Monografia Sociedade Simples e Sociedade Empresária

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gco`øedcj.

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nw|åhdcos sg|qge hg jmdcg|cgs. Hg we mjho- j rgssoj nw|åhdcj- hg owx|o- j jxdqdhjhg

ger|gsj|djm. Wej r|degd|j jr|ovdejëão jo co`xgþho hgsxg co`cgdxo sg aj~ rgmj dhädj

hg rgssoj nw|åhdcj ger|gsê|dj- ow sgnj- zwg gvg|cg jxdqdhjhg gco`øedcj sol j ao|ej

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hg rgssoj nw|åhdcj zwg gvrmo|je jxdqdhjhg hgad`dhj rgmo hd|gdxo coeo hg `jxw|g~j

ger|gsj|djm ä zwg rohge sg| co`cgdxwjhjs coeo socdghjhgs ger|gsê|djs. Jmäe

hdsso- fê rgssojs nw|åhdcjs zwg são sger|g ger|gsê|djs- zwjmzwg| zwg sgnj o sgw

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o hj swj mocjmd~jëão ò zwjh|o kg|jm hjs rgssojs nw|åhdcjs.

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k|wros. Hg we mjho- js rgssojs nw|åhdcjs hg hd|gdxo rþlmdco- xjds j W`dão- os Gsxjhos-

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|gdxo r|dqjho- coer|gg`hg`ho xohjs js hgejds.

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Ä d||gmgqj`xgrj|j sg hgxg|ed`j| o g`zwjh|jeg`xo hg wej rgssoj nw|åhdcj

`we ow òwx|o hgsxgs k|wros- j o|dkge hos |gcw|sos hgsxd`jhos â swj co`sxdxwdëão.

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|gcw|sos rþlmdcos- ejs zwg sg g`co`x|je- ro| hgxg|ed`jëão co`sxdxwcdo`jm- swngdxjs

jo |gkdeg hg hd|gdxo r|dqjho- zwg são js ger|gsjs rþlmdcjs.

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d`x|ohw~%sg j swlhdqdsão gvdsxg`xg ò k|wro hjs rgssojs nw|åhdcjs hg hd|gdxo r|dqjho.

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edò|dxj|djeg`xg- g j nê mgel|jhj ger|gsj rþlmdcj. Hg owx|o mjho- js rgssojs

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socdghjhgs sdermgs g ger|gsê|djs3.

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ger|gsê|dj j rg|sgcwëão hg mwc|os % d`gvdsxg rgssoj nw|åhdcj hgssj cjxgko|dj coe

ad`s admj`x|órdcos ow rdos- gsxg ä we c|dxä|do d`swadcdg`xg rj|j hgsxjcê%Dj hj socdghjhg

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sdermgs. Dsxo ro|zwg xjeläe fê socdghjhgs `ão ger|gsê|djs coe gscoro mwc|jxdqo-

xjds js socdghjhgs hg jhqokjhos- js |w|jds sge |gkdsx|o `j Nw`xj gxc.

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olngxo. O olngxo socdjm gvrmo|jho sge ger|gsj|djmdhjhg &dsxo ä- sge

r|oadssdo`jmeg`xg o|kj`d~j| os ajxo|gs hg r|ohwëão$ coàg|g â socdghjhg o cj|êxg|

hg sdermgs- g`zwj`xo j gvrmo|jëão ger|gsj|djm ho olngxo socdjm cj|jcxg|d~j|ê j

socdghjhg coeo ger|gsê|dj.

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hd|gdxo o eoho hg gvrmo|jëão ho olngxo socdjm. Gssg c|dxä|do ejxg|djm- zwg hê |gmgqo âej`gd|j hg sg hgsg`qomqg| j jxdqdhjhg gagxdqjeg`xg gvg|cdhj rgmj socdghjhg- `j

hgad`dëão hg swj `jxw|g~j ger|gsj|djm- ä jrg`js gvcgrcdo`jho ge |gmjëão âs

socdghjhgs ro| jë÷gs. Gsxjs sg|ão sger|g ger|gsê|djs- jd`hj zwg o sgw olngxo `ão

sgnj ger|gsj|djmeg`xg gvrmo|jho &CC- j|x. 46<- rj|êk|jao þ`dco9 MSJ- j|x. <¾- « : ¾$.

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cg|zwg &CC- j|x. 46<- rj|êk|jao þ`dco$. Sjmqo `gsxjs fdróxgsgs % socdghjhg j`ø`dej-

ge coej`hdxj ro| jë÷gs ow coorg|jxdqjs %- o g`zwjh|jeg`xo hg wej socdghjhg ò|gkdeg nw|åhdco ger|gsj|djm hgrg`hg|ê- gvcmwsdqjeg`xg- hj ao|ej coe zwg gvrmo|j

sgw olngxo. Wej socdghjhg mdedxjhj- ge hgco||î`cdj- rohg|ê sg| ger|gsê|dj ow

sdermgs> sg ao| gvg|cg`xg hg jxdqdhjhg gco`øedcj o|kj`d~jhj rj|j j r|ohwëão ow

cd|cwmjëão hg lg`s ow sg|qdëos- sg|ê ger|gsê|dj9 cjso co`x|ê|do ow sg hghdcj`ho j

jxdqdhjhg gco`øedcj cdqdm &socdghjhg hg r|oadssdo`jds d`xgmgcxwjds ow hghdcjhj â

jxdqdhjhg |w|jm sge |gkdsx|o `j Nw`xj Coeg|cdjm$- sg|ê sdermgs.

Olsg|qgeos o gvgermo zwg o H|. \oh|dko Xoscjò hg L|dxo8 jrwh Ajldo

Wmfoj Cogmfo wsj rj|j hdsxd`kwd| socdghjhg ger|gsê|dj hg socdghjhg sdermgs>

8 Egsx|g g howxo| ge Hd|gdxo Cdqdm rgmj RWC%SR &Ro`xdaåcdj W`dqg|sdhjhg Cjxómdcj hg São Rjwmo$R|oagsso| hg Hd|gdxo Cdqdm hj WARL &W`dqg|sdhjhg Aghg|jm hj Rj|jålj$ g hj Gscomj Swrg|do| hjEjkdsx|jxw|j.



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Y...U hods sócdos co`sxdxwå|je j socdghjhg ,Mdq|j|dj Jwxo| Mxhj,. Jelos co`xje coe o jwvåmdo hg hg~ jxg`hg`xgs hg monj- qg`hgemdq|os dero|xjhos g rj|j dsso- we hgmgs rjssj loj rj|xg ho xgeroqdjnj`ho d`ho lwscj| òqos ao|`gcgho|gs. J socdghjhg co`x|jxow-`gssg cjso- wej rgssoj rj|j sg| o cjdvj ow xgsow|gd|o hj

socdghjhg- g`zwj`xo zwg we hos sócdos adcj `wej sjmjcoo|hg`j`ho os ajxo|gs hg r|ohwëão zwg jmd sg jr|gsg`xje> j eão%hg%ol|j- co`xjxj`ho coe ao|`gcgho|gs- gscomfg`ho o egmfo| d`qgsxdeg`xo rj|j j swj socdghjhg- dejkd`j`ho zwg o dhgjm sg|dj jcomocjëão ge swj monj hg xg|ed`jds hg coerwxjho|gs cjrj~gs hoscmdg`xgs sg dào|ej|ge sol|g r|gëo gxc. Ow sgnj- ä o ger|gsê|do- oeg`xo|- o o|kj`d~jho| hgssgs ajxo|gs hg r|ohwëão. @gssg hdjrjsão-j socdghjhg sg|ê ger|gsê|dj. Gsxgs gvgermos sg|qge rj|j sg a|dsj| ejds wej qg~- g ro| ejds cj`sjxdqo zwg rj|gëj- zwg j jxdqdhjhgeg|cj`xdm `ão ä dero|xj`xg rj|j hdsxd`kwd| j socdghjhg sdermgs hjger|gsê|dj- ejs sde- o eoho hg gvrmo|jëão ho olngxo. &<223-o`md`g$

Hdj`xg ho zwg aod gvrmdcjho- qgnjeos o co`cgdxo zwg Aêldo Wmfoj Cogmfo

hj â socdghjhg ger|gsê|dj> ³Jssg`xjhjs gsxjs r|gedssjs- j socdghjhg ger|gsê|dj

rohg sg| co`cgdxwjhj coeo j rgssoj nw|åhdcj hg hd|gdxo r|dqjho `ão gsxjxjm- zwg

gvrmo|j ger|gsj|djmeg`xg sgw olngxo socdjm ow j ao|ej hg socdghjhg ro| jë÷gs¸ 7.

Ro|xj`xo g`xg`hgeos zwg Socdghjhg ger|gsê|dj ä jzwgmj zwg

hgsgerg`fj r|oadssdo`jmeg`xg jxdqdhjhg gco`øedcj jrj|gmfjhj rj|j j r|ohwëão ow

cd|cwmjëão hg lg`s ow hg sg|qdëos- co`sxdxwd`ho gmgeg`xo hg ger|gsj.

:.: Co`cgdxo hg Socdghjhg Sdermgs

Js Socdghjhgs Sdermgs são socdghjhgs ao|ejhjs ro| rgssojs zwg

gvg|cge r|oadssão d`xgmgcxwjm &kî`g|o$- hg `jxw|g~j cdg`xåadcj- mdxg|ê|dj ow j|xåsxdcj

&gsräcdgs$- egseo sg co`xj| coe jwvdmdj|gs ow comjlo|jho|gs- sjmqo sg o gvg|cåcdo

hj r|oadssão co`sxdxwd| gmgeg`xo hg ger|gsj.

Coào|eg o j|xdko 463 ho Cóhdko Cdqdm Rêx|do- j Socdghjhg sdermgs rohg

co`sxdxwd|%sg hg coào|edhjhg coe we hos xdros jhoxjhos rj|j js socdghjhgs

ger|gsj|djds- g `ão o aj~g`ho- swlo|hd`j % sg âs ò|ejs zwg mfg são r|ór|djs.

7 COGMFO- Aêldo Wmfoj. ol|j cdxjhj- :::r



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J socdghjhg ger|gsê|dj sg hdag|g hj sdermgs ò xocj`xg jo olngxo g `ão

jo sgw ade mwc|jxdqo.

O j|x. 46< rj|êk|jao þ`dco ho

Cóhdko Cdqdm- x|j~ coeo gvcgëão jo xdro

jhoxjho `j co`sxdxwdëão hg wej socdghjhg sdermgs g hgxg|ed`j zwg-

d`hgrg`hg`xgeg`xg hg sgw olngxo- co`sdhg|j%sg ger|gsê|dj j socdghjhg ro| jë÷gs9

g sdermgs- j coorg|jxdqj.

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Coe j òqj o|dg`xjëão g admosoadj ho Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o &Mgd`.¾:2.821/2<$ j `gcgssê|dj d`sg|ëão ho olngxo hj socdghjhg òCo`x|jxo Socdjm xge ro| ade j qdjldmd~jëão hj adscjmd~jëão jcg|cj hjjhgzwjëão g coerjxdldmdhjhg hj jxdqdhjhg gco`øedcj zwg sg gvg|cgow r|gxg`hg gvg|cg| coe os R|d`cårdo g ò|ejs hj O|hgeGco`øedcj `jcdo`jm g coe o zwg gsxdqg| gsxdrwmjho ò r|ór|doCo`x|jxo Socdjm. @o egseo hdjrjsão o j|x. 44;- D`c DDD- ho CóhdkoCdqdm L|jsdmgd|o &Mgd `.¾ :2.821/2<$ gsxjlgmgcg j `gcgssdhjhg hg sgadvj| o qjmo| ho cjrdxjm socdjm. Gsxj gvdkî`cdj nê qd`fj sg`hoco`sdhg|jhj ro| zwjsg xohj j howx|d`j coeo gssg`cdjm âCo`sxdxwdëão hg wej socdghjhg- dsxo ro|zwg o Cjrdxjm Socdjm hg wejsocdghjhg |gr|gsg`xj rj|cgmj |gr|gsg`xjxdqj ho rjx|deø`do hjsocdghjhg zwg sg|qg hg |gag|î`cdj g kj|j`xdj rj|j os c|gho|gs-d`qgsxdho|gs g co`swedho|gs ge kg|jm jcg|cj hj sjþhg gco`øedcjhj |gag|dhj socdghjhg. Ä cmj|o zwg `ão ä jrg`js o qjmo| `weä|dcoho Cjrdxjm Socdjm zwg hgqg sg| wxdmd~jho coeo rj|ìegx|o rj|j xjmhgsdhg|jxo- ejs j swj dhg`xdadcjëão sg|qg coeo d`åcdo hg zwjmzwg| j`êmdsg sol o jsrgcxo gco`øedcj. &LJ\\OS- <22<- r. :2:2$



:8

O Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o &Mgd `.¾:2.821/2<$ gsxjlgmgcg xjeläe j

`gcgssdhjhg hg sg advj| ò Co`x|jxo Socdjm j zwoxj coe zwg cjhj sócdo rj|xdcdrj ò

Cjrdxjm Socdjm g o eoho hg swj |gjmd~jëão- js r|gsxjë÷gs j zwg sg ol|dkj o sócdo-

cwnj co`x|dlwdëão co`sdsxj ge sg|qdëos- lge coeo j rj|xdcdrjëão hg cjhj sócdo òsmwc|os g `js rg|hjs.

:.3 Cj|jcxg|åsxdcjs

Mgqj`ho ge co`xj o jsrgcxo hg ao|ejëão- js gsrgcdadcdhjhgs hjs

socdghjhgs coegëj|je j kg|j| hdadcwmhjhgs hg jhgzwjëão hjs cj|jcxg|åsxdcjs hj

egsej coe o zwg r|orwk`jqj j xgo|dj cmêssdcj hos co`x|jxos- co`cgldhj- jxä g`xão-

sol j äkdhg ho d`hdqdhwjmdseo gvjcg|ljho g o rosdxdqdseo nw|åhdco xårdco hos säcwmos

VQDDD g VDV.

@os hd~g|gs hg Ag|`j`hj Ro`xgs Rdeg`xgm- j òëão cmêssdcj hg co`x|jxo

`ão sg jhäzwj jo Co`cgdxo hg socdghjhg eg|cj`xdm- dsxo ro|zwg hg jco|ho coe j

|gag|dhj xgo|dj- jhoxjhj rgmo Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o hg :4:1- os co`x|jxos sger|g

hgqge r|gsswro| wej hdqg|kî`cdj hg d`xg|gssgs gvdsxg`xgs g`x|g js rj|xgsow sgnj-

we j`xjko`dseo g`x|g js ej`dagsxjë÷gs hg qo`xjhg gedxdhj rgmjs rj|xgs.

@o|ejmeg`xg ge we co`x|jxo- js hdqg|sjs ej`dagsxjë÷gs hg qo`xjhg são

coàmdxj`xgs ow hdqg|kg`xgs jcg|cj ho olngxo r|gxg`hdho. &<22<- r.:227$

@gsxjs hgcmj|jë÷gs- o d`xg|gssg hg wej hjs rj|xgs g`x|j ge coàmdxo

hd|gxjeg`xg coe o d`xg|gssg hj owx|j rj|xg jxä o eoeg`xo ge zwg cfgkje j we

hgxg|ed`jho jco|ho- ow sgnj- ò eoeg`xo ge zwg jeljs js rj|xgs x|j`sdkge ow

aj~ge co`cgss÷gs eþxwjs. &RDEG@XGM- <22<- r.:227$.



