Sentencias y Consultas en SQL

8/18/2019 Sentencias y Consultas en SQL

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“AÑO DE LA CONSOLIDACIÓN DEL MAR DE GRAU”

UNIVERSIDAD SAN PEDRO

FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA

ESCUELA ACADEMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL

SENTENCIAS SQL, CONSULTAS ANIDADAS.

Docente:

Ing. JAMANCA RAMIREZ, Marco

Alumno:

MEJIA FALCON, Vícor E!"c#on.RE$ES SANC%EZ, Jo&' E!("n

%UARAZ ) ANCAS%

*+-


2/22

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SENTENCIAS CONSULTAS EN SQL SERVER

En a #&cc"n no# /r&oc0/ar&1o# /or conoc&r, 'a# con#0'a# &n S2L 30&

!cr"4"r&1o# a30í. 5ara o 6ar&1o# 0n /&30&7o r&n !& 'a# /a'a4ra# c'a8

30& #& 0"'"9an &n S2L, a' co1o #on TA!LAS, CAMPOS, FILAS, o #&

10ra &n 'a #"g0"&n& "1ag&n:

TA!LA: &' con;0no or!&na!o !& ca1/o# #c0'a#, raan!o !& !"?&r&nc"ar'o# con 'o# arg01&no# !& 0na a4'a.

SELECB ca1/o# FROM a4'a# %ERE con!"c"on GROU5 $ ca1/o# La

r0c0ra /r&na!a, 'a 30& #& 0"'"9a S2L /o#&& !& 0na ;&rar30ía &nr& #0#

/a'a4ra# c'a8, > 0na 1an&ra g&n&ra' 'a /r&na1o# /ara conoc"1"&no !&' '&cor.


3/22

IDALUMNO : Código de alumno

APEALUMNO : Apellido del Alumno

NOMALUMNO : Nombre del Alumno

IDESP : Código de especialidad

PROCE : Procedencia

3

5ara &?&co# !& &;&1/'o# &n a o/or0n"!a! 6ar&1o# 0#o !& 'a #"g0"&n& a#& !& Dao#,

!DNOTAS, &n &' c0a' @n con&n"!a 'a# #"g0"&n a4'a# > co'01na#:

ALUMNO

IDALUMNO

IDESP

CURSO

IDCURSO : C!"go !&' c0r#o.

NOMCURSO : No14r& !&' c0r#o.

CREDIBO : CrH!"o# !&' c0r#o.

IDCURSO

ESPECIALIDAD

IDES5 : C!"go !& /&c"a'"!a!

NOMES5 : No14r& !& 'a /&c"a'"!a!.

COSBO : Co#o !& 'a /&c"a'"!a!.

NOTAS

IDALUMNO : C!"go !& a'01no

IDCURSO : C!"go !&' c0r#o.

EA5ARCIAL: Ea1&n 5arc"a'.

EAFINAL : Ea1&n ?"na'

PAGOS

IDALUMNO : C!"go !& a'01no

CICLO : C"c'o

NCUOBA : N01&ro !& c0oa.

MONBO : 1ono a /agar

FEC%A : ?&c6a !&' /ago


4/22

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CONSULTA !0SICA SELECT.1 'o 30& 6ac& 0na con#0'a SELECB, o4&n&r

!ao# !& 0na Ba4'a !&&r1"na!a, &n 'a# 30& #& /&c"?"can ?"'a# > co'01na#. La

#"na"# 4@#"ca !& 0na con#0'a SELECB :

SELECT FROM nombreDeTabla

En 'a con#0'a an&r"or, &' a#&r"#co


5/22

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LA CL0USULA /ERE.1 &n 'a 1a>oría !& ca#o# n&car"o 'oca'"9ar, &n 0na

4a#& !& !ao#, ?"'a# 30& c01/'an con c"&ro# cr"&r"o# !& #&'&cc"n. S2L 0"'"9a 'a

c'@0#0'a %ERE &n 0na con#0'a SELECB /ara /&c"?"car 'o# cr"&r"o# !&

#&'&cc"n /ara 'a con#0'a. La ?or1a 4@#"ca !& 0na con#0'a SELECB con cr"&r"o# o

con!"c"n !& #&'&cc"n :

