+ul' z`t` `gék' ml è}isim`ml makéu}ieù `

a|}tù ml tlbmiklb}a kù ml zlp|lb` lue`g` &`|}a+lkztlna)"

․ @ kìat z`t}l mlgù mlulbsagslk ù u|ù è}isim`mlu mlb}ta ma ule}at ibcatk`g' luadtl}|ma' ` è}isim`ml eakltei`g' p|l zat uib`g é ` p|l `ztlulb}` ù kìatlu }`vù ml

nita ma e`zi}`g"

․ @u k|gfltlu `ztlulb}`k |k` klbat }`v` ml mlgibp|èbei`' eakz`t`}is`klb}l àu

faklbu e|hù ù }`vù ml tllkdaguau uåa k|i}a dìvù"

@u k|gfltlu ` p|lk lu}à ` ult `}tid|ëm` ` in|`gm`ml ml èluua à uiu}lk` ml cib`bei`+

klb}a ma Kietaetémi}a' båa uõ }lk ztas`ma p|l uåa zluuaù imõblù l e|kztimatù bau

tllkdaguau' eaka lvelglb}l kieta+lkztluàtiù" Lk eabulp|èbei`' lgls`t`k a ul| lu}`+

}|}a' mikib|ët`k ` mlzlbmèbei` lk tlg`îåa àu ul|u k`timau' ibslu}it`k bù u|ù eùù

l tlcatî`t`k ` b|}tiîåa mau ul|u cigfau" @ kìat z`t}l mlu}ù k|gfltlu uåa eakltei`b}lu

ibcatkìu' zlp|lba kieta+lkztluàtiù ma ule}at ibm|u}ti`g l ml `gn|kù atn`bix`îülu

gin`mù à ule}at ml ztlu}`îåa ml ultsiîau"

Au tàeiau m` e`t}lit` ml tiuea' z`t` ` kìat z`t}l mù Ibu}i}|iîülu ml Kieta+Cib`bîù lk

Kaî`kdip|l' }lk lu}`ma ` mikib|it' mluml a `ba 4:::' eab}|ma' ìbm` båa lu}åa bau

ëbmielu tleaklbmàsliu zlga K`b|`g ml daù ztà}ieù"

@u daù ztà}ieù' mlciblk 0, eaka ` z`telg` ml e`t}lit` lk tiuea z`t` zt`xau ml kìu ml

9: miù' lu}l ntàciea ig|u}t` ml catk` siuëslg eaka ù ICK ul zauieiab`k' ulbma p|l' `

KLM@ eabuln|i `ge`bî`t 0'0, m` e`t}lit` ml tiuea lk 4::0' a p|l uinbicie` |k ibmie`mat'

ba e|kztiklb}a m` batkù mù daù zt`}ieù sinlb}lu"

@ Uaetlka `ztlulb}`+ul eaka ` klgfat ICK lk }ltkau ml nlu}åa ml e`t}lit`' lbp|`b+

}a p|l ` @KAMLT' zauu|i ` ziat p|`gim`ml ml e`t}lit`' eak tàeiau ` s`ti`tlk lb}tl au

06, z`t` kìu ml 5: miù l <9 z`t` kìu ml 9: miù"

0"5" Lbp|`mt`klb}a gln`g m` Kietacib`bî` l Kietaetémi}a lk Kaî`kdip|l

A lbp|`mt`klb}a gln`g mù Kieta+Cib`bîù lk Kaî`kdip|l zaml ult e`tè}ltix`ma ml

m|ù k`blitù miu}ib}ù8 Kieta+Cib`bîù `|}atix`mù ` e`z}`t mlzõui}au l Kieta+Cib`bîù

`|}atix`ma `zlbù ` eabelmlt etémi}a"




P|`b}a êu Kieta+Cib`bîù `|}atix`mù ` e`z}`t mlzõui}au' a| ulh` ` tl`gix`îåa ml azlt`+

îülu d`beàtiù tlu}ti}ù' bau }ltkau mlcibimau zlg` gli 9!4::= &gli mù Ibu}i}|iîülu ml Eté+

mi}a l Uaeilm`mlu Cib`belitù) ml kaklb}a ìbm` båa e`tlel ml |k` glniug`îåa luzleë+

cie` &lk ztlz`t`îåa)" Lk tlg`îåa êu Kietacib`bîù `|}atix`ma `zlbù ` eabelmlt etémi}afahl lu}åa tln|g`klb}`mù zlga Mletl}a b¸=>!96 ml 44 ml Ul}lkdta l zlga `siua

0!NNDK!99' p|l civ` c|bmau këbikau ` `cle}`t ba lvlteëeia mù Kietacib`bîù" Cai lu}`+

dlgleima ba Mletl}a b¸ =>!96 |k kab}`b}l ml <: Kigfülu z`t` Lb}im`mlu `|}atix`mù `

mlulbsagslt è}isim`ml ml Kieta+Cib`bîù' a kab}`b}l mau etémi}au båa zaml lvelmlt

à s`gat mleg`t`ma à DK' `gae`ma ê u|` è}isim`ml' mlslbma `zgie`t }`vù ml h|tau gistlu"

Kieta+Cib`bîù lk Kaî`kdip|l é e`tè}ltix`ma eaka è}isim`ml p|l eabuiu}l b` ztlu+

}`îåa ml ultsiîau cib`belitau luulbei`gklb}l lk azlt`îülu ml tlm|xim` l kémi` miklb+uåa>"

Lk Kaî`kdip|l' au azlt`matlu ml Kietacib`bîù a| Ibu}i}|iîülu ml Kietacib`bîù &IKC)'

e`tè}ltix`k+ul zat ultlk Lb}im`mlu Uibn|g`tlu a| Eagle}isù p|l ul mlmie`k' eak

e`tàe}lt f`di}|`g l ztaciuuiab`g ê è}isim`ml ml Kietacib`bîù"

Ba p|l eabeltbl ` u|zltsiuåa a| eab}taga' e`dl à D`bea ml Kaî`kdip|l &DK) tl`gixà+

gù' z`t` }`g a DK lvle|}` u|zltsiuåa zt|mlbei`g6 l u|zltsiuåa kabi}atix`m`9"

0" =" Ikzè}a ma Kietaetémi}a lk Kaî`kdip|l

A Kietaetémi}a }lk mlulkzlbf`ma |k z`zlg è}isa ba eakd`}l ` tlm|îåa ma ëbmiel

ml ibeimèbei` m` zadtlx`' blu}l kaklb}a a ikzè}a é kìu ba}õtia bù xabù t|tìu'

abml ` }`v` zùua| ml >:'<,' z`t` <='3,0:' lu}` tlm|îåa tlcgle}l+ul ba klgfat`klb}a

mù eabmiîülu ml sim` m` zaz|g`îåa' uadtl}|ma b` ztasiuåa mau ultsiîau uaeiìu dàuieau"

@e}|`gklb}l' >:'<, mau `ntln`mau c`kigi`tlu }lk |k klte`ma à `ge`bel lk klbau ml

|k` fat` ml e`kibf`m`" Lk Kaî`kdip|l adults`+ul a etlueiklb}a ma kasiklb}a ml

eim`måau mù xabù t|tìu z`t` ` eim`ml' l a `|klb}a mau bësliu ml mlulkztlna l

> D`bea ml Kaî`kdip|l"~~~"d`beakae"kx' Tln|g`klb}a mù Kieta+Cib`bîù' Mletl}a b¸ <>!4::=' ml 0:ml Clsltlita"

6 U|zltsiuåa elb}t`m` b` ciue`gix`îåa l èakz`bf`klb}a ma e|kztiklb}a ml batkù ml b`}|tlx`zt|mlbei`g' bakl`m`klb}l uadtl tàeiau ml uags`digim`ml' tlultsù adtin`}õtiù' giki}lu ml tiuea' }lbmalk siu}` ` zta}leîåa ma uiu}lk` cib`belita eaka |k }ama l uln|t`bî` mau c|bmau zødgieau lk e`mÌbu}i}|iîåa"

9 Klta èakz`bf`klb}a m` ztlu}`îåa ml ultsiîau cib`belitau zat azlt`matlu ml kietacib`bîù p|l båaulh` Ibu}i}|iîülu ml etémi}a blk Uaeilm`mlu cib`belitù' cae`gix`mù b` tlelzîåa ml ibcatk`îåa uadtl

ultsiîau cib`belitau zat lglu tl`gix`mau' z`t` cibu lu}`}ëu}ieau"0: Slh`+ul ~~~"diz"nas"kx ' Tlg`}õtia `b|`g ml u|` Lvelgèbei` Ha`p|ik @gdlt}a Efiuu`ba' Ztluimlb}l ml

Kaî`kdip|l




zadtlx`" A Nasltba kaî`kdie`ba }lk lcle}|`ma |k lucatîa ètlueima' ba ulb}ima ml

eti`t kle`biukau ml ztakaîåa ml lkztlna `}t`séu ml èîülu ml catk`îåa Ztaciuuiab`g

l ml mlulbsagsiklb}a ml zlp|lbau ztahle}au ml nlt`îåa ml tlbmiklb}au"

@ ikzglklb}`îåa ml lu}t`}éniù m` Eakltei`gix`îåa @ntëeag` }lk zltki}ima ` imlb+}icie`îåa mau ztadglkù t|tìu l a zg`ba ml uag|îülu k|g}iule}atiìu p|l såa mluml `

tl`digi}`îåa ml siù ml èluua' ê tleagf` l eakzig`îåa ml ibcatk`îülu uadtl klte`mau'

ztlîau mau ztam|}au `ntëeagù l ` u|` miuulkib`îåa lk gëbn|ù gaeìu eak a |ua mù

tàmiau eak|bi}àtiù"

Ulbma ùuik' luzlt`k+ul tlu|g}`mau zaui}isau ml kama p|l zauu`k eab}tid|it ml catk`

lcie`x l lcieilb}l b` sim` p|a}imi`b` mau e`kzablulu' }lbma lu}lu ` zauuidigim`ml ml

`mp|itit `gn|bu eabfleiklb}au c|bm`klb}ìu z`t` |k` klgfat eakztllbuåa m` u|`è}isim`ml ztam|}is` l z`t` ` lgls`îåa ma ul| bëslg ml sim`"

Eabu}i}|lk lucatîau ba}õtiau ba ule}at m` @ntie|g}|t` a g`bî`klb}a ml ztant`kù ma

