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X. 8. Gmsar`km tnm dèrhtòl phttmrls of @lg`hl G`hsporh.

Hls. @lg`hl G`hsporh `s h emlmrà tmrd usmg for hggrmss`le pmopbm wno nhvm dèrhtmg frod tnm tmrr`tor`ms tnht hrm

aurrmltby w`tn`l tnm korgmrs of tnm [mpukbà of @lg`h. @t aolst`tutms L[@s (Lol-rms`gmlt @lg`hls) hlg Y@Os (Ymrsols of

@lg`hl Orè`ls). Wnm @lg`hl G`hsporh `s mst`dhtmg to km ovmr 19 d`bbòl. Wnm Eovmrldmlt of @lg`h rmaoel`zms tnm `dpor-

thlam of @lg`hl G`hsporh hs `t nhs krouent maolodà, f`lhla`hb, hlg ebokhb kmlmf`ts to @lg`h. Wnm @lg`hl G`hsporh toghy

aolst`tutms hl `dporthlt, hlg `l sodm rmspmats ul`qum, foram `l worbg aubturm. Wnm [odhl` dèrhtmg to lortnwmst @lg`h

(tnm Yulchk rmeòl) hroulg ;=9 K.A. Hlotnmr dhcor mdèrhtòl frod tnm sukaolt`lmlt whs to Qoutn Mhst Hs`h. @t sthrtmg

tnrouen mhrby `ltmrhatòl of @lg`hl trhgmrs hlg, hftmr d`g-f`rst d`bbmllùd AM, ky sodm `dport of Krhnd`ls. Wnm @lg`hl

dmranhlt g`hsporh `l Amltrhb Hs`h hlg Ymrs`h mdmremg `l tnm d`g-86tn amltury hlg rmdh`lmg hat`vm for ovmr four amltu-

r`ms. Hstrhjnhl ht tnm doutn of tnm Vobeh whs tnm f`rst pbham `l Wshrgod of [uss`h wnmrm hl @lg`hl dmranhlt aoboly whs

msthkb`snmg hs mhrby hs tnm 8689s. [uss`hl anrolàbmrs rmportmg tnm prmsmlam of N`lgu trhgmrs `l Dosaow hlg Qt. Ymtmrs-

kure l tnm 8>tn amltury. Gur`le tnm 80tn amltury hlg ult`b tnm mlg of tnm [hc, duan of tnm dèrhtòl tnht oaaurrmg whs of

poor worjmrs to otnmr Kr`t`sn aobol`ms ulgmr tnm `lgmlturm systmd. Wnm dhcor gmst`lhtòls, `l anroloboeàhb orgmr, wmrm

Dhur`tùs, Euyhlh, tnm Ahr`kkmhl, F`c` hlg Mhst Hfràh. Wnmrm whs hbso h sdhbb hdoult of frmm mdèrhtòl of sj`bbmg

bhkourmrs hlg profmssòlhbs to sodm of tnmsm aoultr`ms `l tnm ;9tn amltury. Hl ulrmbhtmg systmd `lvobvmg rmaru`tdmlt of

worjmrs for tnm tmh pbhlthtòls of tnm lmènkour`le Kr`t`sn aobol`ms of Qr` Bhljh hlg Kurdh hlg tnm rukkmr pbhlthtòls of

Kr`t`sn Dhbhyh (low Dhbhys`h hlg Q`lehporm).

F`vm Yhttmrls of @lg`hl Mdèrhtòl3 @l @lg`h, wm f`lg f`vm phttmrls of mdèrhtòl, lhdmby, `lgmlturmg bhkour

mdèrhtòl, jhlehl`/dh`stry bhkour mdèrhtòl, frmm or phsshem mdèrhtòl, krh`l-grh`l or vobulthry mdèrhtòl hlg bhkour

mdèrhtòl to wmst Hs`h. Un`bm tnm bhst two nhvm rmsutmg gum to tnm aoltrhgàtòls of tnm post-aobol`hb soaò-maolodà

gmvmbopdmlt of tnm aoultry, tnm f`rst tnrmm oaaurrmg gur`le tnm aobol`hb pmròg.

@lgmlturmg Bhkour Mdèrhtòl3Wnm @lg`hl lgmlturm systmd whs hl oleo`le systmd of lgmlturm ky wnàn tnoushlgs

of @lg`hls wmrm trhlsportmg to vhròus aobol`ms of Muropmhl powmrs to prov`gm bhkour for tnm (dh`lby suehr) pbhlthtòls.@t sthrtmg frod tnm mlg of sbhvmry `l 8>11 hlg aolt`lumg ult`b 80;9.

Jhlehl`/Dh`stry Bhkour Mdèrhtòl3Wnm jhlehl` (gmr`vmg frod Whd`b jhljhl`, dmhl`le formdhl or ovmrsmmr)

systmd prmvh`bmg `l tnm rmaru`tdmlt of bhkour for mdèrhtòl to Amybol hlg Dhbhyh (smm Chyhrhdhl 805=36). H vhr hlt of

tn`s systmd, ahbbmg tnm dh`stry (gmr`vmg frod Whd`b dh`stry, dmhl`le supmrv`sor) systmd whs prhat`smg l tnm rmaru`tdmlt

of bhkour for mdèrhtòl to Kurdh. ]lgmr tnmsm systmds tnm jhlehl` or dh`stry (n`dsmbf hl @lg`hl `ddèrhlt) rmaru`tmg

fhd`b`ms of Whd`b bhkourmrs frod v`bbhems `l tnm mrstwn`bm Dhgrhs Yrms`gmlay. ]lgmr tnmsm systmds tnm bhkourmrs wmrm

bmehbby frmm, hs tnmy wmrm lot koulg ky hly aoltrhat or f`xmg pmròg of smrvàm.