:7

DD% GER\GSÊ\DO G @ÃO GER\GSÊ\DO

Rj|j sg qdswjmd~j| j hdsxd`ëão swkg|dhj `gsxg cjrdxwmo- hgqg%sg rj|xd| hj

hgad`dëão olsg|qjhj ò ,cjrwx, ho j|x. 411- ho Cóhdko Cdqdm. Coe gagdxo- jmd sg xge o

sgkwd`xg> ,Co`sdhg|j%sg ger|gsê|do zwge gvg|cg r|oadssdo`jmeg`xg jxdqdhjhg

gco`øedcj o|kj`d~jhj rj|j j r|ohwëão ow j cd|cwmjëão hg lg`s ow hg sg|qdëos,.

@o g`xg`hdeg`xo hg Xoscjò hg L|dxo &<223- o`md`g$- r|degd|jeg`xg- ä

r|gcdso sg hgsxjzwg j d`xg`ëão ho mgkdsmjho| j rj|xd| hgsxg j|xdko ge jcjlj| coe j

adkw|j hj ad|ej d`hdqdhwjm- d`x|ohw~d`ho o co`cgdxo hg ger|gsê|do d`hdqdhwjm. Qjmg

hd~g|- jzwd- x|jxj|%sg%ê ho ger|gsê|do dsomjhjeg`xg- `ão |gw`dho coe ejds we ow

jmkw`s ger|gsê|dos- o zwg cj|jcxg|d~j|dj j socdghjhg- gsxwhjhj ge eoeg`xo

swlsgzýg`xg.

Ejs- zwge- g`xão- ä o ger|gsê|do- `j óxdcj mgkdsmjxdqj jxwjm? Ä jzwgmg zwg

gvg|cg swj jxdqdhjhg hg ej`gd|j ,o|kj`d~jhj,. Gelo|j gsxj dào|ejëão rj|gëj `ão

xg| jc|gscdho `jhj hg òqo- ä r|gcdso sg hdkj zwg o k|j`hg ro`xo hdag|g`cdjm g`x|g

ger|gsê|do g `ão ger|gsê|do gsxê gvjxjeg`xg ò jsrgcxo o|kj`d~jcdo`jm- ro| dsso- o

r|gsxåkdo hj rjmjq|j o|kj`d~jhj.

Ä dero|xj`xg hgsxjcj| zwg ,o|kj`d~jëão, `ão xge zwjmzwg| |gmjëão hd|gxj

coe o xjej`fo hj jxdqdhjhg- coe j zwj`xdhjhg hg ger|gkjhos- coe o cjrdxjm

g`qomqdho- coe o ajxo hj rgssoj coer|j| g qg`hg| eg|cjho|dj ow r|gsxj| sg|qdëo.

Jmdês- são gvjxjeg`xg gsxgs co`cgdxos zwg hgqge sg| jmdnjhos ho òsso |jcdocå`do

d`dcdjm rj|j zwg sg rossj g`xg`hg| o òqo sdk`dadcjho hgsgnjho rgmo Cóhdko. &L\ DXO-

<223- o`md`g$.



:1

O zwg ä- g`xão- j o|kj`d~jëão? J rjmjq|j o|kj`d~jhj zwg| gvr|ded| we

sg`xdho hg o|kj`dseo- coeo hd~ Nosä @jhd @ä|d- jo aj~g| |gag|î`cdj âs socdghjhgs

ger|gsê|djs. Rj|j gsxg jwxo|- j jxdqdhjhg sg|ê ,gvg|cdhj jx|jqäs hgssj ao|ej

o|kj`d~jhj ow hgssg o|kj`dseo- g `ão hd|gxjeg`xg rgmos sócdos- òxj`ho%sg wehdsxj`cdjeg`xo coe j òxó|dj jrj|î`cdj g`x|g gmgs g j jxdqdhjhg,.

J òëão x|j`sedxdhj rgmo jwxo| swr|j cdxjho rj|gcg x|jhw~d| ajcdmeg`xg o

hgsgno ho mgkdsmjho| hg <22<. Jzwgmg zwg gvg|cg| dsomjhjeg`xg º sg hgsgnj|eos

r|degd|o o co`cgdxo hg ger|gsê|do d`hdqdhwjm º jx|jqäs hg we o|kj`dseo- swj

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hg rgssojmdhjhg- hg aj~g| j r|ór|dj rgssoj hd|gxjeg`xg. Jo d`qäs hg jssde sg

ro|xj|- c|dj wej o|kj`d~jëão- j||gkdeg`xj`ho rgssojs- x|jljmfo- cjrdxjm- ejxä|dj%r|dej- xgcòmokdj. J |gjmd~jëão hj jxdqdhjhg `ão ä gvg|cdhj hd|gxjeg`xg rgmo

ger|gsê|do. Gmg ä zwge coo|hg`j- zwge o|kj`d~j os ajxo|gs hg r|ohwëão- zwge hê

js hd|gx|d~gsro| owx|o mjho- zwge jrj|gcg jos omfos hg xohos ä o xjm o|kj`dseo

c|djho. Gsxg- g`x|gxj`xo- `ão rohg sg| coàw`hdho coe rgssoj nw|åhdcj- rods o

ger|gsê|do rohg sg| rgssoj aåsdcj ow nw|åhdcj. &L\DXO- <223- o`md`g$

@gsxj óxdcj- `ão ä ger|gsê|do zwge gvg|cg rgssojmeg`xg swj jxdqdhjhg.

Jå gsxê- `j qg|hjhg- o co`cgdxo hg `ão ger|gsê|do zwg- ä loe sg hdkj- `ão sg|gsx|d`kg âzwgmgs zwg gvg|cge r|oadssão d`xgmgcxwjm- hg `jxw|g~j cdg`xåadcj- mdxg|ê|dj

ow j|xåsxdcj. Gsxgs- ro| hgad`dëão ow- egmfo| hd~g`ho- ro| hgsgno ho Cóhdko Cdqdm- `ão

são ger|gsê|dos- j `ão sg| zwg gvg|ëje swj jxdqdhjhg coeo gmgeg`xo hg ger|gsj

º jx|jqäs ho cdxjho o|kj`dseo. Ejs- j |dko|- `ão hê rj|j sg hd~g|- `ge sgzwg| rj|j

dejkd`j| zwg we eähdco- we cd|w|kdão hg`xdsxj ow we j|zwdxgxo- ro| gvgermo- zwg

jxg`hg sgw cmdg`xg rgssojmeg`xg- jd`hj zwg coe j jnwhj hg wej ow hwjs rgssojs º

sgc|gxê|dj g gàg|egd|o- ro| gvgermo º sgnj co`sdhg|jho ger|gsê|do. O`hg gsxê o

o|kj`dseo- gmgeg`xo hg ger|gsj- zwg ä o ejds dero|xj`xg?

@jhj derghg ro|äe- zwg we só eähdco c|dg we fosrdxjm- ro| gvgermo. G

jå- ejds wej qg~ `ão hê rj|j jc|ghdxj| zwg gmg so~d`fo- sge o xjm o|kj`dseo- qê

mgqj| swj jxdqdhjhg jhdj`xg. Cg|xjeg`xg `ão o aj|ê xwho rgssojmeg`xg. Qjmg hd~g|-

co`xj|ê sge gelj|ko coe j jnwhj hg owx|os eähdcos- hg ejds gàg|egd|os-

coer|j|ê gzwdrjeg`xos rj|j hdjk`ósxdcos- d`qgsxd|ê cjrdxjm ejs- coeo hdxo- `ão o



:;

aj|ê rgssojmeg`xg g sde- jx|jqäs hg we o|kj`dseo. @gssj md`fj hg |jcdocå`do- o

eähdco ä- g`xão- we ger|gsê|do `j ao|ej r|gco`d~jhj rgmo Cóhdko Cdqdm- rods swj

jxdqdhjhg rjssj j xg| gmgeg`xo hg ger|gsj. O zwg sg rohg g o zwg sg hgqg co`cmwd|

hgshg nê ä zwg `ão ä j jxdqdhjhg hj rgssoj zwge hgad`d|ê sg gmj ä- ow `ão-ger|gsê|dj. Sol j äkdhg hjs mgds j`xg|do|gs- zwg r|gsxdkdjqje j xgo|dj ho jxo hg

coeä|cdo- j r|gocwrjëão coe j jxdqdhjhg gvg|cdhj g|j dero|xj`xg- ejs jko|j- `ão

ejds. &L\DXO- <223- o`md`g$.

Olsg|qgeos o g`xg`hdeg`xo hg Rjwmo \olg|xo Comoelo J|òmhd4>

Y...U xj|gaj hdsxd`xdqj cjlg jo ,gmgeg`xo hg ger|gsj,- cj|jcxg|d~jho

ò L|jsdm rgmo cj|êxg| o|kj`d~jcdo`jm. O mgkdsmjho| ag~ rowcjsgvcmws÷gs `gssg sg`xdho- coeo ä o cjso hos zwg gvg|cger|oadss÷gs d`xgmgcxwjds- hg `jxw|g~j cdg`xåadcj- mdxg|ê|dj ow j|xåsxdcj-sge gmgeg`xo hg ger|gsj- rods sg jd`hj jssde xdqg|- sg|ãoco`sdhg|jhos ger|gsê|dos. Xjeläe ä dero|xj`xg co`sdhg|j| zwg jdhädj j`xdkj hg coeg|cdj`xg hgqg sg| jajsxjhj- coeo nê sg hdssg-rods jxdqdhjhg eg|cj`xdm `ão hgad`g `jhj. @j coào|edhjhg coe ozwg aod hgeo`sx|jho- `jhj derghg zwg we- hdkjeos- ,j`xdkocoeg|cdj`xg, sgnj ger|gsê|do ow `ão ger|gsê|do. Sg gvg|cg| rgssojmeg`xg swj jxdqdhjhg sg|ê- sge gelj|ko- ̀ ão ger|gsê|do. Sggvg|cg| coe gmgeg`xo hg ger|gsj- qjmg hd~g|- ,o|kj`d~j`ho, cjrdxjm-x|jljmfo- xgcòmokdj- ejxä|dj%r|dej- jajsxj`ho%sg hj jxdqdhjhgrgssojm rj|j- hdkjeos- coo|hg`j| j ,ger|gsj,- `j óxdcj aocjmd~jhj

`gsxj egsej md`fj- g`xão sg|ê ger|gsê|do. @ão jhdj`xj- swsxg`xj| zwg gmg |gjmd~j jxos hg eg|cj`cdj- rods dsxo `ão xge qjmo| hgad`dho| `j óxdcj jxwjm.

Xjeläe ä r|gcdso sg jhjrxj| jzwd â adkw|j hj ad|ej d`hdqdhwjm. Coeo hdxo

hgshg o d`åcdo- sjd j ad|ej d`hdqdhwjm- g`x|je js adkw|js ho ger|gsê|do d`hdqdhwjm ow

`ão ger|gsê|do d`hdqdhwjm zwg- hgrg`hg`ho hj jxdqdhjhg- sg|ê cfjejho hg

jwxøòeo.

Ro|xj`xo- xge%sg jzwd j adkw|j ho ger|gsê|do g ho `ão ger|gsê|do

dsomjhjeg`xg- ow sgnj- sge ,sócdos,. Rj|xg%sg jko|j rj|j j j`êmdsg hj socdghjhg

ger|gsê|dj ow sdermgs- jå sde- coe j rj|xdcdrjëão hg hwjs ow ejds rgssojs.

4 J\@OMHD- Rjwmo \olg|xo Comoelo. @oqo Cóhdko Cdqdm º J w`dadcjëão hjs ol|dkjë÷gs g o òqo

hd|gdxo ger|gsj|djm. Lj|wg|d> Ejòmg- <22<. :<2.r



:6

<.: Socdghjhg sdermgs g socdghjhg ger|gsê|dj

Coeo nê ao|j jssd`jmjho- r|degd|jeg`xg- aod |gjmd~jho o gsxwho sol|g js

adkw|js ho ger|gsê|do g ho `ão ger|gsê|do- nwsxjeg`xg rj|j ajcdmdxj| j coer|gg`sãoho zwg sg hgqg xg| ro| socdghjhg ger|gsê|dj g socdghjhg sdermgs. Qjmg hd~g|- j

r|degd|j r|gocwrjëão aod j j`êmdsg hj adkw|j ho ger|gsê|do ow `ão ger|gsê|do

d`hdqdhwjm- coeo hdxo- zwg qgdo j gvxd`kwd| j òëão hg ad|ej d`hdqdhwjm. Jko|j o c|dxä|do

hg j`êmdsg rjssj j sg| socdgxê|do- ow sgnj- `ão dero|xj j rgssoj dsomjhjeg`xg- ejs

sde- hwjs ow ejds |gw`dhjs sg ol|dkj`ho |gcdr|ocjeg`xg j co`x|dlwd|- coe lg`s ow

sg|qdëos- rj|j o gvg|cåcdo hg jxdqdhjhg gco`øedcj g j rj|xdmfj- g`x|g sd- hos

|gswmxjhos- coeo hd~ o j|x. 46:- ho òsso Hdrmoej Cdqdm.

J dhädj ljsdcjeg`xg rj|xg hg we rj|jmgmo. Sg|dj dejkd`j| wej md`fj

hdqdsó|dj cg`x|jm ge zwg- hg we mjho gsxj|dje o ger|gsê|do g j socdghjhg

ger|gsê|dj9 hg owx|o- o `ão ger|gsê|do º ow jwxøòeo- coeo xjmqg~ sg r|gag|d|ê º g

j socdghjhg sdermgs.

Ä dero|xj`xg sg hgsxjcj|- zwg o ade mwc|jxdqo- zwg hw|j`xg ewdxos jòs

zwds ò|xgj| j qgmfj hdsxd`ëão g`x|g socdghjhg cdqdm g coeg|cdjm- xjeläe `ão ä

dero|xj`xg. Hg ajxo- `ão ä j `jxw|g~j mwc|jxdqj zwg hdag|g`cdj|ê sg j socdghjhg äsdermgs ow ger|gsê|dj- coeo nê |grgxdhjs qg~gs ao|j a|dsjho. O jsrgcxo dero|xj`xg ä

o o|kj`d~jcdo`jm.

