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CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 1
AULA 03
Olá pessoal,
Nesta terceira aula veremos uma matéria importante para a
correta interpretação dos textos de inglês das provas de concursos: os
pronomes. Após a breve exposição acerca dos tipos de pronomes e de
que forma são usados, vou mostrar como as bancas examinadoras têm
abordado a matéria.
Forte abraço e bons estudos.
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 2
Pronomes
O pronome é a classe de palavras que acompanha ou substitui
um substantivo ou um outro pronome, indicando sua posição em relação
às pessoas do discurso ou mesmo situando-o no espaço e no tempo. Os
pronomes nos ajudam a evitar repetições desnecessárias na fala e na
escrita.
As questões de prova não cobram isoladamente esta matéria, mas
não há como interpretar corretamente os textos e até mesmo as
questões das provas de inglês da ESAF se você não souber um pouco dos
pronomes. O candidato muitas vezes deverá saber a que se referem os
pronomes.
Os principais tipos de pronomes e os recorrentes em provas da
ESAF são: pessoais (reto e oblíquo), possessivos, reflexivos, indefinidos,
relativos e demonstrativos. Vejamos da maneira mais objetiva possível o
que você deve saber sobre cada um desses grupos:
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 3
Pronomes pessoais
Os pronomes pessoais (caso reto) são os ‘Subject pronouns’ ,
têm a função de sujeito na oração e, em português, correspondem à:
I – eu
You – tu, você
He – ele
She – ela
It – ele, ela (usado para coisas e animais)
We – nós
You – vós, vocês
They – eles, elas
Os pronomes pessoais (caso obliquo) são os ‘Object pronouns’ e
tem assumem na oração a função de objeto direto ou indireto:
me – me, mim
you – te, ti, o, a, lhe
him – o, lhe
her – a, lhe
it – o, a
us – nos
you - vos, os, as, lhes
them – os, as, lhes
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 4
Pronomes possessivos
Os pronomes possessivos são usados para substituir a os adjetivos
possessivos e os substantivos que os acompanham. Os adjetivos
possessivos são:
my – meu, minha, meus, minhas
your – teu, tua, teus, tuas, seu, sua, seus, suas
his – dele, seu, sua, seus, suas
her – dela, seu, sua, seus, suas
its – dele, dela, seu, sua, seus, suas (coisas ou animais)
our – nosso, nossa, nossos, nossas
their – deles, delas, seu, sua, seus, suas (pessoas, animais, coisas)
Os pronomes possessivos são:
mine – meu, minha, meus, minhas
yours – teu, tua, teus, tuas, seu, sua , seus, suas
his – seu, sua, seus, suas, dele
hers – seu, sua, seus, suas, dela
ours – nosso, nossa, nossos, nossas
theirs – seu, sua, seus, suas deles, delas
Agora veja como acontece a substituição:
Ex.: They are my books = They are mine.
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 5
Pronomes reflexivos
Como o próprio nome já diz, os pronomes reflexivos em inglês são
usados quando desejamos nos referir a nós mesmos, quando o sujeito
faz e sofre a ação.
Myself – Me, mesmo(a), próprio(a), (a) mim mesmo(a)
Yourself – Te, si, mesmo(a), próprio(a), ti mesmo(a), você mesmo(a)
Himself – Se, si, mesmo, próprio, a ele mesmo, a si mesmo
Herself – Se, si, mesma, própria, a ela mesma, a si mesma
Itself – Se, si, mesmo, próprio, a ele mesmo, a si mesmo
Ourselves – nós, nós mesmos, a nós mesmos
Yourselves – vós, mesmos, a vós mesmos
Themselves – Se, si, mesmo(a), próprio(a), (a) eles/elas mesmo(a)s
Ex.: I saw myself in the mirror. (Eu me vi no espelho.)
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 6
Pronomes indefinidos
Os pronomes indefinidos em inglês são: some e any
SOME- usado em frase afirmativas ou interrogativas quando a resposta
esperada é afirmativa.
some - algum; alguma; um pouco de
somebody/someone – alguém
something - algo, alguma coisa
Ex.: I have some doubts. Tenho algumas dúvidas.
Would you like some more wine? (Gostaria de um pouco mais de vinho?)
ANY- usado em frases interrogativas e negativas
any - algum, alguma (frases interrogativas); qualquer (frases
afirmativas); nenhum, nenhuma (frases negativas)
anyone/anybody – alguém; ninguém
anything - alguma coisa; qualquer coisa; nada
Ex.: Do you any money on you? (Você tem algum dinheiro com você?),
Are you waiting for anybody? (Está esperando por alguém
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 7
Pronomes relativos
Os pronomes relativos são aqueles usados para adicionar
informações à um objeto/sujeito de uma primeira oração. Os pronomes
relativos em inglês são: who (quem, que); which (que, o qual, a qual);
whose (de quem, cujo); e that (que). Veja as situações em que cada
um é usado:
Who – usado para o sujeito ou pronomes pessoais. Ex.: I told you about
who lives here (Eu contei a você sobre quem vive aqui.), The man who
leads the group (O homem que lidera o grupo).
Which – usado para sujeito ou pronomes para animais ou coisas. Ex.:
My dog, which is brown, is sleeping. (meu cachorro, que é marrom,
está dormindo)
Whose – têm o significado de “cujo”. Ex.: Do you know the boy whose
father is dead? (você conhece o garoto cujo pai está morto?)
That – usado para sujeito, pessoas, animais, coisas, nos casos onde
“define” alguma coisa. Ex.: I do not like the car that is parked there (Eu
não gosto do carro que está estacionado ali)
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 8
Pronomes demonstrativos
Os pronomes demonstrativos servem para indicar/mostrar algo,
algum lugar, pessoa ou objeto. São eles:
This – usado no singular, significa: este, esta, isto.
That – usado no singular, significa: aquele, aquela, esse, essa.
These – plural de this, significa: estes, estas.
Those – plural de that, significa: aqueles, aquelas.
Tendo esses grupos de pronomes em mente, vejamos como são as
questões de prova.
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 9
Translation: getting it right
For non-linguists, buying in translation is often a source of
frustration. The suggestions in this brochure are aimed at
reducing stress.
Think international from the start. Avoid culture-bound
clichés. References to your national sport may well fall flat. Ditto
literary/cultural metaphors. Tread carefully with references to parts
of the human body, viewed differently by different cultures.
For written documents, don’t box yourself in by linking your
pitch to visuals that may not carry the same meaning outside your
native country – forcing translators to resort to cumbersome
wordplay and workarounds. In January 1998 PM Tony Blair told a
group of Japanese businessmen that his government intended to
go “the full monty” in putting the UK economy on a sound footing.
Blank faces: the film had not yet been released in Japan.
Keep some local flavour if you like, but check with your
foreign-text team to make sure that adaptation is possible. For
written documents, be sure to include international calling codes
for telephone and fax…
How important is style? Some translations are no-hopers
from the start. Often these are raw machine translation, or the
work of non-native speakers struggling away with a grammar book
in one hand and a dictionary in the other. They are good for a
laugh. Other translations are technically accurate, yet the
sentences do not flow as smoothly as they might; word order or
choice of vocabulary may be unduly influenced by the original
language. They are not particularly effective for selling, but may be
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 10
good enough for readers who know the subject and can – or have
time to – read between the lines.
(adapted from http://www.fit-ift.org/download/getright2-en.pdf)
1. (FGV/SENADO/2008) The function of this text is to
(A) offer apologies.
(B) sell devices.
(C) spread gossip.
(D) give advice.
(E) create networks.
Comentários:
A questão quer saber a função do texto. Vejamos o que diz o
enunciado do texto:
“(…) The suggestions in this brochure are aimed at reducing
stress.”