Yhsshem Mdèrhtòl3Wnmsm systmds `lgmlturmg hlg dh`stry or jhlehl`, wnàn kmehl `l tnm f`rst hlg tn`rg quhrtmr

of tnm 80tn amltury, wmrm hkob`snmg l 801>. Mdèrhtòl frod @lg`h g`g lot amhsm hftmr tnm hkob`tòl of lgmlturm hlg otnmr

HQQ@ELDMLW QOB]W@OLQ E]@GM (;987-;98=)

D.Q.O.M.-;

G`hsporh hlgWrhlslhtòlhb Aoddul`t`msG`sabh`dmr/Qpma`hb Lotm3Wnmsm hrm cust tnm shdpbm of tnm Hlswmrs/Qobutòls to sodm of tnm Xumstòls e`vml `l tnmHssèldmlts. Wnmsm Qhdpbm Hlswmrs/Qobutòls hrm prmphrmg ky Yr`vhtm Wmhanmr/Wutors/Huntors for tnm nmbp hlg Eu`ghlam

of tnm stugmlt to emt hl gmh of now nm/snm ahl hlswmr tnm Xumstòls of tnm Hssèldmlts. Um go lot abh`d 899% Haaurhay

of tnmsm shdpbm Hlswmrs hs tnmsm hrm khsmg ol tnm jlowbmgem hlg ahkhk`b`ty of Yr`vhtm Wmhanmr/Wutor. Qhdpbm hlswmrs

dhy km smml hs tnm Eu`gm/Nmbp Kooj for tnm rmfmrmlam to prmphrm tnm hlswmrs of tnm Xumstòl e`vml l tnm hssèldmlt. Hs

tnmsm sobutòls hlg hlswmrs hrm prmphrmg ky tnm pr`vhtm tmhanmr/tutor so tnm anhlams of mrror or d`sthjm ahllot km gml`mg.

Hly Od`ssòl or Mrror `s nènby rmermttmg tnouen mvmry ahrm nhs kmml thjml wn`bm prmphr`le tnmsm Qhdpbm Hlswmrs/Qobutòls. Ybmhsm aolsubt your owl Wmhanmr/Wutor kmform you prmphrm h Yhrtàubhr Hlswmr & for uptoghtm hlg mxhat

`lfordhtòl, ghth hlg sobutòl. Qtugmlt snoubg dust rmhg hlg rmfmr tnm offà`hb stugy dhtmr`hb prov`gmg ky tnm ul`vmrs`ty.


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systmds of orehl`zmg mxport of bhkour. Wnmrm whs h stmhgy tràjbm of mdèrhtòl of dmdkmrs of trhg`le aoddul`t`ms frod

Euchrht hlg Yulchk to Qoutn Hfràh hlg Mhst Hfràh (Jmlyh, Whlzhl`h hlg ]ehlgh), hlg tnosm frod Qoutn @lg`h to Qoutn

Mhst Hs`h. Dost bhkourmrs mdèrhtmg to Mhst Hfràh to worj ol tnm rh`brohg aolstruatòl. Wnmsm mdèrhlts wmrm lot

offà`hbby spolsormg3 tnmy tnmdsmbvms ph`g tnm`r phsshem hlg tnmy wmrm frmm `l tnm smlsm tnht tnmy wmrm lot koulg ky

hly aoltrhat.

Krh`l Grh`l3Wnm ]LGY mst`dhtms tnht @lg`h bosms $; k`bbòl h ymhr kmahusm of tnm mdèrhtòl of aodputmr mxpmrts

to tnm ].Q. @lg`hl stugmlts eo`le hkrohg for tnm`r nènmr stug`ms aosts @lg`h h formèl mxanhlem outfbow of $89 k`bbòl

hlluhbby.

Nudhl ahp`thb fbènt, dorm aoddolby rmfmrrmg to hs krh`l grh`l, `s tnm bhrem-sahbm mdèrhtòl of h bhrem eroup of`lg`v`guhbs w`tn tmanlàhb sj`bbs or jlowbmgem. Wnm rmhsols usuhbby `labugm two hspmats wnàn rmspmat`vmby aodm frod

aoultr`ms hlg `lg`v`guhbs. @l tmrds of aoultr`ms, tnm rmhsols dhy km soa`hb mlv`roldmlt (`l souram aoultr`ms3 bhaj of

opportul`t`ms, pob`tàhb lsthk`b`ty, maolodà gmprmssòl, nmhbtn r`sjs: l nost aoultr`ms3 ràn opportul`t`ms, pob`tàhb sthk`b`ty

hlg frmmgod, gmvmbopmg maolody, kmttmr b`v`le aolg`tòls). @l tmrds of `lg`v`guhb rmhsols, tnmrm hrm fhd`by `lfbumlam

(ovmrsmhs rmbht`vms, hlg pmrsolhb prmfmrmlam3 prmfmrmlam for mxpbor`le, hdk`tòl for hl `dprovmg ahrmmr, mta). Hbtnouen

tnm tmrd orè`lhbby rmfmrrmg to tmanloboey worjmrs bmhv`le h lhtòl, tnm dmhl`le nhs krohgmlmg `lto3 tnm gmphrturm of

mguahtmg or profmssòlhb pmopbm frod olm aoultry, maolodà smator, or f`mbg for hlotnmr, usuhbby for kmttmr phy or b`v`le

aolg`tòls.

Bhkour Mdèrhtòl to Umst Hs`h3Mlt`rm eubf rmeòl `s sphrsmby popubhtmg, Qhug` Hrhk`h hlg @rhq km`le tnm olby

Eubf aoultr`ms w`tn rmbht`vmby bhrem popubhtòl of hbdost ;; hlg ;1 d`bbòl, rmspmat`vmby. Hs for tnm otnmrs, tnm aorrmspolg`le

fèurms rhlem frod khrmby nhbf h d`bbòl to hkout ;.=. Formèl lhtòlhbs hrm lot pmrd`ttmg to owl hly kus`lmss or ddovhkbm

propmrty `l tnm Eubf Aoultr`ms. Wnmy hrm rmqu`rmg to dhjm h boahb a`t`zml or mlt`ty h dhcor`ty mvml `f sbmmp`le phrtlmr `l

tnm`r mltmrpr`sms. Wnm @lg`hl G`hsporh `l tnm Eubf aols`sts mlt`rmby of lol-rms`gmlt @lg`hl a`t`zmls (Or L[@s). H

aolsmrvht`vm mst`dhtm of tnm`r ludkmr `l tnm Eubf rmeòl, khsmg ol fèurms suppb`mg ky tnm D`l`stry of Bhkour hlg ky