Jmdês- ä xjeläe |gmgqj`xg òxj| zwg- jo co`x|ê|do ho zwg sg rossj rg`sj|-

`ão fê jrg`js wej ewhj`ëj xg|edòmókdcj. Ow sgnj- hg d`åcdo ewdxo sg hdssg zwg j

j`xdkj socdghjhg cdqdm sg|dj x|ocjhj rgmj òeg`cmjxw|j hg socdghjhg sdermgs g- ro|

owx|o mjho- j j`xdkj socdghjhg coeg|cdjm- xg|dj sg x|j`sao|ejho `j socdghjhg

ger|gsê|dj. J |dko|- gsxj comocjëão `ão xge r|ocghî`cdj- rods- coeo qdsxo- sg o

c|dxä|do ä o hj o|kj`d~jëão- xj`xo sg rohg xg| j j`xdkj socdghjhg cdqdm qomxjhj rj|j j

r|gsxjëão hg sg|qdëos- coeo g|j- sg`ho socdghjhg sdermgs coeo ger|gsê|dj. @j

egsej o|hge hg dhädjs- rohg sg xg| socdghjhg- j`xgs xdhj coeg|cdjm- sg`ho

socdghjhg sdermgs ow ger|gsê|dj- rods- qomxj%sg j sg hd~g|- o c|dxä|do `ão ä o hj

jxdqdhjhg r|jxdcjhj- ho olngxo socdjm- ejs sde o ho gmgeg`xo hg ger|gsj- j

o|kj`d~jëão. &L\DXO- <223- o`md`g$



:4

Ge we hos egmfo|gs x|jljmfos rwlmdcjhos sol|g j ejxä|dj- L|dxo jrwh

K|jcdjò Rd`fgd|o hg Sdzwgd|j jad|ej- coe ejgsx|dj- o sgkwd`xg>

,J xgo|dj hj ger|gsj `ão sg r|gocwrj coe o kî`g|o hj jxdqdhjhggco`øedcj9 o zwg dero|xj rj|j gmj ä o hgsg`qomqdeg`xo hj jxdqdhjhggco`øedcj eghdj`xg j o|kj`d~jëão hg cjrdxjm- x|jljmfo- xgcòmokdj gejxä|dj%r|dej- zwg |gswmxj `j c|djëão g `j cd|cwmjëão hg |dzwg~js,.&<223- o`md`g$

Qgnjeos g`xg`hdeg`xo hg Edkwgm \gjmg>

Gssj hdsxd`ëão g`x|g hwjs gsräcdgs hg socdghjhgs- wej ger|gsê|djg j owx|j sdermgs- ä aw`hjeg`xjm jo g`xg`hdeg`xo hg qê|djshdsrosdë÷gs ho Cóhdko Cdqdm- hgqg`ho%sg sjlg| zwg j hgòed`jëãohg ³Hd|gdxo hg Ger|gsj¸- coeo o rg|edxg j adkw|j qg|ljm hjsd`ähozwg- ger|gkj j rj|xg rgmo xoho. Xj`xo j socdghjhg sdermgscoeo j ger|gsê|dj rohge sg co`sxdxwd| rj|j r|gsxjëão hg sg|qdëo-ejs- j egw qg|- `j r|degd|j- j rjmjq|j ³sg|qdëo¸ co||gsro`hg âr|oadssão gvg|cdhj rgmo sócdo. @j socdghjhg ger|gsê|dj- joco`x|ê|do- os sg|qdëos são o|kj`d~jhos xg`ho ge qdsxj j swjr|ohwëão ow cd|cwmjëão- hgrg`hg`ho hj ad`jmdhjhg qdsjhj. Ä o zwgsg hê zwj`ho wej ger|gsj ä o|kj`d~jhj rj|j r|gsxjëão hgsg|qdëos- coeo- ro| gvgermo- os hg x|j`sedssão ow hdsx|dlwdëão hgg`g|kdj gmäx|dcj- ow hg x|j`sro|xg. Gsxjlgmgcdhj j `jxw|g~j nw|åhdcjhj socdghjhg sdermgs- qg|dadcjeos zwg gmj co`sxdxwd o xdro kg|jm

jrmdcêqgm ò cjso hg sg olngxdqj| wej |gw`dão jssocdjxdqj rj|jr|gsxjëão hg sg|qdëo rgssojm- j zwjm rohg xg| o ejdo| gsrgcx|o-hgshg j cjxgko|dj hos rgh|gd|os ow cjlgmgd|gd|os jxä j hosjhqokjhos ow g`kg`fgd|os. Cjlg sjmdg`xj| zwg j socdghjhg sdermgsrohg sg| ao|ejhj soeg`xg hg sócdos hg cjrdxjm- cjso ge zwg-coào|eg d`cdso DQ ho J|x. 44;- o co`x|jxo socdjm hgqg gsxjlgmgcg| jzwoxj hg cjhj sócdo ò cjrdxjm socdjm g o eoho hg |gjmd~j%mj9 jrj|xdcdrjëão hg cjhj sócdo òs mwc|os g `js rg|hjs- ow sg gmgs|gsro`hge- ow `ão- swlsdhdj|djeg`xg- rgmjs ol|dkjë÷gs socdjds.Xjeläe rohg fjqg| socdghjhg sdermgs co`sxdxwåhj jrg`js hgsócdos hg sg|qdëos- fdróxgsg ge zwg- co`soj`xg d`cdso Q ho egseoj|xdko- o co`x|jxo socdjm hgqg r|gqg| js r|gsxjë÷gs g co`x|dlwdë÷gs jzwg gmgs sg ol|dkje. Ad`jmeg`xg- `jhj derghg zwg fjnj socdghjhg

sdermgs hg cjrdxjm g sg|qdëo- co`coedxj`xgeg`xg- olghgcdhos osd`cdsos DQ g Q swr|j eg`cdo`jhos. Ä gssg o xdro zwg nwmko ejdsr|ór|do rj|j |gkg| js |gmjë÷gs hos r|oadssdo`jds w`dqg|sdxê|dos.&<223- o`md`g$

O|j- hdj`xg hg xohjs gssjs comocjë÷gs d`dcdjds- coeo g`xão sjlg| sg j

socdghjhg ä sdermgs ow ger|gsê|dj? Jrj|g`xgeg`xg o c|dxä|do hg hdsxd`ëão ä aêcdm.



<2

G`x|gxj`xo- coeo j md`fj hdqdsó|dj g`x|g js hwjs òë÷gs jcjlj sg jr|gsg`xj`ho

ewdxo xî`wg- `j r|êxdcj- j zwgsxão xge mgqj`xjho hþqdhjs.

O zwg sg hgqg olsg|qj|- |dko|osjeg`xg- ä o co`cgdxo hg ger|gsê|dod`hdqdhwjm- nê gsxwhjho. Hg ajxo- o j|x. 46< ho Cóhdko Cdqdm jhw~ o sgkwd`xg> ,J|x. 46<.

Sjmqo js gvcgë÷gs gvr|gssjs- co`sdhg|j%sg ger|gsê|dj j socdghjhg zwg xge ro|

olngxo o gvg|cåcdo hg jxdqdhjhg r|ór|dj hg ger|gsê|do swngdxo j |gkdsx|o &j|x. 411$9 g-

sdermgs- js hgejds,.

Coeo sg qî- o co`cgdxo hg socdghjhg ger|gsê|dj- rjssj rgmj dhädj hg

ger|gsê|do. Qjmg hd~g|- sg os sócdos hg wej hgxg|ed`jhj socdghjhg qão gvg|cg| sgw

olngxo coe gmgeg`xo hg ger|gsj- g`xão- gmj sg|ê co`sdhg|jhj ger|gsê|dj. Sg jsocdghjhg rj|j mgqj| jhdj`xg sgws olngxdqos sg qjmg hj òëão hg o|kj`dseo- jzwd nê

hdscwxdhj- g`xão gmj sg|ê wej socdghjhg hg `jxw|g~j ger|gsê|dj. @ão- dero|xj-

d`sdsxj%sg- o olngxo socdjm- ejs sde j ao|ej hg gvg|cg| o olngxo socdjm.

Ro| owx|o mjho- o Cóhdko Cdqdm sg wxdmd~ow ho c|dxä|do gvcmwhg`xg rj|j hj| j

òëão hg socdghjhg sdermgs. O zwg `ão ao| socdghjhg ger|gsê|dj- sg|ê sdermgs. Ow

sgnj- j socdghjhg zwg `ão gvg|cg| sgw olngxo coe gmgeg`xo hg ger|gsj- sg|ê-

g`xão- sdermgs. Ge owx|js rjmjq|js- g ejds wej qg~ sg jrodj`ho òs g`sd`jeg`xoshg Xoscjò hg L|dxo jrwh K|jcdjò Rd`fgd|o hg Sdzwgd|j-

,j socdghjhg sdermgs ä- ge så`xgsg- j socdghjhg `ão ger|gsê|dj- owsgnj- jzwgmj socdghjhg zwg gvrmo|j jxdqdhjhg gco`øedcj hgr|ohwëão g cd|cwmjëão hg lg`s g sg|qdëos sge jmkwe hos ajxo|gs hgr|ohwëão &cjrdxjm- eão%hg%ol|j- d`sweos g xgcòmokdj$,. &<223-o`md`g$.

Xoscjò hg L|dxo jrwh Aêldo Wmfoj Cogmfo xjeläe cjed`fj `gsxj

hd|gëão. Sgkw`ho o jwxo|>

,o zwg d|ê- hg qg|hjhg- cj|jcxg|d~j| j rgssoj nw|åhdcj hg hd|gdxor|dqjho coeo socdghjhg sdermgs ow ger|gsê|dj sg|ê o eoho hggvrmo|j| sgw olngxo. O olngxo socdjm gvrmo|jho sge ger|gsj|djmdhjhg&dsxo ä- sge r|oadssdo`jmeg`xg o|kj`d~j| os ajxo|gs hg r|ohwëão$coàg|g â socdghjhg o cj|êxg| hg sdermgs- g`zwj`xo j gvrmo|jëão



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ger|gsj|djm ho olngxo socdjm cj|jcxg|d~j|ê j socdghjhg coeoger|gsê|dj,. &<223- o`md`g$.

Xohos gsxgs jsrgcxos sdk`dadcje zwg sg os sócdos gvg|cge swj jxdqdhjhghd|gxjeg`xg- d`ho rj|j md`fj hg a|g`xgsg jssde rwhässgeos hd~g| g mgqje jhdj`xg

swj jxdqdhjhg- j socdghjhg `ão rohg sg| xdhj coeo ger|gsê|dj. Sg- ro| owx|o mjho-

os sócdos o|kj`d~je swj socdghjhg- `ão gvg|cg`ho sgw olngxo rgssojmeg`xg- ejs

sde coeo ,o|kj`dseo,- g`xão gsxj|ão gvg|cg`ho jxdqdhjhg ger|gsê|dj- `j óxdcj ho

Cóhdko Cdqdm hg <22<.

Rj|j egmfo| sg qdswjmd~j| os co`cgdxos jzwd hdscwxdhos- ä dero|xj`xg x|jxj|

hg jmkw`s gvgermos. R|degd|o o hj r|ór|dj socdghjhg eähdcj- nê mj|kjeg`xg wxdmd~jhoro| ewdxos jwxo|gs ro| sg| hg ajxo- hg aêcdm rg|cgrëão. Jmfw|gs- x|jxjeos ho eähdco

dsomjhjeg`xg- ä dero|xj`xg `ão coàw`hd|- rods jzwd- qjeos dejkd`j| j r|gsg`ëj hg

hods ow ejds eähdcos |gw`dhos ge socdghjhg. Co`sdhg|geos- g`xão- wej socdghjhg

coe hods eähdcos.

O `þeg|o hg sócdos- ä loe mgel|j|- `ão ä cj|êxg| rw|o g hdag|g`cdjho|

hjs socdghjhgs sdermgs g ger|gsê|djs- ro| dsso- qjeos swro| wej socdghjhg coe

jrg`js hods eähdcos. Sg os sócdos gvg|cge swj jxdqdhjhg ,rgssojmeg`xg,- ro|

gvgermo- `wej cmå`dcj eähdcj- jd`hj zwg coe j jnwhj hg jmkwejs rgssojs- j xjm

socdghjhg sg|ê sdermgs. Ro| zwg? Ro|zwg coeo hdxo- `ão sg gsxj|ê olsg|qj`ho o

gmgeg`xo hg ger|gsj. Os sócdos gsxão jkd`ho rgssojmeg`xg- jmdês- j cmdg`xgmj

r|ocw|j os hods eähdcos- qjeos jssde hd~g|- rgmo òeg g r|gsxåkdo zwg ko~je `j

socdghjhg- coeo r|oadssdo`jds kjlj|dxjhos. J gscomfj mgqj ge co`xj- `ão we

,o|kj`dseo,- ejs js rgssojs g gsxjs gvg|cge sgw olngxo socdjm rgssojmeg`xg.

Ro| owx|o mjho- ä r|oqêqgm zwg owx|os hods sócdos `ão zwgd|je c|dj| wej

cmå`dcj- ejs sde we fosrdxjm- hdkjeos. J fdróxgsg nê aod qg`xdmjhj coe wej só

rgssoj- dsomjhjeg`xg- jzwd- qjmg mgel|j|- gsxjeos ajmj`ho hg socdghjhg. Os hods

sócdos- cg|xjeg`xg- `ão qão xg| co`hdë÷gs hg mgqj| j cjlo sgw olngxo socdjm

rgssojmeg`xg. @ão qão rohg| jxg`hg| xohos os cjsos zwg sw|kd|ge ò ,Fosrdxjm

SOS,- ro| gvgermo.