`ttax' uah` l a caklb}a m` ct|}ie|g}|t`' ba ule}at zlup|lita a mlulbsagsiklb}a m` `p|`+

e|g}|t`"

Ba eab}lv}a leabõkiea lk p|l Kaî`kdip|l ul lbeab}t`' lvinl+ul |k` kìat `t}ie|g`+

îåa lb}tl ù IKC l a nasltba' |k` slx p|l ù zaz|g`îülu t|tìu hà eaklî`k ` lvinit

lu}`dlgleiklb}au d`beàtiau bau ul|u miu}ti}au l gae`gim`mlu z`t` n|`tm`tlk ù u|ù

za|z`bîù p|`bma eabuln|lk eakltei`gix`t z`t}l m` u|` ztam|îåa" Tleg`k`k zat

klgfatlu siù tamasiàtiù' ultsiîau zødgieau l zat |k klgfat `dù}leiklb}a m` àn|`'

lbltni` l eak|bie`îülu ml catk` p|l zauu`k ùuln|t`t a luea`klb}a mau ul|u lvel+

mlb}lu `ntëeagù"




Z`t}l II

4" @KAMLT ― @uuaei`îåa Kaî`kdie`b` z`t` a Mlulbsagsiklb}a T|t`g

4" 0" Ib}tam|îåa

A lu}|ma `ztlulb}` `gn|kù mù eab}tid|iîülu ma kietaetémi}a b` tlm|îåa ml zadtlx`

lk Kaî`kdip|l ba nlt`g l lk Biùu` lk z`t}ie|g`t" Biùu`' ui}|`+ul ba bat}l ml

Kaî`kdip|l l }lk |k` u|zltcëeil }a}`g ml 04:":>= Ok´" C`x ctab}lit` ib}ltb`klb}l eak

ù ztasëbeiù ml E`da Mlgn`ma' B`kz|g` l X`kdéxi`? l lv}ltb`klb}l c`x ctab}lit` eak

K`g`~i l ]`bxäbi`"

Biùu` zauu|i |k` mlbuim`ml zaz|gèiab`g ml 0":4>"0>9 mau p|ìu <:<"0>9 uåa faklbu

l <40"6<5 uåa k|gfltlu' `zlu`t ml ult ` ztasëbei` p|l zauu|i ` kìat lv}lbuåa }ltti}ati`g

ba}`+ul |k méciel ba p|l eabeltbl ` mlbuim`ml zaz|gèiab`g" Kl}amaganie`klb}l

tleattl|+ul ` `kau}t`nlk l' ` ztibeiz`g }éebie` ml tleagf` ml ibcatk`îülu |u`m` cai `

mau ibp|éti}au u|dkl}imau ` 3: dlblcieiàtiau ml kietaetémi}a b` ztasëbei` ml Biùu`'

eabetl}`klb}l b` eim`ml ml Giefibn`' miu}ti}a ml E|`kd` l miu}ti}a ml K`bmikd`'

et|x`bma+ul mlzaiu eak ` ibcatk`îåa tleagfim` h|b}a ml 3 azlt`matlu ml kietaetémi}a"

@u ibu}i}|iîülu ml kietaetémi}a ztisiglni`k `zlbù a etémi}a ml e|t}a zt`xa' mlu}ib`ma

kìati}`ti`klb}l z`t` a ule}at eakltei`g' b|k z`ëu abml ` `ntie|g}|t` é ` dùl m`

leabaki` l ` kìat z`t}l m` zaz|g`îåa tluiml bù xabù t|tìu" Biùu` é |k` ztasëbei`

abml ` kìati` m` u|` zaz|g`îåa sisl bù xabù t|tìu l }lk |k `g}a za}lbei`g `ntëeag`

mlsima ê da` p|`gim`ml mau uagau l êu ef|sù tln|g`tlu"

4" 4" Ui}|`îåa ma Mlulbsagsiklb}a F|k`ba l Leabõkiea ml Biùu`

Ml èatma eak a tlg`}õtia ma Mlulbsagsiklb}a F|k`ba ml Kaî`kdip|l 0999

&TMFK99) a ëbmiel ml mlulbsagsiklb}a f|k`ba &IMF) ml Biùu` z`t` 0996 cai lu}ik`ma

lk :'44>" Biùu` é |k` ztasëbei` gae`gix`m` ba bat}l ml Kaî`kdip|l' è}|`gklb}l é `

p|`t}` ztasëbei` eak a klgfat ëbmiel ml IMF lk Kaî`kdip|l' kù eak klgfat &IMF)

lb}tl ù ztasëbeiù m` tlniåa bat}l &Kibiu}étia ml Zg`ba l Cib`bîù' 0:84::)" @ ztasëbei`

ml Biùu` tlztlulb}` 03, m` u|zltcëeil }a}`g ma z`ëu' ulbma zat iuua ` kìat ztasëbei` ml

Kaî`kdip|l" Lk eab}t`z`t}im`' Biùu` zauu|i ` klbat zaz|g`îåa" Eak |k` zaz|g`îåa

lu}ik`m` lk 6=9 kig f`di}`b}lu lk 0999" @ xab` t|t`g lk Biùu` é ` kìu zasa`m`'

eakzat}`bma elte` ml >3'30, mau f`di}`b}lu m` zaz|g`îåa }a}`g m` ztasëbei`' m` zaz|+



aioau8 Kieta+Cib`bîù lk Kaî`kdip|l ! K`tîa 4::3 0=

g`îåa zadtl b` ztasëbei` >>'63, sisl b` xab` t|t`g l 44'0=, sisl b` xab` |td`b` &Kibiu+

}étia ml Zg`ba l Cib`bîù' 4:::)"

Lb}tl 0993 l 0996' ` leabaki` m` ztasëbei` ml Biùu` ztam|xi| elte` ml 4'3, ma ztam|+

}a ib}ltba dt|}a &ZID) bèiab`g" @ `ntie|g}|t` eab}tid|i| eak elte` ml <0, m` ztam|îåam` ztasëbei` ml Biùu`' uln|ibma+ul a eakéteia eak 0=,' ` ibmøu}ti` k`b|cè}|tlit`

eak >,' au }t`buzat}lu l eak|bie`îåa eak 3,' l ù cgatlu}ù eak =," Lk }ltkau ml ZID

zlt e`zi}`' ` leabaki` ml Biùu` etluel| ml 9> \U-' lk 0993' z`t` 046\U-' lk 0996' a|

ulh`' |k etlueiklb}a leabõkiea kémia ml 0<, à `ba' lk }ltkau bakibìu' l 0=, lk

}ltkau tlìu" Ma zab}a ml siu}` m` lu}t`}éni` m` tlm|îåa m` zadtlx`' lu}` nt`bml

mlzlbmèbei` m` zaz|g`îåa m` `ntie|g}|t` l ` ctè` è}isim`ml }lteiàti` l ibm|u}ti`g uåa

ztlae|z`b}lu"@ ztasëbei` }lk |k `g}a za}lbei`g `ntëeag` mlsima ` da` p|`gim`ml mau uagau l ù ef|sù

tln|g`tlu' l é e`tè}ltix`m` zat |k egik` }tazie`g føkima" @ `ntie|g}|t` é ` ztibeiz`g

è}isim`ml m` ztasëbei` l lk nt`bml z`t}l ù e|g}|tù lu}åa u|hli}ù ê èîåa ml `bikìu

ulgs`nlbu &lglc`b}lu' kèèau' zateau ml k`}a)' a p|l `cle}` dù}`b}l ` uln|t`bî` `gi+

klb}`t m` zaz|g`îåa"

@ ztasëbei` ml Biùu` zauu|i ù xabù ml leabaki` `giklb}`t' abml ù c`këgiù eabul+

n|lk kìu a| klbau m` kluk` k`blit` `giklb}`tlk+ul l ad}ltlk |k tlbmiklb}a8

Xab` ztam|}is` Elb}ta+Bat}l &miu}ti}au ml E|`kd`' Kle`bflgù' K`bmikd`' Kl}`tie`'

K`ø` l Bizlzl)" Lu}` é ` xab` k|i}a ztam|}is` eak a kigfa' k`zit`' k`bmiae`' clihåa'

`klbmaik l a `ttax eaka ztibeizìu e|g}|tù `giklb}`tlu" Lviu}lk e|g}|tù ml tlbmiklb+

}a eaka `gnamåa' }`dèa' e`b`+ml+`îøe`t' d`b`b` l `gn|bu miu}ti}au a nitùuag" @ zle|à+

ti`' ` zlue` l e`î` uåa zt`}ie`mù eaka è}isim`ml ule|bmàtiù"

Xab` Batalu}l &miu}ti}au ml B½n`|k`' Giefibn`' K|lkdl' U`bn` l G`na)" Lu}` xab`

}`kdék }lk daù eabmiîülu ml ztam|îåa `ntëeag`' eak k|i}` ztam|îåa ml d`}`}`

tlba' d`}`}`+mael l clihåa' `glk ml e|g}|tù ztam|ximù lk }am` ztasëbei` &k`bmiae`'

kigfa' k`zit`' l za|ea `klbmaik l `ttax)" @u ztibeizìu e|g}|tù ml tlbmiklb}a' `glk

m` d`}`}` l clihåa' uåa a }`dèa l ` e`b`+ml+`îøe`t" @ zlue` é |k` è}isim`ml k|i}a

ikzat}`b}l z`t` ù c`këgiù p|l sislk bù k`tnlbu mau tiau ma G`na Biùu`"

Xab` Bat}l Iuag`m` &miu}ti}au ml K`s`na' K`h|bl' K`tt|z` l Kle|g`)" É |k` xab` za|+

ea f`di}`m`' ù eabmiîülu z`t` ` ztam|îåa `ntëeag` uåa daù' kù zltml+ul nt`bml z`t}l

mù e|g}|tù mlsima àu lu}t`nau ztasae`mau zlgau `bikìu ulgs`nlbu" @u ztibeizìu e|g+



aioau8 Kieta+Cib`bîù lk Kaî`kdip|l ! K`tîa 4::3 0<

}|tù `giklb}`tlu uåa8 kigfa' k`bmiae` l `ttax" @u e|g}|tù ml tlbmiklb}a uåa }`dèa l

e`b`+ml+`îøe`t e|g}is`m` zat za|eù c`këgiù" @ zlue` é zt`}ie`m` bau tiau lk }amau au

miu}ti}au" @ lviu}èbei` ml ibct`+lu}t|}|tù uaeiìu b|k` tlniåa l a èluua ê zaz|g`îåa mlu+

u` tlniåa' eab}tid|i z`t` a ul| dlk+lu}`t uaei`g" @u siù ml èluua uåa ikzat}`b}lu zatn`t`b}itlk |k` kìat eak|bie`îåa lb}tl micltlb}lu xabù m` tlniåa' zltki}ibma mlu}l

kama |k` klgfat eite|g`îåa m` zaz|g`îåa ùuik eaka ml dlbu l ultsiîau"