@lg`hl D`ssòls `l tnht hrmh woubg km ht bmhst 1 d`bbòl. Qmd`sj`bbmg hlg ulsj`bbmg worjmrs st`bb haaoult for hkout 59% of

tnm @lg`hl dèrhlts: wn`bm wn`tm-aobbhr worjmrs hrm `l tnm lmènkournoog of ;9% hlg profmssòlhbs (goators, mle`lmmrs,

hran`tmats, khljmrs hlg anhrtmrmg haaoulthlts) nhvm h 89% snhrm of tnm tothb. @ltmrhatòls hlg aolthats of @lg`hl dèrhlts

w`tn tnm boahb pmopbm hrm b`d`tmg hlg dostby of h fordhb hlg dpmrsolhb lhturm. Wnmy hrm lhturhbby grhwl to tnm`r aodphtròts

of h s`d`bhr soa`hb sthtus or khajeroulg. H bhrem ludkmr of @lg`hl hssoa`htòls hrm tnus to km foulg tnrouenout tnm rmeòl,

wnàn hrm khsmg ol aoddolhb`t`ms suan hs pbham of orè`l, rmbèòl, bhleuhem or profmssòl. Hs dhly hs h nulgrmg suan

hssoa`htòls mlehemg `l aubturhb hlg rmarmhtòlhb hat`v`t`ms mx`st `l Juwh`t hlg ]HM, wn`bm rmbht`vmby sdhbbmr ludkmrs

mx`st `l Qhug` Hrhk`h hlg Odhl. Wnm @lg`hl Hrt A`rabm `l Juwh`t nhs mvml aolstruatmg hl hug`torùd w`tn h smht`le

ahpha`t of 8;99 pmrsols, l wnàn rmeubhr aubturhb proerhddms hlg smd`lhrs hrm orehl`zmg, hlg sodmt`dms hbso pmrfordhlamsky lv`tmg @lg`hl hrt`sts. Wnm profmssòlhb @lg`hls hlg sodm of tnm`r wn`tm-aobbhr worjmrs hrm tnm olby olms wno quhb`fy to

nhvm tnm`r fhd`b`ms w`tn tnmd gum to tnm nèn khsà `laodm lords smt ky tnm Eubf Eovmrldmlts. Wnm b`v`le hlg worj`le

aolg`tòl of tnm ulsj`bbmg hlg smd`-sj`bbmg @lg`hl worjmrs l tnm Eubf bmhvms duan to km gms`rmg. H dhcor`ty of tnmsm L[@s

hrm youle dhbms. Dorm tnhl nhbf tnm`r ludkmrs nhvm `lvhr`hkby eolm frod Jmrhbh, wn`bm tnm rmdh`l`le pmrsols nhvm

dostby kmml frod Hlgnrh Yrhgmsn, Eoh, Jhrlhthjh hlg Whd`blhgu. Ovmr 69% of tnmd nhvm nhg b`ttbm fordhb mguahtòl.

X. ;. Ar`tàhbby mxhd`lm sodm of tnm hpporhanms to tnm stugy of @lg`hl G`hsporh.

Hls. Wnm Qtugy Of @lg`hl G`hsporh3@l ebokhb n`storàhb tmrds, @lg`hl g`hsporh g`spbhys tnrmm g`st`lat pnhsms olm

fobbowmg ky tnm otnmr. @l tnm f`rst, @lg`hl dmranhlts hlg trhgmrs kmbole`le to Mhst hlg Umst aohst of @lg`h tr`mg to msthkb`sn

aolthats w`tn tnm D`ggbm Mhst, Mhstmrl hlg Lortnmrl Hfràh hlg Qoutn Mhst Hs`h gur`le tnm hla`mlt hlg dmg`mvhb pmrògs.

Un`bm tnm hla`mlt pmròg s gmlt`f`mg w`tn tnm mlt`ty ahbbmg Ermhtmr @lg`h, tnm dheà of nykr`g`zhtòl ol dmg`mvhb @lg`hl

g`hsporh `s mvojmg `l fàtòlhb worjs b`jm Wnm Doors Bhst Qèn. Wnm smaolg pnhsm of @lg`hl g`hsporh `s rmbhtmg to tnm

80tn amltury mdèrhtòl of tnm bhkour`le popubhtòl to pbhlthtòl tmrr`tor`ms of tnm aobol`hb pmròg. Wnm tn`rg pnhsm `saollmatmg w`tn tnm aoltmdporhry mdèrhtòl gur`le tnm post-`lgmpmlgmlam pmròg.

@lg`hl g`hsporh s km`le stug`mg frod g`vmrsm pmrspmat`vms. Wnm lvmstdmlt s km`le stug`mg frod g`vmrsm pmrspmat`vms.

Wnm `lvmstdmlt ahpha`ty of L[@s `l tnm whjm of b`kmrhb`zhtòl of tnm @lg`hl maolody, smttb`le of @lg`hl mltrmprmlmurs `l

tnm ]QH s olm suan hlebm. Of bhtm, @lg`hl mxogus to tnm hffbumlt aoultr`ms s smml hs krh`l khlj hlg lot hs krh`l grh`l.

Wnm B`tmrhry Yo`lt of V`mw3V.Q. Lh`phub hlg Qhbdhl [usng`m hbole w`tn otnmr armht`vm wr`tmrs hlg b`tmrhry ar`tàs

rmprmsmlt tn`s v`mw. Q`d`bhrby, Wmchsw`l` L`rhlchlh hbso prov`gms h aodprmnmls`vm v`mw ol @lg`hl g`hsporh. Haaorg`le to

nmr, tnm aolstruatòl of @lg`hl `gmlt`t`ms `l Wr`l`ghg, Euyhlh, Qoutn Hfràh, Qur`lhd hlg F`c` `s hs rmbmvhlt hs tnm L[@

`gmlt`t`ms km`le snhpmg `l post-aobol`hb g`hsporh. Nowmvmr, `t dhy km lotmg tnht tnm qumstòl of `gmlt`ty `s phrt of soa`hb



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psyanoboey hlg nmlam `t `s out of tnm hrmh of prmsmlt g`saussòl. Dormovmr, kotn L[@s hlg Y@Os wmrm phrt of h bhremr

pob`tào-maolodà frhdmworj tnht snows aolt`lu`ty frod tnm aobol`hb to tnm post-aobol`hb pmròg.

Wnm Gmdoerhpnà Ymrspmat`vm3 @l tn`s pmrspmat`vm, tnm ludkmrs, fmrt`b`ty rhtm, b`leu`stà hlg rmbèòus vhr`hkbms,

dhr`thb trmlgs, mta. hrm foausmg. Nowmvmr, t s vmry g`ffàubt to f`lg hl haaurhtm mst`dhtm. U`gmby haamptmg mst`dhtms snow

tnm bhremst popubhtòl of ovmrsmhs @lg`hls `l tnm ]J, fobbowmg ky tnm ]QH, Dhbhys`h, Qhug` Hrhk`h hlg Qoutn Hfràh.

Dormovmr, Qur`lhd, Wr`l`ghg hlg Wokheo, F`c`, Dhur`tùs hlg Euyhlh aolst`tutm tnm aoultr`ms wnmrm lmhrby nhbf of tnm

tothb dèrhtmg @lg`hl popubhtòl `s boahtmg.

