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Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

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Page 1: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

Sandwich Construction

Eng. Marco Leite

Prof. Manuel de Freitas

Prof. Arlindo Silva

Page 2: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 2

Sandwich Construction

Introdução Leis Constitutivas Exemplo Design procedures Aplicações Bibliografia

Page 3: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 3

Introdução

Origem Princípio Sandwich Vantagens e Desvantagens

Page 4: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 4

Origem

II Gerra Mundial – de Havilland Mosquito TT35 TA639

– Fuselagem Plywood/Balsa/Plywood “Mosquito. The timber terror. Light, fast, deadly.”

“The excellent performance demonstrated by this airplane had convinced numerous aircraft designers of the superiority of sandwich structure as a means of constructing more efficient airplanes”

Falta de materiais na G.B. no auge na II Guerra Mundial

Page 5: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 5

Origem

II Guerra Mundial – Vultee BT15 (USA)– Fuselagem Fibra de vidro em matriz de poliester com núcleo

em honeycomb de fibra de vidro ou núcleo de balsa.

Page 6: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 6

Princípio Sandwich

(c) web core

(d) corrugated core

Page 7: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 7

Vantagens e desvantagens

Vantagens Desvantagens

Alta Resistência EspecíficaPerigoso para a saúde durante a

construção (Resinas)

Alta Rigidez EspecíficaFracas possibilidades de reciclagem

(compósitos)

Baixo PesoFalta de informação nos engenheiros

e designers

Isolamento Térmico e Acústico Problemas de temperatura

Capacidade de resistência à corrosão Mudança de mentalidades

Facilidade de formas completas Controlo de Qualidade

Capacidade de absorção de Energia Variedade de critérios de rotura

Poucas peças estruturais necessárias Incompatibilidade de materiais

Múltiplas possibilidades de escolha de materiais

Page 8: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

Leis Constitutivas

Page 9: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 9

Leis Constitutivas

Teoria clássica vs Teoria 1ª ordem Campo de deslocamentos Campo de deformações Relação Tensão-Extensão TCL Leis Constitutivas TCL Relação Tensão-Extensão 1ª ordem Leis Constitutivas 1ª ordem

Page 10: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 10

Teoria clássica vs Teoria 1ª ordem

Teoria Clássica Laminados Teoria 1ª ordem

Page 11: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 11

Campo de Deslocamentos

0

0

0

, , , , ,

, , , , ,

, , ,

x

y

u x y z u x y z z x y

v x y z v x y z z x y

w x y z w x y

axis-x about rotation

axis-y about rotation

z

vy,x

z

uy,x

y

x

Teoria ClássicaLaminados

Teoria 1ª ordem

y

wx

w

y

x

0

0

Page 12: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 12

Campo de Deformações

Teoria Clássica Laminados Teoria 1ª ordem

0

0

0

2

1

2

1

0

0

0000

2

00

2

00

y

w

x

w

xyz

y

w

x

w

x

v

y

u

yz

y

w

y

v

xz

x

w

x

u

yyz

xxz

yxxy

z

yy

xx

02

1

02

1

22

1

0

2

1

2

1

00

00

02

0000

20

22

00

20

22

00

y

w

y

w

x

w

x

w

yx

wz

y

w

x

w

x

v

y

u

y

wz

y

w

y

v

x

wz

x

w

x

u

yz

xz

xy

z

y

x

Page 13: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 13

Relação Tensão-Extensão TCL

220 00 00 0

0 0 0 00

1 1

2 2x y

xy

w wu v

x x y y

u v w w

y x y x

2 2 20 0 0

2 22x y xy

w w w

x y x y

Teoria Clássica Laminados

0

0

0

i

x x xi

y y y

xy xy xy

z

Q z

z

Extensões superfície média

Curvaturas

Relação Tensão/Extensão

Page 14: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 14

Leis Constitutivas TCL

02

0

1 12

0

2

1 1

Moment per unit length:

tk k

tk k

xx x xz zN Ni i

y y y yk kz z

xy xy xyxy

M k

M zdz Q zdz Q k z dz

M k

02

0

1 12

0

1 1

Force per unit length:

tk k

tk k

xx x xz zN Ni i

y y y yk kz z

xy xy xyxy

N k

N dz Q dz Q k zdz

N k

0

DB

BA

M

N

Forças de membrana actuantes no laminado

Momentos actuantes no laminado

Page 15: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 15

Relação Tensão-Extensão 1ª ordem

220 00 00 0

0 00 0

0 0 0 00

1 1

2 2x y

yz y xz x

xy

w wu v

x x y y

w w

y x

u v w w

y x x y

0

yxx y

yxxy yz xz

x x

y x

0

0

0

0

0

i

x x x

y y yi

xy xy xy

yz yz

xz xz

z

z

Q z

Extensões superfície média

Curvaturas

Relação Tensão/Extensão

Page 16: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 16

Leis constitutivas 1ª Ordem

2

2

2

2

Transverse shear

force resultants:h

h

h

h

x xz

y yz

Q dz

Q dz

y

wx

w

AA

AAK

Q

Q

y

x

y

x

0

0

5545

4544

xy

y

x

B

y

w

x

w

x

v

y

u

y

w

y

v

x

w

x

u

A

N

N

N

yx

y

x

xy

y

x

0000

2

00

2

00

2

1

2

1

xy

y

x

D

y

w

x

w

x

v

y

u

y

w

y

v

x

w

x

u

B

M

M

M

yx

y

x

xy

y

x

0000

2

00

2

00

2

1

2

1

Page 17: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 17

Exemplo – Ensaios 3PB

Viga de contraplacado– Comparação entre a TCL e 1ª Ordem

Vigas sandwich faces em GRP núcleo PU – Comparação entre a TCL e 1ª Ordem

Page 18: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 18

Exemplo – Ensaios 3PB

Deslocamento a meio vão: 3

48 4

PL PLw

D U

TCL (bending)

Corte

1ª Ordem

Page 19: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 19

Viga de contraplacado 18.2 mm

Contraplacado de madeira de vidoeiro – 13 camadas

[0º,90º,0º...,0º,90º,0º]– Material Ortotrópico– Vão 1000 mm– Resultados Força vs

Deslocamento

Page 20: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 20

Viga de contraplacado 18.2 mm

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 5 10 15 20Deslocamento [mm]

Fo

rça

[k

N]

TCL

FEM

CNTPL 18

Page 21: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 21

Viga sandwich em GRP + PU

Viga sandwich – Faces em fibra de vidro

em matriz de poliéster Espessura de 2.5 mm Gramagem de 900 g/m2

– Núcleo em espuma de poliuretano

Espessura de 50 mm Densidade de 40 kg/m3

Materiais Isotrópicos– Faces

E = 6100 MPa = 0.33

– Núcleo E = 7.5 Mpa = 0.33

Page 22: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 22

Vigas sandwich em GRP + PU

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Deslocamento [mm]

Fo

rça

(k

N)

Painel 1-A Painel 2-APainel 1-B Painel 2-BPainel 3-B Painel 4-BPainel 5-B Painel 6-BTCL FEM ANA

Page 23: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

Design procedures

Page 24: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 24

Design procedures

Vários envelopes de rotura concorrentes

Altamente dependente da geometria e do carregamento

Page 25: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 25

Design procedures

Page 26: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 26

Design procedures

Page 27: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 27

Design procedures

Page 28: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

Aplicações

Page 29: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 29

Aplicações

Aeroespacial Aeronáutico Construção Desporto Naval Automóvel Veículos Ferroviários etc

Page 30: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 30

Satélites

1 Solar Panels : Epoxy carbon prepregs, aluminum honeycomb, film adhesive

2 Reflectors Antennae : Epoxy/aramid prepreg, cyanate carbon prepreg, aramid/aluminum honeycomb

3 Satellite Structures : Carbon prepreg, aluminum honeycomb, film adhesive

Page 31: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 31

Aeroespacial

1 Fairings: Carbon prepregs. Aluminium honeycomb and adhesives.

2 External Payload Carrier Assembly (SPELTRA): Carbon prepregs, aluminium honeycombs and adhesives.

3 EPS Ring: Epoxy/carbon prepreg or RTM.

4 Front Skirt: Carbon prepreg.

5 Booster Capotage: Epoxy glass/non-metallic honeycomb.

6 Yoke: Epoxy carbon filament winding.

7 Heat Shield: Carbon prepreg/high temperature resistant glass fabric.

Page 32: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 32

Aeronautico

1 Radar Transparent Radome: Epoxy or BMI Prepreg or RTM resins and woven preforms (socks)

6 Wing Skins and Ribs: Epoxy carbon and glass Prepregs

2 Foreplane Canard Wings: Epoxy carbon Prepregs

7 Fin Tip: Epoxy/quartz Prepregs

3 Fuselage Panel Sections: Epoxy carbon Prepregs. Non-metallic honeycomb core and Redux adhesives

8 Rudder: Epoxy carbon Prepreg

4 Leading Edge Devices: Epoxy carbon and glass Prepregs

9 Fin: Epoxy carbon/glass Prepreg

5 Fin Fairings: Epoxy glass and carbon Prepregs

10 Flying Control Surfaces: Epoxy carbon and glass Prepregs. Honeycomb core material and Redux adhesives

Page 33: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 33

Pás do rotor de um helicóptero Sea King, mostrando a estrutura interna em compósito. Com a aplicação de compósitos consegue-se maior velocidade das pás e menor transmissão de vibrações à estrutura.