<<

Qgnjeos os gvgermos g`weg|jhos ro| Xoscjò hg L|dxo jrwh Ej|dj Fgmg`j Hd`d~>

Rj|j xj`xo- gmgs r|gcdsj|ão- hg ajxo- hj comjlo|jëão hg ejds

rgssojs- hg owx|os eähdcos- gsrgcdjmd~jhos ge owx|os ê|gjs- hggàg|egd|os- hg adsdoxg|jrgwxjs- gàde- hg o|kj`d~j| wej eão%hg%ol|j zwjmdadcjhj g gsrgcdjmd~jhj. Qão r|gcdsj|- dkwjmeg`xg- hgd`qgsxd| cjrdxjm- hg coer|j| gzwdrjeg`xos- g- gàde- os hods sócdoseähdcos sg|ão ejds ,ger|gsê|dos, ho zwg r|or|djeg`xg ,eähdcos,-coeo hd|åjeos qwmkj|eg`xg. Aj|ão gmgs js qg~gs hg we rgëjdero|xj`xg `we k|j`hg zwgl|j%cjlgëj- zwjm sgnj- aj~g| j mdkjëão hgxohos os ajxo|gs hj r|ohwëão ho sg|qdëo- rj|j zwg gmg rossj sg| |gjmd~jho. @gssg rjsso- j cmdg`xgmj `ão r|ocw|j|ê o h|. Nosä-hdkjeos- ejs sde- o ,Fosrdxjm SOS,- o ,o|kj`dseo, c|djho- o ajxo| ,rgssojm, sjd- g`xão- rj|j hj| mwkj| j ,o|kj d̀~jëão,. &<223- o`md`g$

Aj~geos cdxj| Xoscjò hg L|dxo jrwh Aêldo Wmfoj Cogmfo>

Rj|j zwgl|j|- hgad`dxdqjeg`xg- j lj||gd|j zwg gvdsxg g`x|g j ̀ oëão hgxgo|dj hj ger|gsj g hos jxos hg coeä|cdo- qjeos dejkd`j|- egseo-wej j`xdkj ,socdghjhg coeg|cdjm,. G|j jssde xdhj- ro|zwg swjr|d`cdrjm jxdqdhjhg g|j- ro| gvgermo- coer|j| g qg`hg| mdq|os- owsgnj- qjeos ajmj| fdroxgxdcjeg`xg hj ,Mdq|j|dj Aomfjs Mxhj,. São hodssócdos- xjeläe- `gsxj fdróxgsg. Jmäe hgmgs- x|jljmfje `jsocdghjhg ejds hwjs rgssojs- we ljmco`dsxj g we jnwhj`xg hgg`x|gkj. @gsxj socdghjhg- os hods sócdos gsxão jmd- qjeos hd~g|-

a|g`xg j jxdqdhjhg- x|jljmfje- ro| gvgermo- we- ò ljmcão hgjxg`hdeg`xo- owx|o- ò cjdvj- co`x|omj`ho os |gcgldeg`xos g jsad`j`ëjs. O|j- sg j`jmdsj|eos lge- gsxão gmgs gvg|cg`hor|oadssdo`jmeg`xg jxdqdhjhg gco`øedcj ,o|kj`d~jhj, rj|j jcd|cwmjëão hg lg`s- coeo zwg| o j|x. 411- ho Cóhdko Cdqdm? @ão- gmgsgsxão mgqj`ho jhdj`xg o olngxo socdjm- rgssojmeg`xg- sgeo|kj`dseo. Rohg%sg rg|kw`xj|> Ejs j socdghjhg `ão ä eg|cj`xdm owcoeg|cdjm? @j óxdcj j`xg|do|- gssg ajxo| xd`fj |gmgqì`cdj- `j óxdcjjxwjm dsxo `ão dero|xj. &<223- o`md`g$

Ä o egseo zwg j`jmdsj| owx|j socdghjhg- jko|j co`sdhg|j`ho o egseo

olngxo- ejs mgqj`ho ge co`xj owx|o eoho hg gvrmo|ê%mo- coeo hd~ Aêldo Wmfoj

Cogmfo- nê hgqdhjeg`xg hgsxjcjho. Jko|j- os hods sócdos co`sxdxwå|je j socdghjhg

,Mdq|j|dj Jwxo| Mxhj,. Jelos co`xje coe o jwvåmdo hg hg~ jxg`hg`xgs hg monj-

qg`hge mdq|os dero|xjhos g rj|j dsso- we hgmgs rjssj loj rj|xg ho xgero qdjnj`ho

d`ho lwscj| òqos ao|`gcgho|gs. J socdghjhg co`x|jxow- `gssg cjso- wej rgssoj

rj|j sg| o cjdvj ow xgsow|gd|o hj socdghjhg- g`zwj`xo zwg we hos sócdos adcj `wej



<3

sjmj coo|hg`j`ho os ajxo|gs hg r|ohwëão zwg jmd sg jr|gsg`xje> j eão%hg%ol|j-

co`xjxj`ho coe ao|`gcgho|gs- gscomfg`ho o egmfo| d`qgsxdeg`xo rj|j j swj

socdghjhg- dejkd`j`ho zwg o dhgjm sg|dj j comocjëão ge swj monj hg xg|ed`jds hg

coerwxjho|gs cjrj~gs hos cmdg`xgs sg dào|ej|ge sol|g r|gëo gxc. Ow sgnj- ä oger|gsê|do- o eg`xo|- o o|kj`d~jho| hgssgs ajxo|gs hg r|ohwëão. @gssg hdjrjsão- j

socdghjhg sg|ê ger|gsê|dj.

Gsxgs gvgermos sg|qge rj|j sg a|dsj| ejds wej qg~- g ro| ejds cj`sjxdqo

zwg rj|gëj- zwg j jxdqdhjhg eg|cj`xdm `ão ä dero|xj`xg rj|j hdsxd`kwd| j socdghjhg

sdermgs hj ger|gsê|dj- ejs sde- o eoho hg gvrmo|jëão ho olngxo.

<.< Socdghjhgs sdermgs g ger|gsê|djs g os xdros socdgxê|dos

Owx|o ro`xo |gmgqj`xg- `gsxg jssw`xo- hd~ |gsrgdxo jos xdros socdgxê|dos g j

òëão hg socdghjhg sdermgs g ger|gsê|dj.

J xåxwmo dào|ejxdqo ä dero|xj`xg |gssjmxj| zwg o Cóhdko Cdqdm x|j~ os

sgkwd`xgs xdros hg socdghjhgs> socdghjhg sdermgs- socdghjhg ge òeg comgxdqo-

socdghjhg ge coej`hdxj sdermgs- socdghjhg mdedxjhj- g js socdghjhgs ro| jë÷gs-zwjds sgnje socdghjhg j`ø`dej g ge coej`hdxj ro| jë÷gs. &COGMFO- <221- r.:2<$

J der|gssão zwg sg xge- d`dcdjmeg`xg- jo qg|dadcj| o |gag|dho |om- ò Cóhdko

Cdqdm- ä o hg zwg fê wej gsräcdg hg gvcmwsão ow egseo hg we xdro socdgxê|do

jwxøòeo- ro| jssde hd~g|- zwg gvcmwd owx|o. Dsxo jco`xgcg òxjhjeg`xg ge |gmjëão

j comocjëão hj socdghjhg sdermgs `jzwgmg |om. &COGMFO- <221- r.:2<$

J |dko|- j dhädj ho mgkdsmjho|- zwj`xo â socdghjhg sdermgs aod jrossdldmdhjhg hg sg xg| wej socdghjhg sdermgs rw|j- ow sgnj- sge sg jrodj| ge

`g`fwe owx|o xdro socdgxê|do9 g j socdghjhg sdermgs mgqjho j cjlo ro| jmkw`s hos

xdros socdgxê|dos. Jssde- `jhj derghg zwg sg xg`fj wej socdghjhg sdermgs ge

òeg comgxdqo- ge coej`hdxj sdermgs ow mdedxjhj. @j qg|hjhg- ge ajcg hj |gk|j ho

rj|êk|jao þ`dco ho j|x. 46<- j socdghjhg sdermgs só `ão rohg|ê sg| ro| jë÷gs.

Zwj`xo j socdghjhg sdermgs- g`xão- xge%sg o sgkwd`xg> ow sg|ê rw|j ow xg|ê we hos



<8

xdros socdgxê|dos jwxo|d~jhos ro| mgd- ò|ejmeg`xgsg|ê wej sdermgs mdedxjhj.

&COGMFO- <221- r.:23$

Ä dero|xj`xg |gqg|lg|j|- g`x|gxj`xo- zwg o j|x. :.277- « <¾ r|oålg jco`x|dlwdëão hg sócdo zwg co`sdsxj ge r|gsxjëão hg sg|qdëo- ò cjso hjs socdghjhgs

mdedxjhjs. Jssde- `ão sg rohg xg| wej socdghjhg hg cjrdxjm g d`hþsx|dj sg o xdro

socdgxê|do ao| o hg mdedxjhj. J |gk|j xjeläe sg|qg rj|j js socdghjhgs sdermgs

mdedxjhjs. Ro| owx|o mjho- ä d`xg|gssj`xg qg|dadcj| zwg ge sg gsxj`ho hdj`xg hg wej

socdghjhg sdermgs rw|j- fê rossdldmdhjhg hj co`x|dlwdëão sg hj| ge sg|qdëo- coeo sg

hgr|gg`hg ho j|x. :.221. &LG\XOMHD- <221- r.<:<$.

Zwj`xo âs socdghjhgs ger|gsê|djs gmjs rohge sg wxdmd~j| hg xohos osxdros socdjds- gqdhg`xgeg`xg- gvcmwd`ho%sg o hg socdghjhg sdermgs. Qjmg hd~g|- rohg

sg| wej socdghjhg ge òeg comgxdqo- ge coej`hdxj sdermgs- mdedxjhj- ow js

socdghjhgs ro| jë÷gs zwg- coeo hdxo- sger|g sg|ão ger|gsê|djs. Qjmg a|dsj|-

g`x|gxj`xo- zwg ä rossåqgm zwg wej socdghjhg ger|gsê|dj mdedxjhj sg wxdmd~g

swlsdhdj|djeg`xg hjs |gk|js hg socdghjhg sdermgs. &LG\XOMHD- <221- r.<:<$.

Owx|j zwgsxão hg |gmgqo- jd`hj co`sdhg|j`ho js socdghjhgs sdermgs g

ger|gsê|djs- hd~ |gsrgdxo jo jsrgcxo |gkdsx|jm. O Cóhdko Cdqdm aod ljsxj`xg cmj|o jogsxjlgmgcg| |gk|js sol|g |gkdsx|o ò j|x. :.:72. Jmd hgxg|ed`j zwg js socdghjhgs

sdermgs sg|ão |gkdsx|jhjs ò cj|xó|do hg \gkdsx|o Cdqdm hg Rgssojs Nw|åhdcjs g js

socdghjhgs ger|gsê|djs sg|ão mgqjhjs rj|j o \gkdsx|o Rþlmdco hg Ger|gsjs

Eg|cj`xds j cj|ko hjs Nw`xjs Coeg|cdjds. &LG\XOMHD- <221- r.<:<$.

O jssw`xo jr|gsg`xj%sg |gmjxdqjeg`xg aêcdm- ejs xge kg|jho hþqdhj ho

ro`xo hg qdsxj r|êxdco> coeo sjlg| sg fê we ger|gsê|do ow we `ão ger|gsê|do- wej

socdghjhg sdermgs ow ger|gsê|dj? Os c|dxä|dos hdsxd`xdqos nê ao|je jro`xjhos- cjlg

jo r|ór|do d`xg|gssjho gscomfg| ge zwjm hjs hwjs gsräcdgs sg g`zwjh|je. @ão ä

coergxî`cdj ho Gsxjho- jd`hj zwg jx|jqäs hg sgws hgmgkjhos ow jwxj|zwdjs aj~g|

we co`x|omg sol|g j gsräcdg socdgxê|dj. Coeo ewdxo lge hgsxjcj L|dxo jrwh

K|jcdjò Rd`fgd|o hg Sdzwgd|j-



<7

,cjlg|ê jos d`xg|gssjhos j orëão ro| zwjmzwg| hjs hwjs ao|ejsjssocdjxdqjs &socdghjhg sdermgs ow socdghjhg ger|gsê|dj$- `ãofjqg`ho |j~ão rj|j o Rohg| Rþlmdco- |gr|gsg`xjho rgmjs d`sxdxwdë÷gsd`cweldhjs ho |gkdsx|o rþlmdco hg wej ow hg owx|j &\gkdsx|o Cdqdmhjs Rgssojs Nw|åhdcjs ow Nw`xj Coeg|cdjm$ c|dj| zwjmzwg| olsxêcwmo-

hdscwxd`ho o eoxdqo ow os aw`hjeg`xos hg o|hge gco`øedcj hgssjorëão,. &<223- o`md`g$.

<.3 Co`sxdxwdëão hj socdghjhg sdermgs

Zwj`xo jos egdos hg co`sxdxwdëão hjs socdghjhgs sdermgs zwg

gsxwhj|geos `gsxg xórdco- wsjeos os aw`hjeg`xos ljsdmj|gs zwg co`sxje hj ol|j

ho |gòejho jhqokjho g r|oagsso| [jmho Aj~~do Nw`do| :2- zwg ao|je jzwd

rj|ja|jsgjhos rj|j r|oro|cdo`j| we egmfo| g`xg`hdeg`xo.

Rj|j co`x|jd| rg|so`jmdhjhg nw|åhdcj j socdghjhg hgqg j|zwdqj| sgws jxos

gssg`cdjds ò |gkdsx|o coergxg`xg- zwg ò cjso hjs socdghjhgs sdermgs ä o cj|xó|do

hg \gkdsx|o Cdqdm hjs Rgssojs Nw|åhdcjs- òs 32 hdjs swlsgzýg`xgs j swj

co`sxdxwdëão. O |gkdsx|o ä gvdkdho rj|j jssgkw|j| wej cg|xj rwlmdcdhjhg ho zwg ä j

socdghjhg- jssgqg|j`ho o co`fgcdeg`xo hg gmgeg`xos gssg`cdjds `j qdhj hj

egsej j xg|cgd|os zwg `gkocdje coe j egsej. @jhj zwg gsxgnj ao|j ho co`x|jxo

socdjm- rohg sg| orosxo j xg|cgd|os &j|x. 44;- rj|êk|jao þ`dco$. Fê zwg sg |gssjmxj| zwg jmäe ho |gkdsx|o d`dcdjm- hgqge sg| |gkdsx|jhjs zwjdszwg| jmxg|jë÷gs ò jxo

co`sxdxwxdqo- lge coeo hgqge sg| jqg|ljhjs js d`sxdxwdë÷gs hg swcw|sjds ow admdjds.

@js rjmjq|js hg Qjmho Aj~~do Nw`do| &<22;- r.:<;$ o jxo co`sxdxwxdqo ä

hgòed`jho co`x|jxo socdjm g rosswd wej sä|dg hg |gzwdsdxos eg`cdo`jhos ò j|xdko

44; ho Cóhdko Cdqdm- hgqg`ho d`hdcj|>

j$ Zwjmdadcjëão hos sócdos &òeg- `jcdo`jmdhjhg- gsxjho cdqdm- r|oadssão-hoedcåmdo$9

l$ Zwjmdadcjëão hj socdghjhg &òeg- olngxo- sghg- r|j~o hg hw|jëão$.

c$ Cjrdxjm socdjm- swj hdqdsão- g swj ao|ejëão &lg`s ow sg|qdëos$.

h$ Rj|xdcdrjëão òs mwc|os g `js rg|hjs

:2 NW@DO\- [jmho Aj~~do. Ej`wjm hg Hd|gdxo Coeg|cdjm. São Rjwmo> Jxmjs- <22;. :<;.r



<1

g$ \gsro`sêqgds rgmj jhed`dsx|jëão hj socdghjhg g os mdedxgs hg sgws

rohg|gs.

Jd`hj rj|ja|jsgj`ho o cdxjho jwxo|- o |gag|dho hdsrosdxdqo eg`cdo`j jd`hj

coeo |gzwdsdxo ho co`x|jxo socdjm j hgej`hj hj gvdsxî`cdj ow `ão hg|gsro`sjldmdhjhg swlsdhdê|dj hos sócdos. Xohjqdj- x|jxj%sg hg wej zwgsxão mgkjm

d`g|g`xg j cjhj xdro hg socdghjhg- `ão rosswd`ho rohg| hg hdsrosdëão ro| rj|xg hos

sócdos. Hgssg eoho- xjm hdsrosdxdqo hgqg sg| d`xg|r|gxjho coeo wej |gk|j kg|jm

qêmdhj rj|j xohjs js socdghjhgs- coeo j eg`ëão jo k|jw hg g`cj|ko hos sócdos-

hgco||g`xg hj gscomfj hg hgxg|ed`jho xdro socdgxê|do- g `ão coeo wej orëão hos

r|ór|dos sócdos. &<22;- r.:<6$.

