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8/10/2019 Revista Eletrnica Bragantina On Line - Novembro/2014
1/25
Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>2
Udvistm Dldtrkifm Ermamktikm Hk Likd
Nisfutiknh indims, fhkstruiknh hpikids!
Kjdrh 61 Khvdjerh/52=>
Ohmkphlis/VR
8/10/2019 Revista Eletrnica Bragantina On Line - Novembro/2014
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Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>=
VTJUIH
Kdstm Dnih?
- DNI^HUIMLLdjermkms .................................................................................. Raikm 63
- DNTFMH MJEIDK^MLTjm nms ijphrtmktds qudstds pmrm m adsth nms aumsRhr @lvih Uhedrth Fgmnnmn ................................................................................... Raikm >3
- LIKGM NH ^DJRH H mjhr km dnufmh
Rhr Gdldk Cmlikd Rikgdirh ....................................................................................... Raikm 03
-MU^D D PMUIDNMNDVRdnh`ilimRmrtd @ikml
Rhr gimah Vmkths ..................................................................................................... Raikm 73
- GIV^UIM MJEIDK^MLUdzms, auims d fmrtms
Rhr Nidah nd ^hldnh Lijm nm Vilvm ....................................................................... Raikm =23
- M MU^D NH ^TUIVJH D NM GH^DLMUIMIkvmsh fulturml
Rhr Ldhkmrnh Aihvmkd ........................................................................................... Raikm =53
- H MKNMUILGH NM VDUUMKhitds kh sdrth
Rhr Vusuju Ymjmaufgi ......................................................................................... Raikm =43
- DNTFMH? DVRMH ND RHVVIEILINMNDV Fmphdirm, dldjdkth nm fulturm m`rh-
ermsildirm? fhkstruh nm indktinmnd
Rhr Fhkfdih Jmrquds .......................................................................................... Raikm =9.
8/10/2019 Revista Eletrnica Bragantina On Line - Novembro/2014
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Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>5
UDPIV^M DLD^UKIFM EUMAMK^IKM HK LIKD
Tjm puelifmh ikndpdkndktd, fhj pdrihnifinmnd jdksml.
Vitd?gttps?//sitds.ahhald.fhj/sitd/rdvistmermamktikmhklikd
@mfdehhc?
gttps?//www.`mfdehhc.fhj/UdvistmErmamktikmHkLikd
D-jmil?
rdvistmermamktikmhkBajmil.fhj
Khssms dnids sh puelifmnms km jmihr eielihtdfm hk likd nh juknh?
www.sfrien.fhj
https://sites.google.com/site/revistabragantinaonlinehttps://www.facebook.com/RevistaBragantinaOnLinemailto:[email protected]://www.scribd.com/http://www.scribd.com/mailto:[email protected]://www.facebook.com/RevistaBragantinaOnLinehttps://sites.google.com/site/revistabragantinaonline8/10/2019 Revista Eletrnica Bragantina On Line - Novembro/2014
4/25
Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>6
DNI^HUIML
LDJEUMKMV
Rrdzmnhs ldithrds!
Fhkvinh hs qudrinhs ldithrds pmrm ujm vimadj pdlm jdjrim, dj eusfm nms
ldjermkms nhs ehks tdjphs pmssmnhs. M vivkfim nh prdsdktd `ruth nm iktdksinmnd nh
tdjph pmssmnh, fhktrieuiknh pmrm m `hrjmh nh fmrtdr iknivinuml.
^hldrkfim, djpmtim d rdspdith sh `ruths nm vivkfim, dnufmh d `hrjmh,
fhkstrunhs shlinmjdktd km rhfgm nm vinm. M vimadj pdlm ldjermkm trmz shluds pmrm hs
prheldjms mtumis.
Ndpdknd nd mh shlinrim d fhjukitrim, mfditmknh d fhkvivdknh fhj ms ni`drdkms,
mlj nd trmemlgh shfiml pdlm fulturm nd oustim d pmz.
Fmrhs ldithrds, shjhs m junmkm qud qudrdjhs kh juknh. Pmjhs dj `rdktd8
Nidah nd ^hldnh Lijm nm Vilvm Dnithr (=9/==/52=>)
D-jmil?rdvistmermamktikmhkBajmil.fhj
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]8/10/2019 Revista Eletrnica Bragantina On Line - Novembro/2014
5/25
Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>>
DNTFMH MJEIDK^ML
@lvih Uhedrth FgmnnmnArmnumnh dj Dkadkgmrim Marhkjifm d Fikfims Eihlaifms3 Armnumknh dj @ilhsh`im3Dspdfimlistm dj Dnufmh Mjeidktml, Adsth nm Dnufmh Esifm d Adsth Mjeidktml3
Jdstrd dj Dnufmh SVupdrihrZ d Jdstrmknh dj Dnufmh Dsfhlmr
D-jmil? `rfgmnnmnBajmil.fhj
TJM NMV IJRHU^MK^DV ]TDV^DV RMUM M ADV^H NMV ATMV
Juith sd tdj nisfutinh sherd m qudsth nms aums kh fdkrih nd ujm trdjdknm sdfm
qud dst memlmknh h sundstd ermsildirh. @mlm-sd dj `mltm nd dstrmtaim nh ahvdrkmnhr nh dstmnh,
edj fhjh qud h prheldjm rdmljdktd `ruth nm sdfm. Kh jdu phkth nd vistm, kh sd phnd
ndsfmrtmr dssds `mthrds qud sh dxtrdjmjdktd ijphrtmktds pmrm dxplifmr dstd fdkrih, jms
tdjhs tmjej qud pdksmr khs prhfdsshs qud dkvhlvdj h fiflh ginrhlaifh d km iktdrvdkh
kdamtivm prhvhfmnm pdlh ghjdj.
H fiflh nm aum fhjdm m pmrtir nh jhjdkth dj qud m aum dvmphrm, mlfmkm armknds
mltitunds, sd fhkndksm, virm kuvdj d sd prdfipitm. ]umknh hfhrrd m prdfipitmh m aum phnd
dsfhrrdr supdr`ifimljdktd mtikaiknh hs frrdahs, rihs d rdsdrvmtrihs d, `ikmljdktd, hs hfdmkhs3
hu dkth sd ik`iltrmr, mtikaiknh hs ldkis `rdtifhs hu rdms nd rdfmram nd mqu`drhs.
Jms pmrm qud dstd prhfdssh nd ik`iltrmh kh shlh hfhrrm kdfdssrih qud dxistmj ehms
fhknids, hknd m vdadtmh ir dxdrfdr pmpdl `uknmjdktml. M aum fmi d phr fmusm nm
vdadtmh ir tdr sum vdlhfinmnd rdnuzinm mt mtikair h shlh, d fhjh h shlh phssui ujm jmihr
phrhsinmnd - ndvinh jmtrim hrakifm nh dkthrkh ndstm vdadtmh - dlm ir sd ik`iltrmr d
mtikair hs ldkis `rdtifhs hu mqu`drhs. Dstm aum dssdkfiml, phis dlm qud ir memstdfdr
armnumljdktd armknd pmrtd hs rihs d rdsdrvmtrihs.
Rhrj, h sdr gujmkh mtrmvs nd ujm marifulturm dxtdksivm, dj sum armknd pmrtd nd uj
s prhnuth, dxtrdjmjdktd prdnmtrim, dst memlmknh dstm pmrtd nh fiflh ginrhlaifh, qud m
ik`iltrmh nm aum kh shlh, qud sd pdrnd phr dvmphrmh d phr dsfhmjdkth - kh sdik`iltrmknh, kh pdrjmkdfdknh kh shlh d kdj memstdfdknh hs ldkis `rdtifhs.
8/10/2019 Revista Eletrnica Bragantina On Line - Novembro/2014
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Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>4
Rhr dxdjplh, dj jikgm rdaih h marhkdafih dst thtmljdktd dkrmizmnh. M marifulturm
dxtdksivm nm fmkm-nd-mfmr thjm armknd pmrtd nm pmismadj. M fmkm mlj nd ndsjmtmr armknd
pmrtd hu qumsd m thtmlinmnd nm vdadtmh kmtivm, kh nmknh dspmh pmrm kmnm, h qud trmz
juiths prheldjms pmrm m eihnivdrsinmnd d rdms nd ik`iltrmh kh shlh (nijikuih nm
ik`iltrmh), tmjej trmz prheldjms mh shlh d fmusm m phluih nhs ldkis d mqu`drhs.