A frase diz que as sugestões deste (this – pronome demonstrativo)
folheto objetivam reduzir o stress.”
Vejamos as alternativas de resposta:
(A) offer apologies. = oferecer desculpas
(B) sell devices. = vender estratégias
(C) spread gossip. = espalhar fofocas
(D) give advice. = dar conselhos
(E) create networks. = criar redes
No enunciado do texto já encontramos a palavra suggestion que é
sinônimo de advice, sendo esta a alternativa correta.
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 11
VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE
suggestion: sugestão
this: este, esta
brochure: folheto
be aimed: ter objetivo
offer apologies: oferecer desculpas
sell devices: vender estratégias
spread gossip: espalhar fofocas
give advice: dar conselhos
create networks: criar redes
Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra D.
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 12
2. (FGV/SENADO/2008) When the suggestions “are aimed at reducing
stress” (lines 4-5), this means they intend to
(A) cut it out.
(B) cut it down.
(C) cut it up.
(D) cut it off.
(E) cut is loose.
Comentários:
A questão diz que:
Quando as sugestões “objetivam reduzir o stress” (linhas 4-5),
isto significa que elas pretendem (intend to):
CUIDADO! FALSO COGNATO:
Pretend: fingir
Intend: pretender
Vejamos as alternativas de resposta. Observem que todas estão
usando o “it”, pronome objetivo que está sendo usado em substituição à
palavra “stress”.
(A) cut it out. = planejar
(B) cut it down. = reduzir
(C) cut it up. = criticar
(D) cut it off. = remover, recortar
(E) cut is loose. = separar
Nas alternativas de resposta apenas ‘cut it down’ tem o mesmo
significado de ‘reduce’.
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 13
VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE
reduce: reduzir
intend: pretender
cut it out: planejar
cut it down: reduzir
cut it up: criticar
cut it off: remover, recortar
cut is loose: separar
Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra B.
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 14
3. (FGV/SENADO/2008) When you “avoid culture-bound clichés”
(lines 6-7) you
(A) indulge in them.
(B) try to use them.
(C) challenge them.
(D) misunderstand them.
(E) keep away from them.
Comentários:
A questão diz que:
Quando você “evita clichês ligados à cultura”, você:
Vejamos as alternativas. Observe que todas elas usam o ‘them –
pronome objetivo’ em substituição da palavra ‘clichés’.
(A) indulge = ceder
(B) try to use = tentar usar
(C) challenge = desafiar
(D) misunderstand = confundir
(E) keep away from = manter distância
Avoid e keep away são sinônimos neste caso.
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 15
VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE
avoid: evitar
indulge: ceder
try to use: tentar usar
challenge: desafiar
misunderstand: confundir
keep away from: manter distância
Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra E.
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 16
4. (FGV/SENADO/2008) When the text states that translators
“resort to cumbersome wordplay and workaround” (lines 13-14), it
implies that translators ultimately
(A) get rid of them.
(B) make use of them.
(C) look down on them.
(D) get tired of them.
(E) run out of them.
Comentários
Quando o texto afirma que tradutores “recorrem (resort) a
trocadilhos complexos” (linhas 13-14), isto implica que os tradutores....
‘Them’ nas alternativas de resposta está no lugar das palavras em inglês
para trocadilhos: wordplay and workaround.
(A) get rid = livrar-se
(B) make use = usar
(C) look down on = desprezar
(D) get tired = cansar-se
(E) run out of = esgotar-se
A alternativa que trouxe uma palavra com a idéia de recorrer
(resort) foi a ‘B’, com o verbo make use.
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 17
VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE
resort: recorrer
wordplay and workaround: trocadilhos
get rid: livrar-se
make use: usar
look down on: desprezar
get tired: cansar-se
run out of: esgotar-se
Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra B.
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 18
While there is no shortage of studies into the reasons why
software projects fail (Ewusi-Mensah, 1997), the major risks of
software development (Jones, 1994), or even the factors affecting
project success (Cooke-Davies, 2002), the field of software
engineering lacks a general model with which to investigate such
failures. To date, studies have tended to be surveys of the factors 4
thought to play some part in a failure.
(…)
Jon McBride. A model for investigating software accident. In:
Journal of Research and Practice in Information Technology,
vol. 40, n.º 1, Feb. 2008 (adapted)
5. (CESPE/TCU-TI/2009) “which”, in “lacks a general model with
which to investigate such failures” (R.3), refers to “investigate”.
Comentários:
Nesta questão, a Banca Examinadora cobrou o conhecimento do
candidato acerca dos pronomes.
Raras são as questões de prova que cobram isoladamente esta
matéria. No caso em tela, você precisava saber os pronomes relativos.
Como vimos, o pronome Which é usado para sujeito ou pronomes para
animais ou coisas. Ex.: My dog, which is brown, is sleeping. (meu
cachorro, que é marrom, está dormindo)
Na frase da questão, ‘which’ não poderia estar se referindo a
‘investigate’, que é um verbo.
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 19
“lacks a general model with which to investigate such failures”
‘Which’ está se referindo à palavra ‘model’.
Logo, a resposta para esta questão é ERRADO.
Information is a cornerstone of political education and
socialization. The ability to find out about issues of public
importance, and the capacity to inform oneself about the workings
of government and its policies are examples of how information can
be essential to the education of the informed and responsible
citizen. Yet in this era of information overload, the subtle but vital
difference between information and knowledge needs to be drawn
in order to create virtual places that promote political education in
the broadest sense. It is not, in fact, information per se which is
useful but knowledge, information which has been distilled and
contextualized so that it can impart meaning.
The Internet is the ultimate reference library, chock-full
of data supplied by individuals and institutions from around the
world, usually for the free use of all comers. The danger of the
Internet is that it threatens to overwhelm us with so much
information that, instead of democratizing and enriching our
political lives, it is actually drowning us in irrelevancies.
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 20
Internet users know well that the abundance of
informational riches can have a paralytic effect, rendering the
viewer helpless to find anything. The huge quantity of information
available creates an inverse relationship between speaking and
listening, between information and understanding. The more
people speak, the fewer people will actually be heard. In fact, the
deluge of data ensures that we cannot find anything. It has also
the effect of making us even more dependent than in the days
before the flood on unaccountable, commercialized search tools
and information filters to sort information and make it meaningful.
Although these editors are machines, they are not neutral. The
values and choices are embedded deep within the code and often
not obvious to the user.
Beth Simone Noveck. Paradoxical partners: electronic communication and
electronic democracy. In: Peter Ferdinand (Ed.).
The Internet, democracy, and democratization.
London: Frank Cass/Routledge, 2000, p. 23-4 (with adaptations).
Based on the text above, judge the following items.
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 21
6. (CESPE/TCU-TI/2010) The expression “chock-full” (R.13) means
completely full or full to the limit.
Comentários:
A questão trata do significado da expressão “chock-full”,
afirmando que significa completamente cheio ou cheio até o limite.
Vejamos a frase em que a expressão aparece no texto:
“The Internet is the ultimate reference library, chock-full of data
supplied by individuals and institutions from around the world,
usually for the free use of all comers.”
Veja as palavras-chave da frase e observe que muitas (em negrito)
têm origem do latim e se aproximam do português:
Internet
is = verbo be, ser/estar, conjugado.
PRESENTE SIMPLES (VERBO BE)
I am (I am at work)
He
She is
It
You
We are
They
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 22
ultimate reference
library
chock-full = completamente cheio, abarrotado, repleto
data = informação
supplied = passado do verbo supply, que significa fornecer
PASSADO VERBOS REGULARES
SUPPLY (FORNECER)
I supplied
He
She supplied
It
You
We supplied
They
individuals and institutions
from around the world = de todo o mundo
usually
free use = uso livre, gratuito
comers = usuários
A tradução para a frase seria:
"A internet é a biblioteca de referência final, cheia de dados
fornecidos por pessoas e instituições de todo o mundo, geralmente para
o uso livre de todos.”