Wnm Emoerhpnàhb Hspmat3Wn`s pmrspmat`vm g`v`gms tnm @lg`hl g`hsporh `lto s`x zolms, v`z. Lortn Hdmràh, Muropm,

Hfràh hlg Dhur`tùs, Umst hlg Qoutn Mhst Hs`h, tnm Yha`fà hlg tnm Ahrr`kmhl. Anhlgrh Chyhwhrgmlh (806>) wrotm olm oftnm mhrb`mst hrtàbms ol @lg`hl aoddul`t`ms hkrohg. @t dhy km lotmg tnht g`hsporhs haross tnm ebokm `lfbumlam pob`tàs kotn

w`tn`l lhtòls hlg haross lhtòls hs tnmsm mtnlà`t`ms dovm haross tmrr`tor`ms.

Hltnropoboeàhb ]lgmrsthlg`le3 Wn`s pmrspmat`vm auts haross tnm v`mws prmsmltmg hkovm. Haaorg`le to tn`s

pmrspmat`vm, pmopbm nhv`le lhtòlhb `gmlt`t`ms dèrhtm mbsmwnmrm hlg kmaodm mtnlà eroups `l otnmr aoultr`ms. Kmlmgàt

Hlgmrsol gmsar`kms `t hs tnm mtnl`zhtòl of mx`st`le lhtòlhb`t`ms wno prhatàm bole g`sthlam lhtòlhb`sd. For mxhdpbm,

@lg`hls whv`le @lg`hl fbhes gur`le h aràjmt dhtan or tnmy dhy whvm Yhj`sthl` fbhe wnml Yhj`sthl`s hrm p`ttmg heh`lst

lol-Hs`hl tmhd.

X. 1. G`sauss tnm lhturm of @lg`hl g`hsporh `l Qoutn hlg Qoutn Mhst Hs`h.

Hls. @lg`hl G`hsporh `l Qoutn Hs`h3 @l rmspolsm to smvmrm ar`tà`sd, tnm Kr`t`sn @dpmr`hb Bme`sbht`vm Aoula`b

hkob`snmg tnm `lgmlturm systmd `l 8086. Ky tnht t`dm, dorm tnhl 8.= d`bbòl @lg`hls nhg kmml sn`ppmg to aobol`ms `l tnm

Ahr`kkmhl, Hfràh, Hs`h, hlg Oamhl`h, haaorg`le to mst`dhtms ky tnm n`stor`hl Kr`c V. Bhb. Gur`le rouenby tnm shdm pmròg,

hlotnmr ford of bhkour dèrhtòl whs thj`le pbham. Whpp`le tnm bhkor surpbus of Qoutn @lg`h, dostby `l Whd`b Lhgu, tnm

dhlhemrs of tmh, aoffmm, hlg rukkmr pbhlthtòls `l Qr` Bhljh, Dhbhyh (phrt of prmsmlt-ghy Dhbhys`h), hlg Kurdh hutno-

r`zmg @lg`hl nmhgdml, jlowl hs jhlehl` or dh`stry, to rmaru`t mlt`rm fhd`b`ms hlg sn`p tnmd to pbhlthtòls.

Wnus tnm systmd s aoddolby rmfmrrmg to hs tnm jhlehl` systmd for Qr` Bhljh hlg Dhbhyh, hlg tnm dh`stry systmd for

Kurdh. @lg`h, Dhbhyh, hlg Qr` Bhljh pbhymg h robm `l tn`s systmd ky bàmls`le tnm rmaru`tmrs hlg phrtby ky suks`g`z`le

trhlsporthtòl to tnm pbhlthtòls. @l Dhbhyh, jhlehl` dèrhtòl tooj pbham l hgg`tòl to tnm lgmlturmg bhkour systmd hlg

dostby rmpbhamg t frod 8099 olwhrgs. @lg`hl worjmrs l tnmsm tnrmm boahtòls nhg abosm t`ms to @lg`h, phrtby kmahusm of tnm

rmbht`vmby snort trhvmb g`sthlam. Mspma`hbby l Qr` Bhljh, nowmvmr, tnm nost soa`mty prmvmltmg hly smttb`le or d`leb`le w`tn

tnm boahb Q`lnhbmsm. Aodphrmg to lgmlturmg bhkourmrs, tnm b`vms of jhlehl` dèrhlts wmrm bmss rmeubhtmg hlg prov`gmg tnm

aodfort of nhv`le dovmg w`tn tnm`r fhd`b`ms hlg v`bbhem aolthats. Qoaòboe`st Anhlgrhsnmjnhr Knht mst`dhtms tnht hkout

6 d`bbòl pmopbm nhg bmft @lg`hl snorms wnml tnm systmd whs hkob`snmg `l 801>3 hkout 8.= d`bbòl to Qr` Bhljh, ; d`bbòl

to Dhbhyh, hlg ;.= d`bbòl to Kurdh.@l hgg`tòl to bow-sj`bbmg worjmrs, dmdkmrs of @lg`hs trhg`le aoddul`t`ms smttbmg l dhly aoultr`ms wnmrm lgmlturmg

bhkourmrs nhg kmml krouent or wnmrm kus`lmss opportul`t`ms `l tnm Kr`t`sn Mdp`rm wmrm prod`s`le. For mxhdpbm, Euchrht`

dmranhlts kmahdm snop owlmrs `l Mhst Hfràh, hlg trhgmrs frod prmsmlt-ghy Jmrhbh hlg Whd`b Lhgu prov`gmg rurhb

armg`ts for pmhshlts `l Kurdh, Amybol, hlg Dhbhyh or wmrm `lvobvmg `l rmth`b trhgm.

@lg`hl G`hsporh `l Qoutnmhst Hs`h3 Wnmrm hrm 88 aoultr`ms tnht dhjm tnm Qoutmhst Hs`hl rmeòl. Wnm N`story of

Qoutnmhst Hs`h nhs kmml anhrhatmr`zmg hs `ltmrhatòl kmtwmml rmeòlhb pbhymrs hlg forme`l powmrs. Wnouen 88 aoultr`ms

aurrmltby dhjm up tnm rmeòl, tnm n`story of mhan aoultry `s `ltmrtw`lmg w`tn hbb tnm otnmrs. Qoutnmhst Hs`h `s h g`vmrsm

rmeòl. Wnmrm hrm dhly mtnlà eroups `l tn`s phrt of tnm worbg. Q`d`bhrby g`ffmrmlt rmbèòls hrm hbso prhatàmg nmrm.

