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IT@DVAMI A

R. 2. Vl`r` br` vbramus -cmv`ribid` nmf`gs tlbt dbi j` us`f bs b cuaf` ai f`saciaic -cmv`rin`it aiatabtav`s

fasduss.

Bis. Nmf`gs me @-cmv`ribid 8Jbs`f mi faee`r`it dgbss`s me aiemrnbtami, tl`ar smurd`s bif er`qu`idy me upfbtami

bif `xdlbic`, vbramus nmf`gs me `-cmv`ribid` prmh`dts dbi j` `vmgv`f. Vl` Ibtamibg @-cmv`ribid` Bdtami _gbi me tl`

Cmv`rin`it me Aifab [I`C_^ dbi bdt bs b nmf`g emr sudl prmh`dts. Vl` nmf`gs br` dgbssaea`f ai tl` emggmwaic dbt`cmra`s8

Jrmbfdbstaic Nmf`g

Dratadbg Egmw Nmf`g

Dmnpbrbtav` Bibgysas Nmf`g

@-Bfvmdbdy/Gmjjyaic bif Nmjagazbtami Nmf`g

Ait`rbdtav` T`rvad` Nmf`g

Imw w` wagg fasduss tl`s` nmf`gs s`pbrbt`gy8

Jrmbfdbstaic Nmf`g8 Vl` nmf`g as jbs`f mi jrmbfdbstaic mr fass`naibtami me us`eug cmv`ribid` aiemrnbtami wladl

bgr`bfy xasts ai tl` pujgad fmnbai aitm tl` waf`r pujgad fmnbai tlrmucl tl` us` me ADV bif dmiv`rc`it n`fab. Vl` utagaty

me tlas nmf`g as tlbt b nmr` aiemrn`f dataz`iry as j`tt`r bjg` tm j`i`eat ermn cmv`ribid` r`gbt`f s`rvad`s tlbt br` bvbagbjg`

emr tl`n.

Dratadbg Egmw Nmf`g8Vl` nmf`g as jbs`f mi fass`naibtami aiemrnbtami me dratadbg vbgu` (wladl jy ats v`ry ibtur`

wagg imt j` fasdgms`f jy tlms` aivmgv`f watl jbf cmv`ribid` prbdtad`s) tm tbrc`t`f bufa`id` usaic ADV bif dmiv`rc`it

n`fab. Vbrc`t`f bufa`id` nby aidguf` n`fab, mppmsatami pbrta`s, hufadabg j`idl, aif`p`if`it aiv`stacbtmrs mr tl` waf`r

pujgad fmnbai ats`ge.

Dmnpbrbtav` Bibgysas Nmf`g8 Dmnpbrbtav` Bibgysas Nmf`g as mi` me tl` g`bst us`f, jut b laclgy saciaeadbit nmf`g

emr f`v`gmpaic b dmuitry wladl as imw crbfubggy cbaiaic bdd`ptbid`. Vl` nmf`g dbi j` us`f emr `npmw`raic p`mpg` jy

nbtdlaic dbs`s me jbf cmv`ribid` watl tlms` me cmmf cmv`ribid`, bif tl`i bibgyzaic tl` faee`r`it bsp`dts me jbf cmv`ribid`

bif ats anpbdt mi tl` p`mpg`.

@-bfvmdbdy Nmf`g/Nmjagazbtami bif Gmjjyaic Nmf`g8@-Bfvmdbdy/Nmjagazbtami bif Gmjjyaic Nmf`g as mi` me

tl` nmst er`qu`itgy us`f Facatbg Cmv`ribid` Nmf`g bif lbs met`i dmn` tm tl` baf me tl` cgmjbg davag smda`ty tm anpbdt mi

cgmjbg f`dasami-nbkaic prmd`ss`s. Vl` str`ictl me tlas nmf`g as ai ats fav`rsaty me tl` vartubg dmnnuiaty, bif tl` af`bs,`xp`rtas` bif r`smurd`s bddunugbt`f tlrmucl tlas vartubg emrn me i`twmrkaic.

Ait`rbdtav` T`rvad` Nmf`g8Ait`rbdtav` T`rvad` Nmf`g as b dmismgafbtami me tl` `brga`r pr`s`it`f facatbg cmv`ribid`

nmf`gs bif mp`is up bv`iu`s emr far`dt pbrtadapbtami me aifavafubgs ai tl` cmv`ribid` prmd`ss`s. Euifbn`itbggy, ADV

lbv` tl` pmt`itabg tm jraic ai `v`ry aifavafubg ai b facatbg i`twmrk bif `ibjg` ait`rbdtav` (twm-wby) egmw me aiemrnbtami

bnmic tl`n.

R. :. Jra`egy f`sdraj` tl` vbramus dmnpmi`its me ADV.

Bis. Vl` dmnput`r lbrfwbr` as tl` plysadbg pbrt me tl` dmnput`r syst`n; at aidguf`s `g`dtrmiad f`vad`s, wladl lbv`

tl` pmt`itabg emr p`remrnaic tl` tbsk me smgvaic b prmjg`n. Vl` dmnput`r lbrfwbr` as dmnpms`f me tlr`` nbai dmnpmi`its,

ibn`gy8

BTTACIN@IV TMGPVAMIT CPAF@ (:?26-:?20)

N._.B.-23@-Cmv`ribid`

Fasdgban`r/Tp`dabg Imt`8Vl`s` br` hust tl` sbnpg` me tl` Bisw`rs/Tmgutamis tm smn` me tl` Ru`stamis cav`i ai tl`

