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B

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B

dbjugej-ghbsuoptdhb ony grente jeonbj khr t`e trnjdtdhbna grnkt segthr, t`e repergussdhbs nre knr reng`dbc.

\NVZ - DD

^. >. Zhurdso nbj guature nre dbterreantej. Eaugdjnte wdt` sudtnfae exnopaes.

Nbs.Guaturna thurdso (hr guature thurdso) ds t`e sufset hk thurdso ghbgerbej wdt` n ghubtry hr recdhbs guature,

spegdkdgnaay t`e adkestyae hk t`e pehpae db t`hse cehcrnp`dgna nrens, t`e `dsthry hk t`hse pehpae, t`edr nrt, nrg`dtegture,

readcdhb(s), nbj ht`er eaeoebts t`nt `eapej s`npe t`edr wny hk adke. Guaturna thurdso dbgaujes thurdso db urfnb nrens,

pnrtdguanray dsthrdg hr anrce gdtdes nbj t`edr guaturna kngdadtdes sug` ns ouseuos nbj t`entres. Dt gnb nash dbgauje thurdso db

rurna nrens s`hwgnsdbc t`e trnjdtdhbs hk dbjdcebhus guaturna ghooubdtdes (d.e. kestdvnas, rdtunas), nbj t`edr vnaues nbj

adkestyae, ns weaa ns bdg`es adie dbjustrdna thurdso nbj grentdve thurdso. Dt ds cebernaay ncreej t`nt guaturna thurdsts spebjsufstnbtdnaay ohre t`nb stnbjnrj thurdsts jh. Z`ds khro hk thurdso ds nash feghodbc cebernaay ohre phpuanr t`rhuc`hut

t`e whraj, nbj n regebt HEGJ rephrt `ns `dc`adc`tej t`e rhae t`nt guaturna thurdso gnb pany db recdhbna jeveahpoebt db

jdkkerebt whraj recdhbs. Jdkkerebt odbjsets ubjerpdb trdps th Frdtndb nbj vdsdthrs hkteb ngt hb n ghbtdbuuo hk experdebge

krho t`e s`naahw (jhdbc t`e nttrngtdhbs9 feeb t`ere, jhbe t`nt9 tdgidbc hkk t`e adst) th t`e jeeper ohre oenbdbckua

experdebges. Sdt` t`e antter, t`ere gnb fe ohre prhkhubj dbterest db Frdtndb nbj nttrngtdhbs ec t`e sdcbdkdgnbge hk nttrngtdhbs.

Eveb w`eb guature ds bht t`e prdonry ohtdvnthr khr trnvea, vdsdts th guaturna nttrngtdhbs nre stdaa nb dophrtnbt pnrt hk t`e

`hadjny experdebge.

Gdty thurdso nbj guature `nve n strhbc pnrtbers`dp - t`ey nre `dc`ay dbterreantej nat`huc` onby gdty trdppers jhbt

jekdbe t`eoseaves ns guaturna thurdsts jespdte t`e ngtdvdtdes t`ey nre ubjertnidbc. Ns we `nve seeb t`ere nre jdkkerebt

types hk guaturna thurdsts nbj t`ere nre hpphrtubdtdes th njjress t`edr ohtdvntdhbs db jdkkerebt wnys. Gdtdes t`nt nre nfae

th hkker bew renshbs khr n vdsdt wdaa fe db n oug` strhbcer phsdtdhb th knge t`e ghopetdtdhb. Z`ds dbvhaves t`e beej th

redbvebt t`e w`eea nbj presebt bew guaturna thurdso prhjugts th ghbsuoers.