Jssde sg`ho o dmwsx|g jwxo| co`cmwd zwg xjds co`hdë÷gs `ão são os þ`dcos

swlsåhdos ho co`x|jxo socdjm- ejs são os ejds dero|xj`xgs. J dero|xì`cdj hgssgs

gmgeg`xos `j qdhj hj socdghjhg ä xão k|j`hg- zwg j mgd jco`hdcdo`j swj

eohdadcjëão â hgmdlg|jëão w`ì`deg hos sócdos &j|x. 444 ho Cóhdko Cdqdm$- o zwg

rohg kg|j| jmkwejs rg|qg|sdhjhgs- coeo j rg|rgxwjëão hg wej rgssoj ò

coej`ho hj socdghjhg. &<22;- r.:<6$.



<;

DDD% HOS SÓCDOS

J gssî`cdj hjs socdghjhgs ä we co`nwkjho hg rgssojs zwg sg jk|wrje

rj|j jxd`kd| ag`gcdeg`xo coewe qjmge hd~g|- os sócdos ä o swrghì`go hj socdghjhg-

sge gmgs `ão gvdsxg socdghjhg.

Hg jco|ho coe o Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o- Mgd `¾ :2.821/2< rohg|ê gvg|cg|

mdcdxjeg`xg j jxdqdhjhg ger|gsj|djm o g`xg cdqdmeg`xg cjrj~ zwg `ão gsxdqg|

mgkjmeg`xg derghdho rj|j o gvg|cåcdo hj jxdqdhjhg ger|gsj|djm.

3.: @oë÷gs kg|jds

J jxdqdhjhg ger|gsj|djm rohg sg| gvg|cdhj dsomjhjeg`xg ow jx|jqäs hg we

k|wrjeg`xo hg rgssojs &Socdghjhgs$. @o zwg sg |gag|g jo gvg|cåcdo hj ger|gsjro| jrg`js wej rgssoj `jxw|jm- gsxj hgqg|ê gsxj| ò rmgò ko~o hg swj cjrjcdhjhg

cdqdm. O Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o- Mgd `¾ :2.821/2<- ge sgw j|x. 8¾- D`c. D g j|x. 7¾-

gsxjlgmgcg zwg j rmg`j cjrjcdhjhg ä jhzwd|dhj jos :6 jòs coermgxos- jhoxj`ho

wej |ghwëão `j jzwdsdëão hgsxj rmg`j cjrjcdhjhg- fê ewdxo somdcdxjhj rgmj

socdghjhg l|jsdmgd|j- ejs coe co`sgzýî`cdjs `j sdsxgeêxdcj nw|åhdcj ger|gsj|djm

jd`hj `ão xoxjmeg`xg cjmcwmjhjs. &LJ\\OS- <22<- r. :2:<$

Ro|xj`xo rj|j o ger|gsê|do d`hdqdhwjm- jmäe ho gvg|cåcdo r|oadssdo`jm hjjxdqdhjhg ger|gsj|djm- gvdkg%sg xjeläe j rmg`j cjrjcdhjhg- sge j zwjm o gvg|cåcdo

hj jxdqdhjhg sg|ê zwjmdadcjhj coeo d||gkwmj|. Hgsxj ej`gd|j- xohj rgssoj coe :6

jòs coermgxos rohg|ê gvg|cg| j jxdqdhjhg ger|gsj|djm ò L|jsdm-

d`hgrg`hg`xgeg`xg hg jwxo|d~jëão- sjmqo òs cjsos gsrgcdadcjhos ge mgd.

&LJ\\OS- <22<- r. :2:<$



<6

Coe gsxgs hdsrosdxdqos o mgkdsmjho| `ão jhoxow wej òqj sdsxgeêxdcj ho

|gkdeg hjs d`cjrjcdhjhgs ò gvg|cåcdo hos Hd|gdxos ò L|jsdm- ejs jrg`js jhgzwow

j mgkdsmjëão l|jsdmgd|j â r|ór|dj socdghjhg w|lj`j l|jsdmgd|j zwg hw|j`xg ewdxo

xgero gsxjqj sg`ho hdscdrmd`jhj rgmo Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o hg :4:1 cjmcjho geowx|j gsx|wxw|j hg socdghjhg. O Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o- Mgd `¾ :2.821/2<- jssde

coeo o Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o hg :4:1 rj|xge hj r|gedssj hg zwg js rgssojs jxä

cg|xj dhjhg ow swlegxdhjs j hgxg|ed`jhjs cd|cw`sxì`cdjs aêxdcjs |gag|g`xgs â swj

sjþhg eg`xjm ow aåsdcj `ão rosswge hdscg|`deg`xo g `ge jrxdhão rj|j j r|êxdcj hg

hgxg|ed`jhos jxos `j gsag|j nw|åhdcj. &LJ\\OS- <22<- r. :2:<$

Hdj`xg hj òqj sdsxgeêxdcj ho Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o- Mgd `¾ :2.821/2<- j

rgssoj rmg`jeg`xg cjrj~ rohg|ê gvg|cg| mdq|geg`xg j jxdqdhjhg ger|gsj|djm. Oegseo hdrmoej jxgsxj ge sgw j|x. 7¾- Rj|êk|jao Þ`dco- zwg cgssj|ê rj|j os

egò|gs j d`cjrjcdhjhg rgmjs fdróxgsgs gmg`cjhjs. Gsxg hdsrosdxdqo x|jxj

gsrgcdadcjeg`xg sol|g o d`sxdxwxo hj Gej`cdrjëão- zwg rj|j j nê co`sjk|jhj

howx|d`j cdqdmåsxdcj |gr|gsg`xj o egcj`dseo nw|åhdco jrxo j jx|dlwd| cjrjcdhjhg cdqdm âs

rgssojs cmjssdadcjhjs coeo d`cjrj~gs. Jx|jqäs hj gej`cdrjëão- js rgssojs sg

xo|`je cjrj~gs rj|j zwjsg xohos os jxos nw|åhdcos- d`cmwsdqg os jxos ger|gsj|djds.

Hg jco|ho coe o j|x. 7¾- Rj|êk|jao Þ`dco- D`c. D- ho Cóhdko L|jsdmgd|o- Mgd `¾

:2.821/2<- js rgssojs sg gej`cdrje jo |gjmd ~j|ge o cjsjeg`xo g o j|x. :.7:; hoegseo hdrmoej gsxjlgmgcg zwg js rgssojs rohge sg cjsj| coe :1 &hg~gssgds$

jòs hgshg zwg olxg`fje j jwxo|d~jëão hg sgws |gsro`sêqgds. Hg jco|ho coe j

egsej sdsxgeêxdcj- js rgssojs rohg|ão gvg|cg| j jxdqdhjhg ger|gsj|djm coe :1

&hg~gssgds$ jòs. &LJ\\OS- <22<- r. :2:<$

Hg jco|ho coe o j|x. 7¾- Rj|êk|jao Þ`dco- D`c. Q- ho Cóhdko Cdqdm

L|jsdmgd|o- Mgd `¾ :2.821/2<- js rgssojs sg gej`cdrje rgmo gsxjlgmgcdeg`xo cdqdm ow

coeg|cdjm- hgshg zwg ge aw`ëão hgmgs- o egò| coe :1 &hg~gssgds$ jòs coermgxos

xg`fj gcoòedj r|ór|dj. J howx|d`j hg Hd|gdxo Cdqdm g hg Hd|gdxo Coeg|cdjm- hdj`xg hos

xg|eos ho Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o hg :4:1 &j|x. 4¾- « :¾- D`c. Q$ fê ewdxo nê co`sjk|ow

o g`xg`hdeg`xo hg zwg o egò| zwg gvg|cgssg o coeä|cdo- coe o r|orósdxo hg

rg|ej`î`cdj g ad~gssg hgsxj jxdqdhjhg swj r|oadssão g sgw egdo hg swlsdsxî`cdj-

gsxj|dj cj|jcxg|d~j`ho o gvg|cåcdo ho coeä|cdo- jx|jqäs ho Gsxjlgmgcdeg`xo

Coeg|cdjm g ro| co`sgkwd`xg j gej`cdrjëão. @o g`xj`xo o |gag|dho hdsrosdxdqo `ão



<4

d`hdcjqj j dhjhg eå`dej ge zwg j jmwhdhj gej`cdrjëão rohg|dj sg| olxdhj- o zwg

kg|ow fdsxó|dcj g ajeosj hdqg|kî`cdj howx|d`ê|dj jcg|cj hj dhjhg eå`dej rj|j o

gvg|cåcdo måcdxo ho coeä|cdo jx|jqäs hj jzwdsdëão hj cjrjcdhjhg ro| egdo hj

gej`cdrjëão. O R|oa. \wlg`s \gzwdão- rosxwmjqj zwg o j|x. :¾- `.¾ < ho CóhdkoCoeg|cdjm L|jsdmgd|o- hgxg|ed`jqj zwg j rgssoj gej`cdrjhj rohg|dj gvg|cg| o

coeä|cdo. &RDEG@XGM- <22<- r. :2<:$

Coeo o Cóhdko Coeg|cdjm L|jsdmgd|o `ão hdscdrmd`jqj ejxä|dj |gag|g`xg â

cjrjcdhjhg g `ge rg|xd`g`xg â gej`cdrjëão- hgqg|%sg%dj lwscj| coeo ao`xg

swlsdhdê|dj hj ejxä|dj js ò|ejs ho Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o hg :4:1 g gsxg rg|edxdj

zwg o egò|- coe :1 &hg~gssgds$ jòs- coe Gsxjlgmgcdeg`xo Coeg|cdjm jhzwd|dssg

j rmg`j cjrjcdhjhg jx|jqäs hj gej`cdrjëão. Moko- rj|j o R|oa. \wlg`s \gzwdão oegò| coe :1 &hg~gssgds$ jòs rohg|dj gvg|cg| o coeä|cdo hgshg zwg gsxdqgssg

gej`cdrjho. &RDEG@XGM- <22<- r. :2<:$

J howx|d`j ejno|dxê|dj- jd`hj zwg ad~gssg gò|egs gmokdos â howx|d`j hg

\wlg`s \gzwdão- jro`xjqj zwg j |gag|dhj howx|d`j gsxj|dj dòcwmjhj hg we

d`co`qg`dg`xg d`somþqgm hdj`xg hj mgkdsmjëão l|jsdmgd|j- rosxo zwg- ge sg jcgdxj`ho

zwg o egò| hg :1 jòs rwhgssg gvg|cg| mdq|geg`xg o coeä|cdo- gsxj|%sg%dj c|dj`ho-

coào|eg gsxj howx|d`j- wej sdxwjëão ge zwg o egò| rohg|dj gvg|cg| o coeä|cdo-ejs `ão |gsro`hg|dj- hd|gxjeg`xg- rgmos sgws jxos cdqds g `ge rgmos sgws jxos hg

coeä|cdo- rosxo zwg hg jco|ho coe o j|x. 3¾- D`c. DDD- ho HM ;.11:/87- j ajmî`cdj só

rohg|dj sg| hgc|gxjhj ge |gmjëão jo egò|- coe ejds hg :6 &hg~odxo$ jòs- zwg

ej`xäe Gsxjlgmgcdeg`xo Coeg|cdjm coe gcoòedj r|ór|dj. &RDEG@XGM- <22<- r.

:2<:$

O|j- hdj`xg ho sdsxgej ajmdeg`xj| jhoxjho ò L|jsdm- ä hj gssî`cdj hj

zwjmdhjhg hg coeg|cdj`xg j swj swledssão â ajmî`cdj g zwg ro| dsso hgqg|åjeos

co`cmwd| zwg o |gag|dho j|x. 3¾- D`c. DDD- ho HM ;.11:/87- derghdj zwg sg co`sdhg|jssg

coeg|cdj`xg o egò| hg :6 &hg~odxo$ jòs. @o g`xj`xo- hg jco|ho coe j òqj

sdsxgeêxdcj gsxjlgmgcdhj rgmo Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o- Mgd `¾ :2.821/2<- rj|gcg xg|%sg

jhoxjho g jcgdxjho js ro`hg|jë÷gs ho R|oa. \wlg`s \gzwdão- rosxo zwg coào|eg o

Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o &j|x. 7¾- Rj|êk|jao Þ`dco- D`c. Q- ho Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o- Mgd

`¾ :2.821/2<$ o egò|- coe :1 &hg~gssgds$ jòs sg xdqg| Gsxjlgmgcdeg`xo Cdqdm ow



32

Coeg|cdjm coe gcoòedj r|ór|dj rohg|ê mdcdxj g mdq|geg`xg gvg|cg| j jxdqdhjhg

ger|gsj|djm- ow sgnj- sg o egò| hdsrwsg| hg we gsxjho gco`øedco ge zwg

cj|jcxg|d~g j swj d`hgrg`hî`cdj ad`j`cgd|j- hgco||g`xg hj r|or|dghjhg hg sgws

r|ór|dos lg`s jhzwd|dhos jx|jqäs hg sgw x|jljmfo- fg|j`ëj ow hojëão `ãojhed`dsx|jhj rgmo sgw |gsro`sêqgm. &<221- r.:36$

Gsxj orëão- ge r|d`cårdo `ão sg cojhw`j coe o j|x. 3¾- D`c. DDD- ho HM

;.11:/87. Ewdxos jwxo|gs hg Hd|gdxo coeg|cdjm- hg`x|g gmgs o R|oa. Jeä|dco Mwås

Ej|xd`s hj Sdmqj- Noão Gw`êrdo Lo|kgs g Htmso` Hó|dj- swsxg`xj|je zwg o |gag|dho

j|x. 3¾- D`c. DDD- ho HM ;.11:/87 hgqg|dj sg| coerjxdldmd~jho coe o j`xdko j|x. 4¾- « :¾-

D`c. Q- ho Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o hg :4:1. Coe j sdsxgeêxdcj ho Cóhdko Cdqdm

L|jsdmgd|o- Mgd `¾ :2.821/2<- rohg|%sg%dj xjeläe co`sdhg|j| zwg o |gag|dho j|x. 3¾-D`c. DDD- ho HM ;.11:/87 hgqg|ê sg| hg||okjho ò zwg sg |gag|g j dhjhg eå`dej

rossåqgm rj|j j hgc|gxjëão hj ajmî`cdj. &RDEG@XGM- <22<- r. :2<:$

@o g`xj`xo- gsxj co`cmwsão jr|gssjhj rohg|ê òs mgqj| j hgxg|ed`jhjs

co`sgzýî`cdjs d`co`cdmdêqgds sol o jsrgcxo rg`jm. Dsxo ro|zwg j |gag|dhj mgd hg

ajmî`cdjs hjxj hg :487 g xgqg ro| ljsg- sol o jsrgcxo rg`jm- o j`xdko Cóhdko Rg`jm

hg :482 zwg gsxjlgmgcdj- xjm zwjm j Co`sxdxwdëão hj \grþlmdcj hg :466 &j|x. <<6$ g j

òqj. Rj|xg Kg|jm r|oewmkjhj ge :468 zwg j derwxjldmdhjhg rg`jm hgqg oco||g| jos:6 jòs. @gsxg hdjrjsão ä zwg o mgkdsmjho| hg :487 &HM ;.11:/87$- rgmo ajxo hg

gvdsxd|ge d`þeg|js co`hwxjs rossåqgds hg sg|ge r|jxdcjhjs rgmo ger|gsê|do%

coeg|cdj`xg- zwg rohge jxg`xj| co`x|j j O|hge Gco`øedcj @jcdo`jm- co`x|j j

Gcoòedj Rorwmj|- co`x|j o Sdsxgej Ad`j`cgd|o @jcdo`jm- co`x|j os Co`swedho|gs

ge kg|jm g ad`jmeg`xg co`x|j o D`sxdxwxo Rþlmdco ho C|ähdxo- gsxjlgmgcgw zwg j dhjhg

eå`dej rj|j o qêmdho gvg|cåcdo ho coeä|cdo hgqg|dj sg| j egsej dhjhg eå`dej rj|j

zwg sg rossj rw`d| c|ded`jmeg`xg o ger|gsê|do%coeg|cdj`xg zwg qg`fj gagxdqjeg`xg

coegxg| js |gag|dhjs co`hwxjs- ow sgnj- j dhjhg hg :6 &hg~odxo$ jòs. Coe j ghdëão

ho Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o- Mgd `¾ :2.821/2< gsxj md`fj hg |jcdocå`do- jrj|g`xgeg`xg-

ä zwgl|jhj xo|`j`ho rossåqgm hdqg|sos g`xg`hdeg`xos. &LJ\\OS- <22<- r. :2:7$.