SELECT nombreDeColumnas FROM nombreDeTabla /ERE criterios

5or &;&1/'o, /ara #&'&cc"onar 'a# co'01na# I!A'01no, 1ono !& 'a a4'a 5ago#,

/ara 'a# c0a' &' 1ono #&a 1a>or 30& +, 0"'"9a1o# 'a #"g0"&n& con#0'a:

SELECT I!A'01no, Mono FROM 5ago# /ERE 1ono+

Lo# cr"&r"o# !& 'a c'@0#0'a %ERE /0&!&n con&n&r 'o# #"g0"&n o/&ra!or !&

co1/arac"n: 5, 6, 7, 65, 75, 85, 76, IN, NOT IN, !ETEEN, NOT !ETEEN,

LI9E. A!&1@#, #& /0&!& con#r0"r con!"c"on 1'"/' 0#an!o 'o# o/&ra!or'g"co# AND, OR > NOT. S& /0&!& 0"'"9ar /arHn"# #" #& !&a ?or9ar a'gn or!&n

!& &8a'0ac"n.

E' o/&ra!or LI9E, #& 0"'"9a /ara 6ac&r co1/arac"on !& ca!&na#, r&'ac"onan!o

/aron con 'o# carac&r co1o!"n /orc&na;& g0"n a4a;o


6/22

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!& 'a c'@0#0'a %ERE "n!"can 30& /0&!& a/ar&c&r c0a'30"&r n1&ro !& car@c&r !/0H# !& 'a '&ra A > 2 &n 'a# co'01na# NomAlumno, A#eAlumno,r/&c"8a1&n&.

Ca4& o4#&r8ar 30& 'a ca!&na !&' o/&ra!or @ &nc&rra!a &nr& carac&r !&co1"''a# #&nc"''a# a/o#ro?. A#í 1"#1o &n &' &;&1/'o an&r"or #& 0"'"9 &'

o/&ra!or AND, /ara r&a'"9ar 'a co1/arac"n 'g"ca !& no14r& > a/&''"!o, 6&1o#0"'"9a!o 'o# /arHn"# /ara !ar'& 0n or!&n /&cí?"co a n0ra con!"c"n.

Recue*": 6&1o# 0"'"9a!o 'a /a'a4ra LIE /ara co1/arar ca!&na#, &n ao/or0n"!a! /r&na1o# &;&1/'o# &n 'o# c0a' !&a1o# 30& a# ca!&na#&1/"&c&n con 0na '&ra !&&r1"na!a. En &' ca#o !& 30& 0na '&ra &r1"n& &n 0na!&&r1"na!a '&ra, 'a #"na"# !&' 0#o !&' LIE #&ría #"1"'ar a a:

SELECT FROM /ERE Columna1 LI9E A

Un g0"n 4a;o o "#ell(o #"te*no &1/"&c& con c0a'30"&r car@c&r (lo que se especificacon _), #&g0"!o /or 'a '&ra (, #&g0"!a /or c0a'30"&r n1&ro !& carac&r a!"c"ona'(lo que se especifica con %):

SELECT A/&A'01no FROM A'01no /ERE A/&A'01no LI9E " E' r'a!o !&'a con#0'a #&r"a:

LA CL0USULA ORDER !.1 E' r'a!o !& 0na con#0'a /0&!& or!&nar#& &n?or1a a#c&n!&n& o !c&n!&n&, 1&!"an& &' 0#o !& 'a c'@0#0'a ODER $o/c"ona'. La ?or1a 4@#"ca !& 0na "n#r0cc"n SELECB con 0na c'@0#0'a ORDER $:

SELECT nombreDeColumnas FROM Tablas ORDER ! columna1 ASC SELECTnombreDeColumnas FROM Tablas ORDER ! columna1 DESC

En !on!& ASC /&c"?"ca &' or!&n a#c&n!&n& or=, DESC /&c"?"ca&' or!&n !c&n!&n& or a 1&nor= > columna1 /&c"?"ca 'a co'01na &n 'ac0a' #& 4a#a &' or!&na1"&no. 5or &;&1/'o, /ara o4&n&r 'a '"#a !& c0r#o# &n or!&na#c&n!&n& /or no14r& !& c0r#o, 0"'"c& 'a #"g0"&n& #"na"#:

SELECT no1c0r#o FROM C0r#o ORDER ! no1c0r#o ASC

E' r'a!o #&ría:

O4#&r8& 30& &' or!&n /r&!&&r1"na!o a#c&n!&n&


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'a /a'a4ra ASC=, /or 'o 30& ASC o/c"ona'. 5ara o4&n&r 'a 1"#1a '"#a !& c0r#o#&n or!&n !c&n!&n& /or no14r& !& c0r#o, 0"'"c& 'a #"g0"&n& #"na"#:

SELECB no1c0r#o FROM C0r#o ORDER ! no1c0r#o DESC

E' r'a!o #&ría:

Oro 0#o 30& #& '& ar"40>& a a c'@0#0'a ORDER $ &' !& /o!&r or!&nar /or

0na co'01na /&cí?"ca, c0an!o #& /o#&& 8ar"a# co'01na# #&'&cc"ona!a#. 5or &;&1/'o !&a1o# o4&n&r 'o# c"m#o IAlumno, A#eAlumno, NomAlumno &'c0a' !&4&n !& ar or!&na!o# /or a/&''"!o#, 0"'"c& 'a #"g0"&n& #"na"#:

SELECT I!A'01no, A/&A'01no, No1A'01no FROM A'01no ORDER ! *

E' r'a!o #& @ #"na"# #&r"a:

O4#&r8&1o# 30& !/0H# !& 'a c'@0#0'a ORDER $, 6&1o# co'oca!o &' n1&ro *,o 30"&r& !&c"r 30& #& or!&nar@ /or 'a co'01na n1&ro * > !& 'a #"na"# an&r"or 'a co'01na * #&r"a A#e"lumno. E# /or o 30& &' A/&''"!o a or!&na!o !& ?or1aco1o #& 1o#r. Ba14"Hn &n 8&9 !& co'ocar &' n1&ro * #& /0&!& /on&r &' no14r&

!&' ca1/o /&cí?"co a' c0a' #& !&a or!&nar a' co1o #& 8"o &n 'a /@g"na an&r"or.PRESENTACI;N DE LOS n PRIMERO VALORES.1 /ara 6ac&r 'a /r&nac"n !&'o# n /r"1&ro 8a'or, 0"'"9a1o# 'a /a'a4ra c'a8& TOP /ara /r&nar #'o 'a# n/r"1&ra# ?"'a# o &' n /or c"&no !& 0n con;0no !& r'a!o#. A0n30& 'a /a'a4rac'a8& TOP n no 0n @n!ar ANSI, r'a "', /or &;&1/'o, /ara /r&nar 'o#/ro!0co# 1@# 8&n!"!o# !& 0na co1/a7ía.

C0an!o 0"'"c& 'a /a'a4ra c'a8& BO5 n o BO5 n 5ERCENB, con#"!&r& 'o# 6&c6o# &"n#r0cc"on #"g0"&n:

E#/&c"?"30& &' "n&r8a'o !& 8a'or &n 'a c'@0#0'a ORDER $. S" no 0"'"9a 0na

c'@0#0'a ORDER $, M(c*oo %??? !&80&'8& 'a# ?"'a# 30&c01/'&n 'a c'@0#0'a %ERE #"n n"ngn or!&n concr&o.


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U"'"c& 0n &n&ro #"n #"gno a con"n0ac"n !& 'a /a'a4ra c'a8& BO5.

S" 'a /a'a4ra c'a8& BO5 n 5ERCENB /ro!0c& 0n n1&ro no &n&ro !& ?"'a#, S2LS&r8&r r&!on!&a 'a can"!a! no &n&ra a' #"g0"&n& 8a'or &n&ro.

5or &;&1/'o #& !&a conoc&r c0@' #on 'a# T /r"1&ra# /&c"a'"!a! !& 'a a4'aE#/&c"a'"!a!, 0"'"c& 'a #"g0"&n& #"na"#:

SELECT TOP T "!/, no1/ FROM E#/&c"a'"!a!