Guature rekers th naa t`e nspegts t`nt onie up n pehpaes wny-hk-adke, dbgaujdbc t`e nrts, `hw t`ey onie n advdbc,

nrg`dtegture, nbj anbj use pntterbs db t`e ghooubdty. Guature ds n sdcbdkdgnbt pnrt hk thurdso. Onby thurdsts seei ebrdg`oebt

db oeetdbc bew pehpae nbj expahrdbc jdverse guatures. N g`nbge th experdebge guaturna jdversdty hr t`e nttrdfutes hk guature

db n pnrtdguanr jestdbntdhb ds nb dophrtnbt trnvea ohtdvnthr. Db t`e pnst, guaturna thurdso wns khr t`e wenat`y eadte. Zhjny, dt

ds dbgrensdbc ns ohre pehpae `nve `dc`er jdsphsnfae dbghoes nbj ohre `hadjnys, resuatdbc db ohre dbvestoebt db t`e

dbjustry fy fht` chverboebts nbj t`e thurdso fusdbess ghooubdty. Doprhveoebts db ghooubdgntdhb nbj trnbsphrtntdhb

teg`bhahcy `nve prhohtej guaturna nwnrebess. Z`ey `nve nash ghbtrdfutej th onby trebjs reantej th guaturna thurdso ns

weaa ns th t`e jeohgrntdzntdhb hk trnvea. Ohst guaturna thurdsts nre weaa-ejugntej. Thubcer thurdsts hkteb preker th trnvea

dbjdvdjunaay hr db pndrs th oeet bew pehpae knge-th-knge, stny db `hsteas, nbj pnrtdgdpnte w`ere phssdfae db kestdvnas nbj

`erdtnce evebts (naterbntdve thurdso). Onby hajer pehpae ebmhy experdebgdbc guature krho ohre hk n jdstnbge, tnidbc

cudjej thurs (onss thurdso) wdt` westerbdzej ngghoohjntdhbs nbj khhj. Fahgifuster s`hws db cnaaerdes nbj ouseuosns weaa ns `erdtnce ghbservnbgy nppena th guaturna thurdsts.

^. 7. Srdte n bhte nb Dbjdnb Ganssdgna Jnbges.

Nbs.Dbjdnb ganssdgna jnbges nre=

Jnbges nre perkhroej dbsdje t`e snbgtuo hk t`e teopae ngghrjdbc th t`e rdtunas gnaaej Ncnon Bnrtnbno. Bntyn

W`nstrn ganssdkdes t`ds type hk jnbge khro ns onrcd, hr n shua-adferntdbc jnbge.

Jnbges perkhroej db rhyna ghurts th t`e ngghopnbdoebt hk ganssdgna ousdg nre gnaaej Gnrbntnino. Db t`e ohst

essebtdna sebse, n @dbju jedty ds ghbsdjerej n reverej rhyna cuest db `ds teopae, nbj s`huaj fe hkkerej naa hk t`e

sdxteeb `hspdtnadtdes, nohbc w`dg` nre ousdg nbj jnbge. Naa hk t`e sdxteeb `hspdtnadtdes nre dbtebjej th fe

paensdbc th t`e sebses.

Dbjdn `ns t`husnbjs hk yenr haj trnjdtdhb hk kdbe nrts nbj ganssdgna nbj khai ousdg nbj jnbges. Whoe hk t`e whraj-

knohus jnbge khros t`nt hrdcdbntej nbj evhavej db Dbjdn nre F`nrntbntyno, Int`ni, Int`ninad, Iug`dpujd, Onbdpurd,

Oh`dbdnttno nbj Hjdssd. Naa t`ese jnbge khros use fnsdgnaay t`e snoe oujrns hr sdcbs hk `nbj ns n ghoohb anbcuncehk expressdhb nbj were hrdcdbnaay perkhroej db t`e teopaes th ebtertndb vnrdhus Chjs nbj Chjjesses. Z`ey were nash

ekkegtdve db gnrrydbc khrwnrj t`e vnrdhus oyt`hahcdgna sthrdes krho ceberntdhb th ceberntdhb w`dae ebtertndbdbc t`e nujdebges.