@ tlml eakltei`g é za|ea mlulbsagsim` b` ztasëbei`' eak ` lvelzîåa ml `gn|bu miu}ti}au

eaka Giefibn`' E|`kd` l au miu}ti}au ctab}litiîau eak K`g`~i &Kle`bflgù l K`bmik+

d`)' ulbma ` ui}|`îåa k|i}a ztadglkà}ie` bau miu}ti}au ma ib}ltiat' Kle|g`' K`s`na'

K`h|bl' K`tt|z` l Bizlzl" @ ztibeiz`g e`|u` mau ztadglkù eaklteiìu `zab}`k+ul ù

zéuuikù eabmiîülu mù siù ml èluua' ztibeiz`gklb}l ba }lkza mù ef|sù' ùuikeaka ` iblviu}èbei` a| mlu}t|iîåa mù ibct`+lu}t|}|tù cëuieù &klte`mau l gahù)' l ` c`g}`

ml e`zi}`g z`t` tl`digi}`îåa l ibslu}iklb}a bau blnõeiau"

@zlu`t ml lviu}itlk eabmiîülu c`satàsliu z`t` ` ztam|îåa `ntëeag` lk p|ùl }am` ` zta+

sëbei`' ù c`këgiù zadtlu lk nlt`g uõ ztam|xlk a u|cieilb}l z`t` 3 ` 6 klulu" A tlu}a ma

`ba }t`d`gf`k lk }tae` ml eakim`' eakzt`k a| tleldlk mab`}isau' eabuaklk ct|}au

uigslu}tlu l tlm|xlk a bøklta mù tlcliîülu" Cat` m` ztam|îåa ù ztibeizìu cab}lu ml

tlbmiklb}a uåa a n`bfa+n`bfa' slbm` ml dldimù `geaõgieù l ztam|}au `t}lu`bìu z`t`

ù c`këgiù zadtlu? l a eakéteia l lkztlna z`t` ù c`këgiù kémiù l tieù"




4" 5" Lu}t|}|t` Atn`bixèiab`g m` @KAMLT

@ @KAMLT' @uuaei`îåa Kaî`kdie`b` z`t` a Mlulbsagsiklb}a T|t`g' cai c|bm`m` lk

Ul}lkdta ml 0995' é |k` zluua` eagle}is` p|l båa }lk zat cik a g|eta leabõkiea mau

ùuaei`mau' ma}`m` ml zltuab`gim`ml h|tëmie`' eak `|}abaki` `mkibiu}t`}is`' cib`belit` lz`}tikabi`g' tlnlbma+ul zlgau ztlulb}lu lu}`}|}au' zlga tluzle}isa tln|g`klb}au lv}lt+

bau l mlkìu glniug`îåa `zgieàslg" Au c|bmau m` @KAMLT è|k|g`mau ztasèk ztibei+

z`gklb}l ml ma`îülu l catbleiklb}au ml ta|z` |u`m` zlg` eak|bim`ml mau Z`ëulu

Bõtmieau' tlkl}im` z`t` Kaî`kdip|l zlg` ABN U|le` ‗UAGIM@TILM@ML ZTÀ]IE@‛"

A|}tau cib`bei`matlu z`t` ztant`kù luzleëcieau uåa ` \biåa L|tazli`' ` Lkdìv`m` Tl`g

m` Mib`k`te`' ` Lkdìv`m` m` Itg`bm` l ` Avc`k Dégnie`"

Uad ` mitleîåa m` @KAMLT c|beiab` |k c|bma ml Mlulbsagsiklb}a T|t`g mlbakib`maC@MLT' p|l lvle|}` au ztant`kù ml cib`bei`klb}a lu}`dlgleimau zlg` @uuaei`îåa' l `

\bim`ml ml ulgleîåa ml Ta|z`' p|l é tluzabuàslg zlg` tlelzîåa l slbm` m` ta|z` |u`+

m`" @ z`t}it ml 0996 ` @KAMLT etia| N`dibl}l ml Lu}|ma z`t` a `zaia ê ztlz`t`îåa' `bà+

giul l `s`gi`îåa mau ul|u ztant`kù ml cib`bei`klb}a"

@ atn`bix`îåa m` @KAMLT `m`z}`+ul êu eabmiîülu m` è}isim`ml m` ùuaei`îåa' bakl`+

m`klb}l ba p|l ul tlcltl à }iza l p|`b}im`ml ml klkdtau' à }iza l miuzltuåa nla+

ntàcie` mau ztahle}au p|l cib`bei` l àu ul|u lkztllbmiklb}a ml u|zat}l leabõkiea"

Ibiei`gklb}l ` dùl m` nlu}åa miàti` m` @KAMLT lt` a ul| Eabulgfa ml Mitleîåa' p|l

ztae|t`s` ulk`b`gklb}l ztam|xit ù mleiuülu bleluuàtiù à c|beiab`klb}a m` ùua+

ei`îåa"

Eab}|ma' lu}l }iza ml `mkibiu}t`îåa kau}ta|+ul ibu|cieilb}l z`t` `}lbmlt êu uagiei}`îülu

lvinimù zat |k` cùl ml kab}`nlk ma ztahle}a' l }`kdék z`t` m`t tluzau}` à èak+

z`bf`klb}a ma mlulbsagsiklb}a ma C@MLT' õtnåa p|l ml| eatza ztibeiz`g ê tl`gix`îåa

mau adhle}isau m` @KAMLT"

\k mitle}at lvle|}isa eak zamltlu ml mleiuåa z`t` ` tluag|îåa mù tlcltimù ui}|`îülu'

è}|`bma ml catk` kìu zltk`blb}l' cai |k` uag|îåa kìu lcieilb}l z`t` lu}ù p|lu+

}ülu' gidlt}`bma ù mleiuülu ma Eabulgfa ml Mitleîåa z`t` au ùu|b}au ml e`tàe}lt ml

atilb}`îåa"

@ àtl` `mkibiu}t`}is` ba ib}ltiat m` atn`bix`îåa é atilb}`m` zat |k }éebiea p|l }lk ù

uln|ib}lu c|bîülu8

․ Ztlz`t`îåa mù uluuülu ml Eabulgfa m` Mitleîåa?



aioau8 Kieta+Cib`bîù lk Kaî`kdip|l ! K`tîa 4::3 0>

․ Nlu}åa ma atî`klb}a?

․ Nlu}åa mù tlg`îülu eak a|}tù ibu}i}|iîülu?

․ Nlu}åa mù tlg`îülu lb}tl au klkdtau?

․ Nlu}åa mau kliau l ma zluua`g?

․ Atn`bix`îåa m` eattluzabmèbei`' `tp|isa l uletl}`ti`ma"

@u Tlztlulb}`îülu m` @KAMLT

@ @KAMLT' }lk ` u|` ulml lk K`z|}a" Bau eùau lk p|l ` @KAMLT nlti| ml catk`

mitle}` a cib`bei`klb}a ml ztahle}au' kau}ta| ` lvzltièbei` p|l f`si` bleluuim`ml ml

lu}`dlglelt tlztlulb}`îülu miuzabma ml kliau `mlp|`mau à ul| c|beiab`klb}a" @

eti`îåa mlu}ù tlztlulb}`îülu ` bëslg mau gaeìu lk p|l ` @KAMLT ztlsi` ` è}|`tmlzlbml| luulbei`gklb}l m` zauuidigim`ml a| båa ml lbeab}t`t z`telitau ba }lttlba

p|l ul lbe`ttlnùulk mù èîülu ml `zaia ê tle|zlt`îåa m` tlml eakltei`g t|t`g"

Ibiei`gklb}l ` @KAMLT eabelb}ta| ù u|ù èîülu bù ztasëbeiù ml E`da Mlgn`ma'

X`kdéxi`' B`kz|g`' ]l}l l Biùu`" Zau}ltiatklb}l eabelb}ta|+ul bù ztasëbeiù ml

Ibf`kd`bl l N`x`" Båa cai zauuëslg eadtit }ama a z`ëu' zaték' a e|u}a z`t` a lu}`+

dlgleiklb}a l z`t` a c|beiab`klb}a &u`gàtiau z`t` }éebieau l zluua`g ml `zaia' eakd|u+

}ëslg l k`b|}lbîåa ml si`}|t`' u|duimia ml mlugae`îåa' }lglcabl' k`}lti`g ml lueti}õtia'

l}e") ml e`m` tlztlulb}`îåa lt` k|i}a lgls`ma" A p|`mta ` dìva ibmie` au miu}ti}au lk

p|l è}|`k lk e`m` ztasëbei`8

@u tlztlulb}`îülu m` @KAMLT

Ztasëbeiù Miu}ti}au E`da Mlgn`ma Kab}lz|lx' B`k|ba' D`g`k`' Efiøtl' @be|`dl l Kèaki` Biùu` E|`kd`' K`bmikd`' Kle`bflgù' Bizlzl' K`ø`' Kl}`tie`' K`tt|z`

l Kle|g` X`kdéxi` @g}a Kagõe|l' Nigé à gabna m` lu}t`m` ml @g}a Kagõe|l ` Kae|d`

]l}l @bnõbi`' Kè`bn`' Ka`}ixl l ]u`bn`ba Ibf`kd`bl Kùuibn`' Sig`be|gau' C|bf`ga|ta l K`da}l N`x` Efõo~l l N|ihà B`kz|g` K`glk` l Tid`øl

Klkdtau m` @KAMLT

@ lmicie`îåa m` @KAMLT ibieia| eak |k nt|za ibiei`g ml 0: klkdtau' f`slbma+ul

`mki}imau kìu 4 klkdtau p|l mlulbsagslt`k }t`d`gfau ba ib}ltiat m` ztõzti` @KA+




MLT m|t`b}l au ztiklitau `bau ml `tt`bp|l' ib}tam|xi|+ul zau}ltiatklb}l ù tlntù z`t`

