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Beyond Microbeads:
Microplastics in Great Lakes TributariesQuantifying and characterizing the contribution of plastics from streams to lakesAustin Baldwin, Steve Corsi, Pete Lenaker, Michelle Lutz - USGS Wisconsin Water Science Center
Sherri Mason - State University of New York at Fredonia
Manitowoc River, WI
This information is preliminary and is subject to revision. It is
being provided to meet the need for timely best science. The
information is provided on the condition that neither the U.S.
Geological Survey nor the U.S. Government shall be held
liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or
unauthorized use of the information.
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Great Lakes
microplastics
study(Eriksen et al. 2013, Marine
Pollution Bulletin)
- Among first
freshwater studies
- Alarming numbers
of plastic
microbeads insome samples
Sherri Mason
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plastic particles less than 5mm in diameter
More than just microbeads!
Microplastics
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Sources to the environmentCosmetics and personal care products
Exfoliation
• Soaps, scrubs, toothpastesa-d
• Several hundred thousand per tubee
Film formation, viscosity control
• Deodorants, sunscreen, lipstick,
eye shadow, shaving cream,…d
• 1 - 50 µm in diameter
- Pass through WWTPs, into streamsf
- “Banned” in several states
5gyres.org
newscientist.com
a. Gregory 1996; b. Barnes et al. 2009; c. Fendall and Sewell 2009;
d. UNEP 2015; e. 5-Gyres Institute; f. McCormick et al. 2014
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Sources to the environment
• Fibers from synthetic
clothing & textiles
– Up to 1,900/
garment/washing a
– Some pass through
WWTPs, most capturedb-d
patagonia.com
Photo: Sherri Mason
a. Browne et al. 2011; b. Habib et al. 1998; c. Zubris and
Richards 2005; d. Gasperi et al. 2015
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•
Mechanical and photodegradation of litter For example: bags, bottles, nets, styrofoam, wrappers,
cigarette buttsa,b
Sources to the environment
a. Browne et al. 2007; b. Cole et al. 2011
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• Preproduction pellets andpowdersa
• Bead blasting (boat hulls,engine parts)b
• Overland sludge applicationc
• Medical uses (drug delivery)d
•
Pheromone flakes – 3-layered PVC laminate, 2/ft2 e
• Atmospheric deposition – 29-280 particles/m2/day f
Sources to the environment
sermopel.com
charlotteobserver.com
extension.iastate.edu
a. Mato et al. 2001; b. Gregory 1996; c. Zubris and Richards 2005; d. Browne et al. 2007;
e. MN Poll. Control Agency 2014; f. Gasperi et al. 2015
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Why should we care?
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Ingestion• Observed in marine mammals, birds, fish, turtles, and
invertebratesa-e
• Plastics found in 82% of Lake Superior Lake Herring in 2013f
•Mussels in Nova Scotia: 126-178 microplastics/organism
j
• Trophic transfer up food chaing,h
• Hazards poorly understood:
obstruction of digestive system, clogging of feeding
appendages, nutritional deprivation, bioaccumulation,
migration into the circulatory system, and deathb,c,e,i
a. Thompson et al. 2004; b. Teuten et al. 2009; c. Tourinho et al. 2010; d. Lavers et al. 2014; e. Derraik 2002;
f. M. Vinson, S. Mason, personal comm.; g. Farrell and Nelson, 2013; h. Setala et al. 2014; i. Wright 2013; j. Mathalon and Hill 2014
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Vectors for Contaminants
Flame retardants
Alkyl phenols
Antimicrobials
(triclosan)
Antioxidants (BPA)
Plasticizers
(phthalates)
Styrenes
PCBs
PAHs
DDT
Metals
Pathogens
Plastic additives Sorption & accumulation
Barnes et al. 2009; Browne et al. 2007; Mato et al. 2001; Teuten et al. 2009;Lavers et al. 2014; Betts 2008; McCormick et al. 2014
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GLRI Study 201429 tributaries
~22% of total inflow to the Great Lakes
Range of land uses
4 samples/site (2 baseflow, 2 stormflow)urban
agricultural
natural
Basin land use
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Sample collection
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Sample processing
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Analytical MethodsSherri Mason’s lab at SUNY Fredonia
Sieved into three size classes:
• 0.355-0.999mm
• 1.00-4.749mm
• >4.75mm
Floatation in salt water to
separate plastic particles
Digestion of organic
matter using wet
peroxide oxidation
Photos courtesy of
Tim Hoellein
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Bead/pellet(personal care products,
preproduction pellets)
Fragments
Foam(styrofoam)
Line(nets, rope)
Particles counted & categorized
using light microscope
Photo: Sherri Mason
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Film(bags, wrappers)
Fibers(clothing,
textiles)
Photo: Sherri Mason
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Film
plant material
Tangle of fibers
Photo: Sherri Mason
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Results
Particle sizes(48 samples)
Size range Count Percent of
total
0.355-
0.999mm
9,742 79
1.00-4.749mm 2,424 20
>4.75mm 233 1.9
All sizes 12,399 100
Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or
Distribution
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Concentrations by site and plastic type
71% are fibers/lines
1% pellets/beads
Preliminary Information-
Subject to Revision.
