Zrtigo Bernardo

7/29/2019 Zrtigo Bernardo

1/5

www.cbpv.com.br/rbpv

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet., Jaboticabal, v. 20, n. 1, p. 49-53, jan.-mar. 2011

Prevalence o liver condemnation due to bovine asciolosisin Southern Esprito Santo: temporal distribution

and economic losses

Prevalncia de condenao de gados bovinos por asciolose no Sul do Esprito Santo:distribuio temporal e perdas econmicas

Cntia das Chagas Bernardo1; Milena Batista Carneiro1; Barbara Rauta de Avelar1; Dirlei Molinari Donatele2;Isabella Vilhena Freire Martins2*; Maria Julia Salim Pereira3

1Laboratrio de Parasitologia, Centro de Cincias Agrrias, Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo UFES2Departamento de Medicina Veterinria, Centro de Cincias Agrrias, Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo UFES3Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro UFRRJ

Received October 14, 2010Accepted February 1, 2011

Abstract

Te present study was conducted to evaluate the economic losses and temporal distribution o the prevalenceo liver condemnation due to bovine asciolosis. Te abattoir in Atlio Vivcqua, in the South o the State oEsprito Santo, which is under state inspection by the veterinary service o the Livestock and Forest Protection Instituteo Esprito Santo, was used as the data source. Te prevalence o liver condemnation due to asciolosis over the period2006-2009 was calculated. Te 2 test, simple linear regression analysis and 2 or trend were used, with a signicancelevel o p 0.05. Over the period analyzed, 110,956 cattle were slaughtered and the prevalence o liver condemnationdue to Fasciolahepaticawas 15.24% in 2006, 23.93% in 2007, 28.57% in 2008 and 28.24% in 2009. Te historicaltrend o liver condemnation is an increasing trend, thus indicating that this parasitism has become established in theherd as a problem in this region, with prevalence similar to that o traditionally endemic regions. Condemnationsoccurred throughout the year, with the highest prevalence in April and May and with signicant dierences between

the dry and wet seasons. Te economic losses rom liver condemnation can be considered high.Keywords:Fasciolahepatica, abattoir, prevalence.

Resumo

O presente trabalho oi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as perdas econmicas e a distribuio temporal daprevalncia de condenao de gados bovinos devido a asciolose. O matadouro rigorco de Atlio Vivcqua, no suldo Estado do Esprito Santo, com inspeo estadual, realizada por mdico veterinrio vinculado ao Instituto de Deesa

Agropecuria e Florestal do Esprito Santo, oi utilizado como onte de dados. A prevalncia de condenao de gadospor asciolose no perodo de 2006-2009 oi calculada. O teste do 2, a anlise de regresso linear simples e o 2 paratendncia oram utilizados, considerando-se o nvel de signicncia p 0,05. No perodo analisado oram abatidos110.956 bovinos, observando-se prevalncias de condenao de gados por Fasciolahepatica, de 15,24% em 2006,23,93% em 2007, 28,57% em 2008 e de 28,24% em 2009. A tendncia histrica da condenao de gados crescente,

indicando que este parasitismo estabeleceu-se no rebanho como um problema na regio com prevalncia similar a deregies tradicionalmente endmicas. As condenaes ocorreram o ano todo com maior prevalncia nos meses de abrile maio e com dierenas signicativas entre os perodos seco e chuvoso. As perdas econmicas devido a condenao degados podem ser consideradas altas.

Palavras-chave:Fasciolahepatica, matadouro rigorco, prevalncia.

*Corresponding author: Isabella Vilhena Freire MartinsDepartamento de Medicina Veterinria, Centro de Cincias Agrrias,Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo UFES, Alto Universitrio,

CP 16, CEP 29500-000, Centro, Alegre - ES, Brazil;e-mail: [email protected]

ISSN 0103-846X (impresso) / ISSN 1984-2961 (eletrnico)

Full Article


2/5

50 Bernardo, C.C. et al. Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

Introduction

Hepatic distomatosis or asciolosis is a parasitic diseaseaecting herbivorous mammals and humans that is caused bythe trematode Fasciolahepatica(BOWMAN, 2010). Currently,asciolosis is recognized as an emerging zoonosis. Te records o

natural inection in humans are mostly correlated with regionsthat are endemic or animal asciolosis, in rural communitiesin which humans share the water source with their animals, orareas in which raw vegetables cultivated in endemic regions areconsumed (ROBINSON; DALON, 2009).