M utilizmh nd jmquikrih pdsmnh kh prdpmrh nh shlh d km fhlgditm vmi mhs phufhs
fhjpmftmknh ms pmrtds jmis prh`uknms ndstd shlh, nijikuiknh m sum phrhsinmnd d,
fhksdqudktdjdktd, hfhrrdr ujm jdkhr ik`iltrmh nm aum kh shlh.
Vdj `mlmr km phluih nh shlh, nhs rihs, nhs rdsdrvmtrihs, mqu`drhs d ldkis fhj
thnh tiph nd marhqujifhs, m fmkm - fhjh phnd sdr hesdrvmnh tmjej fmusm h
ndsjmtmjdkth nm jmtm kmtivm d m nijikuih nm phrhsinmnd nh shlh, h qud ir rdpdrfutir kh
mujdkth nh dsfhmjdkth supdr`ifiml d m pdrnm phr dvmphrmh d h dsfhmjdkth supdr`ifiml.
Dstds `mths mfhktdfdj kms lmvhurms nd fmkm-nd-mfmr nh dstmnh nd Vh Rmulh. G
hutrms lmvhurms d hutrms prtifms qud sh rdmlizmnms phr juiths marifulthrds qud tmjej vj
fhktrieuiknh pmrm qud h fiflh ginrhlaifh kh hfhrrm fhk`hrjd m kdfdssinmnd nd plmktms d
mkijmis, ikflusivd pmrm ks sdrds gujmkhs.
H ijdnimtisjh d h rdthrkh rpinh nh ikvdstijdkth qud jhvd dstm dstruturm, phrj, m
kmturdzm dst nmknh ujm armknd rdsphstm m dstd fmhs, qud sd dspmlgm phr thnh dstmnh. Juiths
marifulthrds dsth pdrndknh sum prhnuh, phrqud m fmkm kh prhnuziu fmlnh, hu sdom, m
prhnuh `hi memlmnm. Kdstd sdktinh, thrkm-sd kdfdssrih kh pdksmr mpdkms kh ijdnimtisjh,
jms kdfdssrih pdksmr tmjej km fhksdrvmh nhs dfhssistdjms, pmrm qud sd tdkgmj
rdmljdktd rdfurshs pmrm ujm prhnuh marfhlm qud mtdknm hs mksdihs nm phpulmh d nh
Ermsil.
Ndvdjhs pdksmr kms qudstds jmfrhs qud dkvhlvdj hs `mthrds flijtifhs d sums
rdlmds fhj m sdfm, edj fhjh dstrmtaifms nd fhkstruh nd emrrmadks, jms tdjhs qud `mzdr
m khssm pmrtd3 fhksfidktizmknh-sd phr jdih nd prtifms dnufmtivms mjeidktmis `hrjmis d
ik`hrjmis, nd `hrjm m prhtdadr mh jxijh hs rdfurshs gnrifhs d kmturmis nh khssh pms.
Vdj dstd fhjpldjdkth qudsth qud dst dkvhlvdknh m sdfm kh dstmnh nd Vh Rmulh,h sh`rijdkth nm phpulmh sdr fmnm vdz jmihr. ^hrkm-sd kdfdssrih fhksfidktizmr marifulthrds
d ndjmis fmjmnms nm phpulmh pmrm ms thjmnms nd ndfisds kh sdthr marfhlm, phis kh sd
ndvd kdamr qud m marifulturm jml nirdfihkmnm phnd prhvhfmr ouktmjdktd fhj hutrms mtivinmnds
phludktds armknds nmkhs mh mjeidktd, fhjh dsth hfhrrdknh.
Fhjh fitmr?
FGMNNMN, @.U. Tjm nms ijphrtmktds qudstds pmrm m adsth nms aums. Udvistm
Dldtrkifm Ermamktikm Hk Likd. Ohmkphlis, k.61, p. >-4, khv. 52=>.
8/10/2019 Revista Eletrnica Bragantina On Line - Novembro/2014
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Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>0
LIKGM NH ^DJRH
Gdldk Cmlikd Rikgdirh
Dstunmktd nd Rsifhlhaim d ohvdj tmldkth nd Ohmkphlis
D-jmil? gdldkcpikgdirhBajmil.fhj
H MJHU KM DNTFMH
Merir dspmh pmrm h hutrh, mfhlgdr ms indims dxprdssms pdlh hutrh d pdrjitir qud h mjhr
fhknuzm shlinmridnmnd sh mtitunds qud phndj junmr m dnufmh d trmks`hrjmr m rdmlinmnd.
M prhphstm nd uj juknh fhj jmis oustim shfiml d shlinmridnmnd nd Rmulh @rdird,
`uknmjdktmnm km shlinmridnmnd, ndjhfrmfim, oustim d pmz.
Tltrmpmssmr hs jurhs nm supdr`ifimlinmnd nm vinm uj mth nd fhrmadj, ujm mh nd
mjhr qud adrm uj fhjprhjissh nd ndnifmh thtml mh hutrh. Rrhtmahkizmr m gistrim d kh
mpdkms pdrjmkdfdr dj ujm dxistkfim sildkfihsm, prhvhfmr ujm trmks`hrjmh phr jdih nd
uj nilhah, qud jhvinh pdlm mh d rd`ldxh.
Rrhjhvdr dssd nilhah, prikfipmljdktd ndktrh nh mjeidktd dsfhlmr rdqudr fhrmadj
pmrm rhjpdr fhj ms emrrdirms, fhrmadj pmrm nmr vhz mhs qud kukfm rdfdedrmj ujm
hphrtukinmnd nd sd dxprdssmr. M dsfhlm qud, juitms vdzds, dsfhlgd sildkfimr qudlds qud kh
fhrrdsphkndj fhj sums jdtms d mlijdktm uj silkfih qud ni`ifiljdktd sd rhjpdr
fhkvinmnm m eusfmr uj khvh fmjikgh.
Tj fmjikgh qud sd mprhxijd nm rdmlinmnd nh mlukh, pmrm qud h jdsjh fhksiam
fhjprddkndr qud tmjej `mz pmrtd nm gistrim qud fhjpd hs livrhs. Tjm medrturm qud
mfhlgm hs tmldkths nhs mlukhs, ikfdktivmknh d mlijdktmknh hs shkghs qud juitms vdzds `ifmrmj
dsfhkninhs ndktrh nd fmnm uj. Tjm dsfhlm qud mfrdnitd km phtdkfimlinmnd nd sdus mlukhs,
phssuiknh rdlmds gujmkms dkrmizmnms kh mjhr qud ldvm gujilnmnd d liedrnmnd,supdrmknh h dahsjh, m ndsiaumlnmnd d h prdfhkfdith.
8/10/2019 Revista Eletrnica Bragantina On Line - Novembro/2014
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Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>1
" ]udj kh mjm kh fhjprddknd h prxijh, kh h rdspditm, phr issh h mjhr m
fhknih pmr m qud gmo m dnufmh." (@ rdir d, 5220, p. >6).
Ud`drkfim Eielihar`ifm
RUMNH, Ohh Fmrlhs3 ^DVFMUHLH, Uifmrnh. M pdnmahaim dkfgmrfmnm nd mjhr nd Rmulh@rdird. Nisphkvdl dj?gttp?//www.pufpr.er/dvdkths/dnufdrd/dnufdrd5221/mkmisDvdkth/mrquivhs/FI-2>6-24.pn`.
Rrh nim kmsfdr `dliz.Nirdh? Ohh Omrnij. 522>-5224.
Ldim jmis kh Elha? gttp?//gdldkcmlikd.elhaspht.fhj.er/
Fhjh fitmr?
RIKGDIUH, G.C. H mjhr km dnufmh. Udvistm Dldtrkifm Ermamktikm Hk Likd.
Ohmkphlis, k.61, p. 0-1, khv. 52=>.
http://www.pucpr.br/eventos/educere/educere2007/anaisEvento/arquivos/CI-043-05.pdfhttp://www.pucpr.br/eventos/educere/educere2007/anaisEvento/arquivos/CI-043-05.pdf8/10/2019 Revista Eletrnica Bragantina On Line - Novembro/2014
9/25
Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>7
MU^D D PMUIDNMNDV
^gimah VmkthsFikdmstm, Uhtdiristm d DsfrithrD-jmil? tsXmrtdsBghtjmil.fhj
RDNH@ILIMRMU^D @IKML
Jhkstrhs? Iktrhnuh
Rhr uj jhjdkth km vinm sd pdrfded h qud rdmljdktd ijplifm h mth nh vivdr d qumknh
sd prhvm ndstd nim siaki`ifm smlvmh d dlm sd rdvdlm km fhksfidktizmh qumkth mh edj dstmr
fhldtivh.