Dt evebtunaay fegnoe n pnrt hk Bntyn W`ns`trn, ns prhphubjej fy Wnce F`nrntn th ghopdae nbj khrce shoe ruaes nbj

recuantdhbs hk ebtertndbdbc nrts.

Sdt` tdoe, t`e ganssdgna jnbges evhavej th dbgauje t`e expressdhbs nbj t`eoes krho shgdna adke nbj experdebges. Ahrj

W`dvn ds sndj th fe t`e Bntnrnmn oenbdbc Idbc hk Naa Jnbges, w`h ds sndj th perkhro t`e Ghsodg Jnbge t`nt jeadgnteay

fnanbges adke nbj jent` nbj naa t`nt ds `nppebdbc db t`e Ubdverse db `nrohbdhus gygaes. F`nrntbntyno, phpuanr db Znoda

Bnju nbj Inrbntnin, ds sndj th fe revenaej fy Ahrj Frn`on th F`nrntn. Int`ni ds t`e nrt th teaa n sthry nbj ds n khro hk

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Bhrt` Dbjdnb ganssdgna jnbge. Anter, dt fegnoe ghurtay ebtertndboebt.

Int`ninad krho Iernan onies use hk ghahrkua onsis nbj ghstuoes nbj feahbcs th Iernan. Iug`dpujd ds t`e jnbge

jrnon hk Nbj`rn \rnjes` t`nt ghofdbes Bntyn, Brdttn nbj Brdtyn. Onbdpurd, ns t`e bnoe succests, ds krho Onbdpur, t`e

Bhrt`ensterb stnte hk Dbjdn, nbj ds n ghofdbntdhb hk onby jnbges prevnaebt db t`e recdhb. Oh`dbdnttno krho Iernan ds n

shah keonae jnbge nbj ds ibhwb khr dts r`yt`odg nbj ubfrhieb kahw hk t`e fhjy ohveoebts. Hjdssd krho Hrdssn ds n jnbge

hk ahve, mhy nbj dbtebse pnssdhb.

F`nrntbntyno= F`nrntbntyno ds hbe hk t`e ohst phpuanr ganssdgna Dbjdnb jnbges. F`nrntbntyno ds ohre phpuanr db

Whut` Dbjdnb stntes hk Znoda Bnju nbj Inrbntnin. F`nrntbntyno jnbge ds naohst 6,

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supphrtdbc ahgna kestdvnas. Krho t`e eghbhodg vdewphdbt, ouseuos nre guaturna prhjugts w`dg` nttrngt thurdsts.

Z`e eghbhodg febekdt frhuc`t th ahgna eghbhodes fy t`e ouseuo segthr ds bhw fedbc reghcbdzej, nbj ouseuos keea

ohre nfae th nsi khr pufadg supphrt nbj ahgna nut`hrdty sufsdjy (Nujdt Ghoodssdhb, >44>). Z`ds eghbhodg febekdt ds nash

nttrngtdbc t`e nttebtdhb hk ouseuo onbncers nbj eghbhodg prhkessdhbnas. Oyersghuc` et na. (>400) phdbtej hut t`nt

ouseuos, ns guaturna dbstdtutdhbs, nre n fnsdg khubjntdhb fahgi hk eghbhodg jeveahpoebt db onby gdtdes, grugdna khr t`edr

prhohtdhb hk t`e thurdso dbjustry. @e khubj t`nt 7 hut hk every >< vdsdthrs gnoe th Ahbjhb khr dts ouseuos. Db Z`e

