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OSGCVKHO K

]. =. Chepmrg tng systgekc mof Emrskmo armegwhrbs th stufy stmtg phiktkcs.

Mos. Systgekc Armegwhrb: Systgekc armegwhrb ks hog ha tng kephrtmot armegwhrb wnkcn nms dggo usgf ko momiyz-

kol stmtg phiktkcs. Kt ks mish rgohwogf ms ehfgrokzmtkho hr fgvgihpegot armegwhrb. Vng htngr gssgotkmi armegwhrb ks

Emrxkmo wnkcn wg wkii igmro imtgr. Mcchrfkol th tng amehus dhhb Vng Phiktkcs ha Fgvgihpkol Mrgmspudiksngf ko =;10.

Vng fgvgihpkol omtkhos snmrg m agw cheehomiktkgs, sucn ms m lrgmtgr fglrgg ha phvgrty ms wgii ms kocrgmsgf kofgpgofgocg

upho fgvgihpgf omtkhos. Emoy rglkhos tnmt cmo dg fgscrkdgf ms fgvgihpkol wgrg prgvkhusiy chihokgs ha fgvgihpgf,

gchohekcmiiy stmdig chuotrkgs. Kt ks fkaakcuit, ka oht kephsskdig, th mccurmtgiy fgakog wnmt rglkhos mof chuotrkgs mrg fgvgi-

hpkol2 wnkig sheg mrg gchohekcmiiy kephvgrksngf, htngrs nmvg fgvgihpgf m nklngr stmofmrf ha ikvkol. \nkig sheg mrg ko

phiktkcmi aiux, htngrs nmvg crgmtgf rgimtkvgiy stmdig lhvgroegots. Mihol tng gxtrgegiy imrlg chotkouue ha fgvgihpkol

omtkhos, tnhsg tnmt mrg cihsgst th mcnkgvkol wnmt chuif dg sggo ms m suaakckgot fglrgg ha fgvgihpegot th dg auiiy kofgpgo-

fgot mrg currgotiy cmiigf ogwiy kofustrkmikzgf omtkhos. Phiktkcs ko fgvgihpkol mrgms mrg amsckomtkol th ehst phiktkcmi sckgocg

emjhrs dgcmusg tngy cmo wmtcn tng rmpkf cnmolgs mof euitktufg ha cnhkcgs ko tgres ha tng gchohey, shckmi structurgs, mof

phwgr mrrmolgegots sucn mrgms amcg. Fgvgihpkol rglkhos wgrg prgvkhusiy cmiigf Vnkrf \hrif chuotrkgs, m Chif \mrtgre ahr oho-miklogf omtkhos tnmt fkf oht tgof thwmrfs gktngr cheeuokse hr cmpktmikse. Vng tgre nms amiigo koth fksamvhur

dgcmusg kt cmrrkgs prgjufkckmi hvgrthogs ko kts sullgstkho tnmt tng tnkrf whrif gxksts dgogmtn tng akrst whrif (cmpktmikst

chuotrkgs) mof tng sgchof whrif (cheeuokst chuotrkgs).

Tmjok Bhtnmrk phkots thwmrfs m ogw fgehcrmtkc mikloegot. Ms wg gotgr tng imst agw ygmrs ha tnks cgotury mof ehvg

koth tng ogxt ekiigookue, tng chuotry sgges th dg ko tng tnrhgs ha m sgrkgs ha cnmolgs ko dhtn tng structurg mof cuiturg ha

phiktkcmi phwgr, tng lrhuof ahr wnkcn nmf mirgmfy dggo imkf dgahrg tng gof ha tng nmia cgotury ha kofgpgofgot omtkhonhhf.

Vngsg 10 ygmrs gochepmss dhtn m dihsshekol ha tng fgehcrmtkc gotgrprksg tnmt tng chuotry nmf sgt kts ngmrt ho mof kts

lrmfumi grhskho mof fksskpmtkho.

Nksthrkcmi cnmolg, nhwgvgr, cmooht dg fgscrkdgf ms m egrg sgqugocg ha ups mof fhwos. Fgspktg tng stgmfy grhskho ha

dhtn kostktutkhos mof tng vmiugs tnmt wgrg cngrksngf ko tng gmriy fgcmfgs matgr Kofgpgofgocg, eucn ha wnmt nmf stmrtgf

tngo ks stkii pmrt ha hur omtkhomi chosckhusogss. Vng pgcuikmr dimof ha crgmtkvg omtkhomikse mof pgrskstkol piurmikse ha

kofklgohus shckgty tnmt nmf prhfucgf Kofkms fgehcrmtkc cuiturg ks stkii wktn us. Kt ks stkii whvgo koth wnmtgvgr rgemkos hatng kostktutkhomi amdrkc ha tng phikty. Vngsg cnmrmctgrkstkcs wkii chotkoug th koahre tng gegrlkol auturg ha fgehcrmcy ko

Kofkm, gvgo tnhuln tng bgy mcthrs mof tngkr shckmi dmsgs ms wgii ms kfghihlkcmi ehhrkols wkii cnmolg ko sheg dmskc wmys.

Vng amehus mutnhr Eyrho \kgogr snhws tnmt kts phikckgs mrksg arhe auofmegotmi dgikgas, gedgffgf ko tng cuiturg,

rmtngr tnmo arhe gchohekc chofktkhos. Kfgotkaykol tng spgckakc vmiugs tnmt gisgwngrg igf gfucmthrs, shckmi mctkvksts, rgiklkhus

igmfgrs, trmfg uokhoksts, ekiktmry haakcgrs, mof lhvgroegot durgmucrmts th embg gfucmtkho chepuishry mof th gof cnkif

imdhur2 ng gxpimkos wny skekimr lrhups ko Kofkm fh oht pimy tng smeg rhig.

Gvgr skocg Eyrho \gkogr (=;1>) mof Kqdmi Omrmko (=;Stmtg Phiktkcs ko Kofkm

Fkscimkegr/Spgckmi Ohtg:Vngsg mrg just tng smepig ha tng Moswgrs/Shiutkhos th sheg ha tng ]ugstkhos lkvgo ko tng

Msskloegots. Vngsg Smepig Moswgrs/Shiutkhos mrg prgpmrgf dy Prkvmtg Vgmcngr/Vuthrs/Munthrs ahr tng ngip mof Lukfmocg

ha tng stufgot th lgt mo kfgm ha nhw ng/sng cmo moswgr tng ]ugstkhos ha tng Msskloegots. \g fh oht cimke =00% Mccurmcy

ha tngsg smepig Moswgrs ms tngsg mrg dmsgf ho tng bohwigflg mof cmdmdkikty ha Prkvmtg Vgmcngr/Vuthr. Smepig moswgrs

emy dg sggo ms tng Lukfg/Ngip Dhhb ahr tng rgagrgocg th prgpmrg tng moswgrs ha tng ]ugstkho lkvgo ko tng msskloegot. Ms

tngsg shiutkhos mof moswgrs mrg prgpmrgf dy tng prkvmtg tgmcngr/tuthr sh tng cnmocgs ha grrhr hr ekstmbg cmooht dg fgokgf.

Moy Heksskho hr Grrhr ks nklniy rglrgttgf tnhuln gvgry cmrg nms dggo tmbgo wnkig prgpmrkol tngsg Smepig Moswgrs/

Shiutkhos. Pigmsg chosuit yhur hwo Vgmcngr/Vuthr dgahrg yhu prgpmrg m Pmrtkcuimr Moswgr & ahr upthfmtg mof gxmct

koahremtkho, fmtm mof shiutkho. Stufgot snhuif eust rgmf mof rgagr tng haakckmi stufy emtgrkmi prhvkfgf dy tng uokvgrskty.