Bssacin`its. Vl`s` Tbnpg` Bisw`rs/Tmgutamis br` pr`pbr`f jy _ravbt` V`bdl`r/Vutmrs/Bultmrs emr tl` l`gp bif Cuafbid`

me tl` stuf`it tm c`t bi af`b me lmw l`/sl` dbi bisw`r tl` Ru`stamis me tl` Bssacin`its. S` fm imt dgban 2??% Bddurbdy

me tl`s` sbnpg` Bisw`rs bs tl`s` br` jbs`f mi tl` kimwg`fc` bif dbjbjagaty me _ravbt` V`bdl`r/Vutmr. Tbnpg` bisw`rs

nby j` s``i bs tl` Cuaf`/L`gp Jmmk emr tl` r`e`r`id` tm pr`pbr` tl` bisw`rs me tl` Ru`stami cav`i ai tl` bssacin`it. Bs

tl`s` smgutamis bif bisw`rs br` pr`pbr`f jy tl` pravbt` t`bdl`r/tutmr sm tl` dlbid`s me `rrmr mr nastbk` dbiimt j` f`ia`f.

Biy Mnassami mr @rrmr as laclgy r`cr`tt`f tlmucl `v`ry dbr` lbs j``i tbk`i wlag` pr`pbraic tl`s` Tbnpg` Bisw`rs/

Tmgutamis. _g`bs` dmisugt ymur mwi V`bdl`r/Vutmr j`emr` ymu pr`pbr` b _brtadugbr Bisw`r & emr uptmfbt` bif `xbdt

aiemrnbtami, fbtb bif smgutami. Ttuf`it slmugf nust r`bf bif r`e`r tl` meeadabg stufy nbt`rabg prmvaf`f jy tl` uiav`rsaty.

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D`itrbg _rmd`ssaic Piats (D_P)

N`nmry Piats (Ttmrbc` F`vad`s)

Aiput/Mutput F`vad`s

Ai bffatami, dmnput`r lbrfwbr` as v`ry anpmrtbit pbrt j`dbus` at lbifg`s tl` ait`rdmii`dtami me bdl f`vad`. At as b s`t

me faee`r`it dmnput`r pbrts sudl bs nmtl`rjmbrf, lbrf fask frav` bif dbjg` war` dmii`dtami, bif bgsm at as b nbai euidtami

me tl` dmnput`r bppgadbtami mr smetwbr` bif t`dliadbggy r`quar`n`its i``fs.

Vl` typadbg dmnput`r dmisasts me emggmwaic pbrts8

Nmtl`rjmbrf8B nmtl`rjmbrf as tl` d`itrbg prait`f darduat jmbrf (_DJ) ai nbiy nmf`ri dmnput`rs bif lmgfs nbiy

me tl` drudabg dmnpmi`its me tl` syst`n, wlag` prmvafaic dmii`dtmrs emr mtl`r p`rapl`rbgs. Vl` nmtl`rjmbrf as smn`tan`sbgt`ribtav`gy kimwi bs tl` nbai jmbrf mr syst`n jmbrf.

D`itrbg _rmd`ssaic Piat8Vl` D`itrbg _rmd`ssaic Piat (D_P) as tl` pmrtami me b dmnput`r syst`n tlbt dbrra`s mut tl`

aistrudtamis me b dmnput`r prmcrbnn` bif as tl` pranbry `g`n`it dbrryaic mut tl` dmnput`rs euidtamis. Vl` d`itrbg

prmd`ssaic uiat dbrra`s mut bdl aistrudtami me tl` _rmcrbnn`s ai s`qu`id`, tm p`remrn tl` jbsad bratln`tadbg, gmcadbg, bif

aiput/mutput mp`rbtamis me tl` syst`n. Vlas t`rn lbs j``i ai us` ai tl` dmnput`r aifustry bt g`bst said` tl` `brgy 215?s.

Vl` emrn, f`saci bif anpg`n`i-tbtami me D_Ps lbv` dlbic`f frbnbtadbggy said` tl` brga`st xbnpg`s, jut tl`ar euifbn`itbg

mp`rbtami r`nbais nudl tl` sbn`.

Zbifmn Bdd`ss N`nmry8 ZBN as b emrn me dmnput`r fbtb stmrbc`. Vmfby, at tbk`s tl` emrn me ait`crbt`f darduats

tlbt bggmw stmr`f fbtb tm j` bdd`ss`f ai biy mrf`r (tlbt as, bt rbifmn). Zbifmn r`e`rs tm tl` af`b tlbt biy pa`d` me fbtb

dbi j` r`turi`f ai b dmistbit tan`, r`cbrfg`ss me ats plysadbg gmdbtami bif wl`tl`r at as r`gbt`f tm tl` pr`vamus pa`d` me fbtb.

Jus`s8 Ai dmnput`r brdlat`dtur`, b jus as b sujsyst`n tlbt trbise`rs fbtb j`tw``i dmnput`r dmnpmi`its aisaf` bdmnput`r mr j`tw``i dmnput`rs.

@brgy dmnput`r jus`s w`r` gat`rbggy pbrbgg`g `g`dtradbg jus`s watl nugtapg` dmii`dtamis, jut tl` t`rn as imw us`f emr

biy plysadbg brrbic`n`it tlbt prmvaf`s tl` sbn` gmcadbg euidtamibgaty bs b pbrbgg`g `g`dtradbg jus. Nmf`ri dmnput`r jus`s

dbi us` jmtl pbrbgg`g bif jat-s`rabg dmii`dtamis, bif dbi j` war`f ai `atl`r b nugtafrmp (`g`dtradbg pbrbgg`g) mr fbasy dlbai

tmpmgmcy, mr dmii`dt`f jy swatdl`f lujs, bs ai tl` dbs` me PTJ.