Not for Citation or Distribution
C o n c e n t r a t i o n ,
i n p a r t i c l e s / m 3
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Plastic particle concentrations vs urban land use
Preliminary Information-
Subject to Revision.
Not for Citation or Distribution
p a r t i c l e s / m 3
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Plastic particle concentrations vs WWTP effluent
Preliminary Information-
Subject to Revision.
Not for Citation or Distribution
p
a r t i c l e s / m 3
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Plastic particle concentrations vs WWTP effluent
charlotteobserver.com
Preliminary Information-
Subject to Revision.
Not for Citation or Distribution
p
a r t i c l e s / m 3
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Concentrations
vs
flow condition(34 baseflow, 14 stormflow)
Preliminary Information-
Subject to Revision.
Not for Citation or Distribution
C o n c e n t r a t i o n , i n
p a r t i c l e s / m 3
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Estimated daily loadscorresponding
to individual samples
0.36 –
1.5 Billion Particles/Day
Preliminary Information-
Subject to Revision.
Not for Citation or Distribution
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Great Lakes vs Tributaries
* from Eriksen et al. 2013
* * *
1,9503,540
10,200
466,000
Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision.
Not for Citation or Distribution
C o n c e n t r a t i o n ,
i n p a r t i c l e s / k m 2
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* from Eriksen et al. 2013*
Foam
Film
Pellet/bead
Fragment
Fiber/line
Great Lakes vs
Tributaries:
Relative abundance of
particle types
(collected with like equipment and
analyzed by the same lab)
Preliminary Information-
Subject to Revision.
Not for Citation or Distribution
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*
Foam
Film
Pellet/bead
Fragment
Fiber/line
Polymers and densities (from Driedger et al, ‘15)
0.01 – 0.04 g/cm3 Expanded polystyrene
0.89 – 0.98 Polyethylene
0.85 – 0.92 Polypropylene
1.13 – 1.16 Nylon
1.30 Cellulose acetate
1.38 – 1.41 Polyester
1.38 – 1.41 Polyester
1.38 – 1.41 PVC
* from Eriksen et al. 2013
Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision.
Not for Citation or Distribution
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*
Foam
Film
Pellet/bead
Fragment
Fiber/line
Polymers and densities (from Driedger et al, ‘15)
0.01 – 0.04 g/cm3 Expanded polystyrene
0.89 – 0.98 Polyethylene
0.85 – 0.92 Polypropylene
1.13 – 1.16 Nylon
1.30 Cellulose acetate
1.38 – 1.41 Polyester
1.38 – 1.41 Polyester
1.38 – 1.41 PVC
* from Eriksen et al. 2013
Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision.
Not for Citation or Distribution
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Woodall et al. 2014
• Concentrations in sediment 4 orders of magnitude
greater than at ocean surface
• Average of 13 fibers/50ml sediment
Fibers in deep sea sediment
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Summary
• Microplastics present in every tributary sample to date
(max 11.4 particles/m3, median 1.8 particles/m3)
• Tributary concentrations 10-100 times greater than in Great Lakes
• Relations with flow condition, land use, and wastewater effluent
remain unclear
• Fibers dominate in tributaries (71% of all particles)
– May be settling out in lakes
– Sources beyond WWTP effluent?
• Beads/pellets rare (1% of all particles)
Preliminary Information- Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution
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Acknowledgments
WI: Paul Reneau, Nic Buer, Ben Siebers, TroyRutter, Becky Carvin, Ben Torrison, JoeSchuler, Molly Breitmun, Kyle Raimer
MI: Joe Duris, Cyndi Rachol, Rick Jodoin, JuliaGiesen
IN: Cheryl Silcox, Ed Dobrowolski,Eric Looper, Andy Gorman,
Howard Mills
OH: Stephanie Kula, Stephanie
Janosy, Chad Toussant, BrianMailot
NY: Brett Hayhurst, Ben Fisher
MN: Josh Larson, Russ Buesing,
Jeff Copa
SUNY: Rachel Ricotta, Joylyn
Kovachev, Katie Donnelly, Evan
Miller
Questions?Austin Baldwin
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