E' r'a!o #&ría:

USO DE FUNCIONES DE AGREGADO.1 La# ?0nc"on 30& ca'c0'an /ro1&!"o# >#01a# #& ''a1an ?0nc"on !& agr&ga!o. C0an!o #& &;&c0a 0na ?0nc"n !&agr&ga!o, S2L S&r8&r r& 'o# 8a'or !& o!a 0na a4'a o !& gr0/o# !&co'01na# !& 0na a4'a, > /ro!0c& 0n 8a'or /or ca!a con;0no !& ?"'a# /ara 'a#co'01na# /&c"?"ca!a#:

Func(one e

"@*e@"o Dec* (#c(-n

AVG 5ro1&!"o !& 8a'or &n 0na &/r"n n01Hr"ca

COUNT N1&ro# !& 8a'or &n 0na &/r"n

COUNT324 N01&ro !& ?"'a# #&'&cc"ona!a#

MA Va'or 1@# a'o &n 'a &/r"n

MIN Va'or 1@# 4a;o &n 'a &/r"n

SUM Va'or oa' &n 0na &/r"n n01Hr"ca

La# ?0nc"on !& agr&ga!o #& /0&!&n 0"'"9ar &n 'a "n#r0cc"n SELECB o &nco14"nac"n con 'a c'@0#0'a GROU5 $.

Con 'a &c&/c"n !& 'a ?0nc"n COUNB


9/22

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Func(-n T(#o e "to

COUNT COUNB 'a n"ca ?0nc"n !& agr&ga!o 30& #&

/0&!& 0"'"9ar &n 'a# co'01na# !& 'o# "/o# !& !ao#

teBt, nteBt o (m"@e.

MIN MA

SUM

AVG

En 'a# co'01na# !& 'o# "/o# !& !ao# )(t no #&/0&!&n 0"'"9ar 'a# ?0nc"on MIN > MA.

La# ?0nc"on !& agr&ga!o SUM > AVG #o'o #&

/0&!&n 0"'"9ar &n 'a# co'01na# con "/o# !& !ao#

(nt, m"ll(nt, t(n(nt, c(m"l, nume*(c, "m"llmone.

C0an!o #& 0"'"9a 'a ?0nc"n SUM o AVG, S2L S&r8&r raa

'o# "/o# !& !ao# m"ll(nt o (n(nt co1o 0n 8a'or !& "/o !&!ao# "n &n &' con;0no !&r'a!o#.

Po* eem#lo !&a1o# conoc&r &' /ro1&!"o !& 'o# &@1&n ?"na' !& o!o# 'o#c0r#o#, 0"'"c& 'a #"g0"&n& #"na"#:

SELECT AVGa 30& 'a /a'a4ra AS #"r8" /ara co'ocar'& 0n no14r& a 'aco'01na.


10/22

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Como e@uno eem#lo, #& #o'"c"a #a4&r c0@no# 1ono# &"#&n &n 'a a4'a5ago#, o #& 6ac& con 'a #"g0"&n& #"na"#:

SELECT COUNT ?0nc"on !& agr&ga!o !&nro!&' SELECT, !& 0na a4'a /&c"?"ca, S2L no# /&!"r@ 30& agr0/&1o# o#/ar@1&ro#W /or o 30& n&c"a1o# #a4&r &' &1a !& 'a C'@0#0'a GROUP !,30& #& /r&na a con"n0ac"n.

LA CL0USULA GROUP !.1 U"'"c& 'a c'@0#0'a GROU5 $ &n co'01na# o&/r"on /ara organ"9ar ?"'a# &n gr0/o# > /ara r"r !"c6o# gr0/o#. 5or &;&1/'o, 0"'"c& 'a c'@0#0'a GROU5 $ /ara !&&r1"nar 'a can"!a! !& ca!a /ro!0co/&!"!a &n o!o# 'o# /&!"!o#.

C0an!o 0"'"c& 'a c'@0#0'a GROU5 $, con#"!&r& 'o# 6&c6o# & "n#r0cc"on#"g0"&n:

S2L S&r8&r /ro!0c& 0na co'01na !& 8a'or /or ca!a gr0/o !&?"n"!o.

S2L S&r8&r #'o !&80&'8& ?"'a# /or ca!a gr0/o /&c"?"ca!oW no !&80&'8&

"n?or1ac"n !& !&a''&.Bo!a# 'a# co'01na# 30& #& /&c"?"can &n 'a c'@0#0'a GROU5 $"&n&n 30& ar "nc'0"!a# &n 'a '"#a !& #&'&cc"n.