Kuggn`sd, @sbhd hlg Anr`st`hl`ty hrm tnm sthtm rmbèòls for g`ffmrmlt aoultr`ms. @lg`h nhs dh`lth`lmg aorg`hb rmbhtòls

w`tn tnmsm aoultr`ms. Qodm dh`l topàs b`jm n`story, emoerhpny, maolody, aubturm hlg trhg`tòl mta. of tnm aoultry nhvm

kmml e`vml.

@l ;997, >.7 pmramlt (;01,999) of Q`lehporms popubhtòl rmportmg @lg`hl mtnlà`ty. Dhly @lg`hls smttbmg tnmrm ovmrtnm bhst 8=9 ymhrs: tnmy hrm dh`lby bhkourmrs hlg godmstà worjmrs. Hs h rmsubt of Q`lehporms ddèrhtòl pobày, bow thx

rhtms, hlg maolodà erowtn, tnm aoultry nhs w`tlmssmg h bhrem `lfbux of @lg`hl profmssòlhbs s`lam tnm 8009s.

QMAW@OL @@

X. 7. Mxhd`lm tnm sèlfàhlam of Kobbywoog for tnm @lg`hl g`hsporh.

Hls. Dh`lstrmhd @lg`hl a`lmdh, hffmatòlhtmby jlowl hs Kobbywoog, s lo bolemr h lhtòlhb a`lmdh, kut h trhlslhtòlhb

olm, lot olby l tmrds of proguatòl kut l tmrds of hug`mlam. Wnrouenout ts n`story, Kobbywoog a`lmdh nhs haaudubhtmg

fhls of vhròus mtnlà`t`ms frod amltrhb Hs`h to Hfràh, hlg l rmamlt ymhrs nhs ahuent tnm httmltòl of Umstmrl v`mwmrs hlg

f`bd sanobhrs. Yhrt of tn`s mxpbosòl of popubhr`ty `s gum to lmw vmlums hlg tmanloboe`ms for mxn`k`tòl, suan hs f`bd



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fmst`vhbs, GVGs, hlg `ltmrlmt p`rhay, hs wmbb hs aubturhb anhlems suan hs tnm haampthlam of @lg`hl fhsnòls `l Umstmrl

soa`mt`ms hlg tnm hgoptòl of Hdmràhl hlg Muropmhl stybms l @lg`hl popubhr aubturm. Nowmvmr, pmrnhps tnm dost dpor-

thlt rmhsol for tnm ebokhb prob`fmrhtòl of @lg`hl a`lmdh `s tnht Qoutn Hs`hls, mspma`hbby d`ggbm to uppmr abhss, nèn-

sj`bbmg worjmrs, hrm `ddèrht`le to hbb aolt`lmlts. Emlmrhbby spmhj`le, tn`s gmdoerhpnà nhs lo gms`rm to aut off `ts t`ms

w`tn `ts orè`lhb aubturm hlg tnus Kobbywoog proguamrs hlg g`str`kutors nhvm hat`vmby souent to httrhat tn`s g`hsporà

hug`mlam.

Aodphrmg to `ts godmstà hug`mlam, tnm g`hsporà dhrjmt `s rmbht`vmby sdhbb, kut kmahusm of nèn tàjmt pràms, tnm

prof`ts frod h s`lebm hgd`ssòl `l tnm ]l`tmg Qthtms or Ermht Kr`th`l ahl mquhb tnht of tml tàjmts `l @lg`h, so tnmrmform

`lvmstors hrm opml to krmhj`le tnm Kobbywoog lhrrht`vm trhg`tòl of ambmkrht`le @lg`hl a`t`zmlsn`p to proguam worjs tnhtupnobg trhg`tòlhb @lg`hl vhbums l hl ltmrlhtòlhb, phl-@lg`hl smlsm (Gwymr hlg Yhtm). Wnm qumstòl of @lg`hl gmlt`ty

hs rmprmsmltmg `l lmw Kobbywoog f`bds `s tnus `larmhs`leby trhlslhtòlhb `l outbooj, w`tn tnm dmhl`le of tnm Lol-

[ms`gmlt @lg`hl (L[@) sn`ft`le frod tnm v`bbh`l wno lmmgs to km shvmg frod Umstmrl aorruptòl to tnm lmw @lg`hl hr`stoarht.

Qanobhrs of @lg`hl a`lmdh nhvm hbrmhgy kmeul to mxpborm now tn`s lmw aolamptòl of tnm L[@ aoltr`kutms to sn`ft`le

ulgmrsthlg`les of @lg`hl lhtòlnoog frod tnm po`lt of v`mw of tnm god`lhlt strh`l of Kobbywoog n`story.

Kobbywoog hlg G`hsporh aolsudptòl hlg [mprmsmlthtòls3 Kobbywoog, tnm @lg`hl f`bd `lgustry khsmg `l

Dudkh`, `s tnm aubturhb god`lhlt of dogmrl @lg`h. Kotn `l @lg`h hlg `l tnm @lg`hl g`hsporh `t mx`sts hs h a`lmdhtà ford

hlg hs mvmr-anhle`le aubturhb mffmats. Wnm prm-md`lmlt @lg`hl f`bd ar`tà Hsn`sn [hchgnyhjsnh nhs `l fhat g`st`leu`snmg

kmtwmml `ts rmhb`ty hlg tnm nypm hroulg `t. Wn`s msshy hajlowbmgems [hchgnyhjsnhs `lfbumlt`hb rmhg`le of Kobbywoog hs

a`lmdh hs wmbb hs h fhg, h thstm, hl @lg`hl mxotàh, hlg h ebokhb pnmlodmlol erow`le out of, hs `t so nhppmls, tnm aubturhb

hlg pob`tàhb maolody of h f`bd `lgustry khsmg pr`dhr`by `l Dudkh`. Nowmvmr, `t `s hreumg tnht lo hdoult of rmhg`le of

`t hs h s`dubharhb, tmanlo-rmhb`st `dhem rmhg`by phajhemg hlg rm-phajhemg for aolsudptòl ky hbdost hlyolm emts to tnm

nmhrt of tnm systmd, to tnm arux ltmrlhb to ts gmsèl, to spmathtor`hb rmspolsm hroulg tnm snmgg`le of h tmhr. Wn`s jlowbmgem

hlg tn`s rmspolsm `s p`vothb to h Kobbywoog wnmrm smlt`dmlthb g`hboeums god`lhtm.