O Cóhdko Coeg|cdjm L|jsdmgd|o- ge sgw j|x. <¾- j||omj js rgssojs zwg ge

aw`ëão hg sgw cj|ko ow hg swj sdxwjëão gsrgcåadcj `ão hdsr÷ge hg mgkdxdejëão rj|j

o hgqdho gvg|cåcdo hj ger|gsj g- hg jco|ho coe j rj|xg ad`jm ho j|x. 4;< ho Cóhdko



3:

Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o &Mgd `¾:2.821/2<$- `ão rohg|ão gvg|cg| j jxdqdhjhg hg ger|gsê|do.

Gelo|j o j|x. 7¾- D`c. VDDD- g o j|x. :;2- Rj|êk|jao Þ`dco- jelos hj Co`sxdxwdëão hj

\grþlmdcj hg :466- advge o R|d`cårdo hj mdlg|hjhg hg d`dcdjxdqj- rosxwmjho lêsdco ho

sdsxgej gco`øedco cjrdxjmdsxj- hgqg%sg jxg`xj| jo ajxo hg j òssj Co`sxdxwdëão hj\grþlmdcj xg| k|dxj`xg å`homg socdjm g r|ok|jeêxdcj g zwg- ge jelos os hdsrosdxdqos-

eg`cdo`j j rossdldmdhjhg hjs mgds dà|jco`sxdxwcdo`jds gsxjlgmgcg|ge mdedxjë÷gs ow

co`xg`ë÷gs jcg|cj hg hgxg|ed`jhj jxdqdhjhg gco`øedcj. &LJ\\OS- <22<- r. :2:7$.

3.< Mgkdxdedhjhg

Co`so|xg o g`sd`jeg`xo hg Ej|mo` Xoej~gxxg:: ò zwg sg |gag|g jo j|x.

<¾ ho Cóhdko Coeg|cdjm L|jsdmgd|o- cwer|g olsg|qj| zwg gsxê ge xoxjm hgsjco|hocoe js xg|edòmokdjs g cj|kos hj jxwjmdhjhg zwg ro| mgds gsrgcdjds xjeläe r|oålge

o gvg|cåcdo ho coeä|cdo. Ho j|x. <¾ ho Cóhdko Coeg|cdjm L|jsdmgd|o- sg sjmqj jrg`js

j r|odldëão ho ajmdho coeg|cdj|- g`zwj`xo `ão ao| mgkjmeg`xg |gjldmdxjho- rosxo zwg

ò zwg co`cg|`ge js hgejds fdróxgsgs- hdqg|sj mgds gsrgcåadcjs x|jxje hj egsej

ejxä|dj.

O Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o &Mgd `¾ :2.821/2<$ jhoxj`ho wej xg`hî`cdj

mgkdsmjxdqj g howx|d`ê|dj r|ocw|ow `ão |gmjcdo`j| zwjds os cj|kos ow rgssojsderghdhjs ow r|odldhjs hg gvg|cg| j jxdqdhjhg ger|gsj|djm- rods- coào|eg gsxj

xg`hî`cdj ä r|gag|åqgm zwg js mgds g |gkwmjeg`xos jhed`dsx|jxdqos hdsro`fje sol|g o

jssw`xo. &XOEJ^GXXG- <222- R.::4$.

Ejds wej qg~ cwer|g olsg|qj| zwg o |gag|dho j|x. 4;< ho Cóhdko Cdqdm

L|jsdmgd|o &Mgd `¾ :2.821/2<$ gsxjlgmgcg zwg js rgssojs mgkjmeg`xg derghdhjs jo

gvg|cåcdo hj jxdqdhjhg hg ger|gsê|do `ão rohge gvg|cg| gsxj jxdqdhjhg. Ger|gsê|do-

coào|eg o egseo hdrmoej ä j rgssoj zwg gvg|cg r|oadssdo`jmeg`xg jxdqdhjhg

gco`øedcj o|kj`d~jhj rj|j j r|ohwëão hg ow cd|cwmjëão hg lg`s ow hg sg|qdëos.

Ro|xj`xo- js rgssojs mgkjmeg`xg derghdhjs hg gvg|cg| j jxdqdhjhg ger|gsj|djm ro|

:: XOEJ^GXXG- Ej|mo`. Js socdghjhgs ro| zwoxjs hg |gsro`sjldmdhjhg mdedxjhj g os jxos hos sócdoskg|g`xgs. W ̀ dqg|sdxjs Nws- L|jsåmdj- `¾ 7- r. ::4%:<4- nj`%nw` <222.



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mgds gsrgcåadcjs `ão rohge soa|g| zwjmzwg| sj`ëão hg cj|êxg| jhed`dsx|jxdqo- cdqdm ow

rg`jm rgmj r|êxdcj dsomjhj ow gsro|êhdcj hg jxos ger|gsj|djds- rosxo zwg rj|j j

cj|jcxg|d~jëão ho ger|gsê|do |gzwg|%sg o r|oadssdo`jmdseo- ow sgnj- j r|êxdcj

|gdxg|jhj ow o gvg|cåcdo co`xå`wo hg wej jxdqdhjhg ger|gsj|djm. &LJ\\OS- <22<- r.:2:1$.

J howx|d`j hg Hd|gdxo coeg|cdjm- fê ewdxo xgero nê qd`fj co`sjk|j`ho o

g`xg`hdeg`xo hg zwg- ge zwjmzwg| fdróxgsg- j r|êxdcj ho coeä|cdo |gjmd~jhj ro|

rgssoj derghdhj g|j &g co`xd`wj sg`ho$ co`sdhg|jhj qêmdhj ge |gmjëão j xg|cgd|os

hg loj%aä. Gsxj co`cmwsão aod hgqg|js rjcdadcjhj coe j |ghjëão ho j|x. 3¾- D`c. DQ- ho

HM ;.11:/87- dsxo ro|zwg- jd`hj zwg gvdsxj derghdeg`xo mgkjm- j rgssoj zwg gvg|ëj

r|oadssdo`jmeg`xg jxdqdhjhg gco`øedcj o|kj`d~jhj rj|j j r|ohwëão hg ow cd|cwmjëãohg lg`s ow hg sg|qdëos sg|ê co`sdhg|jhj ger|gsê|dj g coeo xjm rjssåqgm hg qg| j

swj ajmî`cdj hgc|gxjhj- xg`ho ge qdsxj j qjmdhjhg hos jxos hg ger|gsj ro| gmj

r|jxdcjhos ge ajcg hg xg|cgd|os hg loj%aä- rosxo zwg- gelo|j derghdho hg gvg|cg| j

jxdqdhjhg ger|gsj|djm- js rgssojs `ão são co`sdhg|jhjs d`cjrj~gs g- ro|

co`sgkwd`xg- os sgws jxos são co`sdhg|jhos qêmdhos. &XOEJ^GXXG- <222- r.:<2$.

Ge |dko|- os gagdxos r|oqocjhos rgmos jxos hg ger|gsj r|jxdcjhos ro|

rgssoj gvr|gssjeg`xg derghdhj hg gvg|cg| jxdqdhjhg ger|gsj|djm hgqge sg| hdscdrmd`jhos xjeläe rgmjs hdqg|sjs mgds hg cj|êxg| jhed`dsx|jxdqo. @o g`xj`xo- o

mgkdsmjho| ho Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o &Mgd `¾ :2.821/2<$ r|ocw|ow gsxjlgmgcg|

cmj|jeg`xg o zwg j howx|d`j g j nw|dsr|whî`cdj qd`fje gvx|jd`ho hjs co`cmws÷gs

jcdej gvrosxjs- ow sgnj- gelo|j j rgssoj `ão hdsro`fj hg rmg`j mgkdxdejëão rj|j

o gvg|cåcdo hj ger|gsj- sg gvg|cg jxdqdhjhg r|ór|dj hg ger|gsê|do |gsro`hg|ê rgmjs

ol|dkjë÷gs co`x|jåhjs &j|x. 4;3$- rgmo sdermgs ajxo hgsxjs ol|dkjë÷gs sg|ge

co`sdhg|jhjs qêmdhjs rg|j`xg o xg|cgd|o hg loj%aä. O Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o &Mgd `¾

:2.821/2<$ hdsr÷g xjeläe &j|x. 4;8$ jcg|cj hj ao|ej hg rj|xdcdrjëão hg egò|-

d`cjrj~- ge ger|gsj ow socdghjhg ger|gsj|djm. &XOEJ^GXXG- <222- r.:<2$.

J rossdldmdhjhg hg rj|xdcdrjëão ow `ão hg egò| d`cjrj~- jx|jqäs hg sgw

|gr|gsg`xj`xg- ge socdghjhg ger|gsj|djm- aod jcd||jhjeg`xg hdscwxdhj `j howx|d`j g

`j Nw|dsr|whî`cdj. J howx|d`j g`xg`hdj zwg sg o egò| `ão gsxdqgssg gej`cdrjho

ow `ão gsxdqgssg hgqdhjeg`xg jwxo|d~jho ro| sgws rjds `ão rohg|dj- jx|jqäs hg sgw



33

|gr|gsg`xj`xg- swlsc|gqg| zwoxjs hg wej socdghjhg zwg `ão xdqgssg sgw cjrdxjm

socdjm xoxjmeg`xg d`xgk|jmd~jho- rosxo zwg `gsxg cjso rwhgssg co||g| o |dsco hg

swlegxg| sgw rjx|deø`do â gvgcwëão hos c|gho|gs sge xg| xdho j oro|xw`dhjhg hg

jhed d̀sx|ê%mos hd|gxjeg`xg. &XOEJ^GXXG- <222- r.:<2$.

Coe gsxg g`xg`hdeg`xo r|ocw|jqj%sg advj| wej |gk|j kg|jm cwnj ad`jmdhjhg

g|j j hg gqdxj| zwg o egò| `ão gej`cdrjho g `ão jwxo|d~jho rgmos rjds rwhgssg-

jx|jqäs hg sgw |gr|gsg`xj`xgrj|xdcdrj| hg wej socdghjhg coeg|cdjm zwg

swlegxgssg o rjx|deø`do ho egò| jo |gkdeg hg |gsro`sjldmdhjhg dmdedxjhj.

G`xg`hg%sg xjeläe zwg ge sg x|jxj`ho hg wej socdghjhg hg rgssojs zwg sg

swlegxgssg jo |gkdeg hj |gsro`sjldmdhjhg mdedxjhj- o egò| xjeläe `ão rohg|dj

rj|xdcdrj|- rods sg qjmg`ho ho j|x. 326 ho Cóhdko Coeg|cdjm L|jsdmgd|o qdsmwel|jqjderghdeg`xo mgkjm â |gag|dhj rj|xdcdrjëão- xg`ho ge qdsxj zwg ge sgw g`xg`hdeg`xo

j Socdghjhg ro| Zwoxjs hg \gsro`sjldmdhjhg Mdedxjhj &Mxhj.$ g|j- ge swj gssî`cdj-

wej socdghjhg hg rgssojs. @o g`xj`xo- ge zwg rgsg o howxo g`xg`hdeg`xo ho R|oa.

\wlg`s \gzwdão- o r|ór|do Swr|geo X|dlw`jm Aghg|jm rosswåj o rosdcdo`jeg`xo ò

sg`xdho hg zwg o |gr|gsg`xj`xg ho egò| rohg|dj swlsc|gqg| zwoxjs ge sgw òeg-

sg o egò| gsxdqgssg sol o sgw rêx|do rohg| g swj co`x|dlwdëão sg hgssg ge lg`s

eóqgds &d`cmwsdqg ge hd`fgd|o$- rosxo zwg ge sg x|jxj`ho hg lg`s eóqgds o Cóhdko

Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o hg :4:1 co`cghdj jermj ej|kge hg jxwjëão jhed`dsx|jxdqj jos rjdsow |gr|gsg`xj`xgs ho egò|- rohg`ho hd|gcdo`ê%mos coeo lge g`xg`hgssge- ejs

sger|g coe d`xwdxo hg lg`gadcdj| o egò|. &LJ\\OS- <22<- r. :2:6$.

@gsxg sg`xdho ä zwg sg rg|edxdj zwg o egò|- jx|jqäs hg sgw

|gr|gsg`xj`xg- rwhgssg swlsc|gqg| zwoxjs hg Socdghjhg ro| Zwoxjs hg

\gsro`sjldmdhjhg Mdedxjhj. Jo zwg rj|gcg o g`xg`hdeg`xo ho Swr|geo X|dlw`jm

Aghg|jm qgdo j sg| jlso|qdho rgmo mgkdsmjho| ho Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o &Mgd `¾

:2.821/2<$- rosxo zwg ò j|x. 4;8 rg|edxg zwg o egò| jx|jqäs hg sgw |gr|gsg`xj`xg

ow hgqdhjeg`xg jssdsxdho- rossj co`xd`wj| j ger|gsj d`dcdjhj j`xgs hg sg xo|`j|-

ro| zwjmzwg| eoxdqo- d`cjrj~ ow d`dcdjhj ro| sgws rjds ow rgmo jwxo| hj fg|j`ëj.

&LJ\\OS- <22<- r. :2:6$.

Â |gag|dhj rg|edssão gvdkg%sg jrg`js wej r|äqdj g r|gcê|dj jwxo|d~jëão

nwhdcdjm zwg hgqg|ê jqjmdj| j oro|xw`dhjhg g co`qg`dî`cdj hjs cd|cw`sxì`cdj g |dscos



38

hj ger|gsj. J |gag|dhj rg|edssão xjeläe `ão rosswd o co`hão hg qd`cwmj| os lg`s

zwg o egò| nê rosswd jo xgero hj d`xg|hdëão ow hj swcgssão jo |gswmxjho hj

ger|gsj- hgshg zwg gsxgs lg`s aossge gsx|j`fos jo jcg|qo hjzwgmj.