Ttmrbc` Dmitrmgg`rs8Lbrfwbr` tlbt k``ps fbtb aisaf` tl` dmnput`r emr gbt`r us` bif r`nbais p`rsast`it `v`i wl`i

tl` dmnput`r lbs im pmw`r.

Uaf`m Faspgby Dmitrmgg`rs8Uaf`m Faspgby Dmitrmgg`r mr UFD as bi ait`crbt`f darduat wladl as tl` nbai dmnpmi`it

ai b vaf`m sacibg c`i`rbt`r, b f`vad` r`spmisajg` emr tl` prmfudtami me b VU vaf`m sacibg ai b dmnputaic mr cbn` syst`n.

Tmn` UFDs bgsm c`i`rbt` bi bufam sacibg, jut ai tlbt dbs` ats imt tl`ar nbai euidtami.

Dmnput`r Jus Dmitrmgg`rs8Vl`y br` us`f tm dmii`dt tl` dmnput`r tm `xt`ribg p`rapl`rbg f`vad`s.

Z`nmvbjg` N`fab Srat`r8DF (Dmnpbdt Fasd)8Vl` nmst dmnnmi typ` me r`nmvbjg` n`fab, suatbjg` emr nusad

bif fbtb.

DF-ZMN Frav`8 B f`vad` us`f emr r`bfaic fbtb ermn b DF.

DF Srat`r8B f`vad` us`f emr jmtl r`bfaic bif wrataic fbtb tm bif ermn b DF.

FUF (Facatbg U`rsbtag` Fasd)8B pmpugbr typ` me r`nmvbjg` n`fab tlbt as tl` sbn` fan`isamis bs b DF, jut stmr`s up

tm 2: tan`s bs nudl aiemrnbtami. At as tl` nmst dmnnmi wby me trbise`rraic facatbg vaf`m, bif as pmpugbr emr fbtb stmrbc`.

FUF-ZMN Frav`8B f`vad` us`f emr r`bfaic fbtb ermn b FUF.

FUF Srat`r8B f`vad` us`f emr jmtl r`bfaic bif wrataic fbtb tm bif ermn b FUF.

FUF-ZBN Frav`8B f`vad` us`f emr rbpaf wrataic bif r`bfaic me fbtb ermn b sp`dabg typ` me FUF.

Egmppy Fask8Bi mutfbt`f stmrbc` f`vad` dmisastaic me b tlai fask me b eg`xajg` nbci`tad stmrbc` n`faun us`f tmfby

nbaigy emr gmbfaic ZBAF frav`rs.

Amn`cb Xap Frav`8 Bi mutfbt`f n`faun-dbpbdaty r`nmvbjg` fask stmrbc` syst`n, earst aitrmfud`f jy Amn`cb ai2116. At as b egbsl n`nmry fbtb stmrbc` f`vad` ait`crbt`f watl b PTJ ait`rebd`, typadbggy snbgg, gacltw`aclt, r`nmvbjg`,

bif r`wratbjg`. Dbpbdata`s vbry, ermn luifr`fs me n`cbjyt`s (ai tl` sbn` jbggpbrk bs DFs) tm t`is me cacbjyt`s (surpbssaic,

bt cr`bt `xp`is`, Jgu`-rby fasds).

Vbp` frav`8 B f`vad` tlbt r`bfs bif wrat`s fbtb mi b nbci`tad tbp`, us`f emr gmic t`rn stmrbc` bif jbdkups.

Ait`ribg Ttmrbc`8Dmnput`r fbtb stmrbc`, met`i dbgg`f stmrbc` mr n`nmry, r`e`rs tm dmnput`r dmnpmi`its bif r`dmrfaic

n`fab tlbt r`tbai facatbg fbtb us`f emr dmnputaic emr smn` ait`rvbg me tan`. Dmnput`r fbtb stmrbc` prmvaf`s mi` me tl`

dmr` euidtamis me tl` nmf`ri dmnput`r, tlbt me aiemrnbtami r`t`itami. At as mi` me tl` euifbn`itbg dmnpmi`its me bgg

nmf`ri dmnput`rs. Vl`r` br` nbaigy twm f`vad`s wladl br` l`gpeug ai stmraic tl` fbtb8

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Lbrf Fask8B Lbrf Fask Frav` (LFF) as b imi-vmgbtag`, rbifmn bdd`ss f`vad` emr facatbg fbtb. At wmrks mi rmtbtaic

racaf pgbtt`rs mi b nmtmr-frav`i spaifg` watlai b prmt`dtav` `idgmsur`. Fbtb as nbci`tadbggy r`bf bif wratt`i mi tl` pgbtt`r

jy r`bf/wrat` l`bfs tlbt egmbt mi b eagn me bar bjmv` tl` pgbtt`rs.

Fask Brrby Dmitrmgg`r8 B fask brrby dmitrmgg`r as b f`vad` wladl nbibc`s tl` plysadbg fask frav`s bif pr`s`its tl`n

tm tl` dmnput`r bs gmcadbg uiats. At bgnmst bgwbys anpg`n`its lbrfwbr` ZBAF, tlus at as smn`tan`s r`e`rr`f tm bs ZBAF

dmitrmgg`r. At bgsm met`i prmvaf`s bffatamibg fask dbdl`.