^hrkm-sd ikmfditvdl ujm gistrim dsfritm phr jdih nm vihlkfim d m jmis nhlhrhsm
ndlms, mtrmvs nm mardssh sdxuml.
Jhkstrhs dxistdj, d juiths ndlds sh sdrds vivdktds kh juknh nhs gujmkhs.
D hs jhkstrhs, kh phndj dj jhjdkth mlauj sd smrdj vithrihshs. ]ud m nhr sdktinm
phr khssms frimkms kh tdkgm fhktikumh d qud fmnm uj nd ks, hs Gujmkhs, oukths lutdjhs
dj prhl nd fmnm ujm ndlms.
Dstm kh `hi ujm gistrim `fil nd dsfrdvdr phr ndsfrdvdr m nhr sdktinm phr qudlds qud
kh pundrmj sd prhtdadr, phis dj sum jmihrim sh frimkms, ndstrhmnms mh thnh phr qudlds
qud mjmj m pdrvdrsinmnd.
Nimktd dstd fmhs dxistd ujm vdrnmnd. ^djhs qud prhtdadr hs khsshs irjhs, "HV
KHVVHV IUJHV!"
*
8/10/2019 Revista Eletrnica Bragantina On Line - Novembro/2014
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Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>9
Rmrm mqudlds qud mfhjpmkgmrmj ms nums prijdirms jmtrims sherd dssd tdjm ik`hrjh
fhj armknd smtis`mh qud h livrh fgdahu sum pmrtd jmis prdfihsm, o `hi fhkflunh d
puelifmnh. Fhk`dssh kh tdr sinh uj trmemlgh `fil.
Rdlh fhktrrih, `hi dxtrdjmjdktd nhlhrhsh frimr gistrims ndsfrdvdknh h sh`rijdkth nd
khssms frimkms3 dktrd larijms d shrrishs h livrh amkghu "vinm" d qud dlm sdom tmjej sdu
ndsdoh, issh mfhktdfdknh, khssms frimkms tdrh jmis uj gdri pmrm lgds prhtdadr.
Fmnm gistrim kdstd livrh tdj phr heodtivh trmzdr mh fmjph nm rd`ldxh dstm rdmlinmnd
th ghrrdknm, hknd sdrds iknd`dshs sh vitijmnhs phr mqudlds qud pmrm smtis`mzdrdj sdus
ndsdohs jmis pdrvdrshs ndstrhdj hs khsshs pdqudkhs. Rhrtmkth, mh ldr dstm herm, fhhpdrd dj
prhl nd khssms frimkms, ikfmksmvdljdktd dj prhl nd fmnm ujm ndlms d h juknh shrrir pmrm
vhf!
Hes.?Dstd uj livrh niaitml d nd fukgh armtuith. Rmrm mfdss-lh?
gttp?//www.livrhsniaitmis.hra.er/ikndx.pgp/ghjd/livrh/55546
Fhjh fitmr?
VMK^HV, ^. Rdnh`ilimRmrtd @ikml. Udvistm Dldtrkifm Ermamktikm Hk Likd. Ohmkphlis,
k.61, p. 7-9, khv. 52=>.
http://www.livrosdigitais.org.br/index.php/home/livro/22253http://www.livrosdigitais.org.br/index.php/home/livro/222538/10/2019 Revista Eletrnica Bragantina On Line - Novembro/2014
11/25
Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>=2
GIV^UIM MJEIDK^ML
Nidah nd ^hldnh Lijm nm Vilvm^fkifh d Dkadkgdirh Mjeidktml
D-jmil? nidahmicinhohmBghtjmil.fhj
UD_MV, ATIMV D FMU^MV
Kmqudld nim, m fmjikgmnm ikifihu fdnh. Drm prdfish mprhvditmr jhjdkths nd dstrmnm
phufh jhvijdktmnm, phis ndktrh nd mlaujms ghrms h ms`mlth sdrim thjmnh phr fmrrhs d jhths
fhj ndstikh Fmfghdirm nhs Rrdths.
H tdjph dstmvm marmnvdl pmrm h pdrfursh, uj phufh kuelmnh, miknm sdj sikml nd
fguvm. Km sdjmkm mktdrihr, rdzmj `hrmj `ditms pmrm smkths nivdrshs? Vh Ohs, Vh Rdnrh, Vh
Ohh, Vmkth Mkthkih... Khssm Vdkghrm tmjej `hi ikvhfmnm. Kh mkh gmvim prdfipitmnh jdkhs
nd uj tdrh nm jnim.
Ms pmstmadks mjmrdlmrmj, h jilgh kh ndu d ms aums jikaumrmj. Fhktdi ujm ndzdkm
nd rdlmths nd jikms qud sdfmrmj pdlm prijdirm vdz, mpdkms kuj trdfgh nd ndz quiljdtrhs.
8/10/2019 Revista Eletrnica Bragantina On Line - Novembro/2014
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Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>==
H phvh nh Emirrh nhs Rrdths tikgm juitm ` d jmktikgmj m fhkvifh nh mtdknijdkth
s prdfds shlifitmnms. ^ikgmj pdrninh m frdkm khs phltifhs, shjdktd. Du tmjej. Rdksmvm
kh prxijh fiflh nh Nivikh, quml sdrim m situmh flijtifm d gnrifm nm rdaih.
V Ndus smed, jduohvdj rmpmz!, `mlhu uj sitimktd, qumsd ldknh jdus pdksmjdkths.
Tjm pmusm kh Emr nh ^ih, kh fmkth ujm jdsm d uj aruph nd ghjdks dj vhltm. Ariths nd
trufh rdvdlmvmj h ohah, nisputmnh fmrtm m fmrtm. Dstmvmj th dktrdtinhs qud jd sdkti ikvisvdl
kmqudld jhjdkth, dktrmknh d smiknh sdj sdr khtmnh.
Mh lhkad, aums dsfmssms fhrrimj pdlm fmfghdirm, fmjemldmknh rhfgms dxphstms. Dj
mjehs hs lmnhs qud dstmvm, fmjphs fdrrmnhs h`drdfimj uj thj jmrrhj-mjmrdlmnh
pmismadj, fhj mreusths d mrvhrdtms dj `lhr. Rmrm hs fdrrmnhs m sdfm kh ijphrtmvm,
dxpmknimj-sd phr juiths gdftmrds.
@ikmljdktd, m armknd fmfghdirm `hi mlfmkmnm, aums adlmnms rd`rdsfmvmj h mknmrilgh.
Udtirmktds d rhjdirhs ndsfmksmvmj shjerm nd ujm ]umrdsjdirm, miknm tikgmj juiths
jilgmrds nd jdtrhs mt m tdrrm prhjdtinm. M fmfghdirm tikgm fdkth d fikqudktm d qumtrh jdtrhs
nd qudnm, prhtdainhs phr ujm jmtm filimr d uj ehsqud nd Mrmufrims dj sum fmedfdirm. Dssm
adharm`im o dstmvm dsfritm dj auims, sitds d rdvistms, kh jmis uj fhkgdfijdkth phpulmr,
shjdktd.
Nd fdrth, kh drm h ikfih d kdj h `ij nh juknh. Mpdkms uj luamr kh jdih nh
fmjikgh, adharm`ifmjdktd iksdrinh dj jmpms turstifhs d fmrtms thphar`ifms. O h rih sdauim...
Fmjemldmktd!
Fhjh fitmr?
NM VILPM, N.^.L. Udzms, auims d fmrtms. Udvistm Dldtrkifm Ermamktikm Hk Likd.
Ohmkphlis, k.61, p. =2-==, khv. 52=>.