&XOEJ^GXXG- <222- r.:<:$.

@j |gag|dhj jwxo|d~jëão nwhdcdjm o nwd~ hgqg|ê jag|d| jmäe hj oro|xw`dhjhg g

co`qg`dî`cdj hjs cd|cw`sxì`cdjs g |dscos hj ger|gsj- o eo`xj`xg hg lg`s ho egò|

zwg `ão gsxj|ê qd`cwmjho jos |gag|dhos |dscos- lge coeo j mgkdxdejëão rj|j o

coeä|cdo hos |gr|gsg`xj`xgs ho egò| g `gcgssdhjhg ow co`qg`dî`cdj hg

òegjëão hg kg|g`xg. O Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o &Mgd `¾ :2.821/2<$ qgdo xjeläe ge

sgw j|x. 4;; hdscdrmd`j| j qdjldmdhjhg g mdcdxwhg hj socdghjhg g`x|g ej|dho g ewmfg|.

Owx|o|j- j howx|d`j g j nw|dsr|whî`cdj xd`fje g`xg`hdeg`xo hg zwg xohj socdghjhggvdsxg`xg g`x|g ej|dho g ewmfg| co`sdsxdj ge wej a|jwhg- rosxo zwg co`sxdxwd|dj wej

ao|ej hg jmxg|j| ow a|jwhj| o R|d`cårdo hj Dewxjldmdhjhg ho \gkdeg hg Lg`s ho

cjsjeg`xo r|gqdsxo ò j|x. <32 ho Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o hg :4:1. &XOEJ^GXXG-

<222- r.:<3$.

@gsxg hdjrjsão- g`xg`hdje zwg zwjmzwg| rgssoj zwj`ho rj|xdcdrj hg wej

socdghjhg coeo sócdo- d`xgk|jmd~j o cjrdxjm socdjm hj socdghjhg jx|jqäs hg lg`s

eóqgds &d`cmwsdqg hd`fgd|o- xåxwmos gxc.$ ow deóqgds. @j d`xgk|jmd~jëão ho cjrdxjm socdjmhg wej socdghjhg oco||g wej x|j`sag|î`cdj ho rjx|deø`do ho sócdo rj|j o

rjx|deø`do hj socdghjhg. J rj|xd| ho eoeg`xo ge zwg oco||g j x|j`sag|î`cdj hj

r|or|dghjhg- org|j%sg j sgrj|jëão hg lg`s ho rjx|deø`do ajedmdj| rj|j o rjx|deø`do

hj socdghjhg. @gsxj x|j`sag|î`cdj ä zwg sg g`xg`hdj fjqg| wej qg|hjhgd|j a|jwhg-

rosxo zwg ge sg`ho o |gkdeg hj coew`fão- o rjx|deø`do ho cjsjm zwg hgqg|dj sg|

we só- ò eoeg`xo hj x|j`sag|î`cdj jcj||gxj|dj j sgrj|jëão. G- ge sg`ho o |gkdeg

hg lg`s o hj sgrj|jëão- j x|j`sag|î`cdj jcj||gxj|dj j coew`fão- ow sgnj- j

socdghjhg w`d|dj lg`s zwg hgqg|dje rg|ej`gcg| sgrj|jhos. &LJ\\OS- <22<- r.

:2<2$.

O Gsxjxwxo hj Ewmfg| Cjsjhj &Mgd 8.:<:/1<$ qgdo j hj| we òqo

x|jxjeg`xo â ejxä|dj jajsxj`ho os |gag|dhos óldcgs orosxos rgmj howx|d`j g

Nw|dsr|whî`cdj jxä g`xão. @gsxg òqo |gkdeg nw|åhdco hj ewmfg| cjsjhj- j |dko|osj

coew`fão jlsomwxj g w`dqg|sjm hgdvow hg gvdsxd|- rosxo zwg jxä jzwgmj ärocj os



37

lg`s jhzwd|dhos rgmj ewmfg| coe o r|ohwxo hg sgw x|jljmfo rjssj|je j co`sxdxwd|

sgws lg`s |gsg|qjhos &j|x. <81 ho Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o hg :4:1$- jssde coeo hg

jco|ho coe o j|x. 3¾ ho Gsxjxwxo hj Ewmfg| Cjsjhj &Mgd 8.:<:/1<$ os xåxwmos hj

håqdhj co`x|jåhos ro| we só hos cø`nwkgs |gsro`sjldmd~jqj os lg`s coew`s jrg`jsjxä o mdedxg hj egjëão. &LJ\\OS- <22<- r. :2<<$.

Hdj`xg hgsxgs xg|eos ä zwg sg rjssow j jcgdxj| j co`sxdxwdëão hg wej

socdghjhg g`x|g cø`nwkgs ajcg â gqdhî`cdj hjs rj|cgmjs rjx|deo`djds sgrj|jhjs.

Ejds |gcg`xgeg`xg rjssow%sg j g`xg`hg| `ão fjqg| óldcg jmkwe `j co`sxdxwdëão hg

socdghjhg g`x|g cø`nwkgs- rosxo egseo `j fdróxgsg ho |gkdeg hg lg`s jhoxjho sg|

o hj sgrj|jëão- j Nw|dsr|whî`cdj qd`fj rjcdadcj`ho o g`xg`hdeg`xo hj

jhedssdldmdhjhg hj socdghjhg g`x|g ej|dho g ewmfg|- hgshg zwg sg x|jxjssg hg wejsocdghjhg mdedxjhj &Socdghjhg ro| Zwoxjs hg \gsro`sjldmdhjhg Mdedxjhj g

Socdghjhg J`ø`dej$ g zwg `ão coer|oegxgssg o rjx|deø`do ajedmdj|

coermgxjeg`xg. &RDEG@XGM- <22<- r. :2<7$.

Gsxj socdghjhg soeg`xg sg|dj j`wmêqgm `js fdróxgsgs ge zwg j a|jwhg

adcjssg gqdhg`xgeg`xg cj|jcxg|d~jhj. Dsxo ro|zwg j co`sxdxwdëão hg wej socdghjhg

g`x|g cø`nwkgs `ão rohg|dj cj|jcxg|d~j| wej r|gsw`ëão jlsomwxj hg gvg|cåcdo hg

wej co`hwxj a|jwhwmg`xj. A|jwhg rohg fjqg| `j co`sxdxwdëão hg zwjmzwg| socdghjhg.Ge fjqg`ho a|jwhg- rohg|%sg%dj j`wmj| o co`x|jxo hg socdghjhg rj|j

|gsro`sjldmd~jëão ho rjx|deø`do ho cjsjm ow jxä egseo hgsco`sdhg|j| j

rg|so`jmdhjhg nw|åhdcj hj Rgssoj Nw|åhdcj c|djhj rgmos cø`nwkgs. &RDEG@XGM- <22<-

r. :2<7$.

O Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o &Mgd `¾ :2.821/2<$ &j|x. 4;;$ r|ocw|ow hj| we

x|jxjeg`xo ejds cjwxgmoso â ejxä|dj- rg|edxd`ho j co`sxdxwdëão hg wej socdghjhg

g`x|g cø`nwkgs hgshg zwg gsxgs `ão xg`fje sg cjsjho sol o |gkdeg hj coew`fão

w`dqg|sjm ow ò hg sgrj|jëão ol|dkjxó|dj. O Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o &Mgd `¾ :2.821/2<$

rjssow j hdscdrmd`j| xjeläe- hg ao|ej jxä hgs`gcgssê|dj- j rossdldmdhjhg hg we hos

cø`nwkgs jmdg`j|- sge owxo|kj co`nwkjm- os lg`s deóqgds zwg d`xgk|ge o rjx|deø`do

hj ger|gsj ow k|jqê%mos hg ø`ws |gjm. O|j- gsxg hdsrosdxdqo xo|`j%sg xoxjmeg`xg

hdsrg`sêqgm rosxo zwg j rj|xd| ho eoeg`xo ge zwg oco||g j x|j`sag|î`cdj ho

rjx|deø`do ajedmdj| rj|j o rjx|deø`do hj ger|gsj- o |gag|dho lge deóqgm rjssj j



31

rg|xg`cg| â socdghjhg- g`xg zwg- j rj|xd| ho |gkdsx|o hg sgws jxos co`sxdxwxdqos-

rjssj j xg| rg|so`jmdhjhg nw|åhdcj g gvdsxî`cdj mgkjm hdsxd`xj hg sgws egel|os. O

lge deóqgm- rg|xg`cg`ho â ger|gsj- rohg|ê sg| jmdg`jho sge zwjmzwg|

co`sg`xdeg`xo ho owx|o cø`nwkg- rosxo zwg o |gag|dho lge nê `ão ejds mfg rg|xg`cg-ejs sde â socdghjhg. &RDEG@XGM- <22<- r. :2<7$.

@o d`xwdxo hg coàg|d| ejdo| sgkw|j`ëj âs |gmjë÷gs eg|cj`xds o mgkdsmjho|

ho Cóhdko Cdqdm L|jsdmgd|o &Mgd `¾ :2.821/2<$ rjssow j gvdkd| zwg xjeläe sgnje

j|zwdqjhos g jqg|ljhos ò \gkdsx|o hjs Ger|gsjs- os rjcxos g hgcmj|jë÷gs

j`xg`wrcdjds ho ger|gsê|do&j$- o xåxwmo hg hojëão ow fg|j`ëj- hg lg`s cmjwswmjhos

hg d`coew`dcjldmdhjhg ow d`jmdg`jldmdhjhg. J ò|ej ho j|x. 4;4 ho Cóhdko Cdqdm

L|jsdmgd|o &Mgd `¾ :2.821/2<$ xge coeo hgsxd`jxê|dos xohos os ger|gsê|dos- ejs jr|gocwrjëão aw`hjeg`xjm sg hgsxd`j jo ger|gsê|do d`hdqdhwjm g os ger|gsê|dos zwg

d`xgk|ge socdghjhg `ão rg|so`dadcjhjs ow zwg sg swlegxje jos |dscos hj

|gsro`sjldmdhjhg dmdedxjhj- rosxo zwg `gsxgs cjsos os ger|gsê|dos swlegxge o sgw

rjx|deø`do â gvgcwëão hg sgws c|gho|gs- ge cjso hg ajmî`cdj ow d`jhdermgeg`xo.

&RDEG@XGM- <22<- r. :2<7$.

Ge sg`ho jssde- os c|gho|gs ow co`swedho|gs hgsxgs ger|gsê|dos

co`xj|ão coe wej kj|j`xdj ejdo| `j adscjmd~jëão g co`x|omg sol|g o rjx|deø`dohdsro`åqgm.

3.3 Hgqg|gs hos sócdos

Jo swlsc|gqge o cjrdxjm socdjm- os sócdos rjssje j sg| rj|xgs ho

co`x|jxo rmw|dmjxg|jm- co`x|jd`ho d`þeg|js ol|dkjë÷gs rj|j coe j socdghjhg- g

rj|j coe os hgejds sócdos. Xjds ol|dkjë÷gs sg d`dcdje ò eoeg`xo hjco`sxdxwdëão hj socdghjhg- sg owx|o `ão ao| advjho rgmo co`x|jxo socdjm- g só

xg|ed`je zwj`ho ao|ge gvxd`xjs js |gsro`sjldmdhjhgs socdjds &j|x. :.22:$. O

hgqg| r|deo|hdjm hg we sócdo hg zwjmzwg| socdghjhg ä |gjmd~j| j swj

co`x|dlwdëão rj|j o cjrdxjm socdjm. @js socdghjhgs sdermgs- xjm co`x|dlwdëão

rohg sg| ge lg`s ow sg|qdëos. &XOEJ^GXXG- <222- r.:<6$.



3;

@o cjso hg co`x|dlwdëão ge lg`s zwg `ão hd`fgd|o- o sócdo

|gsro`hg rgmj gqdcëão- g rgmj somqî`cdj ho hgqgho| ò cjso hg x|j`sag|î`cdj

hg c|ähdxos- qjmg hd~g|- o sócdo `ão sg hgso`g|j hj swj ol|dkjëão- sg gmj `ão

ao| gagxdqjeg`xg cwer|dhj. @o cjso hg co`x|dlwdëão ge sg|qdëos- `ão sgjhedxg zwg o sócdo sg ger|gkwg ge jxdqdhjhg gsx|j`fj â socdghjhg- sol

rg`j hg gvcmwsão g `ão rg|cgrëão hos mwc|os. Cjso o sócdo hgscwer|j xjm

hgqg|- cjso sgnj we sócdo |gedsso- j socdghjhg hgqg òxdadcê%mo- rj|j

co`sxdxwå%mo ge eo|j jssgkw|j`ho%mfg we r|j~o hg k|jëj hg 32 hdjs rj|j

cwer|d| sgw hgqg|. J eo|j `gssg cjso `ão hgco||g ho sdermgs qg`cdeg`xo hj

ol|dkjëão- ä `gcgssê|dj j d`xg|rgmjëão- coeo ò hd|gdxo ro|xwkwîs. Rjssjho

xjm r|j~o sge o cwer|deg`xo hj ol|dkjëão- os hgejds sócdos &j socdghjhg$

rohg|ão orxj| ro| wej d`hg`d~jëão rgmos hjòs cjwsjhos rgmj eo|j hosócdo- ow rgmj gvcmwsão ho egseo- ow rgmj |ghwëão hg swj zwoxj jo qjmo|

d`xgk|jmd~jho &j|x. :.228$. &XOEJ^GXXG- <222- r.:<6$.

Jxxdmj hg Sow~j Mgão J`h|jhg N| g`xg`hg zwg js rg`jmdhjhgs jo

|gedsso são gvcgssdqjs |gr|gsg`xj`ho jxä we g`|dzwgcdeg`xo dmåcdxo hj

socdghjhg. Jc|ghdxjeos zwg ä wej ao|xg r|gssão rj|j gqdxj| o

d`jhdermgeg`xo- ejs `ão j co`sdhg|jeos gvcgssdqj- `ge ao`xg hg

g`|dzwgcdeg`xo dmåcdxo. Coeo ge zwjmzwg| `gkócdo nw|åhdco- jzwgmg zwg jx|jsjj swj r|gsxjëão |gsro`hg rgmj eo|j- hgqg`ho d`hg`d~j| o c|gho| rgmo jx|jso-

hdag|g`xg `ão hgqg sg| j sdxwjëão ho sócdo ge |gmjëão â socdghjhg. Hg owx|o

mjho- sg o sócdo hgscwer|g sgw hgqg| r|deo|hdjm- gmg zwgl|j j |gmjëão hg

coàdj`ëj coe os hgejds sócdos- zwgl|j j jaagcxdo socdgxjxds:<- sge j zwjm j

socdghjhg `ão sg|dj co`sxdxwåhj. @we co`x|jxo ldmjxg|jm xjm ajxo kg|j|dj j

|gsomwëão ho co`x|jxo coeo we xoho- ò g`xj`xo- js socdghjhgs são co`x|jxos

rmw|dmjxg|jds- rohg`ho fjqg| j |gsomwëão jrg`js ho qå`cwmo ho sócdo |gedsso-

r|gsg|qj`ho j gvdsxî`cdj hj socdghjhg. &XOEJ^GXXG- <222- r.:<6$.