Fasciolosis causes serious losses to cattle and sheep rearingthrough reducing herd productivity in terms o inhibition ogrowth, smaller weight gains and diminished milk production.In addition, it leads o condemnation o the animals livers andincreases the production costs because o the control measuresrequired (OAKLEY et al., 1979; DAEMON; SERRA-FREIRE,1992).

Te distribution o asciolosis is linked to climatic actors,management o reservoir animals, topographic actors andpresence in the environment o molluscs o the genus Lymnaea,

which are needed or the parasites lie cycle to be completed(MAOS et al., 1997).

In Brazil, parasitism due to F. hepaticawas traditionally recordedin the Southern and Southeastern regions (RESENDE, 1979 apud

AMAO et al., 1986). However, its occurrence diers rom thecoverage o endemic regions, which are extensive in states in theSouthern region and present less extensive oci in states in theSoutheastern and central-western regions (LIMA et al., 2009).

According to Serra-Freire et al. (1995), the State o EspritoSanto was not known to be an endemic area or asciolosis.

However, according to reports rom Fraga (2008), asciolosis startedto appear in the South o the State o Esprito Santo rom 1995onwards, in the Soturno area o the municipality o Cachoeirode Itapemirim, in cattle slaughtered in the municipal abattoir,but without inspection. Te rst cases recorded by the Livestockand Forest Protection Institute o Esprito Santo only appearedin 2005. However, the temporal distribution o bovine asciolosisis still unknown. Nor is there any estimate o the economic lossescaused by liver condemnation in this region.

Tus, knowledge o the temporal distribution o asciolosisin the South o the State o Esprito Santo becomes importantnot only or better understanding o this disease but also or

planning control actions, given that time series analysis on eventswithin populations may generate inormation or indicating risks,monitoring their spread and preventing their occurrence, therebyproviding clues towards explaining the causes and support orimplementing preventive measures and assessing the impact o suchinterventions (MEDRONHO et al., 2002). Data rom abattoirshave been used to study the prevalence o liver condemnationby some authors (FRAGA, 2008; BAPISA, 2008), but notime series analysis was conducted in any o these studies. Suchanalysis is used within epidemiology to detect the temporal trendso health events (HRUSFIELD, 2004). In addition, abattoirshave a sentinel role, and data thus generated may serve to enableherd tracking within the scope o disease control programs

(BAPISA et al., 2004).

Te present study was carried out with the aim o assessingthe economic losses and temporal distribution o the prevalenceo condemnation o bovine livers due to asciolosis in the Southo the State o Esprito Santo, using an abattoir in that region asthe data source.

Material and Methods

Te abattoir in the municipality o Atlio Vivcqua, whichis located in the Southern region o Esprito Santo, was used asthe source o data. Tis region is composed o 22 municipalitiesand has a high-altitude tropical climate, with large variations inaltitude and relie consisting o plains and mountainous zonescut by numerous watercourses that rise in this region becauseo its high rainall. Coee cultivation and dairy arming are thepredominant types o agricultural activity, and the cattle populationhas been estimated to be 452,807 animals, with milk productivityo 1037 liters/cow/year (IBGE, 2008).

Te gures or liver condemnation and cattle slaughtered at thisabattoir over the period rom January 2006 to December 2009 wereanalyzed. According to inormation contained in animal transitrecords, the animals slaughtered came rom municipalities in theSouth o the State o Esprito Santo. Te abattoir is under stateinspection by the veterinary service o the Livestock and ForestProtection Institute o Esprito Santo and condemnation due toasciolosis is implemented in accordance with article 148 o thestate regulations or prior industrial and sanitary inspection andsupervision or products o animal origin (IDAF, 2010).

Te 2 test or trend was used to assess associations betweenprevalence and the study year, and simple linear regression was used

to obtain the straight line or the prevalence trend. o calculatethe prevalence, the number o livers condemned was divided bythe total number o heads o cattle slaughtered, and the result

was multiplied by 100. Te months o the year were dividedinto two periods, i.e. the dry season (April to September) andthe wet season (October to March), and the 2 test was appliedto investigate associations between prevalence and season. Temonthly oscillation was analyzed graphically, as plots o the meanmonthly prevalence over the periods evaluated.

o estimate the economic losses, the weight o the liver wastaken to be 4.7 kg and value per kilogram was taken to be R$ 5.00.o convert the price into dollars, the exchange rate was taken tobe US$ 1.00 = R$ 1.70.