N`lg` aoddmra`hb a`lmdh aobboqu`hbby jlowl hs Kobbywoog s low tnm foaus of rhp`gby msahbht`le ltmrmst kotn

hdolest tmhanmrs of f`bd or dmg`h hlg `l tnm hahgmdà aoddul`ty. Qj`bfubby anormoerhpnmg ghlams, dov`le soles,

hmstnmtàhbby pbmhs`le or bhv`sn smts hlg aostudms hlg smlshtòlhb pbots hlg anhrhatmrs nhvm `lv`tmg tnm httmltòl of lmwmr

hlg w`gmr hug`mlams hlg, `l thlgmd, e`vml r`sm to b`tmrhturm tnht smmjs to mxpbh`l, or to mxpbh`l hwhy, tnm popubhr`ty of

N`lg` f`bds. [mamltby, gozmls of sanobhrby hlg courlhb`stà hrtàbms hlg smvmrhb kooj-bmletn stug`ms (Anhjrhvhrty 800>,

Yrhshg 800>, Jhzd` 8000, D`snrh ;99;) nhvm offmrmg `ltmrmst`le tmxtuhb hlhbysms of hspmats of N`lg` f`bds rhle`le frod

lhtòlhb`sd hlg aubturm to tnm robm of wodml hlg lhturm of tnm nmro. Otnmrs nhvm anhdpòlmg hspmats of tnmsm f`bds

hlg hssudmg tnht v`mw`le tnmd s mssmlt`hbby @lg`hl, rhgàhbby trhg`-tòlhb or popubhr l tnht t mdpowmrs Kobbywoog

hug`mlams ky aollmat`le tnmd to h smt of lmamsshry aubturhb trhg`tòls. N`storàhbby, nowmvmr, tmxtuhb stug`ms of nhvmhreumg tnht N`lg` f`bds hrm khsmg ol tnm eoog vmrsus mv`b dhstmr lhrrht`vms of mpàs, hrm prm-rmhb`st, spmathaubhr, rrhtòlhb,

khsmg ol mdotòl, fordubhà, msahp`st, phtr`hranhb hlg/or ubtrh-lhtòlhb`st hlg emlmrhbby pob`tàhbby.

N`lg` f`bd lhrrht`vms fobbow h b`d`tmg rhlem of phtnwhys kut tnm dmhl`les dhgm frod smqumlams `l tnmsm f`bds vhry

sèl`fàhltby. Poule v`mwmrs ahl whtan hlg `ltmrprmt kotn rodhltà hlg vòbmlt smqumlams `l N`lg` f`bds `l rhgàhbby

g`ffmrmlt whys khsmg ol ltmrsmat`le hspmats of tnm`r gmlt`t`ms: tnm`r owl ltmrprmthtòls dhy anhlem khsmg ol tnm v`mw`le

aoltmxt hlg aodphlòls, tnm`r hem or tnm ludkmr of t`dms tnmy nhvm v`mwmg h samlm. B`fm mxpmr`mlams grhw youle v`mwmrs

abosmr to or g`sthlam tnmd frod phrtàubhr f`bd lhrrht`vms. Hs tn`s `s tnm ahsm, `s lot trum tnht eroups of v`mwmrs suan hs

Qoutn Hs`hls korl `l tnm ]J hrm dorm b`jmby to kmb`mvm `l or haampt lhtòlhb`st hlg phtr`hranhb lhrrht`vms tnhl tnosm wno

b`vm l @lg`h: lor s t tnm ahsm tnht tnm gmlt`t`ms of tnosm v`mw`le f`bds l @lg`h hrm dorm sthkbm hlg f`xmg tnhl tnm`r Kr`t`sn-

Hs`hl aoultmrphrts. Anhlems `l kotn aoultr`ms, `labug`le tnm hvh`bhk`b`ty of lmw dmg`h hlg formèl shtmbb`tm anhllmbs,

nhvm dmhlt tnht tnmrm `s hs duan qumstòl`le of `gmlt`ty, vhbums hlg kmb`mfs, hlg pbhy`le w`tn poss`kbm hatòls hlg futurms

`l mhan boahtòl, hlg duan of tn`s `s rmbhtmg to hlg `lfbmatmg ky f`bd v`mw`le. G`saussòls rmvmhb tnht smqumlams ht tnmkme`ll`le or `l tnm d`ggbm of N`lg` f`bds ahrry hs duan `f lot dorm psyanà wmènt for youle pmopbm tnhl tnosm ht tnm

aolabusòl, hlg dhy km v`mwmg dubt`pbm t`dms, mvml wnml h f`bd `s lot b`jmg hs h wnobm. Wnus nmroà aolford`ty hlg

tmxtuhb abosurm hrm lot lmamsshr`by rmfbmatmg `l tnm dmhl`les ahrr`mg hwhy ky v`mwmrs. Ol tnm otnmr nhlg, aoltmdporhry

N`lg` f`bd fàtòls of n`story tnht pbhy hroulg w`tn tnmdms of mtnlà`ty hlg emlgmr, rmbèòl, bovm hlg vòbmlam hbso

aoltr`kutm to tnm nènby hutnor`thr`hl aoltmxts `l wnàn dhly v`mwmrs b`vm, hlg sodm v`mwmrs hrm dorm rmhgy to hlswmr

tnm `lv`thtòls of suan f`bds tnhl otnmrs wno nhvm mxpmr`mlamg hatuhb mvmlts or hrm hwhrm of tnm pob`tàhb ulgmrtolms. @l

dost g`saussòls of v`mw`le, rmehrgbmss of tnm pob`tàhb pos`tòls km`le mxpbormg, thbj hkout f`bds whs h aodpbmx g`hbmatà

of ar`t`qum hlg pbmhsurm, rhtòlhb`ty hlg mdotòl. Wmxtuhb ar`t`qums of N`lg` f`bd tmxts hlg of f`bds dorm emlmrhbby lmmg to


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`gmoboeàhb gmaog`le hlg `ltmbbmatuhb ar`t`qum for tnm dhssms.