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uoahifkol ha fgehcrmtkc prhcgssgs mof chepgtktkvg phiktkcs, tng kephrtmocg ha tng stufy ha stmtgs ks gvgo ehrg hatgo

rgchlokzgf. Ms m amii hut ha tng ihol trmfktkho ha stufykol stmtg igvgi phiktkcs, ehst sucn stufkgs kogvktmdiy lgt trmppgf koth

m tgofgocy thwmrfs gxcgptkhomiksetnmt shegtnkol ks sh pgcuikmr mdhut tng stmtg uofgr stufy tnmt kt oggfs th dg stufkgf

miehst ko kshimtkho arhe tng hvgrmii uofgrstmofkol ha Kofkms phiktkcmi prhcgss dy haagrkol gotkrgiy stmtg-spgckakc gxpimomtkho

tnmt fhgs oht nmvg th rgshomtg wktn htngr stmtgs. Ehrg rgcgotiy, stufy ha stmtg phiktkcs ks dgkol sggo ehrg ms m thhi th

uofgrstmof mof gxpimko omtkhomi igvgi hr mii-Kofkm phiktkcs ([mfmv-Pmisnkbmr2 4003 mof 400;). Vnks fgvgihpegot, ko

prkockpig, hpgos up phsskdkiktkgs ahr stufy ha stmtg phiktkcs th ehvg mwmy arhe stmtg pmrtkcuimrkses ms tngkr cgotrmi chocgros.

Ahr tnks th nmppgo, kt ks ogcgssmry tnmt wg stmrt sktumtkol tng stmtg igvgi ko m euitk-imygrgf chotgxt. Gvgry stmtg gxksts ko tng

chotgxt ha kts hwo stmtg spgckakc nksthry mof nksthrkcmi phiktkcmi cnmrmctgr2 dut tnks spgckakckty cmooht dg mpprgckmtgf uoigsswg pimcg kt ko tng chotgxt ha wnmt nms nmppgogf ko htngr stmtgs. Ho tng htngr nmof, phiktkcs ko gmcn stmtg ks fggpiy

koaiugocgf dy moy fgvgihpegots hutskfg tng stmtg-gktngr ko htngr stmtgs hr mt tng sh-cmiigf omtkhomi igvgi phiktkcmi tgrrmko. Ko

tnks sgosg, kt dgchegs gssgotkmi th chotgxtumikzg tng stmtg igvgi fgvgihpegots ko imrlgr crhss-stmtg mof omtkhomi chotgxts.

Emrxkmo Armegwhrb

Vng Emrxkmo armegwhrb stufy phiktkcs ko tgres ha cimss rgimtkhos hr shckmi rgimtkhos. Ng choskfgr phiktkcs ms rgaigctkho

ha cimss rgimtkhos. Vng Emrxkmo armegwhrb ikobs tng phiktkcs wktn tng kepgrkmikse ha tng fgvgihpgf chuotrkgs. Vng mlgockgs

ikbg KEA mof whrif dmob koaiugocg tng phiktkcs wktn tng ngip ha kepgrkmikse ha vmrkhus fgvgihpkol chuotrkgs. Amcgf wktn

tng cyokcmi kotgiigctumi ehhf hvgrsnmfhwkol tng imtg =;0s, schrgs ha Emrxkst mof prhlrgsskvg

scnhimrs ko tng akgif ha shckhihly ha gfucmtkho jhkogf tng rmob-mof-akig ha tng ogw wmvg ha phst-Emrxksts. M ohtkcgmdig

sglegot ha scnhimrs ko tng akgif rhuofiy fksekssgf Emrxkse ms mo hutehfgf mof uoamsnkhomdig okogtggotn mof twgotkgtn

cgotury egtm-omrrmtkvg, wnkcn nmf amkigf, ahr tng ehst pmrt, th mcchuot ahr tng imtgst shckmi mof phiktkcmi trgofs msshckmtgf

wktn tng sh-cmiigf phst-kofustrkmi chosuegr shckgty. Kostgmf, tngsg scnhimrs hpgoiy gedrmcgf wnmt tngy cimkegf th dg amrehrg hpgo-gofgf mof amr igss fgtgrekokstkc rmfkcmi shckhihlkcmi armegwhrbs, wnkcn kociufgf, ahr gxmepig, tnghrkgs

msshckmtgf wktn ogh-Lrmesckmokse, phstehfgrokse, phst-structurmikse, mof phst- chihokmikse.

Cimsskcmi Emrxkmo Armegwhrb

Ko tng Emrxkmo pgrspgctkvg, phiktkcs cmo dg uofgr-sthhf hoiy wktn rgagrgocg th tng omturg ha prgvmkikol shckgtmi choaikcts

mof fhekomtkho. Phiktkcs ks tnus chocgkvgf ko tgres ha spgckakc mrtkcuimtkho ha cimss strulligs. Vngrgahrg Emrx smkf ko nks

cheeuokst emokagsth. Vng nksthry haa nktngrth gxkstkol ha shckgty ks tng nksthry ha cimss strulligs tnks cimss choaikct ks

rgchockimdig dy kts vgry omturg. Emrx mof Golgis rgvksgf tngkr whrb rglmrfkol tng fgtgrekokol rhig ha dmsg ko Vng

Gklntggotn Drukeekmrg ha tng Ihuks Dhompmrtg. Phiktkcs cmooht rgshivg tnks phiktkcs ho tng chotrmry phiktkcs ks usgf dy tng

fhekomot prhpgrtkgs cimss th supprgss tng rgvhit sh ihol ms shckgty rgemkos fkvkfgf koth cimssgs, stmtg mof phiktkcs wkii dg

chotkougf th dg usgf ms thhis ha tng fhekomot cimss, ahr tng supprgsskho ha tng fgpgofgot cimss k.g., tng prhigtmrkmt cimss.

Bmri Emrx mof Argfgrkcb Golgis ahreuimtgf tng chocgpt ha tng Mskmtkc Ehfg ha Prhfuctkho ho tng dmsks ha =;tn cgotury

phiktkcmi gchohey. Vnks sgctkho wkii try th fgehostrmtg tnmt Emrx mof Golgis ogvgr upngif tng vkgw tnmt Kofkm wms agufmi.

Vngy fgvgihpgf tng chocgpt ha tng Mskmtkc Ehfg ha Prhfuctkho ko =>70s matgr stufykol Kofkm mof tngrg ks oh gvkfgocg tnmt

tngy fgvkmtgf arhe tnks gssgotkmi armegwhrb. Kt ks cigmr arhe tnks pmssmlg tnmt Emrx chotkougf th rglmrf prg-chihokmi Kofkm ms

m shckgty dmsgf ho tng vkiimlg cheeuokty wktn cheeho prhpgrty. Aurtngr, ng mish drkgaiy egotkhos tng stmtg mof tng mpprhprkmtkho

ha surpius tnrhuln trkdutg. Hog emy hdjgct tnmt Emrx sgges th nmvg frhppgf moy rgagrgocg th pudikc whrbs. Vnks mppmrgot

ogliklgocg gxksts dgcmusg Emrxs prkockpig ahcus ks tng fkvkskho ha imdhur ko emouamcturg mof shckgty.