ù `mkiuuülu tln|g`tlu mau klkdtau"

@}é à cib`g ml 4::=' ` @KAMLT }ibf` 35 }t`d`gf`matlu eak ` uln|ib}l miu}tid|iîåa8

Bøkltau ml }t`d`gf`matlu m` @KAMLT

Gae`g B¸ ml

}t`d`gf`matlu Ulml 0> Ibf`kd`bl 9

]l}l 6 X`kdéxi` 5 B`kz|g` = Biùu` ― E|`kd` 6

Biùu` ― Giefibn` 5 E`da ― Mlgn`ma 00 ]a}`g 35

Au klkdtau zamlk ult zluuaù p|l' zat u|ù ibuzit`îülu' zlgù u|ù lvzltièbeiù zta+

ciuuiabìu' è`mékieù a| sisèbeiù' ztacluulk ml imliù eakz`}ësliu eak au adhle}isau

m` @KAMLT? eaka }`kdék zamlk ult klkdtau lcle}isau m` @KAMLT ù ibu}i}|iîülu

p|l ml}lbf`k ib}ltluulu ml s|g}a ba mlulbsagsiklb}a t|t`g"

4" 5" 0" Kiuuåa l Adhle}isau m` @KAMLT

@KAMLT é |k` @uuaei`îåa Kaî`kdie`b` z`t` a Mlulbsagsiklb}a T|t`g' cai c|bm`m`

lk Ul}lkdta ml 0995' é |k` zluua` eagle}is` p|l båa }lk zat cik a g|eta leabõkiea

mau ùuaei`mau' ma}`m` ml zltuab`gim`ml h|tëmie`' eak `|}abaki` `mkibiu}t`}is`' cib`b+

elit` l z`}tikabi`g' tlnlbma+ul zlgau ztlulb}lu lu}`}|}au' zlga tluzle}isa tln|g`klb}a

ib}ltba l mlkìu glniug`îåa `zgieàslg" ]lbma eaka kiuuåa c|bm`klb}`g ` ml caklb}`t amlulbsagsiklb}a ma z`ëu `}t`séu ml cib`bei`klb}au ` ztahle}au ml è}isim`mlu ba klia

t|t`g"




@ @KAMLT mlcibi| eaka ztibeizìu adhle}isau au uln|ib}lu8

․ Eab}tid|it ba lucatîa ngad`g lk p|l a z`ëu lu}à lkzlbf`ma p|l siu` ` batk`gix`îåa l

klgfati` mù eabmiîülu ml sim` l ma `|klb}a mau bësliu ml ztam|îåa l `|}a+u|cieièbei` `giklb}`t m` zaz|g`îåa t|t`g?

․ Imlb}icie`t' ztakaslt l cib`bei`t ztahle}au ml ibiei`}is` l lvle|îåa gae`g?

․ Ztlu}`t ùuiu}èbei` cib`belit` àu ztant`kù ml `ztasiuiab`klb}a ml cè}atlu ml zta+

m|îåa l ml ztam|}au ml ibelb}isa à ibetlklb}a m` eakltei`gix`îåa `ntëeag`' dlk

eaka àu ztant`kù p|l }lbf`k |k` zltuzle}is` uaei`g' leabõkiea l leagõniea

eak ikzè}a ` gabna zt`xa?

․ E`z}`t cib`bei`klb}a mlb}ta l cat` ma z`ëu z`t` ` lvle|îåa ml ztahle}au gaeìu"

@KAMLT' |k` ABN bèiab`g' eak lvzltièbei` b` nlu}åa ml c|bmau ztõztiau l ml c|b+

mau ml ma`matlu z`t` etémi}a ê eakltei`gix`îåa `ntëeag`' }lbma ù u|ù azlt`îülu eab+

elb}t`mù bù tlniülu ml `g}a za}lbeiìu `ntëeagù b` xab` Bat}l ma z`ëu"

Ba eùa m` eakltei`gix`îåa `ntëeag` a cib`bei`klb}a zaml }`kdék dlblciei`t ù nt`b+

mlu lkztluù ml eakltei`gix`îåa &ntauuiu}ù)' eak a adhle}isa ml eakzgl}`t a eiega ml

eakltei`gix`îåa n`t`b}ibma mlu}` catk` a luea`klb}a l slbm` mau ztam|}au mau

zlp|lbau l kémiau k|}|àtiau ml etémi}au"

Au etémi}au uåa uadtl}|ma ml e|t}a zt`xa &eakltei`gix`îåa `ntëeag` lk luzlei`g) l ibslu+

}iklb}au b` eti`îåa ml zlp|lbù ibmøu}tiù gaeìu" @ ztà}ie` mix p|l au zt`xau ml ibslu+

}iklb}a båa }èk |g}t`zùu`ma au }tèu `bau"

@ }`v` ml h|tau m` @KAMLT s`ti` lb}tl 46, ` 3:, à `ba' e`ge|g`mù b|k ztaeluua ml

h|tau eakzau}au' eak zltiamieim`ml klbu`g" A bëslg ml h|tau zt`}ie`ma é tlsiu}a `b|`g+

klb}l' tlcgle}ibma au bësliu zt`}ie`mau ba klte`ma zlg` d`be` eakltei`g"

Lviu}l dabicie`îåa' ` z`t}it ma uln|bma etémi}a' z`t` au dabu egilb}lu" @ }`v` ml h|ta é

ml}ltkib`m` lk c|bîåa ma }iza ml cib`bei`klb}a' egilb}l l n`t`b}iù acltleimù"




4" 5" 4" ]izau ml è}isim`mlu ml etémi}au mlulbsagsimù b` @KAMLT

@ è}isim`ml ml etémi}a m` @KAMLT m|t`b}l a `ba ml 4::5 l 4::= zat ztasëbei` l zat è}isi+

m`ml

@ }`dlg` p|l ul uln|l `ztlulb}` ml |k` catk` tlu|kim` au }izau ml è}isim`mlu tl`gix`+

mù' a bøklta l a s`gat ml etémi}au eabelmimau' s`gat kémia ma etémi}a eabelmima' c|b+

mau mlulkdagu`mau' tllkdaguau l }`vù ml h|ta m|t`b}l a `ba ml 4::5 l 4::=' zat e`m`

ztasëbei` abml è}|` @KAMLT"

@e}isim`mlu mlulbsagsimù l etémi}a eabelmima &lk kigfülu ml kl}ieìu)

E`daMlgn`ma E|`kd` B`kz|g` X`kdéxi` ]l}l Ibf`kd`bl Efõo~l ]a}`g tl`g4::= ]a}`g tl`g4::5 Tl`g:=!:5&,)

B"¸ ml Etémi}auEabelmimau

0<0 >< 0:= 5< <= 60 =: <=: <00 0:3,

S`gat mau Etémi}auEabelmimau

9"35>'< 4"64='> >"><< 4"5=: 5"6<: 5"63> 93< 50"459'4 59"3=<'9 >9,

Eakltei`gix`îåa&kémiau) 5"3=: <<< 0"50< =<: 0<: : : 3"00: 9"5=: 3<,

Eakltei`gix`îåa&zlp") 4"5>>'< 6=4'> 5"30: 0"04: 0<: : : 6"0::'4 3"46< 049,

C|bma mlK`blia 4">=: 0"54< 00: =4: 4"5<5 5">3> >:: 00"=0< 0:"43:'< 000,

]t`buzat}l =5: : 4:: 5<: >4< : : 0">:< 9>< 0><,

Zlp|lbÌbmøu}ti` : 5> 4"<4: : 55> : : 4"69= 6"44< 5<,

Eakltei`gix`îåaml Zlue`ma =<: : : : : : : =<: >:: 3=,

TlultsÀ|}tau ztant`kù : 3< : : 05< 0:: 43< <3< 5"63:'= 0<,

S`gat Kémia maEtémi}a Eabelmima

35'6 5>'> >='3 33'9 >0'5 =>'> 4= <>'9 >>'3 ><,

C|bmauMlulkdagu`mau

9"43>'< 4">59'> >":<5 4"55: 5"==< 5"959 0":6< 49"6<9'0 53"3:> 64,

Tllkdaguau 0:"099'= ="046'9 6"<>9'6 4"435'0 5"69:'3 5"=96'> 60='4 55"5>='6 4="94<'4 05=,

H|tau ml etémi}au 4"==>'= 0"043'5 0"<06 330'4 0"4<0'6 96='0 0><'6 6"03='< 3"34<'6 045,

Cab}l8 Tlg`}õtia ml è}isim`ml m` @KAMLT lk 4::=

Ib}ltztl}`îåa m` }`dlg`8

Eaka ` }`dlg` mlkabu}t` p|l au etémi}au eabelmimau lk 4::= cat`k ibcltiatlu lk tlg`+

îåa a `ba ml 4::5 lk 40,' lk }ltkau ml s`gat' kù tlztlulb}a| |k ètéueika ml 3,

lk }ltkau ml bøklta"

Lk }ltkau ml etémi}au eabelmimau

M|t`b}l a `ba ml 4::=' cat`k tleldimau 6:9 zlmimau ml etémi}a' klbau 00 ma p|l au

tleldimau lk 4::5" Ma }a}`g ml zlmimau tleldimau' mau p|ìu ==, cat`k `ztlulb}`mau




zat `b}inau k|}|àtiau' cat`k `ztas`mau <=: etémi}au ba s`gat }a}`g ml 50"459'4 kigfülu

ml kl}ieìu' a eattluzabmlb}l ` 3>, m` ztae|t` k`biclu}`m`' ëbmiel u|zltiat à tl`gi+

x`ma lk 4::5' lk < zab}au zltelb}|ìu" @u ztibeizìu t`xalu m` tlztas`îåa mau 439

zlmimau cat`k ` c`g}` ml lvzltièbei` mau ztazablb}lu lk }ltkau ml blnõeiau' ` c`g}` mln`t`b}iù l ` ibsi`digim`ml mau blnõeiau z`t` p|l au p|l ul ztl}lbmi` au lkztéu}ikau"

Lk 4::=' ` tlniåa p|l }lsl ` kìat z`t}l mau etémi}au' p|lt lk }ltkau ml s`gat' p|lt lk