Tmuif Dbrf8 B smuif dbrf (bgsm kimwi bs bi bufam dbrf) as b dmnput`r `xpbisami dbrf tlbt ebdagatbt`s tl` aiput bif

mutput me bufam sacibgs tm bif ermn b dmnput`r uif`r dmitrmg me dmnput`r prmcrbnn`s. Vypadbg us`s me smuif dbrfs

aidguf` prmvafaic tl` bufam dmnpmi`it emr nugtan`fab bppgadbtamis sudl bs nusad dmnpmsatami, `fataic vaf`m mr bufam,pr`s`itbtami, fudbtami, bif it`rtbain`it (cbn`s). Nbiy dmnput`rs lbv` smuif dbpbjagata`s juagt ai, wlag` mtl`rs r`quar`

bffatamibg `xpbisami dbrfs tm prmvaf` emr bufam dbpbjagaty.

I`twmrkaic8At as us`f ai dmii`dtaic Ait`ri`t bif bgsm us`f tm dmii`dt vbramus dmnput`rs tmc`tl`r. At us`s emggmwaic

f`vad`s8

Nmf`n8B nmf`n nmfugbt`s mutcmaic facatbg sacibgs ermn b dmnput`r mr mtl`r facatbg f`vad` tm bibgmc sacibgs emr b

dmiv`itamibg dmpp`r twast`f pbar t`g`plmi` gai` bif f`nmfugbt`s tl` aidmnaic bibgmc sacibg bif dmiv`rts at tm b facatbg

sacibg emr tl` facatbg f`vad`.

I`twmrk Dbrf8B i`twmrk dbrf as bi `xpbisami dbrf wladl aistbggs aitm b dmnput`r bif `ibjg`s tlbt dmnput`r tm

plysadbggy dmii`dt tm b gmdbg br`b i`twmrk.

Mtl`r _`rapl`rbgs8Ai spat` me bgg tl`s` dmnput`r bgsm dmitbai emggmwaic f`vad`s8

Aiput F`vad`s8Bi aiput f`vad` as biy p`rapl`rbg (pa`d` me dmnput`r lbrfwbr` `quapn`it) us`f tm prmvaf` fbtb bif

dmitrmg sacibgs tm bi aiemrnbtami prmd`ssaic syst`n (sudl bs b dmnput`r). Aiput bif mutput f`vad`s nbk` up tl` lbrfwbr`ait`rebd` j`tw``i dmnput`r bs b sdbii`r.

Mutput F`vad`s8Bi mutput f`vad` as biy pa`d` me dmnput`r lbrfwbr` `quapn`it us`f tm dmnnuiadbt` tl` r`sugts me

fbtb prmd`ssaic dbrra`f mut jy bi aiemrnbtami prmd`ssaic syst`n (sudl bs b dmnput`r) tm tl` mutsaf` wmrgf.

Dmnput`r Tmetwbr`

Dmnput`r smetwbr`, mr hust smetwbr`, as tl` dmgg`dtami me dmnput`r prmcrbnn`s bif r`gbt`f fbtb tlbt prmvaf` tl`

aistrudtamis t`ggaic b dmnput`r wlbt tm fm bif lmw tm fm at. S` dbi bgsm sby smetwbr` r`e`rs tm mi` mr nmr` dmnput`r

prmcrbnn`s bif fbtb l`gf ai tl` stmrbc` me tl` dmnput`r emr smn` purpms`s. _rmcrbnn`s smetwbr` p`remrns tl` euidtami

me tl` prmcrbnn`s at anpg`n`its, `atl`r jy far`dtgy prmvafaic aistrudtamis tm tl` dmnput`r lbrfwbr` mr jy s`rvaic bs

aiput tm bimtl`r pa`d` me smetwbr`. Vl` t`rn wbs dmai`f tm dmitrbst tm tl` mgf t`rn lbrfwbr` (n`biaic plysadbg f`vad`s).

Ai dmitrbst tm lbrfwbr`, smetwbr` as aitbicajg`, n`biaic at dbiimt j` tmudl`f. Tmetwbr` as bgsm smn`tan`s us`f ai b

nmr` ibrrmw s`is`, n`biaic bppgadbtami smetwbr` migy. Tmn`tan`s tl` t`rn aidguf`s fbtb tlbt lbs imt trbfatamibggy j``i

bssmdabt`f watl dmnput`rs, sudl bs eagn, tbp`s, bif r`dmrfs.

Vyp`s me Dmnput`r Tmetwbr`8Faee`r`it typ`s me dmnput`r smetwbr` br` bvbagbjg` ai tl` cgmjbg dmnput`r nbrk`t.

_rmcrbnnaic smetwbr`, syst`n smetwbr` bif bppgadbtami smetwbr` br` tl` tlr`` nbai typ`s me dmnput`r smetwbr` us`f ai

dmnput`r i`twmrkaic. Tyst`n smetwbr` as tl` nmst dmnnmigy us`f vbra`ty typ`s me smetwbr`.

Tyst`n smetwbr` mee`rs b prmt`dtav` sla`gf tm bgg smetwbr` bppgadbtamis. At bgsm prmvaf`s suppmrt tm tl` plysadbg

dmnpmi`its me dmnput`rs. Tyst`n smetwbr` dmmrfaibt`s bgg `xt`ribg f`vad`s me dmnput`r syst`n gak` prait`r, k`yjmbrf

`td.

_rmcrbnn`rs us` faee`r`it smetwbr` tm f`v`gmp tl` prmcrbnnaic gbicubc`s i`d`ssbry tm rui dmnput`r smetwbr`.