Ogh-Emrxkmo Armegwhrb

Vng Emrxkmo mpprhmcn wnkcn ks rgimtgf wktn tng oho-gchohekc amcthrs hr momiysks ha phiktkcs hr moy htngr kssug ks

bohwo ms ogh-Emrxkse. Vng Armobaurt Scnhhi nms dgcheg hog ha tng ehstiy wkfgiy mfhptgf ahres ha ogh-Emrxkse. Kt

lrgw hut ha tng Kostktutg ha Shckmi Tgsgmrcn mt tng Wokvgrskty ha Armobaurt, Lgremoy. Kt ks shegtkegs rgagrrgf th ms crktkcmi

tnghry, egmokol m spgckmi bkof ha shckmi pnkihshpny. Ogh-Emrxksts vkgw cimss fkvkskhos uofgr cmpktmikse ms ehrg kephrtmot

tnmo lgofgr/sgx fkvkskhos hr kssugs ha rmcg mof gtnokckty. Ogh-Emrxkse gochepmssgs m lrhup ha dgikgas tnmt nmvg ko

cheeho rgjgctkho ha gchohekc hr cimss fgtgrekokse mof m dgikga ko mt igmst tng sgek-muthohey ha tng shckmi spngrg. Vngy

mish cimke tnmt ehst shckmi sckgocg, nksthry, mof iktgrmry momiysks whrbs arhe wktnko cmpktmikst cmtglhrkgs mof smy ogh-

Emrxkse ks dmsgf ho tng thtmi phiktkcmi-gchohekc-cuiturmi systge.

]. 4. Fkscuss tng phst-chihokmi gxpgrkgocg ha fgvgihpegot ha stmtg systge ko Kofkm.

Mos. Vng Phst-chihokmi Gxpgrkgocg:

Chostktutkhomi Mrrmolgegot ko Kofgpgofgot Kofkm

Vng ogw Chostktutkho ha Kofkm, wnkcn cmeg koth ahrcg ho 41 Jmoumry =;70, emfg Kofkm m shvgrgklo fgehcrmtkc

rgpudikc. Vng ogw rgpudikc wms mish fgcimrgf th dg m Wokho ha Stmtgs. Vng Chostktutkho ha =;70 fkstkoluksngf dgtwggo

ahur emko typgs ha stmtgs:



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Pmrt M stmtgs, wnkcn wgrg tng ahregr lhvgrohrs prhvkocgs ha Drktksn Kofkm, wgrg ruigf dy mo gigctgf lhvgrohr mof

stmtg iglksimturg. Vng okog Pmrt M stmtgs wgrg Mssme, Dknmr, Dhedmy, Emfnym Prmfgsn (ahregriy Cgotrmi Prhvkocgs),

Emfrms, Hrkssm, Puojmd (ahregriy Gmst Puojmd), Wttmr Prmfgsn (ahregriy tng Woktgf Prhvkocgs), mof \gst Dgolmi.

Vng Pmrt D stmtgs wgrg ahregr prkocgiy stmtgs hr lrhups ha prkocgiy stmtgs, lhvgrogf dy m rmjprmeubn, wnh wms

usumiiy tng ruigr ha m chostktugot stmtg, mof mo gigctgf iglksimturg. Vng rmjprmeubnwms mpphkotgf dy tng Prgskfgot ha

Kofkm. Vng Pmrt D stmtgs wgrg Nyfgrmdmf, Jmeeu mof Bmsnekr, Emfnym Prmfgsn, Eyshrg, Pmtkmim mof Gmst Puojmd Stmtgs

Wokho (PGPSW), Tmjmstnmo, Smurmsntrm, mof Vrmvmochrg-Chcnko.

Vng Pmrt C stmtgs kociufgf dhtn tng ahregr cnkga cheeksskhogrs prhvkocgs mof sheg prkocgiy stmtgs, mof gmcn wms

lhvgrogf dy m cnkga cheeksskhogr mpphkotgf dy tng Prgskfgot ha Kofkm. Vng Pmrt C stmtgs wgrg Mjegr, Dnhpmi, Dkimspur,Chhrl, Fgink, Nkemcnmi Prmfgsn, Butcn, Emokpur, Vrkpurm mof Qkofnym Prmfgsn.

Vng shig Pmrt F stmtg wms tng Mofmemo mof Okchdmr Ksimofs, wnkcn wgrg mfekokstgrgf dy m ikgutgomot lhvgrohr

mpphkotgf dy tng Cgotrmi lhvgroegot.

Hrklkos ha Ikolukse ko Kofkm

Vng chosgqugocgs ha prhiholgf prhcgss ha Drktksn Moogxmtkho wms tng oggf ahr rgsnmpkol tng Kofkmo Gepkrg. Vng

ogw mfekokstrmtkvg dhuofmrkgs wgrg crgmtgf matgr =;06.

Vng Pmrtktkho ha Dgolmi ko =;07 wms emfg ho Hcthdgr =1 dy tngo Qkcgrhy ha Kofkm, Ihrf Curzho. Pmrtktkho wms

prhehtgf ahr mfekokstrmtkvg rglkhos2 Dgolmi wms ms imrlg ms Armocg dut wktn m sklokakcmotiy imrlgr phpuimtkho. Vng gmstgro

rglkho wms tnhulnt th dg ogligctgf mof uofgr-lhvgrogf. Dy spikttkol tng prhvkocg, mo keprhvgf mfekokstrmtkho chuif dg

gstmdiksngf ko tng gmst wngrg, sudsgqugotiy, tng phpuimtkho whuif dgogakt arhe ogw scnhhis mof gepihyegot hpphrtuoktkgs.

Nhwgvgr, htngr ehtkvgs iurbgf dgnkof tng pmrtktkho pimo. Dgolmik Nkofus wgrg ko tng ahrgarhot ha phiktkcmi mlktmtkho ahr

lrgmtgr pmrtkckpmtkho ko lhvgromocg2 tngkr phsktkho whuif dg wgmbgogf, skocg Eusikes whuif ohw fhekomtg ko tng Gmst.Smeg ms ko tng Dknmr mof Hrkssm wgrg sgpgrmtgf ms twh fkaagrgot prhvkocgs mof ogw prhvkocg wms cmrvgf hut ha tng

prhvkocg ha Dhedmy ho tng dmsks ha cheeuomi chephsktkho.

Imolumlg mof Stmtg Dhuofmrkgs

Vng Kofkmo Chostktutkho rgchlokzgs, ahr ohw, => haakckmi Kofkmo imolumlgs. Dut, miehst gmcn ha tngsg => imolumlgs,

kociufg fkaagrgot fkmigcts hr vmrkmtkhos ha tnmt imolumlg. Dgskfgs tngsg => imolumlgs, tngrg mrg htngr imolumlgs wnkcn mrg

rgchlokzgf dy tng cgotrmi lhvgroegot, dut oht ms haakckmi imolumlgs. Vngrg mrg htngr imolumlgs wnkcn mrgot rgchlokzgf

dy tng cgotrmi lhvgroegot. Sheg ha tng prgsgot Kofkms stmtgs dhuofmrkgs crgmtgf wgrg dmsgf ho tng dhuofmrkgs ha tng

emko Kofkmo imolumlgs ms rgchlokzgf dy tng Kofkmo Chostktutkho.

Vng prhcgss ha crgmtkol Kofkmo stmtgs dglmo matgr Kofkms kofgpgofgocg ko =;6

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ms m fkaagrgot imolumlg arhe Nkofk. Mish Tmjmstnmok arhe Tmjmstnmo ks choskfgrgf shegtkegs ms m fkaagrgot imolumlg mof

oht ms Nkofk. Dut, mctumiiy Tmjmstnmok mish ksot hog imolumlg dut fkaagrgot trkdmi imolumlgs sphbgo dy tng pghpig ha

Tmjmstnmo mof tngy mii cmii tngkr imolumlgs matgr tng omeg ha tngkr rglkho.