8/10/2019 Revista Eletrnica Bragantina On Line - Novembro/2014
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Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>=5
M MU^D NH ^TUIVJH D NM GH^DLMUIM
Ldhkmrnh Aihvmkd J. Ahkmlvds^fkifh dj Ghspdnmadj d Armnumknh dj ^urisjh
D-jmil? ldhkmrnh.aihvmkdBghtjmil.fhj
IKPMVH FTL^TUML
M shfidnmnd mtuml jmrfmnm pdlh ndsdkvhlvijdkth tdfkhlaifh mssijtrifh, nmnh
pdlms ikjdrms ikvdkds d hs mprijhrmjdkths nh jeith tfkifh/fidkti`ifh, qud phr sum vdz
heriam m phpulmh m sd mndqumr mhs khvhs pmnrds nd vinm d nd fhkgdfijdkth.
Kdstd pdrfursh nd trmks hrjmds vivinms pdlm phpulmh mlauks geiths sh heriamnhs
m sd trmks`hrjmr hu sijpldsjdktd ndixmr nd dxistir. Tj dxdjplh ndssds geiths, hu jdlghr,
ndssds fhstujds d vmlhrds qud sh mtikainhs, sh hs trmhs fulturmis nd uj ndtdrjikmnh aruph
nd pdsshms.H ndsdkvhlvijdkth hprijd hs trmhs fulturmis trmnifihkmis fhj h prdtdxth nd ldvmr h
ndsdkvhlvijdkth, rdikvdktmr d mpdr`dihmr hs jhnhs nd vinm. Nd fdrtm `hrjm visvdl qud dssm
hprdssh d ndarmnmh kh sh nimakhstifmnms kh prijdirh ikstmktd, jms dlm phnd sdr m`drinm
mh lhkah nd juiths mkhs.
H `mth qud h prhardssh adrm khvms `hrjms nd djprdah, nitmknh khvhs prhnuths,
prhpdj pmnrds shfimis dj thnhs hs jeiths d, dj dspdfiml, utilizm hs jdihs nd fhjukifmh
fhjh `hrjm nd vdkndr mksdihs d `hrjmr indims.Mssij, kdstd fhktdxth qud sd iksdrd h mssukth prikfipml, m Ndarmnmh Fulturml. M
fulturm, dj sktdsd, pmrfimljdktd pdrtdkfdktd m uj ndtdrjikmnh aruph, sdom ujm finmnd, uj
dstmnh hu uj pms, tml aruph phssui hs jdfmkisjhs pmrm nissdjikmr d trmksjitir hs sdus trmhs
fulturmis pmrm ms `uturms adrmds.
Jms tml sktdsd s phndrim `ukfihkmr iktdarmljdktd sd kh ghuvdssd uj prhfdssh nd
dvhluh fgmjmnh prhardssh.Fhjh jdkfihkmnh mktdrihrjdktd, uj nhs jdfmkisjhs qud h
prhardssh mprijhrhu `hi m fhjukifmh, d mssij dlm tdj fhjh prikfipml iktuith nd vdkndr
mksdihs d `hrjmr indims.
Hs trmhs fulturmis qud, phstdrihrjdktd, dkfhktrmvmj-sd fhkshlinmnhs, nmnh pdlm emixm
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Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>=6
iktdrmh fhj hs hutrhs phvhs hu tmjej pdlm kh dxistkfim nd tmkths gmeitmktds kh juknh,
mahrm sd dkfhktrmj `rmailizmnhs d ndpdkndktds nd mlaujms pdsshms hu hramkizmds qud
pdrpdtudj, prdsdrvdj d trmksjitmj hs sdus trmhs fulturmis.
flmrh qud qumlqudr fhism phnd sdr utilizmnm pmrm h edj, fhjh phnd sdr utilizmnh pmrm
h jml. Kh fmsh nm jnim mtrdlmnm mh turisjh, dlm tdj fhjh `ukh nivulamr khvhs luamrds,
khvms fulturms, geiths d jhnhs nd vinm. Kh hestmktd, dlm phnd vdkndr d fhkfditumr ujm indim
kms fmedms jdkhs ikstrunms, qud h prhnuth hu fhstujd jhstrmnh h fdrth hu h jdlghr
fmjikgh.
Tj dxdjplh flssifh ndssd d`dith nd fulturms dj ndtrijdkth h fmsh nm ikvmsh nm
fulturm khrtd mjdrifmkm kh Ermsil. M ikvmsh fulturml nmnm pdlm `hrtd nivulamh jinitifm,
edj fhjh m iknstrim nh fikdjm d pdlh `mth nm jmihrim nhs prhnuths sdrdj prhvdkidktds nm
armknd phtkfim.
Fdrtmjdktd, thrkm-sd ijphrtmktd rdssmltmr qud dssms jdsjms pdsshms kh phssudj m
emsd fulturml qud sdus pmis hu mvs tivdrmj. M khvm adrmh m prikfipml vitijm nm ik`ludkfim
nd hutrms fulturms km sum vinm, visth m kh fhktikuinmnd nh prhfdssh nd trmksjissh fulturml
nhs mvhs mhs kdths hu nhs pmis mhs `ilghs.
Vdj dssd djemsmjdkth fulturml, ms khvms adrmds dkfhktrmj-sd ndskhrtdmnms. Mssij,
visumlizmknh khvms fulturms dlms mfmemj frimknh m sum prprim. Ndssm `hrjm, frim-sd ujm
shfidnmnd `rmailizmnm, sdj indktinmnd fulturml d qud. Rhssivdljdktd. h fhkgdfijdkth sherd ms
mktiams jmki`dstmds fulturmis sdrh privilaihs nd mlauks phufhs furihshs, pdsquismnhrds hu
jdjerhs nd mktiams `mjlims trmnifihkmis.
kdssd fhktdxth qud sd iksdrd m ijphrtkfim nh turisjh plmkdomnh. ]umknh rdmlizmnh
nd `hrjm pdksmnm kh edj dstmr nm phpulmh d nh visitmktd, h turisjh phnd sdr ujm vdrtdktd
nd fhjukifmh fmpmz nd trmksjitir, pdrpdtumr d prdsdrvmr hs trmhs fulturmis.
Jms pmrm qud issh hfhrrm kdfdssrim m rdmlizmh nd mlah qud `hi jdkfihkmnh
mktdrihrjdktd? qud h aruph rdfdpthr d h aruph visitmktd tdkgmj dj jdktd ms sums rmzds, hu
sdom, m sum dsskfim, h sdu jhnh nd vivdr .
Vd mjems ms pmrtds tivdrdj dj jdktd qud qudld fhktmth fhj hutrm fulturm tdj fhjhiktuith h fhkgdfijdkth, phssivdljdktd hs nmkhs fhj ndarmnmh fulturml sdrh ik`drihrds hu
qumsd ikdxistdktds.
Juiths dstunihshs nh fmjph nh turisjh mfrdnitmj qud m fulturm kh sd `mz, dlm sd
rdsamtm d sd prdsdrvm. Kh dxistd ijphr ujm jmki`dstmh fulturml m ujm finmnd, sdknh qud
kh nd hriadj ndlm, hu sdom, h sijplds `mth nd rdmlizmr ujm `dstm hu fhjdjhrmh nms
ikjdrms rdvhltms nh pdrhnh rdadkfiml dj uj jukifpih qud kh `hi pmlfh nms jdsjms.
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Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>=>
Rhr fhktm nissh qud m prprim phpulmh mfditm tunh h qud prhphsth, phis dlm kh
phssui h fhkgdfijdkth nm sum vdrnmndirm hriadj hu, fmsh phssum, kh dxistd m sum
jmki`dstmh kh fhtinimkh.
Emsifmjdktd, dlm kh smed nd hknd vdih. Mssij, fgdam-sd m ujm jxijm nm gistrim
pmrm dktdkndr h prdsdktd kdfdssrih fhjprddkndr h pmssmnh pmrm sdauir mh `uturh.
Fhjh fitmr?
AHKMLPDV, L.A.J. Ikvmsh fulturml. Udvistm Dldtrkifm Ermamktikm Hk Likd.
Ohmkphlis, k.61, p. =5-=>, khv. 52=>.