Dmnpag`rs, ait`rpr`t`rs, gaik`rs bif t`xt `fatmrs br` smn` me tl` jbsad tmmgs us`f ai _rmcrbnnaic smetwbr`.

Bppgadbtami smetwbr` as us`f emr dmnn`rdabg purpms`. Vl` Bppgadbtami smetwbr` as waf`gy us`f ai `fudbtamibg,

jusai`ss bif n`fadbg ea`gfs. Dmnput`r cbn`s br` tl` nmst pmpugbr emrns me Bppgadbtami smetwbr`. Aifustrabg butmnbtami,

fbtbjbs`s, jusai`ss smetwbr` bif n`fadbg smetwbr` prmv` tm j` me cr`bt l`gp ai tl` r`sp`dtav` ea`gfs. @fudbtamibg smetwbr`

as waf`gy us`f ai `fudbtamibg aistatut`s bdrmss tl` cgmj`.

Gmdbg Br`b I`twmrk

Gmdbg Br`b I`twmrks (GBIs) br` dmnput`r i`twmrks rbicaic ai saz` ermn b e`w dmnput`rs ai b saicg` meead` tm

luifr`fs mr `v`i tlmusbifs me f`vad`s spr`bf bdrmss s`v`rbg juagfaics. Vl`y euidtami tm gaik dmnput`rs tmc`tl`r bif

prmvaf` slbr`f bdd`ss tm prait`rs, eag` s`rv`rs, bif mtl`r s`rvad`s. GBIs ai turi nby j` pgucc`f aitm gbrc`r i`twmrks, sudl

bs gbrc`r GBIs mr waf` br`b i`twmrks (SBIs), dmii`dtaic nbiy dmnput`rs watlai bi mrcbiazbtami tm `bdl mtl`r bif/mr

tm tl` Ait`ri`t.

J`dbus` tl` t`dlimgmca`s us`f tm juagf GBIs br` `xtr`n`gy fav`rs`, at as anpmssajg` tm f`sdraj` tl`n `xd`pt ai tl`

nmst c`i`rbg wby. Piav`rsbg dmnpmi`its dmisast me tl` plysadbg n`fab tlbt dmii`dt f`vad`s, ait`rebd`s mi tl` aifavafubg

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f`vad`s tlbt dmii`dt tm tl` n`fab, prmtmdmgs tlbt trbisnat fbtb bdrmss tl` i`twmrk, bif smetwbr` tlbt i`cmtabt`s, ait`rpr`ts,

bif bfnaiast`rs tl` i`twmrk bif ats s`rvad`s. Nbiy GBIs bgsm aidguf` sacibg r`p`bt`rs bif jrafc`s mr rmut`rs, `sp`dabggy

ae tl`y br` gbrc` mr dmii`dt tm mtl`r i`twmrks.

Vl`r` br` faee`r`it typ`s me Gmdbg Br`b I`twmrks; gak`

Vmpmgmcy8 Vmpmgmcy as tl` gbymut pbtt`ri me ait`rdmii`dtamis me tl` vbramus g`n`its (gaiks, imf`s, td.) me b dmnput`r

i`twmrk. I`twmrk tmpmgmca`s nby j` plysadbg mr gmcadbg. _lysadbg tmpmgmcy n`bis tl` plysadbg f`saci me b i`twmrk

aidgufaic tl` f`vad`s, gmdbtami bif dbjg` aistbggbtami. Gmcadbg tmpmgmcy r`e`rs tm lmw fbtb as bdtubggy trbise`rr`f ai b

i`twmrk bs mppms`f tm ats plysadbg f`saci.

_rmtmdmgs8B prmtmdmg as b emrnbg f`sdraptami me facatbg n`ssbc` emrnbts bif tl` rug`s emr xdlbicaic tlms` n`ssbc`sai mr j`tw``i dmnputaic syst`ns bif ai t`g`dmnnuiadbtamis. _rmtmdmgs nby aidguf` sacibgaic, butl`itadbtami bif `rrmr

f`t`dtami bif dmrr`dtami dbpbjagata`s.

N`fab8F`vad`s dbi j` dmii`dt`f jy twast`f-pbar war`, dmbxabg dbjg`s, mr eajr` mptad dbjg`s. Tmn` i`twmrks fm

watlmut dmii`dtaic n`fab bgtmc`tl`r, dmnnuiadbtaic aist`bf vab rbfam-wbv`s.

Saf` Br`b I`twmrk

B Saf` Br`b I`twmrk (SBI) as b c`mcrbpla-dbggy fasp`rs`f t`g`dmnnuiadbtamis i`twmrk. Vl` t`rn fastaicuasl`s b

jrmbf`r t`g`dmnnuiadbtami strudtur` ermn b Gmdbg Br`b I`twmrk (GBI). B waf` br`b i`twmrk nby j` pravbt`gy mwi`f mr

r`it`f, jut tl` t`rn usubggy dmiimt`s tl` aidgusami me pujgad (slbr`f us`r) i`twmrks. Bi ait`rn`fabt` emrn me i`twmrk ai

t`rns me c`mcrbply as b N`trmpmgatbi Br`b I`twmrk (NBI). Ait`ri`t as tl` gbrc`st SBI ai tl` wmrgf.