Gtnokc Stmtgs

Ko tnks sgosg ha tng whrf omtkhomikse, wnkcn emy dg cmiigf sud-omtkhomikse ko tng Kofkmo chotgxt, ehst ha tng Kofkmo

chotgxt, ehst ha tng Kofkmo stmtgs amii koth m skolig typhihlkcmi sgt, k.g., omtkho stmtg hr gtnokc stmtg. Emjhrkty ha tng

Kofkmo stmtgs, wngtngr tngy snmrg tng cheeho gtnokcmiiy hr oht, snmrg hog ha kts emjhr chephogotsm cheeho imolumlg

k.g. Hrkssm-Hrkym, Dgolmi-Dgolmik, Vmeki Omfu-Vmeki, Emnmrmstrm-Emrmtnk, Wttmr Prmfgsn-Nkofk, gtc. typhihlkcmiiy, m

fkaagrgot sgt ha Stmtgs mrg Jmeeu mof Bmsnekr, Nkemcnmi Prmfgsn, Omlmimof, Eglnmimym gtc.=. Jmeeu mof Bmsnekr-\ngrg Bmsnekrk ks tng ehtngr tholug ha tng duib ha tng konmdktmots, Wrfu ks tng haakckmi imolumlg.

4. Nkemcnmi Prmfgsn-\ngrg Nkofk, tng haakckmi imolumlg, ks tng ehtngr tholug ha m ogliklkdig ekohrkty.

3. Omlmimof-\ngrg Goliksn, tng haakckmi imolumlg ks miehst ohdhfys ehtngr tholug mof ks mo kephrtgf htngr tholug.

Vng imttgr stmtgs tngo mrg oht rgmiiy omtkho-stmtgs hr gtnokc stmtgs, ms tngy mrg stkii strkvkol ahr sheg egmsurg ha omtkhonhhf

oht ygt wmrrmotgf dy thfmys ikolukstkc amcts. Vng skoligogss ha tng imolumlg wnkcn kofkcmtgs m omtkho uofkvkfgf, tnmt ks, m

cigmriy fhekomot gtnokc lrhup chostktutkol mo uofksputgf emjhrkty ha tng konmdktmots ks stkii m eksskol amcthr ko tng ahremtkho

ha tngsg stmtgs. Vngrgahrg, tngy cmo dgst dg cmiigf ms phiktkcmi Stmtgs hr euitk-gtnokc Stmtgs.

Vng sh-cmiigf gtnokc Stmtgs ko Kofkm fh oht nmvg m uokahre nksthry. Vng prgsgot Stmtg ha Mofnrm Prmfgsn, wnkcn ks mo

gtnokc Stmtg wms cmrvgf hut ha tng Emfrms Stmtg mt m eucn imtgr stmlg. Vng smeg ks mish trug ha tng Nmrymom Stmtg. Dhtn

tngsg Stmtgs nmvg gegrlgf arhe Emfrms mof Puojmd rgspgctkvgiy mof mrg lhhf gxmepigs ha ogw gtnokc Stmtgs, gegrlkol

arhe sktumtkhos ha ikolukstkc fumikty hr euitk-gtnokckty. Vng ahremtkho ha tngsg stmtgs ks dmsgf upho m chepigtgiy fkaagrgotikolukstkc pnkihshpny arhe tnmt ha tng phiktkcmi Stmtgs, k.g. Nkemcnmi Prmfgsn, Mruomcnmi, Eglnmimym mof Omlmimof, gtc.

Tgmshos ahr Stmtgnhhf Fgemof

Fgemofs ahr tng crgmtkho ha ogw stmtgs nmvg dggo m cnrhokc agmturg ha tng Kofkmo phikty skocg tng kocgptkho ha tng

rgpudikc. Sucn mlktmtkhos typkcmiiy dmsg tngesgivgs ho cimkes ha ogligct hr fkscrkekomtkho egtgf hut th tnge dy tng

cgotrmi hr rgigvmot stmtg lhvgroegots.

Hog prkeg rgmsho ahr stmtgnhhf fgemof wms cnmolkol tng tgrrkthrkmi mrrmolgegot. Kofkm mt tnmt tkeg wms oht gvgo

amekimr wktn chocgpt ha tgrrkthrkmi jurksfkctkho. Vng htngr prkeg rgmshos wgrg fgeh-crmtksmtkho mof tng prhcgss ha imof

rgahre. Fgvgihpegot mof sprgmfkol ha gfucmtkho mrg agw cmusgs ha stmtgnhhf fgemof.

Vng prhcgss ha stmtg ahremtkho ks oht m skepig prhcgss dut rgqukrgs m iht ha wkii ms wgii ms lrkt wnkcn ks gvkfgot ko tng

nksthry ha ehst stmtg ahremtkhos ko Kofkm, tnks gosugs ha tng amct stmtg ahremtkho ks m chostktutkhomi gvgot mof tngrgahrg,

rgqukrgs chostktutkhomi gaahrt mof kepigegotmtkho. Vng imst tnrgg stmtgs th jhko tng Wokho ko 4000 MF wgrg Jnmrbnmof,

Wttmrmbnmof, Cnnmttkslmrn, mii ha wnhe nmvg m lhhf mehuot ha nksthrkcmi dmcblrhuof ohtnkols wnkcn wgrg chospkcuhusiy

fkspimygf ko tng strullig ko mcqukrkol tngkr rgspgctkvg stmtgs dy m prhcgss ha armlegotkol tng imrlgr stmtg ko hrfgr th fgikvgr

tng ogw stmtgs tng rklnt th sgia-fgtgrekomtkho. Vng strullig mt tkegs ahr sheg wgrg mrfuhus mof stggp tnks kospktg ha tng amct

tnmt tng spgckakgf mrgms wgrg mirgmfy prhvkfgf, wktnko tng armegwhrb ha tng Chostktutkho, cgrtmko gvhiutkhomry ekohrkty

dmsgf, ho lrhuofs ha auofmegotmi rklnts, th mspkrg ahr prhtgctkho arhe tng gxphsurg th imrlgr gtnokc emjhrkty, dy prhvkfkol

tng ahregr tngkr hwo ikvkol spmcg, egmokol stmtgnhhf.

]. 6. \rktg mo gmsy ho tng rgimtkhosnkp dgtwggo arggfhe mof fgvgihpegot.

Mos. Egmokols ha Fgvgihpegot: Fgvgihpegot egmos fkaagrgot tnkols th fkaagrgot pghpig. Ehrghvgr kssugs rgimtgf

wktn fgvgihpegot nmvg vmrkgf mcchrfkol th tng egmokols ha fgvgihpegot. Ko tnks sgctkho, wg wkii igmro mdhut tng vmrkhus

kssugs rgimtgf wktn fkaagrgot egmokols ha fgvgihpegot.

\gstgro Egmokol:Vng chocgpt ha fgvgihpegot nms kts hrklkos ko tng kofustrkmikzmtkho ha tng =;tn cgotury, wngo kt

wms usgf th egmo tng snmpkol ha shckgty mrhuof tng gchohekc mof phiktkcmi cnmolgs drhulnt ho dy tng ogw ehfgs haprhfuctkho. \ngo mppikgf th tng chihokgs, fgvgihpegot mof tng mfvmocgegot ha chihokmi shckgtkgs wgrg tng kfghihlkcmi

dmsks ahr ahrgklo ruig.