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Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>=4
H MKNMUILGH NM VDUUM
Vusuju Ymjmaufgi
Frhkistm, mknmrilgh d jhrmnhr nd Ohmkphlis
D-jmil? sussmymjBajmil.fhj
KHI^DV KH VDU^H
Mlfmkfdi h Ou fhj ms ltijms luzds nh nim d `ui nirdth pmrm h prijdirh emr. Tjm
sikufm drm nisputmnm km pdkujerm d m plmtdim, jdim nzim nd ghjdks d frimkms, frdsfdu fhj
jikgm fgdamnm. ^hrkdi-jd m prikfipml mtrmh mli, jhtivh nd furihsinmnd nd thnhs. Mprdsdktdi-
jd d nissd tdr viknh nd Jhktd Vmkth m p fhj uj jmpm nd _u nm Emtdrim. Huvi jurjrihs
nd mlvih d vi qud dld drm fhkgdfinh mli, h qud jd thrkmvm tmjej kh th ikfhkfdevdl. Tj
ohvdj dxflmjhu? Umpmz!... Vh hith laums!...Flmrh, dld kh ndvim sd rd`drir m laums nd
tmemru, jms fhktdjphrizdi? qud sm edj fdnh, pdlms sdis nm jmkg.
Rhr kh gmvdr aum pdni uj rd`riadrmktd, qud dstmvm jhrkh phrqud mli kh tikgm
dkdraim. Ilujikdi m jdsm fhj m lmktdrkm d mssij Pmlndjmr d _ nd Rdkdnh pundrmj tdrjikmr
h ohah. Dxpliqudi qud sdauirim kh nim sdauiktd pmrm h Edkndka d Fmkunhs, d tikgm nd nhrjir
kh Ou3 d fhjh kh tikgm pdksh mli, qudrim smedr sd phnim nhrjir km dsfhlm kh hutrh lmnh nh
lmrah. Ghuvd uj silkfih dj qud thnhs sd dktrdhlgmrmj mt qud Pmlndjmr, h nhkh nh emr,
mfghu qud kh tikgm prheldjm, jms qud ms fgmvds `ifmvmj fhj m jdrdkndirm km Pmradj
Fhjprinm, fikfh quiljdtrhs mtrs.
Rmrm jij kh gmvim prheldjms dj jd ikstmlmr km vmrmknm, phis trmzim fhisms qud jd
pdrjitimj nhrjir l. Mlj nd fhjinm, jikgm jhfgilm fhktikgm ujm lhkm, ishlmktd trjifh,
smfh nd eivmqud d jmktm. _ nd Rdkdnh fhkvinhu-jd pmrm h pirh nd pdixd qud h pdsshml `mzim
kh hutrh emr, d phnim `ifmr l mt tmrnd d ndphis pulmr pmrm m dsfhlm mh lmnh. @ui mt m phrtm d
hlgdi? kh dsfurh, ujm luz erilgmvm, iktdksm.
Mtrmvdssdi h lmrah d dktrdi kh sdauknh emr. Tjm tiadlm armknd nd mlujkih fgdim nd
pirh jd `hi pmssmnm mssij qud tirdi m jhfgilm. Rdni qud ndixmssdj pdlm jdtmnd, phis drmjuith. Dkfhstdi-jd m ujm pmrdnd d pus m tiadlm kh emkfh phr dstmr qudktd ndjmiskh sdktinh
ukivdrsml, jms mpdkms jhrkh, kh emimkh. Lhah du o sumvm fhjh kms ghrms jmis qudktds nh
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Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>=0
nim, d nissd-h qudld qud jd sdrvirm. Drm h Nh, nh emr nm Pmradj Fhjprinm qud dkfhktrdi
`dfgmnh. Dld nissd qud du tivdrm shrtd, mh fhktrrih nh qud pdksmrm, phis ujm vdz phr sdjmkm
vikgm mh Ou `mzdr h pirh. Fhkfhrndi, dkqumkth dld jd sdrvim jmis. Gmvim jmis nd ndz
fhjdksmis pdlhs emkfhs d fmndirms, dsfhrmnhs kh emlfh hu firfulmknh fhj prmths d tiadlms.
Ndphis qud m pmkdlm dsvmzihu d thnhs tikgmj fhjinh, hs utdkslihs `hrmj rdfhlginhs d
sujirmj, dj uj dsqudjm fhksmarmnh nd lijpdzm khs dkfhktrhs sdjmkmis.
Fhktikudi fhj rd`riadrmktds, mahrm adlmnhs, tdktmknh rdphr h phufh lquinh qud thjmrm
kh nim. D fhjh s mli gmvim dkdraim8 Ohh nh Emr jhstrhu m adlmndirm m as d uj rmpmz nissd
qud m luz vikgm nd dkdraim shlmr. Fhjh m likgm kh fgdamrm mh Ou, gmvim uj prharmjm nd
ijplmktmh nd emtdrims shlmrds. Kh drm luz juith flmrm, jms km dsfurinh nh sdrth
ilujikmvm h emstmktd.
Mssij, mfhlginh d mlijdktmnh, du `mlmvm plmtdim sildkfihsm nm jikgm fmjikgmnm mt h
Edkndka d nhs fmjikghs m pmrtir nmli, pdlm dstrmnm nh Uhsrih hu nh Fmlujei. Nissdrmj-jd
qud m nh Uhsrih drm s sdauir nirdth km dstrmnm phr hknd vij mt fgdamr km EU, virmr
dsqudrnm d mknmr uks viktd quiljdtrhs mt h Edkndka. M nh Fmlujei drm jmis pdrth d
pdamvm s uks khvd quiljdtrhs nd ms`mlth, h qud jd `dz ndfinir phr dstm. Rmrtim nd Ou,
hknd ei`urfmvm fhj m nh Uhsrih, ndrivmknh dsqudrnm ndstm kh rujh fdrth nh khrtd...S=Z
@mldi nm ijphrtkfim nh Ou kh jhvijdkth nms trhpms km audrrm nd Fmkunhs, nm
pmssmadj nd Duflinds nm Fukgm phr mli d nh vmlhr nd kh sd dsqudfdr nm gistrim d nh shkgh
nh Edlh Jhktd nd Mktkih Fhksdlgdirh. Kh sdi sd `mzimj indim nh qud du nizim, d mpdkms jd
hlgmvmj dj silkfih. Nd rdpdktd, qumsd thnhs sd ldvmktmrmj, smrmj nh emr d `hrmj
fhk`meulmr l `hrm, kh dsfurh. @ifmjhs mli s h Ohh kh emlfh, nhis hu trs sdktmnhs d du.
Fhktikumjhs m `mlmr, mt qud h emr `ifhu nd khvh fgdih d dj silkfih. Dkth, uj rmpmz
fhkgdfinh phr Ohh nd Duflinds nissd m jij nh hutrh lmnh nm smlm? Mjiah, vhf kh vmi
nhrjir kh rdldkth! Pmi `ifmr km fmsm mqui nh Ohh nh Lmlmu, qud vmi rdfdedr vhf sdj
kdkguj prheldjm!H tdrfdirh Ohh fhk`irjhu. D qumknh mfditdi d marmndfi, h emr vhlthu m
sdr jmis uj emr dj jmis ujm khitd kh sdrth.
H fmjikgh mt m fmsm nd Ohh nh Lmlmu drm jmis dsfurh pmrm jij fhj lmktdrkm nh qudpmrm dld sdj kdkgujm luz. Mqui m dstrmnm qud vhf vmi pdamr mjmkg pmrm h Fmlujei .
Mfgdi-m d hlgdi pmrm trs tdktmknh jd lhfmlizmr? l dstmvm h emr, m kifm luz km dsfurinh
dstrmnm dktrd h emr d m fmsm, drm h qud jikgm jdktd rdaistrmvm. Kh fu gmvim luz, jms kh drm
nm lum3 drm nms dstrdlms qud auimvmj Ohh mt sum fmsm.
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Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>=1
Jmramrdtgjmraht.ohmkikgmBghtjmil.fhj
Fhj ujm lmjpmrikm m qudrhsdkd dld jd jhstrhu h qumrth hknd nhrjirim3 h hutrh drm h
sdu d h tdrfdirh, nm `ilgm. Dlm `hrm nhrjir km fmsm nm jd mh smedr qud dld im mt h emr vdr h
ndsfhkgdfinh. Phf kh vmi merir m phrtm nd fmsm pmrm uj dstrmkgh, kh 8 , dlm
pdrauktmrm. Dld rdsphkndrm qud im ndfinir ndphis nd vdr, phis m adktd s sdktd fhjh ujm
pdsshm , kh hlgmr.
