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PRODUO ONSHORE E OFFSHORE

PERFURAO( BREVE RESUMO )

A perfurao de um poo de petrleo realizada atravs de uma sonda, uma grande estrutura quecontm diversos equipamentos responsveis pela elevao do petrleo.

Na perfurao rotativa, as rochas so perfuradas pela ao da rotao e peso aplicados a umabroca existente na extremidade de uma coluna de perfurao.

Os fragmentos da rocha so removidos continuamente atravs de um fluido de perfurao oulama.

O fluido injetado por bombas para o interior da coluna de perfurao atravs da cabea de

injeo, ou swivel, e retorna superfcie atravs do espao anular formado pelas paredes do pooe a coluna.

Ao atingir determinada profundidade, a coluna de perfurao retirada do poo.

O anular entre os tubos do revestimento e as paredes do poo cimentado com a finalidade deisolar as rochas atravessadas pela broca, permitindo ento o avano da perfurao comsegurana.

Aps a operao de cimentao, a coluna de perfurao novamente descida no poo, tendo nasua extremidade uma nova broca de dimetro menor do que a do revestimento para oprosseguimento da perfurao.

Do exposto, percebe-se que o poo perfurado em diversas fases, caracterizadas pelos diferentesdimetros das brocas.

PERFURAO( BREVE RESUMO )

Aps a operao de cimentao, a coluna de perfurao novamente descida no poo, tendo nasua extremidade uma nova broca de dimetro menor do que a do revestimento para oprosseguimento da perfurao.

Do exposto, percebe-se que o poo perfurado em diversas fases, caracterizadas pelos diferentesdimetros das brocas.

SISTEMAS DE PRODUO

Produo em Terra (ONSHORE): primeiro sistema a ser desenvolvido, com custos menores eengenharia menoscomplexa em relao exploraosubmarina.

Produo no Mar (OFFSHORE): custos elevados, com tecnologia sendo um limitante para guasultra-profundas.



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SONDA DE PERFURAO MARTIMA( POSICIONAMENTO DINMICO DP )

Para a perfurao de poos, so utilizadas as plataformas fixas, as semi-submersveis (ancoradasou com posicionamento dinmico) e os navios sonda.

A principal caracterstica de uma sonda de posicionamento dinmico (DP) o fato de ela operarsem a necessidade de sistemas de ancoragem.

O seu posicionamento mantido atravs de um sistema de controle dinmico via satlite quedetermina a cada instante as coordenadas da embarcao (GPS).

Caso a sonda se desloque de sua posio original, o sistema de controle aciona propulsores(thrusters) de tal forma que a sonda reposicionada em seu set-point.

Os sistemas de posicionamento dinmico so utilizados principalmente em semisubmersveis enavios de perfurao, geralmente em guas profundas e/ou locais onde o fundo do mar j estcongestionado por linhas submarinas. O Perigo encontra-se em lanar novas linhas de ancoragem.

Taxa diria de aluguel : 150.000,00 at 1500 mts e + 200.000,00 para profundidades maiores.

FLUIDO DE PERFURAO( LAMA DE PERFURAO )

O fludo de perfurao pode ser base de gua, base de leo, base sinttica ou pneumtica,pode ser engrossado com diversos materiais, como casca de coco, serragem ou pode ser umamistura de fludos.



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A principais funes do fluido de perfurao so: sustentar a parede do poo, resfriar a broca deperfurao, carrear os cascalhos criados pela broca, fazer a fluidizao dos slidos durante aausncia de bombeio, lubrificar a coluna de perfurao e prevenir hidratao de formaes reativas

e danos formao produtora.

BLOW-OUT

Blow-out o fluxo descontrolado de fluidos da formao para a superfcie, devido aodesbalanceamento entre a presso hidrosttica da lama de perfurao ou fluido de completao ea presso da formao.

Para se evitar um blow-out, necessrio realizar um rigoroso controle de presso hidrosttica dopoo, para assegurar que ela sempre seja um pouco mais alta do que a presso no interior daformao. Com isto, os fluidos da formao no podem sair descontroladamente.

Por outro lado, a presso no poo no pode ser muito mais alta do que no interior da formaopara evitar que o fluido de perfurao entre na formao, danificando a mesma.

O controle da presso no poo feito atravs do ajuste da densidade do fluido de perfurao que injetado no mesmo.

Torna-se tambm necessria a verificao do volume de fluido de perfurao que retorna para ostanques.

Caso o volume que retorna seja maior do que o volume de fluido injetado, verifica-se que aformao est expulsando fluido do poo.

Este fenmeno chamado de kicke um aviso da possibilidade de ocorrer um blow-out. Outramedida preventiva assegurar que o Blow-out Preventer(BOP) mantido em bom estado e emperfeitas condies de operao, para ser utilizado em caso de descontrole do poo.

Em caso de blow-out necessrio realizar intervenes para retomar o controle do poo.

Normalmente isso feito atravs do uso de tcnicas que permitam a injeo de fluidos no poo, deforma que a presso fique novamente maior do que a presso da formao, impedindo a sada deseus fluidos.

Em poos terrestres, pela maior facilidade de acesso cabea do poo, a interveno direta nopoo a tcnica mais indicada para o combate aos blow-outs, pois possibilita maior rapidez nocontrole e, conseqentemente, menor custo.

J em cenrios de poos submarinos em gua profunda, a utilizao de poos de alvio (kickwells) a tcnica mais confivel para combate de blow-outs.

Poos direcionais so perfurados para atingir o poo com blow-outem pontos pr-determinados epermitir a injeo dos fluidos para control-lo.



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BLOW-OUTS( EXEMPLOS REAIS )



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( Alaska - 1988 ) ( Southeast sia - 1989 )



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( Kawai 1991 )

( Piper Alpha - 1988 )

Observao: Algumas fotos, como a Piper Alpha, referem-se a acidentes que ocorreram naindstria de petrleo, no sendo casos de BLOW-OUTSnecessariamente.


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