Ait`ri`t8Vl` Ait`ri`t, smn`tan`s dbgg`f sanpgy tl` I`t, as b wmrgfwaf` syst`n me dmnput`r i`twmrks b i`twmrk

me i`twmrks ai wladl us`rs bt biy mi` dmnput`r dbi, ae tl`y lbv` p`rnassami, c`t aiemrnbtami ermn biy mtl`r dmnput`r(bif smn`tan`s tbgk far`dtgy tm us`rs bt mtl`r dmnput`rs). At wbs dmid`av`f jy tl` Bfvbid`f Z`s`brdl _rmh`dts Bc`idy

(BZ_B) me tl` P.T. cmv`rin`it ai 2151 bif wbs earst kimwi bs tl` BZ_BI`t. Vl` nbai ban wbs tm dr`bt` b i`twmrk tlbt

wmugf bggmw us`rs me b r`s`brdl dmnput`r bt mi` uiav`rsaty tm j` bjg` tm tbgk tm r`s`brdl dmnput`rs bt mtl`r uiav`rsata`s.

B saf` j`i`eat me BZ_BI`ts f`saci wbs tlbt, j`dbus` n`ssbc`s dmugf j` rmut`f mr r`rmut`f ai nmr` tlbi mi` far`dtami,

tl` i`twmrk dmugf dmitaiu` tm euidtami `v`i ae pbrts me at w`r` f`strmy`f ai tl` `v`it me b nagatbry bttbdk mr mtl`r fasbst`r.

Vmfby, tl` Ait`ri`t as b pujgad, dmmp`rbtav`, bif s`ge-sustbaiaic ebdagaty bdd`ssajg` tm luifr`fs me naggamis me p`mpg`

wmrgfwaf`. _lysadbggy, tl` Ait`ri`t us`s b pmrtami me tl` tmtbg r`smurd`s me tl` durr`itgy xastaic pujgad t`g`dmnnuiadbtami

i`twmrks. V`dliadbggy, wlbt fastaicuasl`s tl` Ait`ri`t as ats us` me b s`t me prmtmdmgs dbgg`f VD_/A_ (emr Vrbisnassami

Dmitrmg _rmtmdmg/Ait`ri`t _rmtmdmg). Vwm r`d`it bfbptbtamis me Ait`ri`t t`dlimgmcy, tl` Aitrbi`t bif tl` @xtrbi`t, bgsm

nbk` us` me tl` VD_/A_ prmtmdmg.

Tbt`ggat`

Ai tl` dmit`xt me spbd`egaclt, b sbt`ggat` as bi mjh`dt wladl lbs j``i pgbd`f aitm mrjat jy lunbi `if`bvmur. Tudl

mjh`dts br` smn`tan`s dbgg`f brtaeadabg sbt`ggat`s tm fastaicuasl tl`n ermn ibturbg sbt`ggat`s sudl bs tl` Nmmi. Tbt`ggat`s br`

us`f emr b gbrc` iunj`r me purpms`s. Dmnnmi typ`s aidguf` nagatbry bif davagabi brtl mjs`rvbtami sbt`ggat`s, dmnnuiadbtami

sbt`ggat`s, ibvacbtami sbt`ggat`s, w`btl`r sbt`ggat`s bif r`s`brdl sbt`ggat`s. Tpbd` stbtamis bif lunbi spbd`drbet ai mrjat br`

bgsm sbt`ggat`s. Tbt`ggat` mrjats vbry cr`btgy, f`p`ifaic mi tl` purpms` me tl` sbt`ggat`.

R. 4. Laclgaclt tl` rmg` me ADV ai bcradugtur` f`v`gmpn`it.

Bis. ADV dbi pgby bi anpmrtbit rmg` ai nbiy bsp`dts me rurbg f`v`gmpn`it. At dbi bgsm l`gp tm j`tt`r cmv`ri vbramus

bsp`dts me rurbg f`v`gmpn`it. Vl` wmrkaic f`eaiatami (us`f jy tl` Jratasl Dmuidag) nplbsaz`s tlbt Cmv`ribid` aivmgv`s

ait`rbdtami j`tw``i tl` emrnbg aistatutamis bif tlms` ai davag smda`ty. Cmv`ribid` r`e`rs tm b prmd`ss wl`r`jy `g`n`its ai

smda`ty wa`gf pmw`r, butlmraty bif aiegu`id` bif ibdt pmgada`s bif f`dasamis dmid`riaic pujgad gae` bif smdabg upgaetn`it.

Vl` dmid`pt me cmmf cmv`ribid` anpga`s bddmuitbjagaty, trbispbr`idy, pbrtadapbtami, mp`ii`ss bif tl` rug` me gbw.

Bddmrfaic tm Smrgf Jbik, cmmf cmv`ribid` as `patmnaz`f jy pr`fadtbjg`, mp`i bif `igaclt`i`f pmgady-nbkaic, bjur`budrbdy anju`f watl b prme`ssamibg `tlms bdtaic ai eurtl`rbid` me tl` pujgad cmmf, tl` rug` me gbw, trbispbr`it

prmd`ss`s, bif b strmic davag smda`ty pbrtadapbtaic ai pujgad beebars. _mmr cmv`ribid` (mi tl` mtl`r lbif) as dlbrbdt`raz`f

jy brjatrbry pmgady-nbkaic, ui-bddmuitbjg` jur`budrbda`s, ui`iemrd`f mr uihust g`cbg syst`ns, tl` bjus` me `x`dutav`

pmw`r, b davag smda`ty ui`icbc`f ai pujgad gae`, bif waf`spr`bf dmrruptami.

ADV dbi str`ictl`i tl` rmg` me `bdl cmv`ribid` paggbr ai rurbg f`v`gmpn`it bif pmv`rty r`fudtami. At dbi ebdagatbt`

sp``fy, trbispbr`it, bddmuitbjg`, `eeada`it bif `ee`dtav` ait`rbdtami j`tw``i tl` pujgad, dataz`is, jusai`ss bif mtl`r bc`ida`s.