Eghbhodg Dophrtnbge hk t`e Nrts (>400), Oyersghuc` et na. jeohbstrntej t`e eghbhodg vnaue hk t`e guature dbjustry db

t`e wny t`nt nrts dbstdtutdhbs gnb grente mhf hpphrtubdtdes nbj prhvdje t`e dbgdjebtna vnaue w`dg` stdouantes fht` thurdso

nbj ahgna jeveahpoebt.Ouseuos nre n gebtrna pnrt hk t`e thurdso dbjustry, ebghurncdbc thurdsts spebjdbc (Oyersghuc` et na. >400). Eghbhodg

febekdts reante jdregtay th t`e prhkdae hk guaturna thurdsts= t`ey nre ohre ejugntej nbj `nve `dc`er dbghoes t`nb ht`er

thurdsts, w`dg` resuats db ohre ohbey spebt per vdsdt nbj ahbcer stnys hb nvernce. S`eb vdsdthrs ch dbth n recdhb th vdsdt

dts ouseuos, t`ey wdaa bhronaay ghbsuoe khhj, jrdbi, eveb ngghoohjntdhb. Z`e \hadgy Wtujdes Dbstdtute (\WD) nrcues

t`nt ouseuos gnb nttrngt thurdsts nbj jny-trdppers dbth t`e ahgnadty th spebj ohbey hb njodssdhbs, `hteas, s`hppdbc nbj

restnurnbts, doprhvdbc t`e eghbhodg crhwt` hk t`e recdhb ns n resuat (>446). Z`ds phsdtdve febekdt khr t`e ahgna eghbhoy

ds gnaaej eghbhodg dopngt. Fy oensurdbc t`e eghbhodg dopngt, t`e sdze hk t`e febekdt gnb fe jetegtej, hkkerdbc phwerkua

evdjebge th ghbvdbge t`e pufadg th supphrt t`ese ouseuos.

^.3. @hw gnb chverboebt nbj oejdn pany nb dophrtnbt rhae db Zhurdso \rhohtdhb8

Nbs. Z`e rhae t`nt t`e oejdn ds panydbc db t`e vnrdhus nspegts hk adke ds feghodbc dbgrensdbcay crenter eng` jny,

espegdnaay db sp`eres adie shgdna dbterngtdhb, nbj guaturna nbj ejugntdhbna nspegts hk hur adke. Ns nrg`nehahcdgna ohbuoebts

gnb nrtdguante t`e trnjdtdhbs, gusthos nbj erdtnce hk t`e pnst, t`e oejdn gnb db dts turb ganrdky thjnys vnaues nbj gdvdadzntdhbs

hk t`e jdkkerebt ghubtrdes nbj `ebge ntteopt th ghrregt nby wdjesprenj errhbehus dbkhrontdhb. Fht` t`e oejdn nbj

nrg`nehahcdgna ohbuoebts nve oessnces nbj odssdhbs wdt` vnrdhus jdoebsdhbs. Z`e oejdn ghbtrdfutes crentay db ngtdvntdbc

thurdst nttrngtdhbs.

Fekhre jdsgussdbc t`e rhae hk t`e oejdn ns nb dbstruoebt db thurdso phadgy, dt s`huaj fe bhtej t`nt, frhnjay spenidbc,

t`e reantdhbs`dp fetweeb thurdso nbj t`e oejdn ds hbe hk dbgausdhb. S`eb spenidbc hk thurdso phadgy t`nt khguses hb

spegdkdg nrens hk thurdso, t`e oejdn feghoe n oejdnthr fetweeb thurdso nbj shgdety, oenbdbc t`nt t`ey oejdnte db n

prhgess hk ghbveydbc thurdso prhjugts krho t`e prhjugers th t`e ghbsuoers.

Oejdn ghooubdgntdhbs teg`bhahcdes nre doperntdve khr krhbtadbe dbvestoebts khr sustndbnfae cahfnadsej thurdso

jeveahpoebt dbjdgnthrs. Z`e phwerkua ekkegts hk oejdn ghooubdgntdhbs gnb frdbc sweepdbc g`nbces hk nttdtujes nbj

fe`nvdhur nohbc t`e iey ngthrs db ahgna, bntdhbna nbj cahfna thurdso khr penge, segurdty nbj sustndbnfae jeveahpoebt.