Results and Discussion

Between 2006 and 2009, 110,956 heads o cattle wereslaughtered at the abattoir in the municipality o Atlio Vivcqua,in the South o the State o Esprito Santo. Out o this total,27,625 livers were condemned due to hepatic asciolosis, thusrepresenting prevalence o 24.89%. Similar results have beenreported rom the Southern region o Brazil, which has traditionallypresented areas endemic or asciolosis (DURA et al., 2010). Inable 1, it can be seen that the numbers o liver condemned weresignicantly dierent between the years. It needs to be emphasizedthat because all the animals came rom the South o the State o


3/5

v. 20, n. 1, jan.-mar. 2011 Prevalence o liver condemnation due to bovine asciolosis in Southern Esprito Santo 51

Esprito Santo, and because o the conrmed presence oLymnaeacolumella(ALMEIDA, 2010) and inected animals, through ecesexamination at arms in several municipalities (ALVES, 2010),the disease has become established in this region.

In Figure 1, it can be seen that the straight-line trend oliver condemnations due to asciolosis is an increasing trend. In

Rio Grande do Sul, where the problem is more long-standing,Marques and Scroerneker (2003) reported a small reduction incondemnations o bovine livers due to inection byF. hepatica.Moreover, in an analysis on data relating to slaughtering o sheepin abattoirs under supervision by the ederal inspection service inRio Grande do Sul, between 2000 and 2005, Cunha et al. (2007)observed that the percentage condemnation o livers decreased.Since asciolosis in sheep is more serious than in cattle, andbecause Rio Grande do Sul has been known as an endemic areaor a long time, it can be expected that producers knowledgeabout this parasitism will be greater. Tis would consequentlylead to more eective control in this region, thus explaining the

decrease in liver condemnation observed. Although studies onhistorical trends among health events are important or assessingthe impact o control measures (MEDRONHO et al., 2002),there are no reports in the literature on this type o study oranalyzing asciolosis control. Te results rom the present studyindicate that control measures in Esprito Santo either are notbeing implemented or are not being implemented e ciently.Tis situation may have arisen because livestock armers may nothave perceived the economic losses caused by asciolosis, giventhat the payments that they receive are or the carcass weight(BAPISA, 2008), independent o organ condemnation. On the

other hand, subclinical inections may not have been noticed bylivestock armers, which may have led them not to consider thatasciolosis is a problem. According to Baptista (2008), in 2007, theprevalence o liver condemnation due to asciolosis in 12 abattoirsunder state inspection in Esprito Santo was 4.88%, out o a totalo 134,356 animals slaughtered, with 80% o the condemnations

occurring at the abattoir in Atlio Vivcqua. Tus, it was oundthat parasitism had become established in the herd as a problemin this region, with prevalence similar to that o endemic regions.

In the present study, liver condemnations occurred throughoutthe year, but with highest prevalence in April and May, i.e. autumnin Brazil (Figure 2), and signicantly greater prevalence during thedry season (April to September) than in the wet season (able 2).During the dry season o the year, animals have access to vegetationin areas that were fooded during the wet season. Amato et al.

(1986) reported that the population density oLymnaea columellain the valley o the Paraba river decreased rom September toFebruary and increased rom March to September. Tey also

observed that the greatest numbers o metacercariae occurred onpasture land between June and October and between March andApril. In Itajub, State o Minas Gerais, Coelho and Lima (2003)observed that the foods reduced the population oL. columella,since the intense water fow removed most o the molluscs rom thearea. Also in Itajub, Faria et al.(2005) observed that eliminationoF. hepaticaeggs by cattle occurred throughout the year, butincreased during the months o least precipitation (dry season),

with a peak in September. Tey raised the hypothesis that thepopulation oL. columellawould increase during these months,thereby increasing the quantity o metacercariae ingested by the

Table 1. Prevalence o liver condemnation due to Fasciola hepaticain cattle slaughtered at the abattoir in the municipality o AtlioVivcqua, Esprito Santo, between 2006 and 2009.

Year Total number o headso cattle slaughtered

Prevalence ocondemned livers

OR*

N %

2006 20425 3114 15.24 1.002007 26882 6434 23.93 1.752008 29779 8509 28.57 2.222009 33870 9568 28.24 2.19

2 or trend = 1152.85; p 0.05; *Odds Ratio

Figure 1. rend or condemnation o cattle liver due to hepatic ascio-losis at the abattoir in the municipality o Atlio Vivcqua, Southernregion o the State o Esprito Santo, between 2006 and 2009.