Page 34: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 34

Naval

1 Decking: Heavy duty structural sandwich panels 9 Weather Shield: Prepregs and honeycombs.

2 Hull Skin Structure: Prepregs, engineered fabrics, honeycombs.

10 Communications Equipment : Prepregs and honeycombs.

3 Lightweight Floor Structure: Sandwich panels. 11 Companionway Stairs : Structural sandwich

panels

4 Suspended Ceilings : Lightweight sandwich panels/honeycombs. 12 Partitions: Lightweight sandwich panels.

5 Interior Furnishings : Lightweight stiff sandwich panels suitable for fabrication. Prepregs and fabrics.

13 Lightweight Superstructure: Sandwich panels and Prepregs.

6 Hull Skin Structure: Prepregs, engineered fabrics, honeycombs.

14 Engine Room : Sandwich panels and special products for FST and sound attenuation..

7 Accommodation Cabin Units: Lightweight sandwich panels, Prepregs and honeycombs.

15 Drive Shafts & Couplings: Epoxy Prepregs and fabrics

8 Bridge Deck Consoles: Lightweight sandwich panels.

Page 35: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 35

Naval

Page 36: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 36

Desporto

Page 37: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 37

O quadro (que já nem sequer tem a forma tradicional de um quadro...) da bicicleta da figura é feito em carbono/ epoxy, bem como as jantes das rodas. Consegue-se maior rigidez e menor peso em relação às estruturas de alumínio. Além disso, o design pode e deve ser alterado para maximizar os benefícios do novo material.

Page 38: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 38

Aplicações diversas de compósitos em artigos de desporto e lazer. A sua utilização destina-se, em geral, a poupar peso, ganhando rigidez e resistência e, por vezes, permitindo um

design mais atractivo que as ligas metálicas, devido à facilidade de moldagem.

Page 39: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 39

Construção civil

Page 40: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 40

Sandwich technology:The sandwich principle has been successfully used in the marine and aerospace industries. Now, Bombardier's new Fully Integrated Carbody Assembly System (FICAS) revolutionizes manufacturing in the rail industry.

FICAS consists of a thin sandwich construction comprising a steel skin bonded to a rigid core. The advantage of this approach to the overall space saving equation is that the sidewalls become significantly thinner than a conventional wall, with possible savings of up to 120 millimeters in wall thickness. (May 2003)

Comboios

Page 41: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 41

Automóvel

With the long version, the A-class sets a new record for compact cars, for no other automobile in this market segment offers so much cubic capacity, as much as 68.2 cubic feet – which is 11 percent more than the unchanged current standard version.

The spatial economy of the new body variant is equally commendable: since the drive units, thanks to the sandwich concept, are positioned partly in front of and partly beneath the passenger cell, 53 percent of the 12 foot 5 inch body is available to the passengers …

“With the new variant we can now also satisfy prospective customers who were already convinced by the A-Class design and concept but wanted to have more room,” emphasized D. Joachim Schmidt, member of divisional management…

Page 42: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 42

Automóvel

Therefore, American's steel manufacturers hired Porsche Engineering Services to develop a new kind of steel monocoque technology calls Ultra Light Steel Auto Body (ULSAB). As shown in the picture, basically it has the same structure as a conventional monocoque. What it differs from its donor is in minor details - the use of "Hydroform" parts, sandwich steel and laser

beam welding. Sandwich steel is made from a thermoplastic (polypropylene) core in

between two very thin steel skins. This combination is up to 50 percent lighter compared with a piece of homogenous steel without a penalty in performance. Because it shows excellent rigidity, it is applied in areas that call for high bending stiffness. However, it cannot be used in everywhere because it needs adhesive bonding or

riveting instead of welding.

Page 43: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 43

Transporte Isotérmico

Vantagem da construção sandwich:Alto isolamento térmico aliado ao desempenho estrutural

Page 44: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

Bibliografia

Page 45: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

NOV 2004 45

Bibiografia

Plantema, F.J., Sandwich construction; the bending and buckling of sandwich beams, plates, and shells. 1966, New York,: Wiley. xx, 246.

Allen, H.G., Analysis and design of structural sandwich panels. 1st ed. 1969, Oxford New York: Pergamon. xvi, 283.

Forest Products, L., Wood handbook : wood as an engineering material. General technical report (Forest Products Laboratory) ; FPL-GTR-113. 1999, Madison: The Laboratory.

Gay, D., Matériaux composites. 4e éd. rev. et augm. ed. Collection Matériaux. 1997, Paris: Hermès,. 672.

Gibson Lorna, J. and F. Ashby Michael, Cellular solids : structure & properties. International series on materials science & technology. 1988, Oxford: Pergamon 1988.

Metzger, D.J., The selection of sandwich panels. 1970: Ithaca, N.Y. p. x, 142 l. Middleton, D.H., Composite materials in aircraft structures. 1990, Harlow: Longman Scientific

& Technical. Vinson, J.R., The behavior of sandwich structures of isotropic and composite materials. 1999,

Lancaster, Pa.: Technomic Publishing Co. Zenkert, D., An introduction to sandwich construction. 1997, Warley: Emas. Zenkert, D. and F. Nordic Industrial, The handbook of sandwich construction. North European

engineering and science conference series. 1997, Cradley Heath: EMAS Publishing.

Page 46: Sandwich Construction Eng. Marco Leite Prof. Manuel de Freitas Prof. Arlindo Silva

FIM