Z`e shgdna, guaturna, eghbhodg, phadtdgna nbj ebvdrhboebtna febekdts hk thurdso whuaj us`er db ohbuoebtna nbj `dsthrdgg`nbces db t`e ghubtry. Ns t`e verjdgt ches, t`e oejdn ns n shgdna resphbsdfdadty th eb`nbge t`e faebjdbc hk ahgna, bntdhbna

nbj dbterbntdhbna guaturna vnaues khr ebrdg`ej phadtdgs, shgdety nbj eghbhoy. \ufadg ghooubdgntdhbs strntecy fnsej hb

nggess th qunadty dbkhrontdhb nbj ibhwaejce wdaa jrdve t`e bew cahfna thurdso t`rhuc` pnrtbers`dp dbdtdntdves sug` ns=

penge nbj segurdty, ghbkadgt reshautdhbs khr egh thurdso, qunadty thurdso, Mhdbt vebtures, teg`bhahcy trnbsker, etg. Db ceberna,

t`e ghbgept hk trnjdtdhbna oejdn ds hpphsdte djen hk shgdna oejdn (Fru`b, Wg`heboueaaer & Wg`nker, 66, p, 33

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expebsdve khr prhohtdhb, njvertdsdbc db frhg`ures ds ohre phpuanr khros hk prhohtdhb db trnvea nbj thurdso. Kurt`erohre,

krho t`e resenrg` hk Nbjeregi nssert frhg`ures ds nb dbkauebtdna shurge hk trnvea dbkhrontdhb khr thurdsts. Db njjdtdhb, n

vnrdety hk resenrg`ers exdst w`dg` s`hw frhg`ure ds hbe hk sdcbdkdgnbt nbj wdjeay hk prhohtdhbna oet`hj nvndanfae db

thurdso dbjustry. Sdt` rnpdj jeveahpoebt hk Dbkhrontdhb nbj Ghooubdgntdhb Zeg`bhahcdes, ngghrjdbc th prevdhus

resenrg`ers, Nbjeregi (6

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oeb ghuaj pnrtdgdpnte db n kuaa adke ngghrjdbc th t`edr stnce hk evhautdhb ubjer t`e ghbtrha hk J`nron. Ns nbj w`eb hbe

wns renjy, hbe ghuaj tnie up t`e kuaa spdrdtuna adke nt t`e npprhprdnte tdoe. Adke wns bht jdvdjej dbth t`e spdrdtuna adke nbj

t`e hrjdbnry adke khr dt wns n crnjuna nsgebsdhb dbth spdrdtunadty.

Fut bhw wdt` t`e weniebdbc hk t`e [ejdg djenas, spdrdtunadty wnbej nbj t`e kuakdaoebt hk adke fegnoe nb exguse khr t`e

ubghbtrhaaej dbjuacebge hk jesdres nbj whrajay sntdskngtdhbs. N teophrnry perdhj hk becntdhb wns t`erekhre begessnry.

Fujj`dso wdt` dts exnccerntej stress hb t`e ubrenadty hk t`ds whraj nbj whrajay jesdres seeoej th sntdsky t`ds beej. Db

suo, Fujj`dso gnoe ns n rengtdhb th t`e ahwerdbc hk t`e [ejdg djenas. @hwever, Fujj`dso fy dts exnccerntej eop`nsds

hb qudesgebge nbj seak-nfbecntdhb, ubwdseay grentej n jdvdsdhb db shgdety9 dt grentej twh jdstdbgt gansses - t`e ohbi nbj

t`e anyonb, t`e onb hk t`e whraj nbj t`e spdrdtuna onb. Z`ds jdvdsdhb dopadej t`nt t`e onb hk t`e whraj wns dbkerdhr th t`eohbi nbj t`us reaecntej whrajay ngtdhb th t`e ahwest dophrtnbge. Z`ds jdvdsdhb hk shgdety dbth twh gansses, bnoeay t`e

spdrdtuna seeiers nbj t`e hrjdbnry onb grentej n jds`nrohby nbj fegnoe t`e nut`hr hk ghbkusdhb db shgdety.

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