Vlas imt migy prmnmt`s j`tt`r bfnaiastrbtami bif j`tt`r jusai`ss `ivarmin`it, jut bgsm sbv`s tan` bif nmi`y ai

trbisbdtamis dmsts me cmv`rin`it mp`rbtamis.

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Vl`r` br` nbiy `xbnpg`s bjmut tl` rmg` me ADV ai str`ictl`iaic rurbg gav`galmmf, prmvafaic nbrk`t aiemrnbtami bif

gmw`raic trbisbdtami dmsts me pmmr ebrn`rs bif trbf`rs. Mi` me tl`n as tl` Crbn``i Jbik. Crbn``i Jbik, j`st kimwi bs

b nadrm-dr`fat aistatutami, lbs bgsm pami``r`f ai ADV r`gbt`f bdtavata`s watl tl` pmmr.

Bs pmmr p`mpg` br` met`i uibwbr` me tl`ar raclts, `itatg`n`its bif tl` bvbagbjagaty me vbramus cmv`ri-n`it sdl`n`s

bif `xt`isami s`rvad`s, ADV dbi bgsm anprmv` tl`ar bdd`ss tm tl` aiemrnbtami tl`y i``f. Vlrmucl aiem kamsks mr watl tl`

l`gp me nmjag` plmi`s ebrn`rs dbi bdd`ss aiemrnbtami mi nbrk`t prad`s mr mi `xt`isami s`rvad`s. Vanaic as met`i drudabg

wl`i at dmn`s tm tl` sbg` me prmfud`. Smrk`rs dbi bgsm c`t aiemrnbtami mi bvbagbjg` hmjs bif naianun wbc`s.

@ss`itabgs

Vl` rmg` me ADV as dbtbgytad ai tl` dmnpg`x tbsk me pmv`rty r`fudtami jy g`v`rbcaic tl` `ee`dts mi `briaics mppmrtuiata`s,

mi fudbtamibg bif l`bgtl s`rvad`s, mi cmmf cmv`ribid` bif mi prmnmtaic f`nmdrbdy. Taid` aiemrnbtami xdlbic` as pbrt

me i`brgy `v`ry `g`n`it me tl` `dmimny, tl` anpbdt me anprmv`n`its ai tl` dbpbdaty emr aiemrnbtami `xdlbic` wagg

f`p`if dratadbggy mi lmw tl` r`st me tl` dmimny euidtamis. Vlas succ`sts tl` d`itrbgaty me b lmgastad bpprmbdl ai vbgubtaic

tl` anpbdt me ADV. Emr `xbnpg`, tl` anpbdt me anprmv`f ADV bdd`ss mi ebrn `briaics tlrmucl aidr`bs`f kimwg`fc` me

nbrk`t prad`s wagg j` nut`f ae tl`r` br` im rmbfs tm dbrry drmps tm nbrk`ts, mr tl`r` br` im nbrk`ts j`dbus` me bi

uir`emrn`f bcradugturbg s`dtmr.

ADV Bppgadbtamis ai Bcradugtur`

Vl` bppgadbtami me Aiemrnbtami bif Dmnnuia-dbtami V`dlimgmcy (ADV) ai bcradugtur` as aidr`bsaicgy anpmrtbit.

@-bcradugtur` as bi n`rcaic ea`gf emdusaic mi tl` ilbid`n`it me bcradugturbg bif rurbg f`v`gmpn`it tlrmucl anprmv`f

aiemrnbtami bif dmnnuiadbtami prmd`ss`s. Nmr` sp`daeadbggy, `-bcradugtur` aivmgv`s tl` dmid`ptubgazbtami, f`saci,

f`v`gmpn`it, vbgubtami bif bppgadbtami me aiimvbtav` wbys tm us` aiemrnbtami bif dmnnuiadbtami t`dlimgmca`s (ADV) aitl` rurbg fmnbai, watl b pranbry emdus mi bcradugtur`. @-bcradugtur` as b r`gbtav`gy i`w t`rn bif w` euggy `xp`dt ats sdmp`

tm dlbic` bif `vmgv` bs mur uif`rstbifaic me tl` br`b crmws.

@-bcradugtur` as mi` me tl` bdtami gai`s af`itaea`f ai tl` f`dgbrbtami bif pgbi me bdtami me tl` Smrgf Tunnat mi tl`

Aiemrnbtami Tmda`ty (STAT).

Vl` nbai plbs`s me tl` bcradugtur` aifustry br`8 Drmp dugtavbtami, Sbt`r nbibc`n`it, E`rtagaz`r Bppgadbtami, _`st

nbibc`n`it, Lbrv`staic, _mst-lbrv`st lbifgaic, Vrbispmrtaic me emmf/emmf prmfudts, _bdkbcaic, Emmf pr`s`rvbtami, Emmf

prmd`ssaic/vbgu` bffatami, Emmf qubgaty nbibc`-n`it, Emmf sbe`ty, Emmf stmrbc`, Emmf nbrk`taic, `td.

Bgg stbk`lmgf`rs me bcradugtur` aifustry i``f aiemrnbtami bif kimwg`fc` bjmut tl`s` plbs`s tm nbibc` tl`n eeada`itgy.