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 23
VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE
ultimate: final
reference: referência
library: biblioteca
chock-full: completamente cheio
data: informações
supplied: fornecido, forneceu
individuals: indivíduos
institutions: instituições
around: em volta
world: mundo
usually: usualmente, geralmente
free use: uso livre, gratuito
comers: usuários
Logo, a resposta para esta questão é CERTO.
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 24
7. (CESPE/TCU-TI/2010) In the text, the expressions “comers” (R.15)
and “Internet users” (R.19) refer to the same kind of people: those who
access the Internet for information.
Comentários:
Como vimos nos comentários da questão anterior, “comers”
significa usuários, ou seja, é sinônimo de “Internet users”. Logo, a
questão está correta ao afirmar que as duas expressões se referem
ao mesmo tipo (the same kind) de pessoas: aquelas que (who)
acessam a internet em busca de informação.
No enunciado da questão vejam que a palavra “who” está
empregada como um pronome relativo, se referindo à palavra
“people”.
VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE
expressions: expressões
internet users: usuários da internet
refer: referir
same: mesmo
kind of people: tipo de pessoas
those: aqueles/aquelas
who: quem, que
access: acessar
Logo, a resposta para esta questão é CERTO
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 25
8. (CESPE/TCU-TI/2010) In “it is actually drowning us in
irrelevancies” (R.18), “it” refers to “The danger of the Internet” (R.15-
16).
Comentários:
A questão se refere à frase “it is actually drowning us in
irrelevancies”, afirmando que “it” se refere a “The danger of the
Internet”.
Vejamos o parágrafo a que se refere a questão:
“The Internet is the ultimate reference library, chock-full of data
supplied by individuals and institutions from around the world,
usually for the free use of all comers. The danger of the Internet
is that it threatens to overwhelm us with so much information
that, instead of democratizing and enriching our political lives, it is
actually drowning us in irrelevancies.”
O texto fala da internet, certo?
The danger of the Internet is that it threatens
it is
“It” é pronome pessoal objetivo, ou seja, pronome pessoal do caso
reto. “It” está substituindo o sujeito da oração e de todo parágrafo que é
“Internet”. Traduzindo, temos que: O perigo da internet é que ela
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 26
ameaça (it threatens), ela está na verdade nos direcionando para
irrelevâncias (it is actually drowning us in irrelevancies).
VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE
actually: realmente, efetivamente, de fato
drowning: mergulhando
us: nos
irrelevancies: irrelevâncias
refer: referir
danger: perigo
Logo, a resposta para esta questão é ERRADO.
Currently = atualmente
CUIDADO! FALSO COGNATO!
x
actually = realmente, efetivamente
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 27
Sharks in the water
In the last year, Somalia’s pirates have attacked 120
vessels in the Gulf of Aden, choking commerce in a critical
shipping lane (the transit route for 20 percent of the world’s oil),
blocking aid supplies and driving up transport costs.
The last few weeks have shown how hard it will be to
defeat the pirates on the high seas, which seems like the
international community’s approach. When British Marines tried to
board a captured fishing dhow on Nov. 11, they had to go in with
guns blazing and killed one possible hostage in the process. A
week later, an Indian warship opened fire on what it thought was
a pirate mother ship. But the target turned out to be a Thai
fishing vessel. When pirates seized their most valuable prize ever
on Nov. 15 — the Sirius Star supertanker holding 2 million barrels
of Saudi crude — everyone kept their distance.
As this suggests, Somalia’s seaborne bandits are
making a mockery of all efforts to stop them. Pirates have only
increased their efforts, ranging across an area bigger than the
Mediterranean. The Sirius Star was taken 450 nautical miles
southeast of Kenya, and with it, the Somalis now hold 300
hostages and 15 ships.
The Somalia’s internationally recognized transitional
government has invited foreign navies to do what’s necessary to
stop the pirates, even attacking them ashore if need be. The
Security Council has affirmed that option. Moreover, nearly all of
Somalia’s pirates come from one region (Puntland), live in a single
town (Boosaaso) and stash captured vessels in one of three ports
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(Eyl, Hobyo or Haradhere) — making interdiction that much
easier. Andrew Linington of Nautilus UK, a seaman’s union that
has had many of its members taken hostage, says the
international community “knows where the pirates are, they know
the ports they use, they know the mother ships. Stopping them
could be done,” he says. But that would be expensive at a time
when U.S. resources are tied up in Afghanistan and Iraq.
Rod Nordlant. Sharks in the water. Internet: <www.newsweek.com> (adapted).
According to the text, it is correct to affirm that
9. (CESPE/ ANTAQ/2009) The efforts to stop the attacks have
forced the pirates to shrink the area of their activities.
Comentários:
As palavras-chave aqui são: efforts, stop, attacks, forced,
shrink, area, activities.
No texto, temos que:
“Pirates have only increased their efforts, ranging across an area
bigger than the Mediterranean.”
ITEM TEXTO
efforts to stop the attacks pirates
have forced the pirates have increased their efforts
to shrink the area area bigger
Enquanto a questão fala que os esforços para impedir (stop) os
ataques forçaram (forced) os piratas a reduzir (shrink) a sua área de
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atuação, o texto fala que os piratas aumentaram (increased) seus
esforços, agindo em uma área maior (bigger) que o Mediterrâneo.
PRONOMES PESSOAIS
CASO RETO SUJEITO
POSSESSIVO
I (eu) my (meu)
you (tu, você) your (seu, sua)
He (ele) his (dele)
she (ela) her (dela)
It (ele, ela [neutro]) Its (dele, dela)
We (nós) Our (nosso, nossa)
you (vocês, vós) Your (seus, suas)
they (eles, elas) Their (deles, delas)
The efforts (…) have forced the pirates to shrink the area of their activities.
Pirates have only increased their efforts, ranging across (…)
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VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE
efforts: esforços
stop: parar
attacks: ataques
forced: forçou
shrink: reduzir
area: area
activities: atividade
increased: aumentou
bigger: maior
Logo, a resposta para esta questão é ERRADO.
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IMPORTANTE: Lembre-se que no
primeiro momento você não deverá
ler os textos. Vá direto para as
questões e utilize o texto apenas para
fins de consulta.
A world of connections
Source: www.economist.com (Adapted)
Jan 28th, 2010
To sceptics all this talk of twittering, yammering and
chattering smacks of another internet bubble in the making. They
argue that even a huge social network such as Facebook will
struggle to make money because fickle networkers will not stay in
one place for long, pointing to the example of MySpace, which was
once all the rage but has now become a shadow of its former self.
Last year the site, which is owned by News Corp, installed a new
boss and fired 45% of its staff as part of a plan to revive its
fortunes.
Within companies there is plenty of doubt about the
benefits of online social networking in the office. A survey of 1,400
chief information officers conducted last year by Robert Half
Technology, a recruitment firm, found that only one-tenth of them
gave employees full access to such networks during the day, and
that many were blocking Facebook and Twitter altogether. The
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executives’ biggest concern was that social networking would lead
to social networking, with employees using the sites to chat with
friends instead of doing their jobs. Some bosses also fretted that
the sites would be used to leak sensitive corporate information.
10. (ESAF/SUSEP/2010) According to paragraph 1, the site MySpace
a) has turned into the most popular social network.
b) attracts more networkers than Facebook.
c) played a minor role as a social-networking site.
d) convinced sceptics of its outstanding value.
e) laid off almost half of its staff.
Comentários:
De acordo com o parágrafo 1, o site MySpace….