Figure 2. Mean monthly prevalence o condemnation o cattle liverdue to hepatic asciolosis at the abattoir in the municipality o AtlioVivcqua, Southern region o the State o Esprito Santo, between2006 and 2009.

Table 2. Prevalence o condemnation o cattle liver due tohepatic asciolosis at the abattoir in the municipality o AtlioVivcqua, Southern region o the State o Esprito Santo, between2006 and 2009.

Season Number o cattleslaughtered

Liver condemnation

N %

Dry (April to September) 43920 15265 25.79Wet (October to March) 39411 12360 23.87

2 = 108.01; p < 0.01


4/5

52 Bernardo, C.C. et al. Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

cattle. Tis may also have occurred in the region o the presentstudy. Although no studies on the dynamics o asciolosis or

Lymnaeain Esprito Santo are yet available, the results rom thepresent study are coherent with the biological cycle o the parasite,which has a prepatent period in cattle o 10 to 11 weeks. Aterdenitively inecting the host, the immature orms reach the liver

within six days and migrate to it over a six to seven-week period,attaining the adult stage ater two months (FREIAS, 1977).Tus, two weeks ater the time o inected was sucient time orthe animals to present lesions in the hepatic parenchyma, thusresulting in condemnation o this organ.

Between 2006 and 2009, the economic loss caused by

condemnation o livers parasitized with F. hepatica that wereound at the abattoir in the municipality o Atlio Vivcqua wasR$ 649,187.50, which corresponds to 381,875 US dollars. In theyear 2009 alone, the losses were approximately 132,000 dollars, andthis amount can be considered to be high, given that Echevarria(1995) ound that the annual loss due to condemned livers in

Rio Grande do Sul reached 140,000 dollars, in a state with a herdthat is much larger than that o Esprito Santo.

Tus, asciolosis is currently a severe economic problem orproducers in the Southern region o Esprito Santo and possibly orthe whole territory o the state, given the possibility o disseminationto herds o cattle, sheep, goats and bualos in many municipalitiesthrough transportation o parasitized animals and through thepresence o intermediate hosts in dierent hydrographic basinsin the region.

Conclusion

Te historical trend o liver condemnation due to asciolosisound in slaughtered cattle at an abattoir in the South o theState o Esprito Santo was an increasing trend, with signicantdierences between the dry and wet seasons, thus indicating thatthis parasitism had become established in the herd as a problemin this region, with prevalence similar to that o traditionally

endemic regions, and that the control measures were inecient.Te economic losses caused by liver condemnation could beconsidered to be high.

Acknowledgements

o the veterinarians at IDAF and ABAV or supplying slaughterdata and to Capes or nancial assistance (Procad project no.

093/2007).

Reerences

ALMEIDA, B. R. Malacologia dos gneros Lymnaeae Biomphalariana mesorregio sul Esprito-Santense, e avaliao de extratos deMelia

azedarach, Azadirachta indica e Cymbopogon winterianus como

agentes moluscicidas. 2010. 171 . Dissertao (Mestrado em CinciasVeterinrias) - Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo. Disponvel em:.

Acesso em: 16 jan. 2011.

ALVES, D. P. Distribuio e atores associados ineco por Fasciolahepaticaem bovinos em municpios do Sul do Estado do Esprito

Santo no perodo de 2008/2009. 2010. 76 . Dissertao (Mestradoem Cincias Veterinrias) - Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo.Disponvel em: . Acesso em: 16 jan. 2011.

AMAO, S. B. et al. Epidemiology oFasciola hepaticainection in theParaba river valley, So Paulo, Brasil. Veterinary Parasitology, v. 22,n. 3-4, p. 275-284, 1986.

BAPISA, A. . Quantifcaes das condenaes em vsceras debovinos em 2007 nos matadouros-rigorfcos do estado do Esprito

Santo registrados no servio de inspeo estadual. 2008. 14 . rabalhode concluso de curso (Especializao em Higiene e Inspeo de Produtosde Origem Animal) - Universidade Castelo Branco. Disponvel em: Acessoem: 13 ago. 2010.

BAPISA, F. et al. Prevalncia da tuberculose em bovinos abatidos em

Minas Gerais.Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinria e Zootecnia,v. 56, n. 5, p. 577-580, 2004.