}ltkau ml bøklta cai ` tlztlulb}`îåa ml E`da Mlgn`ma' zaiu' }lsl |k `|klb}a ml >6,

l =>, ba bøklta l ba s`gat ml etémi}au eabelmimau tluzle}is`klb}l" Lu}` zauiîåa

mlsl|+ul ` |k` klgfati` m` u|` e`t}lit`' p|l tlu|g}a| b|k` kìat ta}`îåa mau c|bmau

miuzabësliu" Mlsl|+ul }`kdék à `zltcliîa`klb}a mau ké}amau ml `b`giul l ztaelu+

u`klb}a mau zlmimau' kù luulbei`gklb}l à }t`d`gfa tl`gix`ma zlgau ùuiu}lb}lu mletémi}a' eab}t`}`mau lk tlnikl z`tei`g l zauieiab`mau bau micltlb}lu miu}ti}au"

B`kz|g`' p|l lk 4::5 lu}lsl b` ztiklit` zauiîåa' ciea| lk uln|bma g|n`t lk 4::<" @

ztasëbei` ml Ibf`kd`bl zauieiaba|+ul lk }ltelita g|n`t nt`îù ` |k` klgfat `zgie`îåa

mau c|bmau miuzabidigix`mau zlg` Lkdìv`m` m` Itg`bm` lk 4::5' `g`tn`bma+ul ` dùl ml

egilb}lu dlk eaka ù è}isim`mlu cib`belitù"

Lk }ltkau ml ̀ e}isim`ml

@ miu}tid|iîåa lk tlg`îåa ù è}isim`mlu k`b}lsl+ul lk tlg`îåa a `ba ml 4::5' iu}a é' `

eakltei`gix`îåa `ntëeag` eab}ib|a| ` `duatslt ` kìat zltelb}`nlk mau c|bmau' uln|i+

m` ma c|bma ml k`blia z`t` a eakéteia nlt`g' eak ` zlp|lb` ibm|u}ti` lk }ltelita

g|n`t l a }t`buzat}l lk p|`t}a g|n`t"

Lk }ltkau ma nt|za `gsa

A s`gat kémia mau etémi}au eabelmimau cai ml <>'9, kigfülu ml kl}ieìu' ibcltiat à ml

4::5 p|l cai ml >>'3 kigfülu ml kl}ieìu" Au egilb}lu ml ulva clkibiba `duatslt`k 0=,

ma }a}`g mau etémi}au eabelmimau lk }ltkau ml b|klta l 00< lk }ltkau ml s`gat' }lbma

a tlu}`b}l uima `duatsima z`t` au egilb}lu ma ulva kùe|giba" A etémi}a àu egilb}lu ma

ulva clkibiba tlztlulb}a| |k ètéueika ml 4"3 zab}au zltelb}|ìu lk }ltkau ml

bøklta l 4'4 zab}au zltelb}|ìu lk }ltkau ml s`gat' lk tlg`îåa àu etémi}au eabelmi+

mau lk 4::5"




Lk }ltkau ml s`gat l bøklta

Lk }ltkau ml bøklta' ` kìat z`t}l mau etémi}au eabelmimau' <4, cai ml s`gatlu ibmisi+

m|ìu ui}|`mau lb}tl au 4: l >< kigfülu' kù lu}lu `duatslt`k `zlbù 4>, ma s`gat }a}`g

ml etémi}au eabelmimau" Hà lk }ltkau ml s`gat ` kìat zatîåa ml cib`bei`klb}au eab+elmimau' cai z`t` etémi}au èik` ml 5:: kigfülu ml kl}ieìu' p|l lk }ltkau ml bøklta

eattluzabmlt`k `zlbù ` <,"

Lk }ltkau ml mlulkdaguau l tllkdaguau

@ibm` p|l au mlulkdaguau lk 4::= &49"6<9'0 kigfülu ml kl}ieìu) }lbf` uima dù}`b}l

ibcltiat à ml 4::5 &53"3:>'= kigfülu ml kl}ieìu)' au tllkdaguau &e`zi}`g l h|tau) ad}imau

lk 4::= &55"5>='6 kigfülu ml kl}ieìu) cat`k dù}`b}l u|zltiat àu ml 4::5 &4="94<'4kigfülu ml kl}ieìu) klteè ml lb}t`m` lk eadt`bî` ma nt`bml sag|kl ml etémi}au

mlulkdagu`mau ba `ba `b}ltiat lk eaka ma klgfat`klb}a m` kabi}ati` mau etémi}au

eabelmimau" ]`g eaka ba eùa mau etémi}au eabelmimau' ` tlztlulb}`îåa ml E`da Mlg+

n`ma cai ` p|l tl`gixa| |k kìat sag|kl ml tllkdaguau' uln|ibma+ul ` ml B`kz|g`" É

ml tlcltit p|l ml }ama a kama au tllkdaguau lk 4::= cat`k `cle}`mau zat |k dìva

bëslg ml tllkdagua mau etémi}au ê eakltei`gix`îåa' e`|u`ma zlgù micie|gm`mlu ml eaga+

e`îåa mau ztam|}au eakltei`gix`mau ba klte`ma"




4"5" ]tèu cè}atlu p|l ibcg|lbei`t`k ù è}isim`mlu m` atn`bix`îåa lb}tl au `bau

4::5 l 4::=

@) Cè}atlu p|l ibcg|lbei`t`k zaui}is`klb}l bù ̀ e}isim`mlu m` atn`bix`îåa8

․ Klte`mau c`satàsliu z`t` ù e|g}|tù ml nltnlgik' clihåa daltl l `klbmaik?

․ \k` kìat miuzabidigim`ml ml c|bmau z`t` etémi}au ztaslbilb}lu mau ztant`kù

eak a Kibiu}étia ml Ibmøu}ti` l Eakéteia &KIE)' Eakiuuåa L|tazli`' Tlzødgie` m`

Itg`bm`' FISAU' Avc`k+Dégnie` l K`gabm`?

․ A mlulbtag`t ma ztahle}a ml mlulbsagsiklb}a ibu}i}|eiab`g m` @KAMLT p|l lvini|

ml }amau |k kìat lucatîa ml }t`d`gfa luzlei`gklb}l bau kaklb}au ml uadtlzaui+

îåa ml e`glbmàtia eak ù è}isim`ml ml cib`bei`klb}a?

․ Etlueiklb}a mù azlt`îülu m` @KAMLT b` ztasëbei` ml B`kz|g`"

D) Cè}atlu p|l ibcg|lbei`t`k bln`}is`klb}l bù ̀ e}isim`mlu m` atn`bix`îåa8

․ @ dìv` ztam|îåa `ntëeag` lk 4::5 tlg`}is`klb}l êu lu}ik`}isù ibieiìu l à `ba

`b}ltiat &4::4) mlsima luulbei`gklb}l ê ittln|g`tim`ml mù ef|sù" Lk 4::= fa|sl

`|klb}a ml ztam|îåa `ntëeag` ml p|ùl }amau au ztam|}au lk tlg`îåa ê e`kz`bf`

`b}ltiat' kù }lsl+ul ` micie|gm`ml ml eagae`îåa ma kigfa' clihülu l `klbmaik zat

u`}|t`îåa ma klte`ma ib}ltba l tlniab`g &K`g`~i00' ztibeiz`g mlu}iba mù lvzat}`+

îülu)?

․ @ }ak`m` ml zauiîülu |big`}ltìu m` z`t}l ml `gn|bu ma`matlu p|l micie|g}`t`k a

ztauuln|iklb}a batk`g mau ztant`kù' b` ulp|èbei` ml `gn|kù `gln`îülu eab}i+

mù bù `s`gi`îülu ibmlzlbmlb}lu tl`gix`mù m|t`b}l a `ba ml 4::5?

․ A `|klb}a m` eabeattèbei` eak a `g`tn`klb}a mù è}isim`mlu ma N@ZI l ma Basa

D`bea luzlei`gklb}l bù ztasëbeiù ml B`kz|g` l Biùu`?

․ A `|klb}a m` }`v` ml ibcg`îåa ml 9"0, lk 4::4 z`t` 05"6, lk 4::5 eab}t` |k`

ibcg`îåa zg`bicie`m` ml 6"5 l zau}ltiatklb}l eattinim` z`t` 0:"6,' mlsima luulbei`g+

klb}l à cat}`gleiklb}a ma T`bm04' à `|klb}a mau ztlîau ma zl}tõgla ba klte`ma

ib}ltbèiab`g l ê tlm|îåa m` ztam|îåa ib}ltb`"

․ @ mlkat` ba ztaeluu`klb}a m` ibcatk`îåa uadtl etémi}a l eab}`digim`ml zatp|l

`}é cibìu ml 4::= ìbm` båa }ibf`k |k zèa}l ibcatkà}iea `mlp|`ma' a p|l etia|

lbatklu }t`bu}atbau lk }ltkau ml ztam|îåa ml ibcatk`îåa z`t` nlu}åa dlk eaka

00 Z`ëu sixibfa p|l c`x ctab}lit` eak ` ztasëbei` ml Biùu`04 Kalm` aciei`g m` Àctie` ma U|g



aioau8 Kieta+Cib`bîù lk Kaî`kdip|l ! K`tîa 4::3 4=

z`t` a ztaeluua ml ztlu}`îåa ml eab}ù p|lt z`t` lb}im`mlu ib}ltbù eaka z`t`

lb}im`mlu lv}ltbù?

․ @ mlkat` b` cib`gix`îåa mù eab}ù l tluzle}isù `|mi}atiù' a p|l mi}a| ` båa tl`gi+

x`îåa m` uluuåa m` @uulkdgli` Nlt`g ml uõeiau' a p|l zat u|` slx nlta| |k `}tùabù è}isim`mlu mlg` mlzlbmlb}lu' eaka cai a eùa m` e`zèi}`îåa ibu}i}|eiab`g?