Vdkti qud issh fhk`irjmvm m jikgm ijprdssh nd sdr mvmlimnh pdlms pdsshms h tdjph
thnh, ndsnd m ghrm dj qud fgdaudi mh prijdirh emr. Kh s pdlh qud du nizim hu mpmrdktmvm,
jms dj dspdfiml phr jikgm prdsdkm, vistm phr dlds, sdktim qud `hrm mprhvmnh, mfdith d
mfhlginh sdj qud sdqudr jd pdrauktmssdj h khjd. Ndsfulpdi-jd pdlh trmksthrkh, jms dld
nissd qud m `ilgm nhrjim tmkth mli, fhjh km jd.
]umknh fgdaudi fmsm khtdi ujm fhism dsermkquimnm mh lmnh, d pdlm lmktdrkm vi qud
drm ujm fistdrkm nd fmptmh nd aum nm fguvm. D mh vdr, ndktrh nd fmsm, uj emrril fgdih nd
aum lijpm d ujm fmkdfm dspdfimljdktd rdsdrvmnm pmrm emlnd-lm pmrm hutrhs rdfipidktds, sdkti
uj fmlhr nd `mjilimrinmnd irrmnimr nmli, trmksehrnmr d trmksphrtmr-jd mt hs sdrtds nh khrtd nd
Jikms, mt Omkmem, mt m Emrrhquikgm, mt ms `mjlims fhj fistdrkms sijilmrds d mt fgdamr
dxprdssh nd armtinh nd Mkm d Khdl pdlm aum.^mkths nims, tmktm nistkfim, tmkth sdrth? aum, m vdkdrmnm aum! D mh jd nditmr rdkni d
pmaudi trieuths m dlm? phr fhksdrv-lm h jmis phssvdl dj jdu fmktil, d phr trhf-lm phr
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Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>=7
rd`riadrmktds nisphkvdis khs sdrtds. Du jd mfhstujmrm m fhjdr mkau d fusfuz nd jilgh khs
sdrtds nd Jikms d Emgim, jms phr kh tdr geith nd rd`riadrmktds fustdi m fmir kh shkh
rdpmrmnhr nd uj nim edj puxmnh. Ruxmnh, jms kh pdkhsh nh mjmkgdfdr dj Jhktd Vmkth
mh mkhitdfdr kh Ou, fhj sums dstrdlms qud `mzimj shkgmr sdj nhrjir.
Hlgmknh dssd fu, dj hutrm khitd, uj ghjdj jurjurmrm? ]umknh khs vmjhs pdlhs
sdrtds dj `hrm, kuj rdfhkgdfijdkth pdkhsh, vdri`ifmjhs, dkfmktmnhs, qud s phndjhs
fmjikgmr km tdrrm fhjh hs shkgmnhrds d hs ilujikmnhs... S5ZDkqumkth du jd ndemtim pmrm
pdkdtrmr km kvhm nh shkgh, phr dssd fgh nd phdirm pmssmvm Duflinds nm Fukgm, ilujikmnh
phr dssms jdsjms dstrdlms, fdkth d qumthrzd mkhs d khvd nims mktds.
Ud`drkfims
S=ZHs sdrtds? fmjpmkgm nd FmkunhsDuflinds nm Fukgm
S5ZGistrim d iktdrprdtmh nd Hs sdrtdsHljpih nd Vhuzm Mknrmnd
Fhjh fitmr?
YMJMATFGI, V. Khitds kh sdrth.Udvistm Dldtrkifm Ermamktikm Hk Likd. Ohmkphlis,
k.61, p. =4-=7, khv. 52=>.
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Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>=9
DNTFMH? DVRMH ND RHVVIEILINMNDV
Fhkfdih JmrqudsRrh`dsshrm nd Vhfihlhaim, @ilhsh`im d Gistrim
D-jmil? jmrqudsfhkfdifmh04Bajmil.fhj
FMRHDIUM, DLDJDK^H NM FTL^TUM M@UH-EUMVILDIUM? FHKV^UTH NMINDK^INMND
=. IK^UHNTH
Fmphdirm, dldjdkth nm fulturm m`rh-ermsildirm, prtifm ikifimnm km phfm nm dsfrmvinh
kh Ermsil, m`irjm m indktinmnd kdarm.
M fmphdirm kh ujm jmki`dstmh `hlflrifm ndsprhvinm nd sdktinh, uj
fhkgdfijdkth fhkstrunh shfimljdktd, ujm likaumadj qud usm jhvijdkths fhrphrmis, kuj
ohah nd pdrauktms d rdsphstms nd pdsshms mh nudlmrdj kh ritjh nh edrijemu qud fhjmknm dssd
ohah3 hs hutrhs pmrtifipmktds emtdj pmljms, dkqumkth ms pmlmvrms nms jsifms vh fhktmknhgistrims rdmis.
5. DLDJDK^H NM FTL^TUM M@UH-EUMVILDIUM
M fmphdirm mprdsdktm-sd fhjh ohah, lutm, mrtd, nmkm, `hrjm nd iktdrmh hknd hs
pmrtifipmktds phndj ndsdkvhlvdr sums phtdkfimlinmnds `sifms d iktdldftumis. M fmphdirm phssui
ujm likaumadj prprim, phis nd ujm phktm m hutrm nh fhktikdktd mjdrifmkhm phpulmh
kdarm sd utilizhu nh fhrph fhjh vdfulh nd rdsistkfim shfihfulturml d fhjh madktd
djmkfipmnhr nm dsfrmvinh(^MPMUDV, =991, p.5=0). Miknm pmrm ^mvmrds kms phpulmds
nm `rifm d nm Mjrifm pr-fhlhjeimkm h fhrph fhdxistd fhjh nisphsitivh nd phndr, nd
indktinmnd d nd likaumadj trmkspmrdktd dj sdu fhtinimkh.
Vdauknh Vinkdy Jiktz d Uifgmrn Rrifd, hs m`rifmkhs `hrmj trmzinhs nd ni`drdktds
pmrtds nm `rifm, fmpturmnhs nms fdktdkms nd aruphs qud `mlmvmj nimldths d lkaums ni`drdktds,
vmrimknh tmjej dj hutrhs mspdfths fulturmis? mfgmjhs ijphssvdl nizdr qud hs m`rifmkhs
ldvmnhs pmrm qumlqudr fhlkim dspdf`ifm nh Khvh Juknh tdkgmj tinh ujm kifm fulturm
fhldtivm m trmksphrtmr. (JIK^_ d RUIFD, 5226, p.50)
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Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>52
Fmnm fulturm nhtmnm nd uj dstilh pmrtifulmr qud sd dxprijd
mtrmvs nm lkaum, nms frdkms, nhs fhstujds, tmjej nm mrtd,
jms kh mpdkms ndstm jmkdirm. Dstd dstilh, dstd dsprith
prprih m fmnm fulturm ik`lui sherd h fhjphrtmjdkth nhs
iknivnuhs. (FTFGD, =999, p.>4)
Hs aruphs trmzinhs pmrm h fhktikdktd mjdrifmkh, km fhknih nd dsfrmvhs, trhuxdrmj
tmjej dj sum jdjrim hs fhjphrtmjdkths fulturmis nd sums nivdrsms dtkims, jms km rdlmh
fhj h ermkfh d fhj hutrms fulturms m`rifmkms fhkstrhdj hutrhs fhjphrtmjdkths fulturmis qud
jhni`ifmj sum indktinmnd, hu miknm m`irjmj sdus fhstujds mnmptmnhs khvm rdmlinmnd.
6. HUIADJ NM FMRHDIUM
Tj ohah nd Mkahlm tdj hriadj km nmkm m`rifmkm nd Kahlh, tpifm nm `dstm nd
D`uknulm nh sul nd Mkahlm, qumknh ms jdkikms ndixmj m puedrnmnd d sd thrkmj julgdrds. H
rmpmz vdkfdnhr nh ohah-lutm tdj h nirdith nd dsfhlgdr m sum dsphsm. Dstd ohah-lutm sd jmktdvd
km Emgim mtrmvs nd vdlghs fmphdiristms, fhjh Eilusfm, Khrhkgm, ^ieurfikgh, Jmr, Medrrd,
Rmstikgm d hutrhs.
Jdstrd Eijem mfgmknh qud m fmphdirm mkahlm tikgm jhvijdkths rdstriths pmrm sdr ujm
lutm d`ifidktd, jisturhu fmphdirm mkahlm, emtuqud d jmis mlauks jhvijdkths hesdrvmnhs dj
hutrms lutms d frihu m Lutm Udaihkml Emimkm, ghod m Fmphdirm Udaihkml. ^djhs dkth, m
fmphdirm mkahlm d m fmphdirm rdaihkml.