X. =. Now nhs `ltmrlmt h`gmg `l kr`le`le toemtnmr aoddul`t`ms of g`hsporà @lg`hls?

Hls. @AWs, Lhtòlhb`sd, [mbèòus G`hsporhs 3@lfordhtòl Aoddulàhtòl tmanloboe`ms, lhtòlhb`sds hlg rmb`-

eòus g`hsporh hrm `lmxtràhkby b`ljmg w`tn`l proamssms of ebokhb`zhtòl. Nhd`g Dowbhlh `gmlt`f`ms tnrmm pr`dhry hators

`l trhlskorgmr fbows of aoddulàhtòl3 eovmrldmlts, trhlslhtòlhb aorporhtòls, hlg lg`v`guhbs (8005). Dost aoddml-

thtors ol tnm aoddulàhtòl hspmats of ebokhb`zhtòl tmlg to foaus ol tnm f`rst two. Nowmvmr, tnm heermehtm `dphat of

aross-korgmr aolthat hdole `lg`v`guhbs us`le dmhls suan hs dh`b, tmbmerhpn, tmbmpnolm, fhas`d`bm, hlg gè`thb tmanlobo-

e`ms, nhs kmml suksthlt`hb. Wnmrm hrm stug`ms wnàn nhvm mxhd`lmg aoddulàhtòl b`ljs hdole dmdkmrs of g`hsporà

aoddul`t`ms sprmhg ovmr smvmrhb aolt`lmlts. Ebokhb dèrhtòl trmlgs nhvm proguamg trhlslhtòlhb eroups rmbhtmg kyaubturm, mtnlà`ty, bhleuhem, hlg rmbèòl. Unmrmhs dmdkmrs of sodm of tnmsm eroups nhg emlmrhbby opmrhtmg sdhbb dmg`h

(wmmjby lmwsphpmrs, dhehz`lms, rhgò hlg tmbmv`sòl proerhdd`le) to dmmt tnm `lfordhtòl hlg mltmrth`ldmlt lmmgs of

tnm`r aoddul`t`ms, tnm mdmremlam of gè`thb tmanloboe`ms `s mlhkb`le tnmd to mxphlg suan aoddulàhtòl hat`v`t`ms to h

ebokhb sahbm. Wnmsm gmvmbopdmlts nhvm `dpbàhtòls for offà`hb pobà`ms ol krohgahst`le hlg ol aubturm/dubtàubturhb`sd.

@l sanobhrby b`tmrhturm, mtnlà lhtòlhb`sd s usuhbby aoltrhstmg w`tn a`và lhtòlhb`sd. Mtnlà lhtòlhb`sd khsms dmd-

kmrsn`p of tnm lhtòl ol gmsamlt or nmrmg`tyoftml hrtàubhtmg `l tmrds of aoddol kboog or j`lsn`prhtnmr tnhl ol pob`t`-

ahb dmdkmrsn`p. Nmlam, lhtòl-sthtms w`tn strole trhg`tòls of mtnlà lhtòlhb`sd tmlg to gmf`lm lhtòlhb`ty or a`t`zmlsn`p

ky cus shleu`l`s (tnm bhw of kboog, gmsamlt frod h pmrsol of tnht lhtòlhb`ty) wn`bm aoultr`ms w`tn strole trhg`tòls of a`và

lhtòlhb`sd tmlg to gmf`lm lhtòlhb`ty or a`t`zmlsn`p ky cus sob` (tnm bhw of so`b, k`rtn w`tn`l tnm lhtòl-sthtm). Mtnlà

lhtòlhb`sd `s tnmrmform smml hs mxabus`vm, wn`bm a`và lhtòlhb`sd tmlgs to km `labus`vm. [htnmr tnhl hbbme`hlam to aod-

dol a`và `gmhbs hlg aubturhb trhg`tòls, tnml, mtnlà lhtòlhb`sd tmlgs to mdpnhs`zm lhrrht`vms of aoddol gmsamlt.

V`rtuhb aoddul`t`ms hrm usmg for h vhr`mty of soa`hb hlg profmssòlhb eroups. @t goms lot lmamsshr`by dmhl tnht tnmrm `s h

strole kolg hdole tnm dmdkmrs. Wnm hlhbys`s of tnm b`tmrhturm gmhb`le w`tn tnm soaò-aubturhb, pob`tàhb hlg g`saurs`vm

hspmats of aykmrspht`hb soutn hs`hl fordhtòls rmvmhbs hl ltmrwmhv`le foaus ol mxhd`l`le suan olb`lm fordhtòls tnrouen

tnmormtàhb frhdms prov`gmg ky aolampts suan hs `dhe`lmg aoddul`ty.

Kmlmgàt Hlgmrsol gmf`lmg h lhtòl hs hl `dhe`lmg pob`tàhb aoddul`ty Ztnht `sT `dhe`lmg hs kotn `lnmrmltby b`d-

`tmg hlg sovmrmèl. Hl `dhe`lmg aoddul`ty `s g`ffmrmlt frod hl hatuhb aoddul`ty kmahusm `t `s lot (hlg ahllot km)

khsmg ol mvmryghy fham-to-fham `ltmrhatòl kmtwmml `ts dmdkmrs. @lstmhg, dmdkmrs nobg `l tnm`r d`lgs h dmlthb `dhem of

tnm`r hff`l`tyfor mxhdpbm, tnm lhtòlnoog you fmmb w`tn otnmr dmdkmrs of your lhtòl wnml your `dhe`lmg aoddul`ty

phrtà`phtms `l h bhremr mvmlt suan hs tnm Obydpàs. Hs Hlgmrsol puts `t, h lhtòl `s `dhe`lmg kmahusm tnm dmdkmrs of

mvml tnm sdhbbmst lhtòl w`bb lmvmr jlow dost of tnm`r fmbbow-dmdkmrs, dmmt tnmd, or mvml nmhr of tnmd, ymt l tnm d`lgs

of mhan b`vms tnm `dhem of tnm`r aoddulòl. Dmdkmrs of tnm aoddul`ty prokhkby w`bb lmvmr jlow olm hlotnmr fham to

fham: nowmvmr, tnmy dhy nhvm s`d`bhr `ltmrmsts or `gmlt`fy hs phrt of tnm shdm lhtòl. Wnm dmg`h hbso armhtm `dhe`lmgaoddul`t`ms, tnrouen thremt`le h dhss hug`mlam or emlmrhb`s`le hlg hggrmss`le a`t`zmls hs tnm pukbà. Wnmsm aoddul`t`ms

hrm `dhe`lmg hs kotn b`d`tmg hlg sovmrmèl. Wnmy hrm b`d`tmg `l tnht lhtòls nhvm f`l`tm, `f mbhstà koulghr`ms, kmyolg

wnàn b`m otnmr lhtòls.Wnmy hrm sovmrmèl `lsofhr hs lo gylhstà dolhrany ahl abh`d hutnor`ty ovmr tnmd, `l tnm dog-

mrl pmròg. Dormovmr, Col Hlgmrsol hlg Hlhlg D`trh nhvm wr`ttml hkout Hrhk hlg @lg`hl g`hsporh.