Vejamos no parágrafo o que é falado sobre o site MySpace:
“(…)MySpace, which was once all the rage but has now
become a shadow of its former self. Last year the site, which
is owned by News Corp, installed a new boss and fired 45% of
its staff as part of a plan to revive its fortunes.”
Aqui a ESAF cobrou o conhecimento do pronome relativo which.
Veja no quadro abaixo a que se refere o pronome:
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WHICH – QUE, O QUE, O QUAL
MySpace, which was once all the rage… (MySpace, que já foi moda…)
Last year the site, which is owned by… (o site, que era propriedade
da...)
a) has turned into the most popular social network.
A opção A está incorreta. O texto não diz que o site MySpace se
tornou (has turned) na mais popular rede social. Afirma que o MySpace,
que já foi (was once) moda (all the rage) agora se tornou (has now
become) uma sombra do que foi no passado (former self).
LEMBRE-SE DO SUPERLATIVO (AULA 02)
BIG ……………………….. THE BIGGEST (-EST para adjetivos
pequenos)
POPULAR……………….. THE MOST POPULAR ( MOST – para
adjetivos grandes)
GOOD…………………….. THE BEST (irregulares)
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PRESENT PERFECT
MySpace has turned into the most popular social network. (se tornou)
AÇÃO PASSADA FINALIZADA EM MOMENTO INDETERMINADO NO
PASSADO.
b) attracts more networkers than Facebook.
A opção B está incorreta. Como vimos, o texto diz que MySpace,
que já foi (was once) moda (all the rage) agora se tornou (has now
become) uma sombra do que foi no passado (former self). Logo, está
incorreto dizer que o site atrai mais networkers (seguidores) do que
Facebook.
c) played a minor role as a social-networking site.
A opção C está incorreta. De acordo com o texto, o MySpace já foi
moda (MySpace, which was once all the rage). Logo, a alternativa
está errada ao afirmar que o site desempenhou papel pequeno como um
site de rede social.
d) convinced sceptics of its outstanding value.
A opção D está incorreta. O texto não diz que o site convenceu
(convinced) céticos de seu (its – aqui está o adjetivo possessivo do
pronome pessoal it) extraordinário (outstanding) valor.
e) laid off almost half of its staff.
A opção E está correta. A alternativa afirma que o site demitiu
(laid off) quase metade (almost half) dos seus funcionários (staff),
HAVE/HAS+ VERBO NO PASSADO (TURNED)
(BECOME)
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que é o mesmo que dizer que ele “fired 45% of its staff”, já que 45%
é quase a metade (50%) de algo. Fired é sinônimo de laid off.
VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE
has turned: se tornou
the most popular: o mais popular
social network: rede social
attract: atrair
more networkers than: mais networkers que
played a minor role: desempenhou papel inferior, pequeno
social-networking site: site de redes sociais
convinced: convenceu
skeptics: céticos
outstanding: extraordinário, excelente
value: valor
laid off: desmitiu
almost half: quase metade
staff: funcionários
which: que
was: era, estava, passado do verbo be
once: uma vez, já
all the rage: na moda
become: tornar-se
shadow: sombra
former: antigo, anterior
last year: ano passado
owned: possuia, propriedade
installed: instalou, contratou
new boss: novo chefe, patrão
fired: demitiu
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plan: plano
revive: reviver
fortunes: fortunas
Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra E.
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The long climb Source: www.economist.com
st Oct, 2009 (Adapted)
1. The world economy is fitfully getting back to normal,
but it will be a “new normal”. This phrase has caught on, even if
people disagree about what it means. In the new normal, as
defined by Pimco´s CEO, Mohamed El-Erian, growth will be
subdued and unemployment will remain high. “The banking system
will be a shadow of its former self,” and the securitization markets,
which buy and sell marketable bundles of debt, will presumably be
a shadow of a shadow. Finance will be costlier and investment
weak, so the stock of physical capital, on which prosperity
depends, will erode.
2. The crisis invited a forceful government entry into
several of capitalism´s inner sanctums, such as banking, American
carmaking and the commercial-paper market. Mr El-Erian worries
that the state may overstay its welcome. In addition, national
exchequers may start to feel some measure of the fiscal strain now
hobbling California. America´s Treasury, in particular, must
demonstrate that it is still a “responsible shepherd of other
countries´ savings.”
11. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) In paragraph 2, the author mentions “the
fiscal strain now hobbling California”. In other words, the fiscal
a) policies which have been favouring California´s growth.
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b) pressure currently preventing California´s development.
c) programmes successfully spoused by California.
d) measures which have steadily gained acceptance.
e) incentives recently promoted by the Californian government.
Comentários:
O enunciado se refere à frase “the fiscal strain now hobbling
California”. Nessa frase aparecem duas palavras difíceis. Não se
preocupe, se é difícil para você, será, certamente, para a grande maioria
dos candidatos. São raras as questões desse tipo, em que você terá que
usar o parágrafo inteiro para conseguir responder. Vamos identificar no
parágrafo as palavras chaves que conhecemos:
“The crisis invited a forceful government entry into several of
capitalism´s inner sanctums, such as banking, American carmaking
and the commercial-paper market. Mr El-Erian worries that the
state may overstay its welcome. In addition, national exchequers
may start to feel some measure of the fiscal strain now hobbling
California.”
Só com as palavras-chave é possível concluir que o texto trata de
crise (crisis), governo forte (forceful government), preocupações
(worries) e medidas fiscais (fiscal measures).
Vamos tentar resolver a questão sem saber o significado das
palavras-chave da frase “the fiscal strain now hobbling California”.
Afinal, na hora da prova haverá palavras que você não saberá o
significado. Você deve estar treinado para diminuir suas chances de erro.
Com as palavras que identificamos no parágrafo, foi possível
concluir que a situação não é positiva, o texto fala de crise,
preocupações, medidas fiscais e governo forte. Sendo assim, vamos
tentar identificar as alternativas com idéias positivas demais:
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a) policies which have been favouring California´s growth.
(++) Nesta frase, o pronome relativo which está se referindo a policies
(políticas).
b) pressure currently preventing California´s development. (- -)
c) programmes successfully spoused by California. (++)
d) measures which have steadily gained acceptance. (++)
Aqui, o pronome relativo which está se referindo a measures (medidas).
e) incentives recently promoted by the Californian government.
(++)
Apenas a alternativa “b” trata de pressão (pressure) que podemos
relacionar com governo forte, rigoroso (forcefull government). A
palavra preventing (impedindo) também tem idéia negativa.
VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE
fiscal strain: pressão fiscal
hobbling: atrasar, impedir
policies: políticas
favouring: favorecendo
growth: crescimento
pressure: pressão
currently: atualmente
preventing: impedindo
development: desenvolvimento
programmes: programas
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successfully: com êxito
spoused: aceito, recebido
measures: medidas
steadily: firmemente, regularmente
gained: ganharam
acceptance: aceitação
incentives: incentivos
recently: recentemente
promoted: promoveram
Agora, diante das definições, perceba que a opção B ‘the fiscal
pressure currently preventing California´s Development’ (a pressão
fiscal atualmente impede o desenvolvimento da Califórnia) é a apenas
uma reescritura de ‘the fiscal strain now hobbling California (a pressão
fiscal agora impedindo o progresso (hobbling) da Califórnia).
Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra B.
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While Rome burns Source: www.economist.co.uk
Sep 25th, 2008 (Adapted)
1. American plans to buy up assets that are clogging the
financial system lack detail but no one doubts that a massive
government intervention is coming. In Europe jittery investors
have no such reassurance. European governments have yet to
respond publicly to calls from Hank Paulson, the treasury secretary,
to follow his lead. They look set to keep faith with the approach
that they have used to handle the crisis so far – staving off liquidity
worries by allowing banks to use facilities at central banks to swap
their assets in exchange for ready cash.