․ Lk 4::= fa|sl |k` klbat lb}t`m` ml c|bmau lv}ltbau eakz`t`}is`klb}l ` 4::5"

4" =" Ui}|`îåa m` e`t}lit` m` @KAMLT LK 4::5 L 4::=

A s`gat m` e`t}lit` ml etémi}a è}is` &e`zi}`g lk misim`) ba cik ml 4::5 ùelbml `

5<"0>6'4 kigfülu ml kl}ieìu eattluzabmlb}lu ` 339 etémi}au' a s`gat m` e`t}lit` é u|zl+

tiat ê cib`g ml 4::4 lk 4<," Lk 50 ml Mlxlkdta ml 4::=' a s`gat m` e`t}lit` eicta|+ul lk50"9>0'6 kigfülu ml kl}ieìu a p|l ciea| ` mlslt+ul luulbei`gklb}l ` |k klbat sag|kl

ml mlulkdaguau m|t`b}l a `ba ml 4::="

Lb}tl 099= ` 4::4 cat`k `d`}imau 546 etémi}au eabuimlt`mau ibeadtàsliu ba s`gat ml

05"::6'< kigfülu ml kl}ieìu' ztaeluua luul p|l båa ul tl`gixa| lk `bau `b}ltiatlu

mlsima àu ztadglkù eak a uiu}lk` ibcatkà}iea" Au `d`}lu eattluzabmlk ` =9, m`

e`t}lit` lk }ltkau ml bøklta l ` 5>, lk }ltkau ml s`gat"

Ba cib`g ml 4::= cat`k `d`}imau 0<4 etémi}au eabuimlt`mau ibeadtàsliu eak a s`gat }a}`g

lk mësim` &e`zi}`g) ml <"=94'= kigfülu" Lk }ltkau `duag|}au lu}l s`gat é ibcltiat à mau

`d`}lu tl`gix`mau lk 4::5 lk <6,' kù lk }ltkau eakz`t`}isau é dù}`b}l u|zltiat ul

`}lbmltkau ` p|l au `d`}lu ml 4::5 eattluzabmi`k ` |k zltëama ml < `bau m|t`b}l a

p|`g båa ul cixlt` blbf|k `d`}l zat t`xülu gin`mù à uiu}lk` ml ibcatk`îåa"

Lk 4::5 ù kìatlu zltelb}`nlbu ml `d`}l slticie`t`k+ul bù ztasëbeiù ml X`kdéxi` l

N`x`' lbp|`b}a p|l lk 4::= ù kìatlu zltelb}`nlbu ml `d`}l slticie`t`k+ul bù zta+

sëbeiù ml ]l}l' Ibf`kd`bl l E`da Mlgn`ma"

]`b}a lk 4::5 eaka lk 4::=' ` e`t}lit` lk tiuea &etémi}au eak `}tùa u|zltiat ` 9:

miù) båa zýml ult `b`giu`m` ml catk` ngad`g zlga cè}a ml ` xab` bat}l' lbngad`bma ù

ztasëbeiù ml E`da Mlgn`ma' Biùu`' B`kz|g` l X`kdéxi` l ` u|g' lbngad`bma ù ztasëb+

eiù ml ]l}l' Ibf`kd`bl l N`x` }ltlk ztaelmiklb}au ml eàge|ga micltlb}lu" Lbp|`b}a

p|l ` xab` u|g |u`s` a zèa}l GUC p|l e`ge|g` a `}tùa lk c|bîåa ma s`gat m` misim`

slbeim` båa z`n`' ` xab` bat}l |u`s` |k` cagf` ml eàge|ga p|l ml}ltkib` a `}tùa ma



aioau8 Kieta+Cib`bîù lk Kaî`kdip|l ! K`tîa 4::3 4<

etémi}a lk c|bîåa m` øg}ik` m`}` ml z`n`klb}a' ibmlzlbmlb}lklb}l ma s`gat lk mësi+

m`"

@ e`t}lit` lk tiuea &etémi}au eak `}tùa u|zltiat ` 9: miù) båa cai zauuëslg ult `b`giu`m`

zatp|l ` xab` bat}l' lbngad`bma ù ztasëbeiù ml E`da Mlgn`ma' Biùu`' B`kz|g` lX`kdéxi` l ` xab` u|g' lbngad`bma ù ztasëbeiù ml ]l}l' Ibf`kd`bl l N`x` |u`s`k

zèa}lu ibcatkà}ieau micltlb}lu l }ibf`k ztaelmiklb}au ml eàge|ga }`kdék micltlb}lu"

Lbp|`b}a p|l b` xab` u|g |u`s` a zèa}l GCU p|l e`ge|g` a `}tùa lk c|bîåa ma s`gat

lk misim` slbeim` båa z`n`' ` xab` bat}l |u` |u`s` |k` cagf` ml eàge|ga p|l ml}ltkib`

a `}tùa ma etémi}a lk c|bîåa m` øg}ik` m`}` ml z`n`klb}a' ibmlzlbmlb}lklb}l ma

s`gat lk mësim`"

Ba cib`g ml 4::5' ` e`t}lit` lk tiuea b` xab` bat}l ui}|`s`+ul lk 05'3, lk }ltkau mlbøklta ml etémi}au l ml 6'6, lk }ltkau ml s`gat' s`gatlu p|l ul `ztavik`k mau 0:,

èli}àsliu z`t` ` ibmøu}ti` cib`belit`" @u tlztlulb}`îülu ml Zlkd` l E|`kd` uåa ù p|l

tlslg`k au kìatlu ëbmielu ml tiuea' ` ztasëbei` m` X`kdéxi` `zlu`t ml `ztlulb}`t ëbmi+

elu mlb}ta mau èli}àsliu 0:,' }lsl }`kdék |k nt`bml ëbmiel ml `d`}lu ml etémi}au

ibeadtàsliu" B` xab` u|g' ` e`t}lit` lk tiuea ui}|`s`+ul lk =0, lk }ltkau ml bøklta ml

etémi}au l lk 54, lk }ltkau ml s`gat' s`gatlu lu}lu dù}`b}l èik` mau bësliu èli}à+

sliu"

Ba cib`g ml 4::=' ` e`t}lit` lk tiuea b` xab` bat}l ui}|`s`+ul lk 44'=, lk }ltkau ml

bøklta ml etémi}au l 05'<, lk }ltkau ml s`gat' s`gatlu u|zltiatlu àu eabuln|imau lk

4::5" Au `|klb}au slticie`t`k+ul bù tlztlulb}`îülu ml E|`kd`' B`kz|g` l X`kdéxi`

lbp|`b}a p|l mluel| ginlit`klb}l b` tlztlulb}`îåa ml E`da Mlgn`ma" B` xab` u|g' `

e`t}lit` lk tiuea ui}|`s`+ul 5>'=, lk }ltkau ml bøklta ml etémi}au l lk 50'5, lk

}ltkau ml s`gat' ëbmielu u|zltiatlu àu slticie`mau lk 4::5 l dù}`b}l èik` mau èli}à+

sliu 0:,' `zlu`t ml ` zltelb}`nlk ml `d`}lu }lt uima nt`bml"

@u }`dlgù p|l ul uln|lk tlu|klk ` ui}|`îåa m` e`t}lit` lk tiuea ulz`t`m`klb}l z`t`

e`m` |k` mù xabù bau cibìu ml 4::5 l 4::=8




Ui}|`îåa m` e`t}lit` lk tiuea m` @KAMLT ba cik ml 4::5

@e}isim`ml E`da Mlgn`ma E|`kd` B`kz|g` X`kdéxi` ]l}l Ib`kd`bl Efõo~l]" Tl`g

:5

E`t}lit` ml etémi}a50"04":5 &e`zi}`g)

6"5>4'5 =":=0'0 9"=5='5 0"635 <"5=>'< <"6<< 43<': 5<"0>6'4

S`gat ml etémi}a `d`}ima 5"66:'5 4"4=3'= 3'3 4"4=3': 0"634'= 0"05:': 0"503'6 05"::6'5

, mau `d`}lu uadtl a }a}`g 49'6, 09'>, :'0, 0>'5, 0='5, 6'>, 0:'0, 0::, , mau `d`}lu uadtl è`t}lit` è}is` &lk B¸)

<3, <3, :"9, 00>'9, 09">, <4'5, 06='4, =9,

, mau `d`}lu uadtl è`t}lit` è}is` &lk s`gat)

=3'5, 35'<, :'0, 04:'3, 5='6, 09'5, =9>, 5>,

E`t}lit` lk tiuea &`}tùa2 9:miù) Xab` Bat}l ― B¸

40'3, 04, 9'3, 9, Q Q Q 05'3,

E`t}lit` lk tiuea &`}tùa2 9:miù) Xab` U|g ― B¸

Q Q Q Q =0, =3'9, :, =0,

+E`t}lit` lk tiuea Xab` Bat}l― , S`gat

04'0, 00, <, >'9, Q Q Q 6'6,

E`t}lit` lk tiuea Xab` U|g ― ,S`gat

Q Q Q Q =3'<, 4:'5, :, 54,

Cab}l8 Tlg`}õtia ml è}isim`ml m` @KAMLT ml 4::5"

Ui}|`îåa m` e`t}lit` lk tiuea m` @KAMLT ba cik ml 4::=

@e}isim`ml E`da Mlgn`ma E|`kd` B`kz|g` X`kdéxi` ]l}l Ibf`kd`bl Efõo~l ]"Tl`g :=

E`t}lit` ml etémi}a 50"04":=&e`zi}`g)

6"9>0'> 5"<03'9 9"049'9 4"596'5 5"443'= 5"9<<'= >>5'= 50"9>0'6

S`gat ml etémi}a `d`}ima 903 430 49< 400 4">46'< 0":6:'3 : <"=94'=

, mau `d`}lu uadtl a }a}`g 03'>, ='6, <'=, 5'6, =9'>, 09'>, :, 0::,

, mau `d`}lu uadtl ` e`t}lit`è}is` &lk B¸)

4'>, 0'9, 0'<, 0'9, >'9, 3'>, :4, 45,

, mau `d`}lu uadtl ` e`t}lit`è}is` &lk s`gat)

4'9, :'6, :'94, :'>, 6'<, 5'=, :, 0>,

E`t}lit` lk tiuea &`}tùa2 9:miù) Xab` Bat}l ― B¸

4=, 06'<, 4='4, 40'>, Q Q Q 44'=,

E`t}lit` lk tiuea &`}tùa2 9:miù) Xab` U|g ― B¸

Q Q Q Q =='4, =4'=, 0>'4, 5>'=,

E`t}lit` lk tiuea Xab` Bat}l ―S`gat

00'=, 05'0, 0='<, 0>'9, Q Q Q 05'<,

E`t}lit` lk tiuea Xab` U|g ―S`gat

Q Q Q Q 44'4, =4'9, 9'>, 50'5,

Nt`| ml tllkdagua 34, <9, <3, =9, 53, =4, >:, <4,

Cab}l8 Tlg`}õtia ml è}isim`ml m` @KAMLT ml 4::=

E`|uù m` dìv` }`v` ml tllkdagua

@gék mau cè}atlu p|l ibcg|lbei`t`k bln`}is`klb}l bù è}isim`mlu m` @KAMLT' `}tàu

ei}`mau' h|b}`k+ul ù e`|uù8

․ @}é à cik ml 4::= båa f`si` uima `d`}ima au etémi}au ml cè}a ibeadtàsliu mlsima `

micltlbîù ml }t`}`klb}a ibcatkà}iea lb}tl ` xab` bat}l l u|g ma z`ëu' |k` slx p|l ba

xab`g u|g |u`s` a zèa}l GCU p|l e`ge|g` a `}tùa lk c|bîåa ma s`gat m` mësim` slbeim`

båa z`n` l ` xab` bat}l |u`s` |k` cagf` ml eàge|ga p|l ml}ltkib` a `}tùa ma etémi}a

lk c|bîåa m` øg}ik` m`}` ml z`n`klb}a' ibmlzlbmlb}lklb}l ma s`gat lk mësim`?