Ghod, m rhnm nd fmphdirm fhjmknmnm pdlh edrijemu, pdlh pmkndirh d pdlh mtmemqud,
jms kdj sdjprd `hi mssij. Gmvim thfmnhr nd edrijemu sdj rhnm d rhnm sdj edrijemu.
^hnmvim, ghod ni`fil ijmaikmr ujm rhnm nd fmphdirm sdj edrijemu.
>. AUMKNDV UDRUDVDK^MK^DV
Jdstrd Eijem - mkahldirh mt =959 -, qumknh `dz ujm rdukih, hknd dld fhkvinhu
thnhs hs jdstrds qud fhkgdfim km Emgim pmrm pmrtifipmr nd ujm khvm jhnmlinmnd, jms m
jmihrim kh mfdithu, mldamknh qud irim ndsfmrmftdrizmr m fmphdirm mkahlm, fhksindrmnm hriaikml.
Dstm khvm jhnmlinmnd pmsshu m sdr utilizmnm ukifmjdktd pmrm dxieids dj prmms d, phr
phssuir uj kjdrh rdnuzinh nd ahlpds, ndixmvm juith m ndsdomr dj tdrjhs nd lutm d `hi
fgmjmnm nd fmphdirm rdaihkml.Jdstrd Rmstikgm - kmsfinh dj =779 - nizim kh tdr mprdkninh m fmphdirm dj dsfhlm, jms
"fhj m shrtd". M`ikml, `hi h ndstikh h rdsphksvdl pdlm ikifimh ndld kh ohah, miknm amrhth.
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Pifdktd @drrdirm Rmstikgm drm fhkgdfinh fhjh h pmtrhkh nm fgmjmnm fmphdirm mkahlm.
4. IKV^UTJDK^HV T^ILI_MNHV KM UHNM
Mtmemqud - ikstrujdkth juith mktiah nd hriadj hridktml, prdsdktd dktrd hs pdrsms d hs
rmeds d juith nivulamnh phstdrihrjdktd km `rifm. Fgdahu mh Ermsil iktrhnuzinh pdlhs
phrtuaudsds pmrm sdr usmnh dj `dstms d prhfissds nd hriadj rdliaihsm. Hs m`rifmkhs o
fhkgdfimj h mtmemqud, thrkmknh-h uj nhs fhjphkdktds nh ritjh nm rhnm nd fmphdirm. h
prikfipml ikstrujdkth nd pdrfussh nm rhnm, `mfilitmknh m sikfrhkim dktrd hs trs edrijemus.
Rmkndirh - utilizmnh km knim d Rdkksulm Ierifm km inmnd jnim, dj `dstms nd ehnms,
fmsmjdkths d hutrms fdrijkims rdliaihsms, `hi iktrhnuzinh kh Ermsil tmjej pdlhs
phrtuaudsds d utilizmnh phstdrihrjdktd dj rhnms nd smjem d pdlhs kdarhs km rhnm nd fmphdirm,
sdknh uj ikstrujdkth nd pdrfussh adrmljdktd jmis maunh qud h mtmemqud.
Edrijemu - ikstrujdkth jusifml nd hriadj m`rifmkm, mkfdstrml nhs ikstrujdkths nd
fhrnm, fhjmknm m rhnm nm fmphdirm, nd ujm s fhrnm, fhjphsth phr ujm vdram nd jmndirm
(eiriem), uj mrmjd, ujm fmemm, uj fmxixi (fghfmlgh mrtdsmkml), ujm vmqudtm d pmrm djitir
sdus shks utilizmnh ujm pdnrm hu nherh (jhdnm nd fherd).
0. M JVIFM KM UHNM
Km fmphdirm, m indktinmnd fhrphrml dst vikfulmnm jsifm, dstmedldfdknh ujm
likaumadj ni`drdktd nmqudlm utilizmnm pdlhs ermkfhs durhpdus. Vdauknh Olih ^mvmrds? S...Z
sh ms likaumadks qud prdsdrvmj hs rdsnuhs sjifhs nm vivm trmksardssh qud h rdpdrtrih
nd siakhs kh vdremis `hi fmpmz nd rdmlizmr(p. 5=1).
Mh vdr ujm rhnm nd fmphdirm, trs pdsshms thfmknh edrijemus, mlauj emtdknh uj
pmkndirh, hs fhjphkdktds emtdknh pmljms, dkqumkth nums pdsshms ohamj, nmkmj d lutmj,
jms rmrmjdktd sd thfmj hu sd jmfgufmj, phnd pdksmr qud sd trmtm nd ujm jmki`dstmh sdj
ujm laifm d sdj sdktinh iktdrkh3 phnd mfrdnitmr qud kh sd trmtm nd ujm jmki`dstmhrdprdsdktmtivm nd mlaujm fhism. Jms, fdrtmjdktd, kh dstd h fmsh. Mlauks dxdjplhs sijplds
jhstrmj issh? qumknh mlauj fmi, phr dxdjplh, huvd-sd h fmkth? M fmkhm virhu jmrikgdirh.
Hi kh `uknh nh jmr tdj nikgdirh.
Dstd uj ikfdktivh d fhkshlh pmrm h fmphdiristm qud fmiu, tdktmknh ldjermr m dld qud
ir mh fgh phnd kh siaki`ifmr kdfdssmrimjdktd ujm qudnm, jms sij ujm hphrtukinmnd pmrm m
mplifmh nd hutrh ahlpd d qud tdj fgmkfd nd sdr edj sufdninh. Hu miknm? Jmfih `dith ujm
jhlm. Fmphdirm nd vmlhr. Rd jmknikam kdssd ohah. Edrijemu o rdflmjhu.Hutrh tiph nd fhkstruh fulturml iktdrdssmktd h rdaistrh nm gistrim nm dsfrmvinh
kdarm kms fmkds, fhjh dstm? Kdarh kma qumknh jhrrd vmi prm fhvm nd emka3 Mjiah
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th nizdknh qud urueu vmi td fhjdr3 Mqui-em-e mqui-ld-l3 kdarh kma `dnd jmis qud
smriau.
Ms fmktiams trmzdj ujm fmrmftdrstifm fhjuj? m likaumadj, dj adrml, `iaurmnm,
sdknh sum fhjprddksh rdstritm mh jeith nhs fmphdiristms. Vdauknh Mri Lijm (5226), m nmkm
d m jsifm dsth msshfimnhs km fmphdirm. H fmphdiristm prdstm mtdkh mh qud nith kms
fmktiams, mh ritjh nhs edrijemus d hutrhs ikstrujdkths nd pdrfussh, qud `mlmj km rhnm.
1. H TVH NH FHURH KM FHKV^UTH NM INDK^INMND
H fhrph qud fmktm, h fhrph qud nmkm, oham d lutm, h fhrph nh dsfrmvh qud mprdsdktm
sum jmkdirm nd vdr h juknh, sdus vmlhrds, sdu sh`rijdkth d sum mldarim. H fhrph fmrrdam sum
gistrim, niz qudj , kh qud mfrdnitm. Mtrmvs nh fhrph, h kdarh ndjhkstrhu sum rdsistkfim
dsfrmvinh. ujm khvinmnd pmrm qudj fherd h fhrph, h dsfhknd, vdr km fmphdirm h
ndsprdknijdkth nh fhrph rhnmknh, `mlmknh, smltmknh, fgdamknh prxijh nh hutrh, sdj thfmr,
phrj prdsdktd? S...Z pdrjitiknh ikflusivd ujm husmnim, qud m nd prhphr ujm jhnmlinmnd
nd indktinmnd miknm kh rdfhkgdfinm fhkfditumljdktd? m indktinmnd fhrprdh-adstuml
(^MPMUDV, =991, p.5=0).
H kdarh prdfismvm jmktdr sdus siakhs prdsdktds kh sdu nim-m-nim, frimknh hutrms
dstrmtaims nd jmki`dstmh, ujm vdz qud tunh, hu qumsd tunh `hi rdtirmnh d kdamnh nh
fhjphrtmjdkth hriaikml nd sum fulturm, sum rdmlinmnd `hi ikvdktmnm pdlh fhlhkizmnhr,
dsjmamknh sdus sjehlhs d ritumis.