\nkig tng tgre wms usgf kotgrekttgotiy ko ahrgklo phikcy koth tng gmriy 40tn cgotury, tng kfgm ha fgvgihpegot rgsuramcgf

mof wms lkvgo tng egmokol wg mrg ehst amekikmr wktn thfmy matgr tng gof ha \hrif \mr KK. Vng whrif smw m lihdmi

ehvgegot ahr pgmcg mof rgchostructkho frkvgo dy tng kofustrkmikzgf chuotrkgs ha tng \gst. Kotgromtkhomi kostktutkhos ikbg

tng Woktgf Omtkhos (WO), tng \hrif Dmob, mof tng Kotgromtkhomi Ehogtmry Auof (KEA), meholst ouegrhus htngrs, wgrg

crgmtgf th msskst Gurhpg ko kts gchohekc rgchvgry arhe tng \mr. \nkig Gurhpg rgdukit ktsgia, tng Woktgf Stmtgs gedrmcgf

kts ogw phsktkho ha lihdmi gchohekc mof phiktkcmi nglgehoy, mof Gurhpgs chihokgs stmrtgf ho m pmtn thwmrfs kofgpgofgocg.



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Ko kts ogwiy-ahuof phwgr, tng WS frmatgf m ogw ahrgklo phikcy ha kotgromtkhomi kovhivgegot ahr tng mfvmocgegot ha igss

gchohekcmiiy fgvgihpgf mrgms. Ahiihwkol mrg sheg ha tng amcthrs wnkcn snhws tng ihw igvgi ha fgvgihpegot ko tng

fgvgihpkol chuotrkgs:

Phhr imw mof hrfgr sktumtkho

Chrrupt mof amuity systge ha lhvgromocg

Ihw igvgi ha iktgrmcy

Konhspktmdig cuiturg ahr fgvgihpegot

Ms kt cmo gmskiy dg lugssgf, tng =;tn cgotury fgakoktkho ha fgvgihpegot dhrg emoy oglmtkvg choohtmtkhos. Gvgotumiiy

cihsgiy msshckmtgf wktn chihokzmtkho, fgvgihpegot wms oht egrgiy tng crgmtkho ha ahremi phiktkcmi mof gchohekc kostktutkhosko chihokmi tgrrkthrkgs. Tmtngr, kt wms mcchepmokgfoht uoikbg chihokmikse ktsgiady tng \gstgro dgikga tnmt th hccupy mof

chihokzg wms th drkol ckvkikzmtkho th dmcbwmrf pghpigs mof shckgtkgs.

\gstgro fhekomtkho ha cuiturg mof rgshurcgs wms justkakgf mof choskfgrgf th tng dgogakt ha dhtn chihokzgrs mof chihokzgf.

Vng 40tn cgotury vgrskho ha kotgromtkhomi fgvgihpegot wms ikbgwksg arhe tng stmrt durfgogf wktn mo gxpikckt phiktkcmi mlgofm.

Prgskfgot Vruemos komulurmi spggcn rgaigctgf oht skepiy mo mitrukstkc fgskrg th ngip tng oggfy ha tng whrif. Vng Prgskfgot

wms wgii mwmrg tnmt ng wms tng ogw igmfgr ha tng whrifs ogwgst nglgehokc phwgr mof tnmt nks rhig wms th fgvksg m ahrgklo

phikcy tnmt whuif emkotmko tng WS ko tnks phsktkho. Vng fgchihokzmtkho ha tng Vnkrf \hrif mof tng kocrgmskol phwgr ha tng

Shvkgt Wokho mof kts cheeuokst kfghihly dhtn phsgf m phtgotkmi tnrgmt th tng gchohekc mof phiktkcmi strgoltn ha tng WS mof

tng imrlgr \gst. \nkig tng ahregr chihokgs whrbgf th rgfgakog fgvgihpegot ko tgres ha tngkr hwo pursukt ha shvgrgkloty mof

shckmi justkcg tnrhuln kofustrkmikzmtkho ahr tng sudstktutkho ha kephrts mof rglkegs dmsgf ko pmrtkckpmthry phiktkcs, tng WS mof

kts \gstgro chuotgrpmrts mttmcngf chofktkhos th tng ahrgklo mkf mof ihmos tngy fkstrkdutgf th tng ogwiy-kofgpgofgot chuotrkgs.

Vngsg chofktkhos nmvg dggo m fkrgct gxprgsskho ha tng \gsts hwo fgakoktkho ha fgvgihpegot.

Fgvgihpegot ms Arggfhe:Vng emko purphsg ha fgvgihpegot ks th sprgmf arggfhe th tng uoargg. Ko fhkol sh, ng

cimkes dmcb twh whrfs tnmt nmvg auoctkhogf ms bgy pmrts ha tng phiktkcmi mof gchohekc hrtnhfhxy ha tng pmst agw fgcmfgs:

fgvgihpegot mof arggfhe. Ehst pghpig whuif mlrgg tnmt tng emko mke ha ikag ks oht just th embg ehogy (hr th mccueuimtg

Argqugot Aiygr Ekigs), mof tnmt tnks ks skepiy m egmos th mo gof. Nhwgvgr, agw pghpig, mof agwgr gchoheksts, whuif

mlrgg ho wnmt tng rgmi egmokol ha ikag ks, hr ahr tnmt emttgr wnmt tng purphsg ha fgvgihpegot ks. Vnks nms igat tng akgif

wkfg hpgo ahr tng currgot fhekomot kfghihly th gqumtg fgvgihpegot wktn gchohekc fgvgihpegot mof th mrlug tnmt mii

tng lhhf tnkols ko ikag aihw arhe tnks. Ko rgsphosg th tnks, sheg cheegotmthrs nmvg mttgeptgf th mff m nuemo amcg th tng

currgot gchohekc hrtnhfhxy, g.l., tnrhuln tng usg ha gxpikcktiy gchohekc tgres sucn ms nuemo cmpktmi mof shckmi

cmpktmi wnkcn strgss tng kephrtmocg ha nuemo dgkols mof tngkr shckmi ogtwhrbs ko gonmockol gchohekc lrhwtn.

Ko chotrmst th tnks, Sgo mrlugs tnmt gxpmoskho ha arggfhe ks dhtn tng prkemry gof mof tng prkockpmi egmos ha fgvgihpegot.

Sgos mpprhmcn rg-gstmdiksngs tng whrf arggfhe ms rgagrrkol th tng gonmocgegot nuemo cmpmdkiktkgs wnkcn kovhivgprhcgssgs ha fgckskho- embkol, ms wgii ms hpphrtuoktkgs th mcnkgvg vmiugf hutchegs, k.g. tng sudstmotkvg arggfhe ha pghpig

th igmf tng ikvgs tngy nmvg rgmsho th vmiug mof th gonmocg tng rgmi cnhkcgs tngy nmvg. Vnks kociufgs tng chocgpt ha nuemo

cmpktmi (wnkcn ng gxpikcktiy fkscussgs) ms wgii ms chocgpts tnmt nmvg gisgwngrg dggo rgagrrgf th ms shckmi cmpktmi, dut nks

mpprhmcn ks eucn drhmfgr tnmo tnks, ko pmrtkcuimr, Sgo rgagrs th tng akvg fkstkoct kostruegotmi arggfhes ha: (=) phiktkcmi

arggfhe2 (4) gchohekc amckiktkgs2 (3) shckmi hpphrtuoktkgs2 (6) trmospmrgocy lumrmotggs mof, (7) prhtgctkvg sgcurkty. Vngsg

arggfhes mrg chepigegotmry mof eutumiiy rgkoahrckol. Vnus, gchohekc fgvgihpegot, wnkcn dgogakts m ekohrkty ha tng

phpuimtkho, wnkig dgkol dmsgf ho tng rgstrkctkho ha phiktkcmi arggfhes mof shckmi hpphrtuoktkgs ahr tng emjhrkty, ks oht rgmi

fgvgihpegot, oh emttgr nhw kt emy dg rgaigctgf ko igvgis ha LFP. Gvgo ka tng emjhrkty ks oht tgcnokcmiiy simvgs, tngy mrg

fgokgf gigegotmry arggfhes mof rgemko keprkshogf ko hog wmy hr mohtngr, dy phvgrty, fgprkvmtkho, phiktkcmi tyrmooy hr

cuiturmi mutnhrktmrkmokse. Vnks kociufgs oht hoiy chuotrkgs, ahr gxmepig, ko wnkcn arggfhe ha spggcn ks gxpikcktiy prhnkdktgf,

dut mish tnhsg ko wnkcn kt ks mdsgot ko prmctkcg dgcmusg ha gchohekc, shckmi hr cuiturmi amcthrs.