aioau8 Kieta+Cib`bîù lk Kaî`kdip|l ! K`tîa 4::3 4>

․ Au dlblcieiàtiau ma kietaetémi}a k|i}ù slxlu båa eabuln|lk c`xlt a z`n`klb}a mù

u|ù ztlu}`îülu mlb}ta mau zt`xau lu}`dlgleimau zatp|l a mlulbsagsiklb}a mù u|ù

è}isim`mlu mlzlbml mù zéuuikù eabmiîülu mù siù ml èluua' ztibeiz`gklb}l ba

}lkza mù ef|sù' ùuik eaka ` iblviu}èbei` a| mlu}t|iîåa mù ibct`+lu}t|}|tù cëuieù&klte`ma l gah`) z`t` a eùa ml E|`kd` zat lvlkzga?

․ Z`t` a eùa ml Biùu` ` tlml d`beàti` é dù}`b}l ctè`' lviu}ibma lk E|`kd` uaklb}l

|k d`bea &DIK) l bau tlu}`b}lu miu}ti}au lk p|l ` @KAMLT azlt` båa zauu|lk

blbf|k d`bea" Lu}l ztadglk` micie|g}` }`kdék a z`n`klb}a mù ztlu}`îülu zat z`t+

}l mau ul|u dlblcieiàtiau mlb}ta ma zt`xa"




5" EABEG\UÅA

A Kietaetémi}a eabetl}ix` |k` zauuidigim`ml ml eti`îåa ml tip|lx`' l kìu s`giù b` lea+

baki` bèiab`g' b` ztam|}isim`ml l ba lkztlna" @ eti`îåa ml |k ztahle}a ml Kietaeté+

mi}a mà tluzau}` ` |k` micie|gm`ml lu}t|}|t`g ml b`}|tlx` uaei`g' zagë}ie`' e|g}|t`g l `

`sltuåa à tiuea" Ibclgixklb}l' ìbm` lviu}l lk Kaî`kdip|l' |k` baîåa ml p|l ù zlu+

uaù p|l eaklî`k zlp|lbau blnõeiau båa uåa kltlelmatù ml }`b}` `mkit`îåa eaka

ù p|l uln|lk e`ttlitù eab}ib|`mù' ba ule}at zødgiea a| ba ule}at ztis`ma" Lu}l ztl+

eabeli}a uõ ul eabuln|ità |g}t`zùu`t eak |k èlb}|`ma lucatîa ml lm|e`îåa l eab}i+

b|im`ml à gabna mù nlt`îülu"

Kaî`kdip|l ztleiu` ml `zau}`t kìu b` catk`îåa' ibcatk`îåa l e`zèim`ml ml cib`b+

ei`klb}a8 uåa au }tèu ùzle}au dùl z`t` eabuln|it `zai`t ml cè}a ù zluuaù lkztllb+

mlmatù' p|l ztae|t`k lkztéu}ikau l `g}ltb`}isù cat` ma ule}at d`beàtia" Zat a|}ta

g`ma lviu}l |k lveluua ml d|taetèi` b` eti`îåa l nlu}åa eattlb}l ml kietalkztluù"

A Kietaetémi}a' é ult lbe`t`ma eaka |k ibu}t|klb}a p|l siu` eti`t |k `kdilb}l p|l

zltki}` êu zluuaù tlgèiab`tlk+ul eak |k z`telita eakltei`g l eak ù Ibu}i}|iîülu

cib`belitù' ztasimlbei`bma båa uõ a cib`bei`klb}a' kù }`kdék ` ibcatk`îåa l a

`zaia z`t` mlulbsagslt a ul| ztõztia blnõeia l eabu}t|it `gna p|l kìu }`tml ulh` |k

eab}tid|}a z`t` leabaki` kaî`kdie`b`"

Lk Kaî`kdip|l' lviu}lk ìbm` `gn|bu lb}t`slu' d`ttlitù l ztadglkù ba ule}at ma

kietaetémi}a058

․ Za|eù Ibu}i}|iîülu ml Kietacib`bîù catk`gix`mù?

․ @u Ibu}i}|iîülu ml Kietacib`bîù ulk atilb}`îåa eakltei`g l eab}`digim`ml atn`bix`+

m` }èk klbau ùuiu}èbei` }éebie`' l uåa klbau eab}lkzg`m` p|l ù tlu}`b}lu?

․ @u Ibu}i}|iîülu ml Kietacib`bîù lu}åa gabnl ml }ltlk ib}lit` u|u}lb}`digim`ml ibu}i+

}|eiab`g?

․ Méciel ml zagë}ie` ml ibslu}iklb}a lk catk`îåa ml tle|tuau f|k`bau' eak klmimù

ml tleieg`nlk l e|tuau `s`bî`mau lk ml}ltkib`mau ulnklb}au?

․ Micie|gm`ml b` eti`îåa ml e`zèim`ml gae`g lk Kietacib`bîù z`t` e`z}`t a nt`bml

cg|va ml mibflita bù xabù t|tìu l ule}atlu ibcatkìu' dlk eaka `|klb}a ma tìa

ml èîåa ba eakd`}l ê zadtlx` l lveg|uåa uaei`g?

05 ~~~"kietacibkax"nas"kx ' ulkibàtia uadtl ztahle}au ml e`zèi}`îåa ba ule}at ma kieta cib`bîù"




․ C`g}` ml Zagi}ieù ml u|u}lb}`digim`ml cib`belit` kìu cat}lu p|l zauu`k ult eakdi+

b`mù eak zagi}ieù ml tlm|îåa ml lue`g` ml lkztéu}ika?

․ @ glniug`îåa kaî`kdie`b` båa }lk |k z`zlg kìu è}isa l zaui}isa uadtl a klte`+

ma' b` eti`îåa ml eabmiîülu glnìu z`t` p|l au tiueau ulh`k klbatlu' l ` u|` lvz`b+uåa zlgù àtlù t|tìu lu}lh` kìu cèigi}`m`?

․ Bù xabù t|tìu' lviu}l |k méciel k|i}a lgls`ma ml lu}t|}|tù l ultsiîau cib`belitau'

a eabeli}a ml ultsiîau cib`belitau é kìu `dt`bnlb}l l eakzglva ma p|l a eabeli}a

ml Kietacib`bîù"

Lk Kaî`kdip|l' z`t}ie|g`tklb}l lk Biùu`' ` zadtlx` båa ul tlu|kl `zlbù ê c`g}` ml

èluua ê lueag` a| ê u`øml" Bù xabù t|tìu' lu}ù ibct`lu}t|}|tìu lbeab}t`k+ul miu}`b+

}lu mù xabù tluimlbeiìu' kù a ztibeiz`g eabu}t`bniklb}a p|l au f`di}`b}lu mlu}lu

gaeìu }èk lbctlb}`bma é ` c`g}` ml |k` cab}l ml tlbmiklb}au p|l gflu zltki}` }lt

tle|tuau cib`belitau u|cieilb}lu z`t` a cib`bei`klb}a mù køg}izgù bleluuim`mlu p|l

gflu `z`tlelk"

Au ultsiîau cib`belitau kaî`kdie`bau t|tìu lbeab}t`k+ul b|k` cùl ml mle`mèbei`

lu}t|}|t`g l gln`g' |k` slx p|l lviu}l |k èlb}|`ma `d`bmaba zat z`t}l m` d`be`

eakltei`g mù xabù t|tìu' |k tlm|xima bøklta ml Ibu}i}|iîülu ml Kietacib`bîù ulbmaìbm` klbat a bøklta ml ibu}i}|iîülu lbsagsimù lk Cib`bîù t|tìu' |k kamlu}a

sag|kl ngad`g ml blnõeiau l ml egilb}lu' zauu|i |k` p|`gim`ml s`tiàslg' a ul| ikzè}a é

giki}`ma l lviu}l |k` miuzltuåa bau lucatîau ibmisim|`gix`mau mau ma`matlu l zødgiea"

Lk uëb}lul au ztadglkù mù Ibu}i}|iîülu cib`belitù t|tìu zamlk ult `nt|z`mau bù

uln|ib}lu e`}lnatiù8

․ Ztadglkù cib`belitau &`mlp|`îåa ml tle|tuau à ul| sag|kl l ztlîau)?

․ Ztadglkù ml dùl gln`g l }éebieau? ․ C`g}` ml tle|tuau f|k`bau eak ù eakzl}èbeiù luzleëcieù blu}ù k`}étiù?

․ Lviu}èbei` ml |k méciel b` e`zèim`ml ml gimlt`bî` l nlu}åa mau tle|tuau ê

Zau}au ê miuzauiîåa

․ Iblviu}èbei` ml lu}|ma lu}`}ëu}iea ma klte`ma ` ibslu}it l egilb}lu `gsa?