2. That makes many watchers nervous. The crisis in
America has dramatically grown from one of liquidity to one of
solvency as well. Lehman Brothers had access to the Federal
Reserve´s discount window, after all, but still went under. The
burning question now is whether banks have enough capital. On
some measures, European banks look pretty well capitalized. The
average tier-one ratio, which measures capital based on the
riskiness of bank assets, stood at 8% in the first half of the year.
That looks solid enough, if you assume that banks have a good
handle on risk.
12. (ESAF/ STN/2008) The author refers to “assets that are clogging
the financial system”, which means they
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a) could have affected it.
b) are blocking it.
c) will surely affect it.
d) are perfecting it.
e) were redesigning it.
Comentários:
Novamente, sem saber o significado de “clogging”, vamos analisar
a frase citada no enunciado e as alternativas, tentando identificar a que
se referem os pronomes ‘which’ e ‘it’, que aparecem no enunciado da
questão e nas alternativas de resposta.
O enunciado diz que: The author refers to “assets that are clogging the
financial system”, which means they…
Which está se referindo à frase retirada do texto para o enunciado: O
autor se refere a “assets that are clogging the financial system”, que
significa que eles (they aparece substituindo assets)...
Nas alternativas de resposta aparece o pronome pessoal do caso oblíquo
it. As alternativas de resposta se referem à frase:
“assets that are clogging the financial system”
They (sujeito) it (objeto)
(recursos que estão interferindo no sistema financeiro”
“assets that are clogging the financial system” : o tempo verbal aqui é
o presente continuo (algo que está acontecendo agora)
Observe que as alternativas de respostas
estão em tempos verbais diferentes.
Quando isso acontecer, você já poderá
eliminar as alternativas que não estiverem
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no mesmo tempo verbal da frase
correspondente no texto.
Ao analisar as alternativas, mesmo sem saber o vocabulário,
podemos concluir que apenas as alternativas “b” e “d” podem ser a
resposta para a questão, já que as demais estão em tempos diferentes
(passado e futuro).
a) could have affected it. – poderiam ter afetado
b) are blocking it.
c) will surely affect it. – afetarão
d) are perfecting it.
e) were redesigning it. – foram redesenhadas
Vejam que das duas alternativas que estão no presente, uma tem
idéia positiva e outra negativa:
b) are blocking it. (bloqueando)
d) are perfecting it. (aperfeiçoando)
Agora temos que saber qual assunto o texto trata para decidirmos
entre as duas. Procure palavras conhecidas: sim, crise (crisis). Se o
texto está falando de crise, a probabilidade de a resposta ser a letra “b”
é bem maior, certo? E não deu outra.
VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE
assets : recursos, ativos, bens
clogging: impedindo, interferindo
financial system: sistema financeiro
mean: significar
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affected: afetado
blocking: afetando
surely: certamente
perfecting: aperfeiçoando
redesigning: reprojetar, refazer, redesenhar
Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra B.
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13. (ESAF/ STN/2008) As regards investors in Europe at the moment,
they are feeling
a) nervous and upset.
b) confident and optimistic.
c) reassured, but cautious.
d) slightly afraid.
e) tense, but optimistic.
Comentários:
No enunciado aparece o pronome they. Tente identificar a que ele
se refere. Lembre-se que they é pronome pessoal do caso reto, ou
seja, está substituindo o sujeito da frase.
As regards investors in Europe at the moment, they are feeling..
Veja que as alternativas só trazem adjetivos. O enunciado diz:
quanto aos (as regards) investidores (investors), como estão se
sentindo.
Há duas frases no texto com palavras-chave que aparecem
também em duas das alternativas:
“In Europe jittery investors have no such reassurance.”
Nesta frase aparece a palavra reassurance, que significa resseguro,
confiante. Na alternativa “e” está sendo afirmado que os investidores
estão confiantes, mas cuidadosos. Contudo, o texto está negando que os
investidores tenham tal confiança, segurança (veja que o texto diz: have
no).
“That makes many watchers nervous.”
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Aqui não aparece a palavra investors, mas a palavra watchers,
que significa observadores em geral (o que inclui, portanto, os
investidores)
a) nervous and upset. (nervosos e preocupados)
b) confident and optimistic. (confiantes e otimistas)
c) reassured, but cautious. (confiantes, mas cautelosos)
d) slightly afraid. (levemente temerosos)
e) tense, but optimistic. (tensos, mas otimistas)
VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE
assets : recursos, ativos, bens
clogging: impedindo, interferindo
financial system: sistema financeiro
mean: significar
affected: afetado
blocking: afetando
surely: certamente
perfecting: aperfeiçoando
redesigning: reprojetar, refazer, redesenhar
Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra A.
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14. (ESAF/ STN/2008) The author reminds the readers that banks are
assumed to have a good handle on risk. In other words, they
a) do not take it.
b) eliminate it.
c) do not accept it.
d) hardly ever face it.
e) understand it well.
Comentários:
No enunciado da questão parecem os pronomes that e they.
Vejamos a que se referem:
The author reminds the readers that banks are assumed to have a good
handle on risk. In other words, they
O that não está em sua função de pronome nesta frase, tendo sido
usado aqui apenas como conector de duas orações. O they está se
referindo a Banks, sujeito segunda oração da frase. Atenção: they não
poderia substituir readers, já que readers é objeto da primeira oração e
they é pronome pessoal do caso reto, só podendo substituir sujeito.
A questão quer saber o que significa a expressão good handle na frase:
“…banks are assumed to have a good handle on risk.”
Mesmo sem saber o significado da expressão, sabemos o
significado de banks (bancos) e de risk (risco). Vejamos as alternativas:
a) do not take it. (não correm risco) -
b) eliminate it. (eliminam o risco) -
c) do not accept it. (não aceitam o risco) -
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d) hardly ever face it. (dificilmente enfrentam o risco) -
e) understand it well. (entendem o risco) +
Você não sabe a definição de good handle, ok. Mas a palavra
“good” você sabe que significa bom, algo positivo, certo? A resposta
então só pode ser a letra “e”.
VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE
good handle: saber lidar
remind: lembrar
assumed: aceito, compreendido
risk: risco
take risks: assumir ricos
eliminate: eliminar
accept: aceitar
hardly ever: dificilmente
face: encarar, enfrentar
understand: entender
well: bem
Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra E.
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Time to Toss the Textbook Source: Newsweek
July 4th 2005 (Adapted)
Do we know how much the world economy affects the
United States and vice versa?
Economics textbooks once described the U.S. economy
as mainly self-contained. Americans sold to each other; Americans’
savings were invested mostly in American investments (stocks,
bonds, bank deposits). Trade was small. Globalization has
shattered this model. More industries face foreign competition or
depend on foreign markets. In 1960, exports and imports together
totaled 9.5 percent of gross domestic product; in 2004, they were
25 percent of GDP. Savings and investments have also gone global.
In 2003, Americans – mainly through pension funds, banks and
other big investors – owned $3.1 trillion of foreign stocks and
bonds, while foreigners owned more than $4.1 trillion of U.S.
securities, says the International Monetary Fund. (Note: the $4.1
trillion excluded China.) All these factors modify the U.S. economy.
15. (ESAF/ MPOG/2005) According to the author, globalization has
shattered the previous model. In other words, globalization has
a) destroyed it.
b) regulated it.
c) reinforced it.
d) deepened it.
e) strengthened it.
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Comentários:
O pronome que aparece em todas as alternativas de resposta é o
it, o qual, no caso em tela, está exercendo a função de pronome pessoal
do caso oblíquo (substituindo o objeto da ação). Na frase “...globalization
has shattered the previous model..” o sujeito é globalização e o objeto é
o modelo anterior (previous model).