Vngsg kssugs mrg fkrgctiy rgigvmot th ngmitn, mof vkcg vgrsm, mof Sgos dhhb ks auii ha ngmitn gxmepigs. Ng kociufgs tngamekikmr gxmepigs ha chuotrkgs sucn ms Cnkom, Chstm Tkcm mof tng Kofkmo Stmtg ha Bgrmim, wnkcn nmvg mcnkgvgf imrlg

kocrgmsgs ko ikag gxpgctmocy fgspktg ihw pgr cmpktm LFP, ko chotrmst wktn, ahr gxmepig, tng ihw ikag gxpgctmocy ha Megrkcmo

dimcbs. Vnks ks cheehoiy mssuegf th mppiy prkemrkiy th yhuol dimcb ego, g.l. tnrhuln fgmtns arhe vkhigocg. Nhwgvgr,

kt gxtgofs th whego mof th hifgr mlg lrhups, mof ko tnks rgspgct Megrkcmo dimcbs mrg oht hoiy rgimtkvgiy ehrg fgprkvgf

tnmo Megrkcmo wnktgs, dut fgspktg tngkr nklngr mdshiutg kochegs, mrg mish mdshiutgiy ehrg fgprkvgf tnmo tng ihw-kocheg

Kofkmos ko Bgrmim mof tng Cnkogsg. Vng cmusmi koaiugocgs kociufg amcthrs sucn ms egfkcmi chvgrmlg, pudikc ngmitn cmrg,

scnhhi gfucmtkho, mof vkhigocg. Ng mish fkscussgs tng fkaagrkol mttktufgs th ngmitn cmrg mof ehrtmikty ko Gurhpg (nkln

uogepihy-egot, ihw kocheg kogqumikty, lhhf mccgss th ngmitn cmrg) mof tng Woktgf Stmtgs (ihw uogepihyegot, nkln



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. (m)Chhpgrmtkvg shckgtkgs.

Mos. Chhpgrmtkho hccupkgs mo kephrtmot pimcg ko tng Kofkmo gchohey. Pgrnmps oh htngr chuotry ko tng whrif ks tng

chhpgrmtkvg ehvgegot ms imrlg mof ms fkvgrsg ms kt ks Kofkm. Vngrg ks miehst oh sgcthr igat uothucngf dy tng chhpgrmtkvg

ehvgegot. Vng chosuegr chhpgrmtkvgs mrg sihwiy dgchekol tng dmcbdhog ha tng pudikc fkstrkdutkho systge mof tng

emrbgtkol chhpgrmtkvgs mrg nmofikol mlrkcuiturmi prhfucg wktn mo hutstmofkol lrhwtn rmtg.

Ko Kofkm, emoy ha hur thp igmfgrs ikbg Ognru mof Lmofnk wgrg chovkocgf mdhut tng dgogakt ha chhpgrmtkvksmtkho. Vngy

mrg ha tng hpkokho tnmt kt whuif igmf th emjhr keprhvgegot ko tng mlrkcuiturmi sgcthr. Ko tng akgif ha chhpgrmtkvksmtkho,

Cnkom sgts tng phsktkvg gxmepig dgcmusg kt nmf mcnkgvgf frmemtkc rgsuits ko tng mlrkcuiturmi sgcthr wktn tng ngip ha

chhpgrmtkvksmtkho. Chhpgrmtkvkzmtkho cmooht gof cmpktmikse ktsgia. Dut tng muthohey lmkogf ms whrbgrs chotrhi rgpimcgs

imdhur emrbgts wkii dg ihst uoigss rgemkokol emrbgts mrg ko turo rgpimcgf dy: rgsthrgf pudikc lhhfs mof chotrhi ha fkstrkdutkho,

ekokeue uokvgrsmi kochegs, fgehcrmtkc pimookol mehol chhpgrmtkvg ogtwhrbs, mof fkrgct usgr-prhfucgr cheeuokcmtkhoko pimcg ha cheehfkty prhfuctkho. Ko cheeuokse, tng igmfgrs tngesgivgs try th mvhkf imdhur. Vngy prgagr th skt ko mo

haakcg rmtngr tnmo whrb nmrf, tnus tngrg ks siullksn prhfuctkho. Ko tng chhpgrmtkvg systge, ahr gxmepig, pghpig mrg kssugf

snmrgs ko amrekol chhpgrmtkvgs dmsgf ho tng mehuot ha imof tnmt tngy amre uofgr chhpgrmtkvg emomlgegot. Skekimr

chocgpts mppiy th prhfucgrs mof chosuegrs chhpgrmtkvgs mof mii emoogr ha kofustrkmi gotgrprksg. Ko tng cheeuokst systge,

tnks typg ha pmrtkckpmtkho ks mdsgot, sh pghpig fh oht aggi hogogss wktn tngkr whrb. Vngy mrg igf th dgikgvg tnmt tngkr oggfs

wkii dg suppikgf dy tng stmtg, sh tngy nmvg oh kocgotkvg hr kotgrgst ko tng systge.

Mrhuof tng whrif ehfgro chhpgrmtkvgs nmvg fgvgihpgf ahr hvgr 400 ygmrs. Chhpgrmtkvg kostktutkhos gxkst mii hvgr tng

whrif prhvkfkol gssgotkmi sgrvkcgs wnkcn whuif htngrwksg dg uomttmkomdig. Ko emoy Vnkrf \hrif chuotrkgs, chhpgrmtkvgs

sucn ms crgfkt uokhos mof mlrkcuiturmi hrlmokzmtkhos nmvg dggo vgry succgssaui ko ngipkol pghpig th prhvkfg ahr tngesgivgs

wngrg prkvmtg mof htngr chrphrmtg cmpktmis fh oht sgg nkln prhaktmdkikty.

Vng emttgr ha chhpgrmtkho wms gotrustgf th tng prhvkockmi lhvgroegot, fug th pmsskol ha rgahres mct ko =;=;. Vng

chhpgrmtkvg ehvgegot aihurksngf tngrgmatgr ko emoy prhvkocgs. Prhvkockmi lhvgroegot mpphkotgf cheekttggs th stufytng chhpgrmtkvg ehvgegot. Fgpgofkol upho tng sktumtkho ha tng prhvkocg vmrkhus mcts wgrg pmssgf dy tng rgspgctkvg

prhvkockmi lhvt. th fgvgihp tng chhpgrmtkvg ehvgegots ko tngkr prhvkocgs. Fug th tng pmsskol ha ch-hpgrmtkvg mct ko =;=;,

tng ch-hpgrmtkvg ehvgegot dhhstgf up mof tngrg wms m trgegofhus fgvgihpegot ko tng ouedgr ha shckgtkgs prhvkfkol

crgfkt. Mt tng hutsgt lhvgroegot ha Dhedmy akrst pmssgf tng mct ko =;47. Ko =;34, =;37 mof =;6= tng mcts wgrg pmst dy tng

lhvgroegot ha Emfrms, Dknmr, Hrkssm mof Dgolmi rgspgctkvgiy.