S" "nc'0>& 0na c'@0#0'a %ERE, S2L S&r8&r #'o agr0/a 'a# ?"'a# 30& c01/'&n 'a#con!"c"on !& 'a c'@0#0'a %ERE.

No 0"'"c& 'a c'@0#0'a GROU5 $ &n co'01na# 30& con&ngan 8ar"o# 8a'or n0'o#,/or30& 'o# 8a'or n0'o# #& /rocan co1o oro gr0/o.

U"'"c& 'a /a'a4ra c'a8& ALL con 'a c'@0#0'a GROU5 $ /ara /r&nar o!a# 'a# ?"'a#

30& &ngan 8a'or n0'o# &n 'a# co'01na# !& agr&ga!o, "n!&/&n!"&n&1&n& !& #"'a# ?"'a# c01/'&n 'a con!"c"n !& 'a c'@0#0'a %ERE.

5or &;&1/'o !&a1o# conoc&r, c0a' #on 'a# noa M@"1a !&' Ea1&n 5arc"a' > 'anoa M"n"1a !&' Ea1&n F"na' /or ca!a c0r#o. U"'"9a1o# 'a #"g0"&n& #"na"#:

SELECT I!c0r#o, MA


11/22

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CONSULTAS CON M0S DE UNA TA!LA.1 En La /@g"na * !& & !oc01&no,/r&nH 'a r0c0ra !& 'a 4a#& !& !ao# 30& a1o# 0"'"9an!o /ara ca!a&;&1/'o, &n !on!& /o!&1o# 8&r 'a# r&'ac"on &"#&nc"a' con ca!a 0na !& 'a#a4'a#.

5ara r&a'"9ar con#0'a# con 1@# !& 0na a4'a n&car"o /r&c"#ar c1o @#a4'a# #& r&'ac"onan, /or &;&1/'o, 'a a4'a# Cu*o > Not" #& r&'ac"ona /or &'Icu*o, oro &;&1/'o 'a# a4'a# Alumno, Cu*o > Not", #& r&'ac"onan /or &'

IAlumno > /or &' Icu*o, g&n&ra'"9an!o a# /ro/o#"c"on ''&ga1o# a 'aconc'0#"n !& 30& #"*" un nume*o n e t")l" eB(te n-1 *el"c(one.

E# n&car"o ra4a;ar con Al(", c0an!o #& &1/'&an 1'"/' a4'a#, /ara &8"ar a14"gX&!a!, !&c"r /on&r'& 0na "!&n"?"cac"n a 'a a4'a, /ara 30& &n 'o#ca1/o# &n 'o# c0a' #& g&n&ran 'a 0n"n con ora# a4'a#, SQL r&cono9ca a 30&a4'a /&r&n&c& &' ca1/o.

5or &;&1/'o, 30&r&1o# #&'&cc"onar 'o# #"g0"&n ca1/o#: I"lumno, A#e"lumno,Ie#, nome# !& 'a# a4'a# A'01no > E#/&c"a'"!a!.

Lo /r"1&ro 30& #& no# oc0rr"ría o:

SELECT I!a'01no, A/&a'01no, I!/, no1/ FROM A'01no, E#/&c"a'"!a!

A' &;&c0ar a a/'"cac"n S2L no# r/on!&r@ 30& Ie# a14"g0o, a' co1o #&10ra:

E#o a/ar&c& /or30& &n r&a'"!a! SQL no #a4& !& 30H a4'a ;a'ar & ca1/o Ie#>a 30& H a/ar&c& &n !o# a4'a# 30& #on Alumno, E#ec("l(", &noncn&c"a1o# "n!"car'& a S2L, a 30"&n /&r&n&c& & ca1/o.

E# /or a ra9n 30& 6ar&1o# 0#o !& 'o# A'"a# (identificadores), &' 0#o !& o#a'"a# co1o #"g0&:

SELECT I!a'01no, A/&a'01no, 4.I!/, no1/

FROM A'01no AS a, E#/&c"a'"!a! AS 4

O)e*+"mo E' n0&8o ca14"o &n 'a a4'a# 6&1o# co'oca!o A'01no AS a,E#/&c"a'"!a! AS 4, > &n &' ca1/o ).Ie#, 'a 'g"ca 'a #"g0"&n&, /ara ).Ie#!&c"1o# 30& Ie#, /&r&n&c& a 'a a4'a E#ec("l(" 30& >a 30& "&n& co1o a'"a#'a '&ra ).