․ Za|e` misltuim`ml ibu}i}|eiab`g"




A ztlulb}l lu}|ma eabu}`}a| p|l fà zluuaù lk ui}|`îåa ml malbî` p|l båa }èk eab+

uln|ima eakzt`t au klmie`klb}au p|l gflu uåa tleaklbm`mau zlgau kémieau' az}`b+

ma êu slxlu zat eakzt`t bau klte`mau ibcatkìu' a| kluka båa ul }t`}`bma"

Ml cè}a' lu}l ultsiîa cib`belita }lk `h|m`ma |k elt}a }iza ml egilb}lu l au ul|u tlu|g}`+mau mlzlbmlk mù ui}|`îülu ibmisim|ìu mau ul|u dlblcieiàtiau' |k etémi}a zaml eti`t

kìu lkztlnau àu klkdtau ma kluka `ntln`ma" Bù xabù t|tìu ml Biùu`' au egilb+

}lu ml kietaetémi}a eak |k bëslg ml ibslu}iklb}a eabuimltàslg tlniu}`k klgfatiù ùui+

b`gàsliu' båa ul u|elmlbma a kluka eak au zlp|lbau egilb}lu p|l ul }atb`t`k

mlzlbmlb}lu eab}ëb|au' m`ma a cè}a mù u|ù è}isim`mlu ultlk lveluuis`klb}l

zlp|lbù' zlga p|l z`t` lu}lu øg}ikau a kietaetémi}a båa }lk uima ` uag|îåa p|l ul

luzlt`s` z`t` ` tlm|îåa mau ul|u bësliu ml zadtlx` l ml mlzlbmèbei`" Au ztibeizìueabu}t`bniklb}au p|l a kietaetémi}a `ztlulb}` z`t` a mlulbsagsiklb}a mlu}ù zluuaù

uåa a dìva s`gat ma lkztéu}ika' e|t}a zt`xa ml tllkdagua l lgls`mù }`vù ml h|ta' cè+

}atlu p|l }atb`k ikzauuëslg ` `zgie`îåa mlu}lu kab}`b}lu z`t` ` lvz`buåa mù u|ù

è}isim`mlu l m` ztam|îåa"

Z`t` `h|m`t au zadtlu båa ul mlsi` |u`t `zlbù a kietaetémi}a' mlsl+ul lu}lbmlt au ult+

siîau êu za|z`bîù l }`kdék à uln|ta" Au dlblcieiàtiau ma kietaetémi}a `ztlulb}`k

|k` gin`îåa eak ` ibu}i}|iîåa `}é elt}a zab}a siei`m`' zlga eiega lkztéu}ika+

ibslu}iklb}a+z`n`klb}a' l båa eabuln|lk n|`tm`t blk z`t` ui blk z`t` au ul|u au

tlu|g}`mau ma ul| blnõeia" Lu}` ui}|`îåa eagae`+au zt`}ie`klb}l zadtlu' kù eaka cab+

}l ml tlbm`' ` imli` ma kietaetémi}a mlsi` }lt eaka cik }atbà+gau `|}a+u|cieilb}lu"

Au tlu|g}`mau ma }t`d`gfa zltki}lk eabu}`}`t p|l ml cè}a a kietaetémi}a eab}tid|i

mitle}` l ibmitle}`klb}l z`t` ` ztakaîåa ma dlk+lu}`t' zltki}ibma eti`t a| k`b}lt lk

kémi` m|ù s`nù l kli` ml lkztlna zat e`m` dlblcieiàtia' a p|l `|klb}` a tlbmi+

klb}a l klgfat` a bëslg ml sim` mau dlblcieiàtiau' }atb`bma+ul b|k` eabuimltàslg eab+

}tid|iîåa z`t` au adhle}isau ml eakd`}l l tlm|îåa m` zadtlx` lk Kaî`kdip|l mlcibi+

mau ba ztant`k` ma Nasltba




Uag|îülu l `gn|kù ztazau}ù ` ultlk }ak`mù zlgù Ibu}i}|iîülu ml Kietacib`b+îù

"․ Kìu l klgfatlu ibu}i}|iîülu cib`belitù l ml Kietaetémi}a?

․ Klgfat e`zèim`ml ibu}i}|eiab`g zødgie` l ztis`m`?

․ Kìat sag|kl ngad`g ml blnõeiau l ml egilb}lu?

․ Klgfat p|`gim`ml l misltuim`ml mau ztam|}au l ultsiîau cib`belitau miuzabidigi+

x`mau p|lt zlg` d`be` eakltei`g p|lt zlgù Kietacib`bîù?

․ Kìat lcieièbei` l u|u}lb}`digim`ml mù ibu}i}|iîülu ml Kietacib`bîù' z`t` }`g

mlslk tl`gix`t |k lucatîa bù àtlù m` catk`îåa l ibcatk`îåa &kl}amaganiù l

}éebieù tèiabìu)"

Z`t` |k zìu eaka Kaî`kdip|l' au d`beau mlslti`k |}igix`t eti}étiau kl}amaganiù

cimlminbù luzleëcieù' eak ` `s`gi`îåa mau tiueau dùl`m` lk8

․ Lu}|mau }éebieau mau cg|vau ml eìv` ma blnõeia ma lkztllbmlmat?

․ @s`gi`îåa uaeialeabõkie` p|l ibeg|i |k` `s`gi`îåa ma eab}lv}a uaei`g l c`kigi`t

ma lkztllbmlmat?

․ \k` `bàgiul ` sab}`ml a| ztauzleîåa ` z`n`t?

․ Mlslti` lviu}it b` lu}t|}|t` mù ibu}i}|iîülu ml etémi}a |k `nlb}l ml etémi}a p|l

c`î` ` ztakaîåa l `bàgiul ma tiuea l a|}ta p|l cauul tluzabuàslg zlg` tle|zlt`+

îåa ma etémi}a"

@u kietalkztluù lk Kaî`kdip|l' }èk lbctlb}`ma `gn|bu eabu}t`bniklb}au ml

atmlk cib`belit`' l k|i}ù slxlu båa lviu}lk kle`biukau ml èluua àu klte`mau l

lviu}lk nt`bmlu micie|gm`mlu ml `p|iuiîåa ml eakzablb}lu }lebagõnieù' ` kåa+ml+

adt` é za|ea p|`gicie`m`" Ba eab}lv}a kaî`kdie`ba }lt u|eluua lk Kietacib`bîù é

`ge`bî`t kìat bøklta ml egilb}lu l lviu}it |k` tlb}`digim`ml l zltk`bèbei` ba }lkza"

@u ibu}i}|iîülu ml kietaetémi}a lk Biùu` z`t` `gék ml ztisiglni`t `zlbù a etémi}a ml

e|t}a zt`xa' mlu}ib`ma kìati}`ti`klb}l z`t` a ule}at eakltei`g' mlslti`k }`kdék

ztisiglni`t a etémi}a ` gabna zt`xa' mlu}ib`ma àu e`kzablulu' |k` slx p|l ` è}isim`ml

`ntëeag` é ` dùl ml uadtlsisèbei` m` ztasëbei`" Biùu` é |k` ztasëbei` abml ` kìati`

m` u|` zaz|g`îåa sisl bù xabù t|tìu l }lk |k `g}a za}lbei`g `ntëeag` mlsima ê da`

p|`gim`ml mau uagau l êu ef|sù tln|g`tlu"




Ml |k kama nlt`g au dlblcieiàtiau kau}t`k uibìu ml }ltlk |g}t`zùu`ma micie|gm`mlu

miàtiù mluml p|l ibiei`t`k ` u|` gin`îåa eak a kietaetémi}a" Lu}l ztam|}a `zlu`t ml ult

s`giaua' båa zaml ult ùu|kima eaka ulbma |k` uag|îåa z`t` au ztadglkù m` zadtl+

x`' zlga p|l ztleiu`+ul uik é ml p|l b` u|` `zgie`îåa ` lu}` e`k`m` ulh`k `s`gi`mau au}izau ml ultsiîau p|l e`m` |k zauu` ztleiu`t' ml kama ` mitleeiabà+ga eattle}`klb}l l

z`t` p|l ` u|u}lb}`digim`ml m` ibu}i}|iîåa ulh` n`t`b}im` l z`t` p|l au zadtlu z`t}iei+

zlk l båa ul uib}`k lveg|ëmau ml p|`gp|lt ztaeluua p|l gflu zauu` `h|m`t ` `gisi`t ` u|`

ui}|`îåa ml zadtlx`' au zagë}ieau mlslk catk|g`t gliu p|l `dt`k luz`îa ê z`t}ieiz`îåa"

Zlt`b}l ` bleluuim`ml ml ul lbeab}t`t lu}t`}éniù l ibu}t|klb}au lcieilb}lu l lcie`xlu ml

eakd`}l ê zadtlx` lk Kaî`kdip|l' m`ma a z`zlg tlg`}isa ma kietaetémi}a `}t`séu m`

eabeluuåa ml etémi}a êu zluuaù zadtlu l leabakie`klb}l è}isù' eab}tid|ibma z`t` `nlt`îåa ml `gn|k tlbmiklb}a z`t` ` u|` uadtlsisèbei`' lu}l lu}|ma båa acltlel |k`

tluzau}` è`d`m` uadtl ` k`}éti`" Ztl}lbmlkau ùuik g`bî`t `zlbù `gn|kù g|xlu l

`dtit luz`îa z`t` a|}tau lu}|mau kìu `ztac|bm`mau' p|l zltki}`k |k kìat lbp|`+

mt`klb}a mlu}lu bau ztant`kù ml eakd`}l ê zadtlx` lk e|tua ba z`ëu l eab}tid|it

z`t` ` tlm|îåa mau eabu}t`bniklb}au p|l ` è}|`g tlg`îåa lb}tl ù ibu}i}|iîülu l au

dlblcieiàtiau `ztlulb}`"




=" Tlcltèbeiù Didgiantàcieù

Ea|}ibfa' @? Uigs`' E' Z &4::<) Kietaetémi}a lk Zat}|n`g" Kigglbbi|k dez"

E`l}`ba' @? Blslu' H? Clttlit`' E" K" H"&4::0) K`b|`g ml Zuieauuaeiagani` mù Atn`bix`îülu"

@k`mat`' KeNt`~ + Figg"

M`|}a' D" \"&4:::) Eabu}i}|iîåa m` Tlzødgie` ml Kaî`kdip|l" K`z|}a"

K`}g`d`' L" F" X" &4::4) @bàgiul m` nlu}åa ml tle|tuau f|k`bau bù Catîù @tk`mù ml

Kaî`kdip|l ― ba eab}lv}a m` atn`bix`îåa p|l `ztlbml" K`z|}a' 096 z" Miuult}`îåa

&Klu}t`ma) ― Ibu}i}|}a U|zltiat ml Eièbeiù ma ]t`d`gfa l m` Lkztlu`"

~~~"Ibl"nas"kx 4::3~~~"nlagibn|`"atn!zìulu kaî`kdip|l"f}k

@ctie`" U`za"z}~~~"ezuct"atn"kx~~~"d`beakae"kx~~~"kietacibkax"nas"kax

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