Essa questão é puramente de vocabulário. O enunciado diz que “de
acordo com o autor, globalização has shattered o modelo anterior.”
Você terá que encontrar a palavra que mais se aproxima da idéia de
shattered. Vamos tentar resolver a questão sem saber a definição desta
palavra.
a) destroyed it. (destruiu)
b) regulated it. (regulou)
c) reinforced it. (reforçou)
d) deepened it. (aprofundou)
e) strengthened it. (fortaleceu)
A opção A está correta. Das alternativas de resposta, apenas a
primeira traz um significado negativo. A globalização destruiu o modelo
anterior. Logo, shattered está relacionado com destruir, acabar.
Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra A.
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External Audit
Source: http://ec.europa.eu/budget
Jan 16th, 2008 (Adapted)
1. The European Union’s (EU) annual accounts and resource
management are overseen by its external auditor, the European
Court of Auditors, which draws up an annual report for the Council
and the European Parliament. The Court’s main task is to conduct
an external, independent audit of the European Communities’
annual accounts. As part of its activities, the Court of Auditors
produces:
. an annual report on the activities financed from the general
budget, detailing its observations on the annual accounts and
underlying transactions;
. an opinion, based on its audits and given in the annual report in
the form of a statement of assurance, on (i) the reliability of the
accounts and (ii) the legality and regularity of the underlying
transactions involving both revenue collected from taxable persons
and payments to final beneficiaries;
. special reports giving the findings of audits covering specific areas
of management.
2. The Court of Auditors is entitled to access all
documents required during the course of its audit.
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16. (ESAF/CGU/2008) The closing line of the text reports that the
Court of Auditors is entitled to access all the documents in case.
Therefore, it
a) holds the legal right to access them.
b) must obtain approval to look into them.
c) has to seek legal permission from the EU.
d) is the provider of all the papers in question.
e) is held accountable for their safety.
Comentários:
Nesta questão aparecem os pronomes it, them e their. O
pronome it aparece logo no enunciado, vejamos:
O enunciado da questão diz: “A última linha do texto afirma que o
Tribunal de Contas está autorizado/habilitado (entitled) a acessar todos
os documentos necessários durante o andamento de suas auditorias.
Therefore, it .... Portanto, ele....”
É importante perceber que o pronome “it” está se referindo ao
sujeito da frase anterior, o Tribunal de Contas.
A questão remete o leitor à closing line (linha final, frase final) do
texto, que é a seguinte:
“The Court of Auditors is entitled to access all documents required
during the course of its audit.”
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PALAVRAS-CHAVE
to be entitled: ter o direito, ser autorizado
access: acesso
documents: documentos
required: requeridos, exigidos, necessários
course: andamento, curso
audit: auditoria
therefore: portanto, então
hold: deter, possuir, considerar
legal right: direito
obtain: obter
seek: buscar
legal permission: permissão legal
approval: autorização
provider: provedor
papers: documentos
accountable: responsável
held: considerado (passado verbo hold)
safety: segurança
Agora, as opções de resposta:
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a) holds the legal right to access them.
A opção A está correta. A alternativa afirma que o Tribunal de
Contas possui o direito de acessar them (documentos necessários).
Them é pronome pessoal do caso oblíquo, ou, pronome objetivo.
Aparece aqui substituindo o objeto da frase que é “documentos
necessários”. Veja o quadro explicativo a seguir.
IMPORTANTE
PRONOMES PESSOAIS
CASO RETO SUJEITO
CASO OBLÍQUO OBJETO
I (eu) me (me, mim)
you (tu, você) you (lhe, o, a, te, ti, a você)
He (ele) him (lhe, o, a ele)
she (ela) her (lhe, a, a ela)
it (ele, ela [neutro]) it (lhe, o, a)
We (nós) us (nos)
you (vocês, vós) you (vos, lhes, a vocês)
they (eles, elas) them (lhes, os, as)
É indispensável que você saiba claramente a diferença entre sujeito e
objeto. Veja a frase do enunciado se completando com a opção (a):
“(…)the Court of Auditors is entitled to access all the documents in case.
SUJEITO OBJETO
Therefore, it (a) holds the legal right to access them.”
PRONOME/SUJEITO PRONOME/OBJETO
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It Court of Auditor
Them documents
b) must obtain approval to look into them.
A opção B está incorreta. O texto não diz que o Tribunal de Contas
deva (must) obter autorização para analisar documentos.
c) has to seek legal permission from the EU.
A opção E está incorreta. O Tribunal de Contas não tem que
buscar (seek) permissão legal (legal permission) da União Européia
para acessar them (documentos necessários).
d) is the provider of all the papers in question.
A opção E está incorreta. O Tribunal de Contas não é o provedor
(provider) de toda documentação em questão. Observe que a
documentação da qual o texto trata é aquela necessária no curso de uma
auditoria.
e) is held accountable for their safety.
A opção E está incorreta. A última linha do texto afirma que o
Tribunal de Contas está autorizado/habilitado a acessar todos os
documentos necessários durante o andamento de suas auditorias. Já a
alternativa diz que o Tribunal de Contas é considerado responsável pela
segurança dos documentos (their – pronome possessivo deles/delas).
Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra A.
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Não é preciso entender o texto todo
para se sair bem na prova de inglês
da ESAF. A banca só usa algumas
frases para elaborar as questões.
Nesse texto que acabamos de ver,
apenas a primeira e a última frase
foram usadas para desenvolver as
questões.
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REVISÃO DO VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE
A partir deste momento vamos revisar a aula por meio do quadro
do vocabulário-chave.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE
suggestion: sugestão
this: este, esta
brochure: folheto
be aimed: ter objetivo
offer apologies: oferecer desculpas
sell devices: vender estratégias
spread gossip: espalhar fofocas
give advice: dar conselhos
create networks: criar redes
reduce: reduzir
intend: pretender
cut it out: planejar
cut it down: reduzir
cut it up: criticar
cut it off: remover, recortar
cut is loose: separar
avoid: evitar
indulge: ceder
try to use: tentar usar
challenge: desafiar
misunderstand: confundir
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keep away from: manter distância resort: recorrer
wordplay and workaround: trocadilhos
get rid: livrar-se
make use: usar
look down on: desprezar
get tired: cansar-se
run out of: esgotar-se
ultimate: final
reference: referência
library: biblioteca
chock-full: completamente cheio
data: informações
supplied: fornecido, forneceu
individuals: indivíduos
institutions: instituições
around: em volta
world: mundo
usually: usualmente, geralmente
free use: uso livre, gratuito
comers: usuários expressions: expressões
internet users: usuários da internet
refer: referir
same: mesmo
kind of people: tipo de pessoas
those: aqueles/aquelas
who: quem, que
access: acessar actually: realmente, efetivamente, de fato
drowning: mergulhando
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us: nos
irrelevancies: irrelevâncias
refer: referir
danger: perigo efforts: esforços
stop: parar
attacks: ataques
forced: forçou
shrink: reduzir
area: area
activities: atividade
increased: aumentou
bigger: maior has turned: se tornou
the most popular: o mais popular
social network: rede social
attract: atrair
more networkers than: mais networkers que
played a minor role: desempenhou papel inferior, pequeno
social-networking site: site de redes sociais
convinced: convenceu
skeptics: céticos
outstanding: extraordinário, excelente
value: valor
laid off: desmitiu
almost half: quase metade
staff: funcionários
which: que
was: era, estava, passado do verbo be
once: uma vez, já
all the rage: na moda
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become: tornar-se
shadow: sombra
former: antigo, anterior
last year: ano passado
owned: possuia, propriedade
installed: instalou, contratou
new boss: novo chefe, patrão
fired: demitiu
plan: plano
revive: reviver
fortunes: fortunas fiscal strain: pressão fiscal
hobbling: atrasar, impedir
policies: políticas
favouring: favorecendo
growth: crescimento
pressure: pressão
currently: atualmente
preventing: impedindo
development: desenvolvimento
programmes: programas
successfully: com êxito
spoused: aceito, recebido
measures: medidas
steadily: firmemente, regularmente
gained: ganharam
acceptance: aceitação
incentives: incentivos
recently: recentemente
promoted: promoveram assets : recursos, ativos, bens
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clogging: impedindo, interferindo
financial system: sistema financeiro
mean: significar
affected: afetado
blocking: afetando
surely: certamente
perfecting: aperfeiçoando
redesigning: reprojetar, refazer, redesenhar assets : recursos, ativos, bens
clogging: impedindo, interferindo
financial system: sistema financeiro
mean: significar
affected: afetado
blocking: afetando
surely: certamente
perfecting: aperfeiçoando
redesigning: reprojetar, refazer, redesenhar good handle: saber lidar
remind: lembrar
assumed: aceito, compreendido
risk: risco
take risks: assumir ricos
eliminate: eliminar
accept: aceitar
hardly ever: dificilmente
face: encarar, enfrentar
understand: entender
well: bem
to be entitled: ter o direito, ser autorizado
access: acesso
documents: documentos
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required: requeridos, exigidos, necessários
course: andamento, curso
audit: auditoria
therefore: portanto, então
hold: deter, possuir, considerar
legal right: direito
obtain: obter
seek: buscar
legal permission: permissão legal
approval: autorização
provider: provedor
papers: documentos
accountable: responsável
held: considerado (passado verbo hold)
safety: segurança
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QUESTÕES DA AULA
Translation: getting it right
For non-linguists, buying in translation is often a source of
frustration. The suggestions in this brochure are aimed at
reducing stress.