La# '&ra# " > ), #on c0a'30"&r '&ra# /ara /o!&r "!&n"?"car, a 0na a4'a o48"a1&n&/0&!& 6ac&r#& &' 0#o !& ora# '&ra#. D&4&1o# r&cor!ar 30& 'o# "!&n"?"ca!or


12/22

11

#o'a1&n& #& co'ocan &n 'o# ca1/o# 30& #on a14"g0o#, !&c"r &n &' ca1/o !on!&&c"a 0na r&'ac"n o 1@# &nr& 'a# a4'a#. E# /or o 30& no n&car"o I!&n"?"car a I"lumno, >a 30& & ca1/o no #& r&'ac"ona &n n"ngn 1o1&no con 'a a4'aE#ec("l(".

E' r'a!o !& a #"na"# 'a #"g0"&n&:

Co1o 8&1o# &n a oca#"n SQL no# arro;a &' #"g0"&n& r'a!o, /&roo4#&r8&1o# 30& o!a8ía no# ?a'a a'go 1@#, o n&c"a1o# /on&r 'a#

r&'ac"on 30& &"#&n &nr& a# !o# a4'a# !&c"r n&c"a1o# a4'&c&r ar&'ac"n: ".Ie#5).Ie#, 'o 30& 6ac&1o# a30í !&c"r'& 30& &' Ie# 30& "&n& 'aa4'a " #&a "g0a' a' Ie# !& 'a a4'a ). o #& 'ogra con 'a #"g0"&n& #"na"#:

SELECT I!a'01no, A/&a'01no, 4.I!/, no1/

FROM A'01no AS a, E#/&c"a'"!a! AS 4 /ERE a."!/Y4."!/

%&1o# 0n"!o# * a4'a# /or &n!& 6a> 0na #o'a r&'ac"n: ".(e#5).(e#

Como un e@uno eem#lo, n&c"a1o# '"#ar 'o# #"g0"&n ca1/o#:

IAlumno, A#e"lumno, Nomcu*o, c*e(to ,EB"P"*c("l, EB"F(n"l.

Soluc(-n.1 /or /&"c"n !&' &;&1/'o n&car"o &' 0#o !& Ba4'a#, 'a# c0a' #onAlumno, Cu*o, Not", co1o !&4&1o# !& 0n"r a4'a#, &nonc &n&1o# *r&'ac"on &nr& a#, 'a #o'0c"n #& 10ra a con"n0ac"n:

SELECT a.I!A'01no, A/&a'01no, No1c0r#o, cr&!"o ,Ea5arc"a', EaF"na'

FROM A'01no AS a, C0r#o AS c, Noa# AS n

/ERE a."!a'01noYn."!a'01no AND c."!c0r#oYn."!c0r#o

La# r&'ac"on &n & &;&1/'o #on:

"."!a'01noYn."!a'01no AND c."!c0r#oYn."!c0r#o

A' &;&c0ar a #&n&nc"a o4&n&1o#:


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E;&1/'o : n&c"a1o# conoc&r c0@' &' oa' !&' co#o, !& 'a /&c"a'"!a! !& ca!aa'01no, /ara o !&4& 1o#rar 'o# #"g0"&n ca1/o#:

a.I!A'01no, A/&a'01no, No1/, co#o a!&1@# #& /"!& or!&nar'o# /or c!"go !&'a'01no.

SELECT a.I!A'01no, A/&a'01no, No1/, SUM


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11 Ve*(


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PRIMAR 9E3IDALUMNO, CICLO, NCUOTA4

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Ie# c"*3&4 NOT NULL PRIMA* He,

Nome# +"*c"*3&?4 NOT NULL,

coto nume*(c3J,$4 not null

4

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4

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CREATE TA!LE NOTAS 3

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EB"P"*c("l *e"l NULL,

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#*(m"* He3I"lumno,Icu*o4

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Sentencias y Consultas en SQL