BOWMAN, D. D. Georgis Parasitologia Veterinria. 9. ed. Rio deJaneiro: Elsevier, 2010. 432 p.

COELHO, L. H. L.; LIMA, W. S. Population dynamics o Lymnaeacolumellaand its natural inection byFasciola hepatica in the State oMinas Gerais, Brazil.Journal o Helminthology, v. 77, n. 1, p. 7-10,2003.

CUNHA, F. O. V.; MARQUES, S. M. .; MAOS, . M. J. Prevalenceo slaughter and liver condemnation due to Fasciola hepaticaamong sheepin the state o Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 2000 and 2005. ParasitologiaLatinoamericana, v. 62, n. 3-4, p. 188-191, 2007.

DAEMON, E.; SERRA-FREIRE, N. M. Estudos da relao custo-benecio em parasitologia: uma proposta de anlise. Parasitologia alDa, v. 16, p. 59-62, 1992.

DURA, L. H. et al. Mapping risk o bovine asciolosis in the south oBrazil using Geographic Inormation Systems.Veterinary Parasitology,v. 169, n. 1-2, p. 7681, 2010.

ECHEVARRIA, F. A. M. Mesa redonda sobre asciolose bovina. HoraVeterinria, n. 1, p. 27-31, 1995. Ed. Extra.

FARIA, R. N.; CURY, M. C.; LIMA, W. S. Prevalence and dynamicso natural inection with Fasciola hepatica(Linnaeus, 1758) in Braziliancattles. Revue Mdicine Vterinaire, v. 156, n. 2, p. 85-86, 2005.

FRAGA, J. C. L. Incidncia da Fasciolose Heptica Bovina noSul do Esprito Santo. 2008. 29 . rabalho de concluso de curso(Especializao) - Instituto Brasileiro de Ps-Graduao Qualittas,Universidade Castelo Branco, Rio de Janeiro. Disponvel em: . Acesso em: 25 jul. 2010.

FREIAS, M. G. Helmintologia veterinria. 3. ed. Belo Horizonte:Rabelo & Brasil, 1977. 396 p.

INSIUO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESASICA -IBGE. Produo pecuria Municipal. 2008. Disponvel em: . Acesso em: 02 ev. 2011.


5/5

v. 20, n. 1, jan.-mar. 2011 Prevalence o liver condemnation due to bovine asciolosis in Southern Esprito Santo 53

INSIUO DE DEFESA AGROPECURIA E FLORESAL DOESPRIO SANO. Legislao Estadual n 4.781, de 14 de junhode 1993: regula a obrigatoriedade da prvia inspeo e scalizao dosprodutos de origem animal no Estado do Esprito Santo. Dirio Ofcialdo Estado, Esprito Santo, 21 jun. 1993. Disponvel em: . Acesso em: 30 ago. 2010.

LIMA, W. S. et al. Occurence o Fasciola hepatica (Linnaeus, 1758)inection in Brazilian cattle o Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista Brasileirade Parasitologia Veterinria, v. 18, n. 2, p. 27-30, 2009.

MARQUES, S. M. .; SCROFERNEKER, M. L. Fasciola hepaticainection in cattle and bualoes in the State o Rio Grande do Sul,Brazil. Parasitologia Latino americana, v. 58, n. 3-4, p. 169-172, 2003.

MAOS, M. J. et al. Ocorrncia estacional de Lymnaea collumelaSay,1817 (Mollusca, Lymnaeidae) em habitat natural no Rio Grande do Sul.Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinria, v. 19, n. 6, p. 248-250,1997.

MEDRONHO, R. A. et al. Epidemiologia.So Paulo: Atheneu, 2002.493 p.

OAKLEY, G. A.; OWEN, B.; KNAPP, N. H. H. Production eectso subclinical liver fuke inection in growing dairy heiers.VeterinaryRecord, v. 104, n. 22, p. 503-507, 1979.

ROBINSON, M. W.; DALON, J. P. Zoonotic helminth inections with

particular emphasis on asciolosis and other trematodiases. PhilosophicalTransactions o the Royal Society B, v. 364, n. 1530, p. 2763-2776,2009.

SERRA-FREIRE, N. M. et al. Reinvestigao sobre a distribuio daFasciolahepaticano Brasil. Hora Veterinria, v. 1, p. 19-21, 1995.

HRUSFIELD, M. Epidemiologia veterinria. 2. ed. So Paulo: Roca,2004. 556 p.

Documents

Zrtigo Bernardo