Think international from the start. Avoid culture-bound
clichés. References to your national sport may well fall flat. Ditto
literary/cultural metaphors. Tread carefully with references to
parts of the human body, viewed differently by different cultures.
For written documents, don’t box yourself in by linking your
pitch to visuals that may not carry the same meaning outside your
native country – forcing translators to resort to cumbersome
wordplay and workarounds. In January 1998 PM Tony Blair told a
group of Japanese businessmen that his government intended to
go “the full monty” in putting the UK economy on a sound footing.
Blank faces: the film had not yet been released in Japan.
Keep some local flavour if you like, but check with your
foreign-text team to make sure that adaptation is possible. For
written documents, be sure to include international calling codes
for telephone and fax…
How important is style? Some translations are no-hopers
from the start. Often these are raw machine translation, or the
work of non-native speakers struggling away with a grammar
book in one hand and a dictionary in the other. They are good for
a laugh. Other translations are technically accurate, yet the
sentences do not flow as smoothly as they might; word order or
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choice of vocabulary may be unduly influenced by the original
language. They are not particularly effective for selling, but may
be good enough for readers who know the subject and can – or
have time to – read between the lines.
(adapted from http://www.fit-ift.org/download/getright2-en.pdf)
1. (FGV/SENADO/2008) The function of this text is to
(A) offer apologies.
(B) sell devices.
(C) spread gossip.
(D) give advice.
(E) create networks.
2. (FGV/SENADO/2008) When the suggestions “are aimed at
reducing stress” (lines 4-5), this means they intend to
(A) cut it out.
(B) cut it down.
(C) cut it up.
(D) cut it off.
(E) cut is loose.
3. (FGV/SENADO/2008) When you “avoid culture-bound clichés”
(lines 6-7) you
(A) indulge in them.
(B) try to use them.
(C) challenge them.
(D) misunderstand them.
(E) keep away from them.
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4. (FGV/SENADO/2008) When the text states that translators
“resort to cumbersome wordplay and workaround” (lines 13-14), it
implies that translators ultimately
(A) get rid of them.
(B) make use of them.
(C) look down on them.
(D) get tired of them.
(E) run out of them.
While there is no shortage of studies into the reasons why
software projects fail (Ewusi-Mensah, 1997), the major risks of
software development (Jones, 1994), or even the factors affecting
project success (Cooke-Davies, 2002), the field of software
engineering lacks a general model with which to investigate such
failures. To date, studies have tended to be surveys of the factors
4 thought to play some part in a failure.
(…)
Jon McBride. A model for investigating software accident.
In: Journal of Research and Practice in Information
Technology, vol. 40, n.º 1, Feb. 2008 (adapted)
5. (CESPE/TCU-TI/2009) “which”, in “lacks a general model with
which to investigate such failures” (R.3), refers to “investigate”.
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Information is a cornerstone of political education and
socialization. The ability to find out about issues of public
importance, and the capacity to inform oneself about the workings
of government and its policies are examples of how information
can be essential to the education of the informed and responsible
citizen. Yet in this era of information overload, the subtle but vital
difference between information and knowledge needs to be drawn
in order to create virtual places that promote political education in
the broadest sense. It is not, in fact, information per se which is
useful but knowledge, information which has been distilled and
contextualized so that it can impart meaning.
The Internet is the ultimate reference library, chock-
full of data supplied by individuals and institutions from around
the world, usually for the free use of all comers. The danger of the
Internet is that it threatens to overwhelm us with so much
information that, instead of democratizing and enriching our
political lives, it is actually drowning us in irrelevancies.
Internet users know well that the abundance of
informational riches can have a paralytic effect, rendering the
viewer helpless to find anything. The huge quantity of information
available creates an inverse relationship between speaking and
listening, between information and understanding. The more
people speak, the fewer people will actually be heard. In fact, the
deluge of data ensures that we cannot find anything. It has also
the effect of making us even more dependent than in the days
before the flood on unaccountable, commercialized search tools
and information filters to sort information and make it meaningful.
Although these editors are machines, they are not neutral. The
values and choices are embedded deep within the code and often
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not obvious to the user.
Beth Simone Noveck. Paradoxical partners: electronic communication
and electronic democracy. In: Peter Ferdinand (Ed.).
The Internet, democracy, and democratization.
London: Frank Cass/Routledge, 2000, p. 23-4 (with adaptations).
Based on the text above, judge the following items.
6. (CESPE/TCU-TI/2010) The expression “chock-full” (R.13) means
completely full or full to the limit.
7. (CESPE/TCU-TI/2010) In the text, the expressions “comers”
(R.15) and “Internet users” (R.19) refer to the same kind of people:
those who access the Internet for information.
8. (CESPE/TCU-TI/2010) In “it is actually drowning us in
irrelevancies” (R.18), “it” refers to “The danger of the Internet” (R.15-
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16).
Sharks in the water
In the last year, Somalia’s pirates have attacked 120
vessels in the Gulf of Aden, choking commerce in a critical
shipping lane (the transit route for 20 percent of the world’s oil),
blocking aid supplies and driving up transport costs.
The last few weeks have shown how hard it will be to
defeat the pirates on the high seas, which seems like the
international community’s approach. When British Marines tried
to board a captured fishing dhow on Nov. 11, they had to go in
with guns blazing and killed one possible hostage in the process.
A week later, an Indian warship opened fire on what it thought
was a pirate mother ship. But the target turned out to be a Thai
fishing vessel. When pirates seized their most valuable prize ever
on Nov. 15 — the Sirius Star supertanker holding 2 million
barrels of Saudi crude — everyone kept their distance.
As this suggests, Somalia’s seaborne bandits are
making a mockery of all efforts to stop them. Pirates have only
increased their efforts, ranging across an area bigger than the
Mediterranean. The Sirius Star was taken 450 nautical miles
southeast of Kenya, and with it, the Somalis now hold 300
hostages and 15 ships.