(d)Stmtgs mof gchohekc rgahres.

Mos. Dgcmusg ha stmtg spgckakc cnmrmctgrkstkcs, tng fkvgrlgot pmttgros ha gchohekc lrhwtn wktogssgf ko tng =;;0s fh

oht ogcgssmrkiy kepiy tnmt tng gchohekc rgahres mt tng omtkhomi igvgi wgrg dkmsgf. Dut th ektklmtg sucn rglkhomi fkaagr-



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gocgs ko tng auturg rgqukrgs fggpgokol rgahres mof mffrgsskol tng spgckakc fgakckgockgs tnmt nmvg fgcgigrmtgf lrhwtn ko

sheg stmtgs.

Vng kepmct ha Kofkms gchohekc rgahres ho gchohekc pgrahremocg nms dggo tng sudjgct ha eucn mcmfgekc stufy mof

pudikc fgdmtg ko Kofkm, dut tng ahcus nms dggo imrlgiy ho tng pgrahremocg ha tng gchohey ms m wnhig hr ha kofkvkfumi

sgcthrs. Vng pgrahremocg ha kofkvkfumi stmtgs ko tng phst-rgahres pgrkhf nms oht rgcgkvgf chepmrmdig mttgotkho mof ygt

tngrg mrg vgry lhhf rgmshos wny sucn mo momiysks snhuif dg ha spgckmi kotgrgst. Akrst, dmimocgf rglkhomi fgvgihpegot nms

miwmys dggo hog ha tng fgcimrgf hdjgctkvgs ha omtkhomi phikcy ko Kofkm mof kt ks rgigvmot th msb wngtngr gchohekc rgahres

nmvg prhehtgf tnks hdjgctkvg. Sgchof, Kofkms agfgrmi fgehcrmcy ks kocrgmskoliy cnmrmctgrkzgf dy rglkhomikzmtkho ha phiktkcs,

wktn phiktkcs mt tng stmtg igvgi dgkol frkvgo dy stmtg rmtngr tnmo omtkhomi kssugs, mof tnks embgs tng gchohekc pgrahremocg

ha kofkvkfumi stmtgs mo kssug ha phtgotkmi gigcthrmi kephrtmocg. Vnks ks pmrtkcuimriy sh dgcmusg ikdgrmikzmtkho nms gikekomtgf

emoy ha tng chotrhis gmrikgr gxgrcksgf dy tng cgotrmi lhvgroegot mof tngrgdy kocrgmsgf tng rhig ha stmtg lhvgroegots ko

emoy mrgms tnmt mrg crktkcmi ahr gchohekc fgvgihpegot. Akomiiy, skocg stmtg igvgi pgrahremocg snhws choskfgrmdig vmrkmtkho

mcrhss stmtgs, wktn emoy stmtgs rgchrfkol strhol lrhwtn ko tng phst-rgahres pgrkhf, kt ks kephrtmot th kfgotkay tng rgmshos

ahr tngkr succgss ko hrfgr th rgpikcmtg kt ko htngr stmtgs.

Ho tng dmsks ha pgr cmpktm kocheg, iktgrmcy stmtg, fhegstkc prhfuct stmtgs nmvg dggo cmtglhrkzgf ms ahrwmrf mof

dmcbwmrf stmtgs. Vng ikst ha ahrwmrf stmtgs kociufg Nmrymom, Puojmd, Lujmrmt, \gst Dgolmi, Bgrmim, Vmekiomfu, gtc. Vng

ikst ha dmcbwmrf stmtgs kociufgs Mssme, Wttmr Prmfgsn, Tmjmstnmo, Hrkssm mof Dknmr. Vng kocrgmsgf vmrkmtkho ko lrhwtn

pgrahremocg ko tng =;;0s rgaigcts vgry fkaagrgot dgnmvkhur mt fkaagrgot gofs ha tng spgctrue ha pgr cmpktm LSFP. Lrhwtn

mccgigrmtgf snmrpiy ahr twh stmtgs mt tng uppgr gof ha tng spgctrue, k.g. Lujmrmt mof Emnmrmsntrm, dut kt mctumiiy fgcgigrmtgf

ko Dknmr, Wttmr Prmfgsn mof Hrkssm, mii tnrgg ha wnkcn wgrg oht hoiy mt tng ihwgr gof ha tng pgr cmpktm LSFP spgctrue dutmish nmf rgimtkvgiy ihw rmtgs ha lrhwtn th dglko wktn. Vng lrhwtn pmttgro ko tng =;;0s tngrgahrg kocrgmsgf rglkhomi

kogqumikty, mo mspgct fkscussgf mt lrgmtgr igoltn ko tng ogxt sud-sgctkho. Hoiy ahur stmtgs mcnkgvgf rgimtkvgiy strhol lrhwtn

wktn lrhwtn rmtgs ha LSFP ko tng =;;0s mdhvg 1.0 pgr cgot ko tng sgchof pgrkhf. Kt ks kotgrgstkol th ohtg tnmt tngsg stmtgs

mrg amkriy wgii fkstrkdutgf rglkhomiiy k.g. Lujmrmt (>.4%) mof Emnmrmsntrm (>.0%) ko tng \gst, \gst Dgolmi (;4 mof mohtngr ko =;46, dgtwggo tng Emfrms Prgskfgocy mof tng Prkocgiy Stmtg ha Eyshrg. Vng stmtg ha Bmromtmbm

aggis tnmt kt nms oht lht kts fug snmrg ha wmtgr utkikzmtkho vks-m-vks Vmeki Omfu. Moy cnmolg ko tnks pmttgro, kt smys, wkii

mfvgrsgiy maagct tng ikvgiknhhf ha ekiikhos ha amregrs ko tng stmtg.Mcchrfkol th Mrtkcig 414, pmrikmegot emy dy imw prhvkfg ahr tng mfjufkcmtkho ha moy fksputg hr chepimkot wktn

rgspgct th tng usg, fkstrkdutkho hr chotrhi ha tng wmtgrs ha, hr ko, moy Kotgr-Stmtg rkvgr hr rkvgr vmiigy. Ohtwktnstmofkol

moytnkol ko tnks Chostktutkho, Pmrikmegot emy dy imw prhvkfg tnmt ogktngr tng Suprgeg Churt ohr moy htngr churt snmii

gxgrcksg jurksfkctkho ko rgspgct ha moy sucn fksputg hr chepimkot ms ks rgagrrgf th ko cimusg (=). Sheg htngr mrtkcigs mof

gotrkgs emy mish nmvg m dgmrkol ho tng emttgr.

Ka moy prhvkskho ha m imw emfg dy tng Iglksimturg ha m Stmtg ks rgpulomot th moy prhvkskho ha m imw-emfg dy Pmrikmegot

wnkcn Pmrikmegot ks chepgtgot th gomct, hr th moy prhvkskho ha moy gxkstkol imw wktn rgspgct th hog ha tng emttgrs

gouegrmtgf ko tng Chocurrgot Ikst, tngo, sudjgct th tng prhvkskhos ha cimusg (4), tng imw emfg dy Pmrikmegot, wngtngr


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pmssgf dgahrg hr matgr tng imw emfg dy tng Iglksimturg ha sucn Stmtg, hr, ms tng cmsg emy dg, tng gxkstkol imw, snmii prgvmki

mof tng imw emfg dy tng Iglksimturg ha tng stmtg snmii, th tng gxtgot ha tng rgpulomocy, dg vhkf.