Biy syst`n bppga`f emr c`ttaic aiemrnbtami bif kimwg`fc` emr nbkaic f`dasamis ai biy aifustry slmugf f`gav`r bddurbt`,

dmnpg`t`, dmidas` aiemrnbtami ai tan` mr mi tan`. Vl` aiemrnbtami prmvaf`f jy tl` syst`n nust j` ai us`r-era`ifgy emrn,

`bsy tm bdd`ss, dmst-`ee`dtav` bif w`gg prmt`dt`f ermn uibutlmraz`f bdd`ss`s.

Aiemrnbtami bif Dmnnuiadbtami V`dlimgmcy (ADV) dbi pgby b saciaeadbit rmg` ai nbaitbaiaic tl` bjmv` n`itami`f

prmp`rta`s me aiemrnbtami bs at dmisasts me tlr`` nbai t`dlimgmca`s. Vl`y br`8 Dmnput`r V`dlimgmcy, Dmnnuiadbtami

V`dlimgmcy bif Aiemrnbtami Nbibc`n`it V`dlimgmcy. Vl`s` t`dlimgmca`s br` bppga`f emr prmd`ssaic, `xdlbicaic bif

nbibcaic fbtb, aiemrnbtami bif kimwg`fc`. Vl` tmmgs prmvaf`f jy ADV br` lbvaic bjagaty tm

Z`dmrf t`xt, frbwaics, plmtmcrbpls, bufam, vaf`m, prmd`ss f`sdraptamis, bif mtl`r aiemrnbtami ai facatbg emrnbts.

_rmfud` `xbdt fupgadbt`s me sudl aiemrnbtami bt saciaeadbitgy gmw`r dmst.

Vrbise`r aiemrnbtami bif kimwg`fc` rbpafgy mv`r gbrc` fastbid`s tlrmucl dmnnuiadbtami i`twmrks.

F`v`gmp stbifbrfaz`f bgcmratlns tm gbrc` qubitata`s me aiemrnbtami r`gbtav`gy rbpafgy.

Bdla`v` cr`bt`r ait`rbdtavaty ai dmnnuia-dbtaic, `vbgubtaic, prmfudaic bif slbraic us`eug aiemrnbtami bif

kimwg`fc`.

Ibtamibg Aistatut` me Bcradugturbg @xt`isami Nbibc`n`it

Vl` Ibtamibg Aistatut` me Bcradugturbg @xt`isami Nbibc`n`it (NBIBC@) wbs stbrt`f jy tl` Naiastry me Bcradugtur`watl tl` bssastbid` me Smrgf Jbik ai 21

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Vlas prmcrbnn`, mv`r tl` y`brs as bjg` tm bttrbdt tl` j`st me tl` tbg`it ermn tl` bcradugtur` str`bns ermn bdrmss tl` dmuitry

r`pr`s`itaic gbrc` nbhmraty me stbt` bcradugturbg uiav`rsata`s. @v`ry y`br ermn pbst 26 y`brs s`v`rbg cmgf n`fbgasts me tl`

uiav`rsata`s br` hmaiaic tlas prmcrbnn` tm nbk` sbtaseyaic dbr``r bs prme`ssamibgs ai bcra-jusai`ss s`dtmrs.

Uaggbc` Kimwg`fc` D`itr`s

Emr tl` f`v`gmpn`it me bcradugtur` ai tlas rurbg br`b, ebrn`rs lbv` tm j` nmtavbt`f, cuaf`f, bssast`f, suppmrt`f bif

l`gp`f tm lbv` bdd`ss tm tl` gbt`st r`s`brdl eaifaics ai tl` br`bs me bcradugtur`, bianbg lusjbifry bif easl`ra`s jy nbkaic

bvbagbjg` bgg tl` aiemrnbtami tlbt as r`quar`f ai tl`ar vaggbc` sm tlbt tl`y nby imt wbst` tl`ar tan`, `i`rcy bif n`bc`r

r`smurd`s ai trbispmrtaic tl` aiputs r`quar`f bif tl`ar prmfud` tm tl` faee`r`it gmdbtamis wl`r` tl` aiemrnbtami me cmmfs

tlbt tl`y s``k as bvbagbjg`. Satl tlas nmtav` Uaggbc` Kimwg`fc` D`itr`s br` stbjgasl`f tlrmuclmut tl` Asgbifs bt af`itaea`fgmdbtamis wladl wagg euidtami bs Zurbg Kimwg`fc` Jur`bu emr tl` r`sp`dtav` br`b. Vl`y wagg lbv` dmii`dtavaty watl tl`

dmnput`r syst`ns tm j` s`t up ai tl` Jgmdks jy tl` AV F`pbrtn`it bs b pbrt me AV _gbi me Bifbnbi bif Iadmjbr

Bfnaiastrbtami. Vl` aiemrnbtami tm j` bvbagbjg` ai tl` D`itr`s wagg aidguf` vbramus Cmv`rin`it sdl`n`s, dmitbdt p`rsmis

emr c`ttaic s`rvad`s, t`dliadbg aiemrnbtami mi bcradugtur`, bianbg lusjbifry, easl`ra`s, aifustra`s, aiemrnbtami mi fasbst`r

nbibc`n`it, davag suppga`s, smdabg w`gebr` p`isami sdl`n`s, l`bgtl, `fudbtami, n`t`mrmgmcadbg, slappaic s`rvad`s `td.

Sl`r`ai tl` F`pbrtn`it me Bcradugtur` wagg j` tl` Imfbg F`pbrtn`it tm rui tl`s` d`itr`s bif tl`s` d`itr`s wagg j`

mp`rbtamibgaz`f mi dmnnuiaty jbsas. Aiatabggy tl` d`itr`s wagg j` mp`rbt`f jy tl` F`pbrtn`itbg stbee furaic :??3-?

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