The Somalia’s internationally recognized transitional
government has invited foreign navies to do what’s necessary to
stop the pirates, even attacking them ashore if need be. The
Security Council has affirmed that option. Moreover, nearly all of
Somalia’s pirates come from one region (Puntland), live in a
single town (Boosaaso) and stash captured vessels in one of
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three ports (Eyl, Hobyo or Haradhere) — making interdiction that
much easier. Andrew Linington of Nautilus UK, a seaman’s union
that has had many of its members taken hostage, says the
international community “knows where the pirates are, they
know the ports they use, they know the mother ships. Stopping
them could be done,” he says. But that would be expensive at a
time when U.S. resources are tied up in Afghanistan and Iraq.
Rod Nordlant. Sharks in the water. Internet: <www.newsweek.com> (adapted).
According to the text, it is correct to affirm that
9. (CESPE/ ANTAQ/2009) The efforts to stop the attacks have
forced the pirates to shrink the area of their activities.
A world of connections
Source: www.economist.com (Adapted)
Jan 28th, 2010
To sceptics all this talk of twittering, yammering and
chattering smacks of another internet bubble in the making. They
argue that even a huge social network such as Facebook will
struggle to make money because fickle networkers will not stay in
one place for long, pointing to the example of MySpace, which was
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once all the rage but has now become a shadow of its former self.
Last year the site, which is owned by News Corp, installed a new
boss and fired 45% of its staff as part of a plan to revive its
fortunes.
Within companies there is plenty of doubt about the
benefits of online social networking in the office. A survey of 1,400
chief information officers conducted last year by Robert Half
Technology, a recruitment firm, found that only one-tenth of them
gave employees full access to such networks during the day, and
that many were blocking Facebook and Twitter altogether. The
executives’ biggest concern was that social networking would lead
to social networking, with employees using the sites to chat with
friends instead of doing their jobs. Some bosses also fretted that
the sites would be used to leak sensitive corporate information.
10. (ESAF/SUSEP/2010) According to paragraph 1, the site MySpace
a) has turned into the most popular social network.
b) attracts more networkers than Facebook.
c) played a minor role as a social-networking site.
d) convinced sceptics of its outstanding value.
e) laid off almost half of its staff.
The long climb Source: www.economist.com
st Oct, 2009 (Adapted)
1. The world economy is fitfully getting back to normal,
but it will be a “new normal”. This phrase has caught on, even if
people disagree about what it means. In the new normal, as
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defined by Pimco´s CEO, Mohamed El-Erian, growth will be
subdued and unemployment will remain high. “The banking
system will be a shadow of its former self,” and the securitization
markets, which buy and sell marketable bundles of debt, will
presumably be a shadow of a shadow. Finance will be costlier and
investment weak, so the stock of physical capital, on which
prosperity depends, will erode.
2. The crisis invited a forceful government entry into
several of capitalism´s inner sanctums, such as banking, American
carmaking and the commercial-paper market. Mr El-Erian worries
that the state may overstay its welcome. In addition, national
exchequers may start to feel some measure of the fiscal strain
now hobbling California. America´s Treasury, in particular, must
demonstrate that it is still a “responsible shepherd of other
countries´ savings.”
11. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) In paragraph 2, the author mentions “the
fiscal strain now hobbling California”. In other words, the fiscal
a) policies which have been favouring California´s growth.
b) pressure currently preventing California´s development.
c) programmes successfully spoused by California.
d) measures which have steadily gained acceptance.
e) incentives recently promoted by the Californian government.
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While Rome burns Source: www.economist.co.uk
Sep 25th, 2008 (Adapted)
1. American plans to buy up assets that are clogging the
financial system lack detail but no one doubts that a massive
government intervention is coming. In Europe jittery investors
have no such reassurance. European governments have yet to
respond publicly to calls from Hank Paulson, the treasury
secretary, to follow his lead. They look set to keep faith with the
approach that they have used to handle the crisis so far – staving
off liquidity worries by allowing banks to use facilities at central
banks to swap their assets in exchange for ready cash.
2. That makes many watchers nervous. The crisis in
America has dramatically grown from one of liquidity to one of
solvency as well. Lehman Brothers had access to the Federal
Reserve´s discount window, after all, but still went under. The
burning question now is whether banks have enough capital. On
some measures, European banks look pretty well capitalized. The
average tier-one ratio, which measures capital based on the
riskiness of bank assets, stood at 8% in the first half of the year.
That looks solid enough, if you assume that banks have a good
handle on risk.
12. (ESAF/ STN/2008) The author refers to “assets that are clogging
the financial system”, which means they
a) could have affected it.
b) are blocking it.
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c) will surely affect it.
d) are perfecting it.
e) were redesigning it.
13. (ESAF/ STN/2008) As regards investors in Europe at the
moment, they are feeling
a) nervous and upset.
b) confident and optimistic.
c) reassured, but cautious.
d) slightly afraid.
e) tense, but optimistic.
14. (ESAF/ STN/2008) The author reminds the readers that banks
are assumed to have a good handle on risk. In other words, they
a) do not take it.
b) eliminate it.
c) do not accept it.
d) hardly ever face it.
e) understand it well.
Time to Toss the Textbook Source: Newsweek
July 4th 2005 (Adapted)
Do we know how much the world economy affects the
United States and vice versa?
Economics textbooks once described the U.S. economy
as mainly self-contained. Americans sold to each other;
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Americans’ savings were invested mostly in American investments
(stocks, bonds, bank deposits). Trade was small. Globalization has
shattered this model. More industries face foreign competition or
depend on foreign markets. In 1960, exports and imports together
totaled 9.5 percent of gross domestic product; in 2004, they were
25 percent of GDP. Savings and investments have also gone
global. In 2003, Americans – mainly through pension funds, banks
and other big investors – owned $3.1 trillion of foreign stocks and
bonds, while foreigners owned more than $4.1 trillion of U.S.
securities, says the International Monetary Fund. (Note: the $4.1
trillion excluded China.) All these factors modify the U.S.
economy.
15. (ESAF/ MPOG/2005) According to the author, globalization has
shattered the previous model. In other words, globalization has
a) destroyed it.
b) regulated it.
c) reinforced it.
d) deepened it.
e) strengthened it.
External Audit
Source: http://ec.europa.eu/budget
Jan 16th, 2008 (Adapted)
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1. The European Union’s (EU) annual accounts and resource
management are overseen by its external auditor, the European
Court of Auditors, which draws up an annual report for the Council
and the European Parliament. The Court’s main task is to conduct
an external, independent audit of the European Communities’
annual accounts. As part of its activities, the Court of Auditors
produces:
. an annual report on the activities financed from the general
budget, detailing its observations on the annual accounts and
underlying transactions;
. an opinion, based on its audits and given in the annual report in
the form of a statement of assurance, on (i) the reliability of the
accounts and (ii) the legality and regularity of the underlying
transactions involving both revenue collected from taxable persons
and payments to final beneficiaries;
. special reports giving the findings of audits covering specific
areas of management.
2. The Court of Auditors is entitled to access all
documents required during the course of its audit.
16. (ESAF/CGU/2008) The closing line of the text reports that the
Court of Auditors is entitled to access all the documents in case.
Therefore, it
a) holds the legal right to access them.
b) must obtain approval to look into them.
c) has to seek legal permission from the EU.
d) is the provider of all the papers in question.
e) is held accountable for their safety.
CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO
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GABARITO
1-D 2-B 3-E 4-B 5-E 6-C 7-C 8-E
9-E 10-E 11-B 12-B 13-A 14-E 15-A 16-A