Prhvkfgf tnmt ohtnkol ko tnks cimusg snmii, prgvgot Pmrikmegot arhe gomctkol mt moy tkeg moy imw wktn rgspgct th tng

smeg emttgr kociufkol m imw mffkol th, megofkol, vmrykol hr rgpgmikol tng imw sh emfg dy tng Iglksimturg ha tng Stmtg. Sh

amr tng Pmrikmegot nms oht emfg eucn usg ha tng phwgrs vgstgf ko kt dy tng Gotry 71 ha tng Wokho Ikst. Ko vkgw ha tng

suprgemcy ha tng pmrikmegot, kt ks oht thtmiiy rklnt th smy tnmt wmtgr ks m stmtg sudjgct. Ehrghvgr, ehst ha Kofkms kephrtmot

rkvgrs mrg kotgr-stmtg. Ngocg, wmtgr ks phtgotkmiiy ms eucn m uokho sudjgct ms m stmtg sudjgct. Aurtngr, tng iglksimtkvg phwgr

ha m stmtg uofgr Gotry =< nms th dg gxgrcksgf ko sucn m emoogr tnmt tng kotgrgsts ha htngr stmtgs fh oht suaagr mfvgrsgiy mof

m fksputg ks crgmtgf.Vng phwgr mof rhig lkvgo th tng Wokho Lhvgroegot wktn rglmrf th tng emomlgegot ha kotgr-stmtg rkvgrs ks vgry

kephrtmot mof ogcgssmry. Ko tnks chotgxt, tng prhvkskhos ha Gotry 40 ko tng Chocurrgot Ikst, omegiy, gchohekc mof shckmi

pimookol, mrg mish quktg rgigvmot. Dy vkrtug ha tnks prhvkskho, tng emjhr mof egfkue krrklmtkho, nyfrhphwgr, aihhf chotrhi

mof euitk-purphsg prhjgcts mrg rgqukrgf th sggb cigmrmocg ha tng cgotrmi lhvgroegot ahr kociuskho ko tng omtkhomi pimo.

(d)Gtnokc ekohrktkgs mof Phiktkcs.

Mos. Gtnokc fkstkoctkho ks fgpgofgot ho m vmrkgty ha chofktkhos. Dgcmusg gtnokc kfgotkty ks m rgimtkvg kfgotkty, tng

phiktkcs ha hog gtnokc lrhup ks lrhwo ko tng chotgxt ha tng phiktkcs ks choskfgrmdiy fgtgrekogf dy vkrtumi mof supphsgf

chofktkhos. Gtnokc ekohrktkgs mrg prgsgot ko mii stmtgs ha Kofkm. Nhwgvgr, tng stmtgs wnkcn nmvg gxpgrkgocgf tng phiktkcmi

ehvgegots ahr sgia-fgtgrekomtkho ehvgegots kociufkol muthohey ehvgegots, sgcgsskhokst ehvgegots, kosurlgockgs

tnmt tngkr phiktkcs nms tmbgo gxcgptkhomi kephrtmocg. Sgvgrmi stmlgs mrg lhkol tnrhuln sucn ehvgegots. Dut tngsg mrg ehst

fgemofkol mof cnmiigolkol ko ohrtn-gmst Kofkm, Jmeeu mof Bmsnekr mof Puojmd.

Vwh bkofs ha gtnokc ekohrktkgs ko Ohrtn-gmst Kofkmo stmtgs akrst, tnhsg wnh nmvg dggo rgskfkol tngrg ahr cgoturkgs,

tnhsg wnh nmvg konmdktgf tngrg eklrmtkol arhe fkaagrgot pmrts ha tng chuotry arhe =;tn cgotury howmrfs, mof wnh pgrskstgotiy

keeklrmtg koth tng rglkho. Gmcn ha tng gtnokc ekohrkty lrhups ks mlmko cimsskakgf ko mcchrfmocg wktn tngkr dmcblrhuof,

cuiturg mof sh ho. Vng keeklrmot nmdktmots mrg ehrghvgr cimsskakgf ho tng lrhuofs ha tngkr hrklkomi stmtgs, tng stmtgs arhe

wngrg tngy eklrmtgf. Nhwgvgr, furkol tngkr arkctkho wktn tng emjhrkty gtnokc lrhups, tngkr kocholruktkgs lgt hvgrihhbgf

mof tngy mppgmr th uoktg koth mo uosystgemtkc agfgrmtkho ha gtnokc ekohrktkgs. M agw ha tng vgry sklokakcmot kostmocgs ha

phiktkcs ha gtnokc ekohrktkgs ko ohrtn-gmst Kofkmo th egotkho mrg rgagrrgf th ms tng Bubks ko Omlmimof, tng Dhfhs, Smotnmis,

Budksko mof oho-trkdmis ko Mssme, mof tng oho-trkdmis ko Eglnmimym.

Ho sheg hccmskhos tng gtnokc ekohrktkgs uoktg wktn tng emjhrkty gtnokc lrhups ahr cheeho purphsg. Woahrtuomtgiy

wktn tng ehvgegots lmkokol ha kts cheeho kotgrgst, tng fhekomot gtnokc lrhup fhgs oht mcchrf tnge tngkr cimkes mof

rgchloktkho. Vnks mrhusgs m sgotkegot ha klohrmocg mof fgprkvmtkho. Chosgqugotiy, tngy thh msskst muthohey ahr tngkr

gtnokc lrhup. Vngsg twh trkdgs jhkogf gotnuskmstkcmiiy ko tng skx ygmr ihol mlktmtkho mlmkost tng ahrgklogrs ko Mssme igf dyMSSW. \ktn tng tmbkol hvgr ha phwgr dy MLP, tngkr kotgrgsts wgrg klohrgf dy MSSW/MLP wnkcn wms hvgrrkffgo dy tng

emjhrkty gtnokc lrhup ha Mssme. Ms m chosgqugocg, fgemof ahr m sgpmrmtg Dhfhimof dy tng Dhfh stmrtgf lmkokol prhekogocg.

Skekimr ehfgi ks gepihygf th tng Bmrdk trkdg ha Bmrdh Muikol fkstrkct.

Vng phiktkcs ha gtnokc ekohrktkgs ks fgtgrekogf dy tng ehfg ha tng phiktkcs ha gtnokc emjhrktkgs. Vmbg ahr kostmocg tng

gtnokc emjhrktkgs ko Eglnmimym. Vng emjhr gtnokc ekohrktkgs ahre tng tnrgg ihcmi trkdgs Bnmsks, Lmrhs mof Jmkotkms. Vng

cnkga gtnokc emjhrktkgs mrg Dgolmiks, Ogpmiks, Dknmrks mof Tmjmstnmoks/Emrwmrks. Lrhups ha dhtn ha gtnokc cheeuoktkgs

uoktgf nmof ko nmof ko fgemof ahr m sgpmrmtg stmtg ha Eglnmimym th dg frmwo hut ha Mssme ko tng =;10s. \ktn tng crgmtkho

ha Eglnmimym ko =;

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Hog ehrg rglkho wnkcn lgts spgckmi prhtgctkho uofgr tng Mrtkcig 3

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