H kdarh, sdknh trmzinh nd ni`drdktds rdaids, jml phnim sd fhjukifmr, `hi `hrmnh m
fmlmr kh sdu fhtinimkh, eusfmknh hutrms `hrjms nd jmktdr mlah nd sum indktinmnd, rdm`irjmknh
kh rdthrkh mh pmssmnh, km tdktmtivm nd jmktdr sum fulturm prdsdktd, miknm qud mnmptmknh sdu
fhjphrtmjdkth pmrm m khvm rdmlinmnd, fhkstrunm pdlh fhlhkizmnhr, h dsfrmvizmnh `hi dkth
dxprhprimnh nd sdus sjehlhs(INDJ, p. 5=0).
M `rifm pdrjmkdfd mtrmvs nh fhrph nh kdarh, fhj sums dxprdssds lnifms, kms
`dstms d kms fdrijkims rdliaihsms, mquilh qud kh phnd sdr mrrmkfmnh iktdirmjdktd jmktinhpdlhs adsths, `hrtmldfdknh m fhjukifmh kh vdreml, phis h fhrph fhj sdus adsths
ritumlstifhs dstmedldfdj m fhjukifmh dktrd dlds.
H ush nh fhrph jmktj vivm m jdjrim nh aruph shfiml? pmssm h fhrph m fhkstituir h
smedr nm fhjukinmnd d m pdr`mzdr-sd fhjh mrquivh d fhjh mrjm, `hrtmldfdknh ujm
smednhrim fhrphrml (INDJ, p. 5=1). H pmssmnh d, oukth fhj dld, hs dldjdkths fulturmis
`hrjmnhrds nd sums dtkims, dsth jmktinhs d trmksjitinhs pdlh fhrph, lhfml qud n sdaurmkm
km prdsdrvmh nms trmnids d qud phnd trmksjitir m gdrmkm m`rifmkm.H ush nh nisfursh kh vdreml mprdsdktm uj nisfursh adstuml km fmphdirm, qud h muthr
Olih ^mvmrds mprdsdktm nivininh dj qumtrh (>) ukinmnds, qud sd mrtifulmj.
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=. M rhnmdspmh firfulmr vivdkfimnh pdlh kdarh, hknd sh mprdsdktmnms, pdlh ohamnhr,
ms ni`drdktds fhjeikmds nd ohah d fmnm ohah ujm sdktdkm, fmrrdamnm nd dkdraim.
uj juknh `mlmnh d fhkgdfinh pdlhs kdarhs?Mssij,m rhnm h luamr-tdxth qud fhktj
suetdxths qud sh hs ohahs fhjphsths phr sdktdkms iknivinumis(INDJ, p.5=7).
5. H ohahjhvijdkth mrtifulmnh nd mvmkh d dsquivm3 nd`dsm d mtmqud, sdknh m aikam
dldjdkth nd armknd ijphrtkfim pmrm h dquilerih nh ohah d pmrm m prdpmrmh nhs
jhvijdkths nd qudj `mz pmrtd nh ohah kuj trmemlgh sikaulmr nh ohamnhr fhj h sdu
fhrph, ndjhkstrmknh nurmktd h ohah m sum fmpmfinmnd nd fhjeikmr(INDJ, p. 5=9).
6. H fhrph km fmphdirm h fhrph vdrstil d nikjifh, fhjh kms nmkms m`rifmkms,
dxiaiknh jmis ritjhs fhrphrmis, ujm vdz qud m `mlm `hi kdamnm mh dsfrmvizmnh pdlh
fhlhkizmnhr? fmrmftdrizmknh ujm rdnd nd rdsistkfims rdmlizmnms dj prtifms
fhrphrmis3 ndstm rdnd `mz pmrtd h fmknhjel, h jmfuldl, h ohkah d tmktms hutrms
`dstms(INDJ, p.5=9). H fhrph tdxth, siakh km fmphdirm, fhj nhis dldjdkths qud
`mzdj nh fhrph nh kdarh uj fhrph dkdradtifmjdktd `hrtd? h jhvijdkth nhs qumnris
(qud `mz h ohah nm fikturm) d m dkdraim nikjifm (qud n iktijinmnd fhj hs fmjphs nd
`hrms fsjifms).
>. H edrijemu frim ujm ukinmnd fhj h fhrph, mtrmvs nh ritjh mh thfmr m vmrdtm km
fhrnm, edj fhjh h mth nd mprhxijmr hu m`mstmr m fmemm nm emrriam nh thfmnhr,
adrm uj flijm nd rituml... (INDJ, p.552), dld h frimnhr nd dkdraim, dld adrm m
jmknikam.
7. FHKVINDUMDV @IKMIV
M fmphdirm mprdsdktm uj prhodth nd liedrnmnd iknivinuml qud sd dxpmknd pmrm m
fhldtivinmnd, mtrmvs nd ujm vish thtmlizmnhrm. Fhj h fhrph h kdarh pdrfded h juknh,
fhjukifmknh-sd fhj h hutrh, rdprdsdktm m rdmlinmnd mtrmvs nd ujm sijehlhaim qud djmkm
jdksmadks d `mz fhj qud dld `mld nm sum indktinmnd, km sum fhkstruh hu km sum m`irjmh?
M ijprdvisieilinmnd, h rd`ldxh mfdktumnh, m fmpmfinmnd nd
fhkfdktrmh km thtmlinmnd nm situmh rdmlizmnm d m mjplimh
nm vish pdri`rifm h qud m`irjm m ni`drdkm dktrd m fmphdirm d
ms ndjmis lutms. (^MPMUDV, =991, p.5=9)
Fhkgdfdr m hriadj nhs dldjdkths m`rh-ermsildirhs, dktdkndr h sdu siaki`ifmnh d sum
rdprdsdktmh dstmedldfd uj khvh hlgmr sherd m indktinmnd nd m`rifmkhs trmzinhs km fhknihnd dsfrmvhs. Hs kdarhs `mlmrmj nm sum fulturm, utilizmknh h qud miknm rdstmvm pmrm sum
fhjukifmh, km fhkstruh nm indktinmnd d km m`irjmh nh qud prdfismvm sdr jmktinh phr
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dlds fhjh dldjdkth nd sum indktinmnd fhldtivm.
H fhrph dspmh smarmnh, qud hfupm pmpdl ijphrtmktd km fhjukifmh dktrd hs
kdarhs, km iktdrmh dktrd dlds d hs ermkfhs d km prdsdrvmh nhs dldjdkths fhkstitutivhs nm
fulturm ndixmnm th nistmktd dj hutrh fhktikdktd. Fhrph mprhvditmnh fhjh jdih nd
fhjukifmh kh vdreml, m`irjmknh m dxistkfim nd ujm dtkim qud rdsistd d qud tmjej
fmpmz nd fhktikumr fhkstruiknh gistrim.
Ud`drkfims
MLPDV, Mrivmlnh nd Lijm. M dxpdrikfim nm jsifm. Ik? M dxpdrikfim nh smjemkmEmgim. Pdrsh nh tdrfdirh fmptulh nm tdsd nd nhuthrmnh.Rrharmjm nd Rs-Armnumhdj Mktrhphlhaim Vhfiml (RRAMV), Ndpmrtmjdkth nd Mktrhphlhaim, TkE, Ermslim, 5226.
FTFGD, Ndkys. M ikvdkh nh fhkfdith fidkt`ifh nd fulturm. Ik? M khh nd fulturm kmsfikfims shfimis. Emuru? DNTVF, =999.
@uknmh Tkivdrsinmnd @dndrml nd Uhknkim.Nisphkvdl dj? gttp?//www.ukir.er.Mfdsshdj? 24 Jmih 5220.
JIK^_, Vinkdy Q.3 RUIFD, Uifgmrn. H jhndlh nh dkfhktrh. Ik? H kmsfijdkth nm fulturmm`rh-ermsildirm.Uih nd Omkdirh? Rmllms, Tkivdrsinmnd Fkninh Jdknds, 5226. p. 54->=.
^MPMUDV, Olih. Dnufmh mtrmvs nh fhrph. Ik? Udvistm nh Rmtrijkih Gistrifh dMrtstifh Kmfihkml.K 54 / =991. p. 5=0-55=.
Fhjh fitmr?
JMU]TDV, J.F.K. Fmphdirm, dldjdkth nm fulturm m`rh-ermsildirm? fhkstruh nm indktinmnd.
Udvistm Dldtrkifm Ermamktikm Hk Likd. Ohmkphlis, k.61, p. =9-5>, khv. 52=>.
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