G `ão sg rohg ajmj| ge g`|dzwgcdeg`xo dmåcdxo- rods o sócdo |gcglg|ê

j swj rj|xg ò rjx|deø`do hj socdghjhg- r|oro|cdo`jmeg`xg jo eo`xj`xg

gagxdqjeg`xg |gjmd~jho hg swjs zwoxjs- coào|eg ljmj`ëo gsrgcdjmeg`xg

mgqj`xjho &j|x. :.23:$. Owx|o hgqg| hos sócdos ä o hgqg| hg mgjmhjhg g

:< Gvr|gssão mjxd`j zwg sdk`dadcj> Qo`xjhg hg co`sxdxwd| g ej`xg| wej socdghjhg g sge j zwjm- `jssocdghjhgs hg rgssojs- `ão rohg gmj swlsdsxd|.



36

coorg|jëão |gcår|ocj- ow hgqg| hg comjlo|jëão- zwg `ão ä r|gqdsxo ge

`g`fwe hdsrosdxdqo- ejs d`g|g`xg â co`sxdxwdëão g sol|gqdqî`cdj hj

socdghjhg. O sócdo hgqg ,Qgmj| òs d`xg|gssgs hj socdghjhg- r|gsxj`ho j

gsxj j swj coorg|jëão g njejds r|gag|d`ho o d`xg|gssg d`hdqdhwjm jo socdjmcoe r|gnwå~o hj socdghjhg,. Ge owx|js rjmjq|js- o sócdo `ão hgqg jkd| rj|j

r|gnwhdcj| j socdghjhg- ow os hgejds sócdos- gmg hgqg jkd| mgjmeg`xg-

comjlo|j`ho rj|j sg jxd`kd| o ade coewe olngxdqjho rgmj socdghjhg. Xjm hgqg|

cwnj jlsx|jëão rohg mgqj| j c|g| zwg sg x|jxj hg wej wxordj xge hjho

ej|kge â gvcmwsão ho sócdo zwg o qdomj- rgmj zwgl|j hj jaagcxdo socdgxjxds.

&XOEJ^GXXG- <222- r.:<6$.

Ro| hg||jhgd|o fê o hgqg| hg rj|xdcdrj| hjs rg|hjs- o zwg hgco||g|ê

ho xdro hg socdghjhg- o zwjm- hgad`g j mdedxjëão ow `ão hj |gsro`sjldmdhjhg

hos sócdos.

3.8 Hd|gdxos hos sócdos

Jo swlsc|gqg| wej rj|xg ho cjrdxjm- dsxo ä- jo sg coer|oegxg| j

rjkj| o qjmo| hg hgxg|ed`jhjs zwoxjs- jhzwd|g%sg j zwjmdhjhg hg sócdo- hj

zwjm `ão hgco||ge jrg`js hgqg|gs- ejs xjeläe hd|gdxos. Xjds hd|gdxos são hg

hwjs gsräcdgs> hd|gdxos rgssojds g hd|gdxos rjx|deo`djds.

O hd|gdxo rjx|deo`djm ä o hd|gdxo gqg`xwjm hg c|ähdxo co`x|j j

socdghjhg- co`sdsxg`xg `j rj|xdcdrjëão òs mwc|os g `j rj|xdcdrjëão ò jcg|qo

socdjm ge cjso hg mdzwdhjëão hj socdghjhg. X|jxj%sg hg we hd|gdxo gqg`xwjm-

co`hdcdo`jho- `j eghdhj ge zwg o sgw gvg|cåcdo hgrg`hg hg ajxos d`cg|xos-

coeo j r|ohwëão hg mwc|os ow j hdssomwëão hj socdghjhg. &XOEJ^GXXG-

<222- r.:<6$.

Ge |gmjëão â rj|xdcdrjëão òs mwc|os- j r|d`cårdo- ä mdq|g â

socdghjhg hgcdhd| j ao|ej hg swj hdqdsão hgshg zwg `ão fjnj we rjcxo

mgo`dò- dsxo ä- hgshg zwg `ão sg jx|dlwje qj`xjkg`s ow hgsqj`xjkg`s

gvjkg|jhjs j jmkwe sócdo. @o sdmî`cdo ho co`x|jxo socdjm- cjhj sócdo rj|xdcdrj

hos mwc|os `j r|oro|ëão hg swjs zwoxjs &j|x. :.22;$. Xohjqdj- o sócdo zwg

co`x|dlwd ge sg|qdëos só rj|xdcdrj hos mwc|os rgmj eähdj ho qjmo| hjs zwoxjs-



34

o zwg ä c|dxdcjho rgmj der|gcdsão g rgmj d`nwsxj hdsc|ded`jëão- òs hd~g|gs hg

Jxxdmj hg Sow~j Mgão hg J`h|jhg N| . &XOEJ^GXXG- <222- r.:<6$.

Gelo|j `ão sgnj rg|agdxj- j |gk|j jxd`g`xg jos sócdos zwg

co`x|dlwge ge sg|qdëos ä egmfo| zwg jzwgmj ho Cóhdko Coeg|cdjm- zwg mfgs

jssgkw|jqj j rj|xdcdrjëão gzwdqjmg`xg j ho egò| coxdsxj- g xjeläe egmfo|

zwg j ho hd|gdxo dxjmdjò zwg |gegxg xjm hgcdsão j wej hgcdsão nwhdcdjm ro|

gzwdhjhg. Jc|ghdxjeos zwg j eähdj j sg| agdxj- ä g`x|g o qjmo| hjs zwoxjs- ow

sgnj- sg jx|dlwd wej zwoxj adcxåcdj j xjm sócdo- co`sdsxg`xg `j eähdj hjs hgejds

coxjs- g hg jco|ho coe gsxj òqj coxj sg aj~ j hdqdsão r|oro|cdo`jm hos

mwc|os. Fê zwg sg |gssjmxj| jd`hj zwg j co`x|dlwdëão ge sg|qdëos ä

r|jxdcjeg`xg d`gvdsxg`xg ò hd|gdxo l|jsdmgd|o- sg`ho swlsxdxwåhj rgmj

co`x|jxjëão hg ger|gkjhos gsrgcdjmd~jhos- j zwge sg jssgkw|j wej

rj|xdcdrjëão òs mwc|os. &XOEJ^GXXG- <222- r.:<6$.

J rj| hos hd|gdxos rjx|deo`djds- os sócdos ko~je hg hd|gdxos

rgssojds d`g|g`xgs â zwjmdhjhg hg sócdo- coeo j adscjmd~jëão hos jxos hj

jhed`dsx|jëão- g j rj|xdcdrjëão `j jhed`dsx|jëão- ow rgmo egòs `j gscomfj

hos jhed`dsx|jho|gs.



82

CO@CMWSÃO

Xg`ho sol j óxdcj js jssg|xdqjs mgqj`xjhjs ò r|gsg`xg x|jljmfo g o zwg

hd~- jd`hj- o Cóhdko Cdqdm l|jsdmgd|o hg <22<- rohg%sg cfgkj| âs sgkwd`xgs

co`cmws÷gs>

Xo|`j%sg edsxg| jad|ej| zwg são rgssojs nw|åhdcjs hg hd|gdxo r|dqjho ò

L|jsdm- hg coào|edhjhg coe o j|x. 88- ho Cóhdko Cdqdm- js jssocdjë÷gsjs aw`hjë÷gs

g js socdghjhgs. Js hwjs r|degd|js `ão rohge xg| ad`jmdhjhg mwc|jxdqj- g`zwj`xo zwg

o ade mwc|jxdqo ä å`sdxo âs socdghjhgs- d`hgrg`hg`xgeg`xg hg sg|ge sdermgs ow

ger|gsê|djs.

J |gsrgdxo ho co`cgdxo hg ger|gsê|do x|j~dho ò Cóhdko Cdqdm- zwg ä o hg

co`sdhg|ê%mo jzwgmg zwg gvg|cg r|oadssdo`jmeg`xg jxdqdhjhg gco`øedcj o|kj`d~jhjrj|j j r|ohwëão ow j cd|cwmjëão hg lg`s ow hg sg|qdëos- hgqg sg mgqj| ge co`xj zwg

`ão ä ejds j jxdqdhjhg ow olngxo socdjm zwg hgxg|ed`j|ê j hdag|g`ëj g`x|g

ger|gsê|do g `ão ger|gsê|do. @j qg|hjhg- o eoho hg o|kj`d~j| os ajxo|gs hg

r|ohwëão- gàde- ä o gmgeg`xo zwg hgqg sg| r|gsxdkdjho- jajsxj`ho%sg hj xgo|dj ho

jxo hg coeä|cdo. Zwge gvg|cg wej jxdqdhjhg hg ej`gd|j o|kj`d~jhj- jx|jqäs hg we

,o|kj`dseo, sg|ê xdho coeo ger|gsê|do. Zwge |gjmd~j sgws olngxdqos sge

o|kj`d~jëão- g gsxj òëão x|j`sdxj `gcgssj|djeg`xg rgmj dhädj hg |gjmd~ê%mos

rgssojmeg`xg ä- g`xão- co`sdhg|jho `ão ger|gsê|do.

Xg`ho coeo r|g`þ`cdo j ewhj`ëj hg co`cgdxo ge |gmjëão jo ger|gsê|do-

rjssj%sg j xg| ò L|jsdm- o ger|gsê|do d`hdqdhwjm g o `ão ger|gsê|do d`hdqdhwjm ow

jwxøòeo. Zwj`ho we þ`dco ow ejds hg ger|gsê|do- hgsc|dxos `j ao|ej ho Cóhdko

Cdqdm hg <22< gsxdqg|ge |gw`dhos ge socdghjhg- gsxj xg|ê cmjssg hg socdghjhg



8:

ger|gsê|dj. Ge sg`xdho co`x|ê|do- zwj`ho os sócdos |gjmd~j|ge sgw olngxo socdjm

sge o ,o|kj`dseo,- sg|ê co`sdhg|jhj socdghjhg sdermgs.

O Cóhdko Cdqdm- |gkwmow- hgw ao|ej g cojhwòw os sgkwd`xgs xdrossocdgxê|dos> socdghjhg sdermgs &rw|j$- socdghjhg ge òeg comgxdqo- socdghjhg ge

coej`hdxj sdermgs- socdghjhg mdedxjhj- socdghjhg ge coej`hdxj ro| jë÷gs g

socdghjhgs j`ø`dejs.

Js socdghjhgs ger|gsê|djs rohge sg |gqgsxd| hg zwjmzwg| we hos xdros

socdgxê|dos |gag|dhos- gvcgxo o hg socdghjhg sdermgs- zwg aod o olngxdqo hg òsso

x|jljmfo ge zwgsxão- gelo|j rossj sg wxdmd~j| swlsdhdj|djeg`xg hg swjs |gk|js. Js

socdghjhgs sdermgs `ão rohge sg o|kj`d~j| coeo socdghjhgs ro| jë÷gs- g`x|gxj`xorohg aj~g| wso hos owx|os xdros socdgxê|dos- jrj|gcg`ho jssde `j ao|ej hg

socdghjhg sdermgs rw|j- socdghjhg sdermgs ge òeg comgxdqo- socdghjhg sdermgs

ge coej`hdxj ro| jë÷gs g socdghjhg sdermgs mdedxjhj.



8<

\GAG\Î@CDJS LDLMDOK\ÊADCJS

J@H\JHG NW@DO\- Êxdmj hg Sow~j Mgão. O òqo hd|gdxo socdgxê|do l|jsdmgd|o.L|jsåmdj> L|jsåmdj Nw|åhdcj- :444

LG\XOMHD- Ej|cgmo E. Cw|so jqj`ëjho hg Hd|gdxo Coeg|cdjm. São Rjwmo> \gqdsxjhos X|dlw`jds- <221.

LG\XOMHD- Ej|cgmo E. \gao|ej hj Mgd hjs Socdghjhgs J`ø`dejs. <. gh. |gq. gjerm. São Rjwmo> \gqdsxj hos X|dlw`jds- <22<.

L\JSDM. Co`sxdxwdëão hj \grþlmdcj Aghg|jxdqj ho L|jsdm. 37.gh. jxwjm. g jerm.São Rjwmo> Sj|jdqj- <227.

L\DXO- Xoscjò- Socdghjhgs sdermgs g j ger|gsê|dj ò òqo Cóhdko Cdqdm- nj`.<223. Hdsro`åqgm ge> =fxxr>//{{{.d|xhrnl|jsdm.coe.l|/j|xdko_xoscjò_hg_l|dxo.fxe0. Jcgsso ge> <7 nw`. <22;.

COGMFO- Aêldo Wmfoj. Cw|so hg hd|gdxo coeg|cdjm. São Rjwmo> Sj|jdqj- :444- <q

COGMFO- Aêldo Wmfoj. Ej`wjm hg Hd|gdxo Coeg|cdjm- Hg jco|ho coe j òqj Mgd hgAjmî`cdjs. São Rjwmo> Sj|jdqj- <221.

COGMFO- Aêldo Wmfoj. Ej`wjm hg Hd|gdxo Coeg|cdjm- Hd|gdxo hg Ger|gsj. SãoRjwmo> Sj|jdqj- <22;

ADW^J- \dcj|ho. @oqo Cóhdko Cdqdm coeg`xjho. São Rjwmo> Sj|jdqj- <223.

NW@DO\- [jmho Aj~~do. J òqj mgd co`cw|sjm g o rjrgm hos jkg`xgs ho Hd|gdxo.Nws @jqdkj`hd- Xg|gsd`j- jò 4- `. 681- <; owx. <227. Hdsro`åqgm ge>=fxxr>//nws<.wom.coe.l|/howx|d`j/xgvxo.jsr?dh5;8410. Jcgsso ge> 2< hg ejdo hg<22;.

NW@DO\- [jmho Aj~~do. Ej`wjm hg Hd|gdxo Coeg|cdjm. São Rjwmo> Jxmjs- <22;.

NW@DO\- [jmho Aj~~do. @oqj Mgd hg ajmî`cdj g |gcwrg|jëão hg ger|gsjs. <.gh.São Rjwmo> Jxmjs- <227

\GJMG- Edkwgm. J socdghjhgs sdermgs g j ger|gsê|dj ò òqo Cóhdko Cdqdm- agq.<223. Hdsro`åqgm ge> =fxxr>//{{{.edkwgm|gjmg.coe.l|0. Jcgsso ge> 26 nw`. <22;.

\GZWDÃO- \wlg`s. Cw|so hg hd|gdxo ajmdeg`xj| . São Rjwmo> Sj|jdqj- <221- <q

SDMQJ- Nosä Jao`so hj. Hd|gdxo co`sxdxwcdo`jm. <®. gh. São Rjwmo> Ejmfgd|os- :446.



83

XOEJ^GXXG- Ej|mo`. Js socdghjhgs sdermgs ò òqo Cóhdko Cdqdm- agq. <223.Hdsro`åqgm ge> =fxxr>//nws<.wom.coe.l|/howx|d`j/xgvxo.jsr?dh5314:0. Jcgsso ge> 26 nw`. <22;.

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