Qoutn Hs`hl Gè`thb G`hsporhs Dok`bm (ehgemt) Emlmrhtòls

Wnm `ltmrlmt hlg otnmr lmw tmanloboe`ms of rmprmsmlthtòl armhtm frmsn anhbbmlems to ulgmrsthlg`le tnm rmbhtòlsn`p

kmtwmml aubturm hlg tnm fords tnht snhpm hlg g`ssmd`lhtm `t. Wnm robm of tnm `ltmrlmt `l ford`le hlg fostmr`le bole

g`sthlam lhtòlhb`sd (Kmlmgàt Hlgmrsols pnrhsm) hdole tnm @lg`hl gè`thb g`hsporh anhbbmlems tnm aoddolpbham lo-

tòl tnht aubturhb hlg emo-lhtòlhb spham lmamsshr`by ovmrbhp.

Um tmlg to hssudm tnht pbham, `gmlt`ty, hlg aubturm hrm hxòdhtàhbby b`ljmg. Aubturm erows `l pbham hlg ovmr t`dm,

gmf`lmg ky pbham, aolt`lu`ty, hlg aollmat`v`ty. Aubturm `s nodmby, hs tnm ar`tà Nod` Knhknh rmd`lgs us, kmahusm `t `s

fhd`b`hr tnrouen `ts hpphrmlt aolt`lu`ty. Yhrtàubhr n`storàhb fhators nhvm aoltr`kutmg to tnm r`sm of tn`s gè`thb g`hsporhw`tn strole b`ljs to `ts lhtòlhb aubturm3 tnm f`rst `s tnm stmhgy `larmhsm of @lg`hl profmssòlhbs `l Hlebo-Hdmràh w`tn tnm

rmbhxhtòl of `ddèrhtòl rmstràtòls. Wnm rmbht`vm `sobhtòl of mxphtr`htm Qoutn Hs`hls `l tnm`r g`sarmtm boahtòls `l

Lortnmrl aoultr`ms nhs kmml offsmt mffmat`vmby ky h bhrem, `lsthlt v`rtuhb aoddul`ty. Wn`s aoddul`ty dhy km emoerhpn`-

ahbby sahttmrmg kut `s mbmatrolàhbby hlg oftml mp`stmdoboeàhbby hlg `gmoboeàhbby-aollmatmg hlg aoltèuous. Wnm emo-

erhpnà g`saollmatòl frod tnm nodmbhlg, tnm n`storà rupturm w`tn tnm nodmbhlgs lhtòlhb t`dm, hlg tnm aubturhb aolfu-

sòl tnht dèrhtòl proguams ahl km aoultmrhatmg hs tnm gè`thb g`hsporh rmaollmats v`rtuhbby w`tn tnm orè`lhry lhtòlhb

pbham. K`t ky k`t, aubturhb aollmatòls rmhssmdkbm `l v`rtuhb spham.

Woghy, @lg`hl usm of tnm `ltmrlmt `l Hlebo-Hdmràh `labugms smrvàms hlg softwhrm tnht httmdpt to b`lj tnm orè`lhry



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hlg tnm g`hsporà worbgs tnrouen s`tms ol aubturm, austods, rmbèòl, n`story, lmws, coks, ght`le, hlg dhtr`doly. Ybham st`bb

dhttmrs, kut `t dhttmrs g`ffmrmltby. Xu`tm hphrt frod nmbp`le tnm mxphtr`htm aopm w`tn tnm boss of tnm lhtòl (`ts pbham, t`dm,

hlg aubturm), tnm `ltmrlmt nhs low kmaodm h pr`v`bmemg spham for progua`le hlg rmprogua`le tnm supposmgby bost lhtòlhb

aubturm tnrouen tnm ahphk`b`t`ms of gè`thb boeà. H sèl`fàhlt aodpolmlt of tn`s boeà `s tnm hgvhlthem of spmmg `l smbmat-

`le, hssmdkb`le, rmpbàht`le, hlg g`ssmd`lht`le tnm mbmdmlts of hl hbtmrlht`vm n`story tnht aodpmlshtms for tnm hksmlam of

h rmhb olm `l tnm g`hsporh. Wnm rhp`gby erow`le `ltmrlmt hran`vms ahl tnml prov`gm h v`rtuhb n`story for h eroup tnht nhs

b`ttbm n`story or prmsmlam ol tnm koojs `l tnmsm phrts of tnm worbg. U`tn aodputmr tmanloboe`ms, `lfordhtòl `s emlmrhtmg

hlg hran`vmg hbdost ddmg`htmby, offsmtt`le tnm usuhb rmqu`rmdmlts of ymhrs, mvml gmahgms, for haaudubht`le h sèl`fàhlt

hran`vhb ghthkhsm or n`story.Dormovmr, ol tnm lmt `t `s poss`kbm to emlmrhtm quàjby h systmd of aross-rmfmrmla`le hlg a`thtòl tnht proguams tnm

`bbusòl of bolemv`ty hlg ludkmrs, prodot`le aolsmlsus tnht otnmrw`sm woubg nhvm thjml fhr dorm t`dm hlg mffort. Xuàj

rmpbàhtòl ahl aolvmy tnm `dprmssòl of aolsmlsus s`dpby tnrouen rmpmt`tòl hlg g`ssmd`lhtòl, hgg`le up to spuròus

aolsmlsus hkout lhtòlhb aubturm, `ts nm`rs, hlg `ts mlmd`ms. @lstmhg of mrhs`le `t, tnm t`dm-spham aodprmssòl gè`thb

tmanloboe`ms hfforg ahl rmlmw tnm dporthlam of nodmbhlg emoerhpny, wnàn ahl km rmaolam`vmg hs sharmg eroulg for tnm

losthbeà mxphtr`htm. @l rmamlt ymhrs, sodm worj nhs kmml golm ol tnm robm of mxphtr`htm N`lgus `l tnm r`sm hlg support of

fulghdmlthb`sd `l tnm nodmbhlg. Wn`s tmanloboeàhbby mlhkbmg hlg mguahtmg eroup nhs kmml `dpbàhtmg `l tnm usm of tnm

`ltmrlmt for quàj g`ssmd`lhtòl of pob`tàhbby dot`vhtmg g`s`lfordhtòl w`tn oaahsòlhbby g`shstrous aolsmqumlams `l tnm

nodmbhlg.


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Documents

MSOE-2-EM.pdf