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Biofuels: Myths and Realities
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The National Biofuel Mission -2003 National Policy on Biofuels- 2009
Mainstreaming biofuels Target: blending biofuels up to 20 per cent with
petrol and diesel by 2017 Non-food feedstocks raised on marginal lands Non-edible oilseed crops (Jatropha, Pongamia)
Policy Interventions in India
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US Biofuel Policy
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Incentives and Policies Have Played a Major Role in Biofuel Use:
In U.S. ,$0.51/gallon incentive for ethanol, $1.00/gallonincentive for biodiesel
Brazil case: now a self-sustaining economically
Policy Measure
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Bio fuels in CDM (India)
Project HostCountry
GHGreduction
30 TPD Biodiesel project using oil seeds from Jatropha and
Pongamia in Andra Pradesh, India
India 26 k t
CO2
Biodiesel production and switching fossil fuels from petro-dieselto bio diesel in transport sector
India 26 k tCO2
Manufacturing of Biodiesel from Crude Palm Oil and Jatropha Oil India 60 k tCO2
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Market Mechanism & Biofuel Mandates
Biofuel producers Outcompete other users of the
feedstock Quantity of C even at the
higher prices.
Other consumers Less than if the mandate did not
exist Quantity B instead of A) Higher Prices
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Biofuel Policy Implications
BiofuelMandates
Boosts biofuelproduction
Increaseddemand forfeedstock
Price incentivefor farmers to
grow feedstock
Feedstockproduction
Technologyimprovements
National Biofuel Policy Policy Intervention
Market Intervention
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Feedstock Market
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Challenges of Sustainability:
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Challenge of Sustainability
FeedstockType
FeedstockLocation
Feedstock
Extent
Environmental
Attributes
Original
Conditions
FeedstockManagem
ent Biofuels - Challenges of Sustainability
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F e e d s t o c k
L o c a t i o n
Challenge of Sustainability
Feedstock Type
Feedstock
Location
Feedstock ExtentEnvironmental
Attributes
OriginalConditio
ns
Feedstock
Management
Feedstock Location
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Expansion of cultivated land
Reallocation of agricultural resources due torelative price gains
Intensifying production per unit by reducingfallow periods and increasing agricultural inputs
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Implications
Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC)
Agricultural Landscape
Carbon Emissions
Monoculture
Destruction of Habitat
Property Rights
Poor peoples rights under threat
Fertility due to higher use of fertilizers
Change in water flow, quality & quantity
Change in soil quality & erosion
Change in landcover
Change inmanagement
Change in speciespopulation sizes
Disappearance of species
Colonization of otherspecies
Changes in diversity
Changes in ecosystemscapacity to provide services,pollination, soil stabilization
Followed by
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Marginal land?
Definition
A relative term
Uncertainties Economical
Definition Yields and prices
barely covers cost
of production Not in commercial
use vs landsyielding profit
Land values
Ecological services
Spiritual and culturalvalues
Traditional uses bylower income groupsfor their livelihood
Misuse
Poor definitions used
to justify change to anew land use Perverse incentives
Productive land ->marginal status
in order to qualifyfor programs
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O
r i g i n a l
C o
n d i t i o n s
Challenge of Sustainability
Feedstock Type
Feedstock
Location
Feedstock ExtentEnvironmental
Attributes
OriginalConditio
ns
Feedstock
Management
Original Conditions?
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E n v i r o n m e n t a l
A t t r i
b u t e s
Challenge of Sustainability
Feedstock Type
Feedstock
Location
Feedstock ExtentEnvironmental
Attributes
OriginalConditio
ns
Feedstock
Management
EnvironmentalAttributes
Soil?Air?
Water?
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Bio fuel crops compete for water
High BOD of water for Ethanol production Clean water for liquefaction of the feedstock Non contact water, primarily used for cooling
Effect on green water Vs blue water
Water Issues
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E.g. water for bio fuelcrops will endangerenvironmental flowsin the Krishna Basin
Water Issues
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Feedstock Type?Crop residues?
Edible?
F e e d s t o c k T y p e
Challenge of Sustainability
Feedstock Type
Feedstock
Location
Feedstock ExtentEnvironmental
Attributes
OriginalConditio
ns
Feedstock
Management
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U . N. food adviser stated:"The ambitious goals for bio
fuel production set by the United States and the European Union areirresponsible. I am calling for a
freeze on all investment in thissector. 100 million people arecurrently at risk due to the food
price increases.
Food Vs Fuel
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Bio fuels policies : contributing to high agricultural priceslevels and volatility
Poor spend 50-80% of household income on food. The International Food Policy Research Institute estimated food price
inflation to be 135 percent by 2020. Case of market driven expansion of ethanol and maize price in U.S. Case of 2007 2008 world food price crisis
Economics of agriculture being rewritten Shifting most of his food field to corn field Feed cost for animals
Food Vs Fuel
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F e e d s t o c k
M a n a g e m e n t
Challenge of Sustainability
Feedstock Type
Feedstock
Location
Feedstock ExtentEnvironmental
Attributes
OriginalConditio
ns
Feedstock
Management
FeedstockManagement
Fertilizers?Monoculture?
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F e e d s t o c k E x t e n t
Challenge of Sustainability
Feedstock Type
Feedstock
Location
Feedstock ExtentEnvironmental
Attributes
OriginalConditio
ns
Feedstock
Management
Feedstock Extent?
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Sustainability
Biofuels are sustainable only if: Reduce GHGs as compared to fossil fuels Shall not violate human rights or labor rights Shall contribute to the social and economic development of
local, rural and indigenous people Shall not impair food security Shall promote practices that improve soil health and minimize
degradation
Contamination or depletion of water resources reduced Shall be produced in a cost effective way Shall not violate land rights
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Jatropha Curcus:A case study of SustainableDevelopment (Malawi,Africa)
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Jatropha is not a weed It grows well with 600mm of annual rainfall
(best yield) It can provide maximum yield even at 250mm
annual rainfall provided very high humiditypresent
Yield adversely affected by frost
Facts about Jatropha
Facts may be known, but refreshing your memory is always good for better understanding
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Sustainable Development Model
Women Empowerment
Poverty Reduction
Soil Erosion Control
Energy supply to ruralhousehold
Will the project befeasible for corporatesnow?
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Introduction to Sustainable Practices
Sap used for healingwounds
Seeds as medicine tocure constipation
Shades for coffeeplants
Leaves used to make
tea which curesmalaria
Jatropha
Alternate uses for Jatropha
Alternateuses reallyasustainablepractice?
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Male dominatedsocietyWomen notallowed to work for livelihood orown property
Introduction of biodiesel productionin Malawi
Huge amount of
glycerol left wastedWomen started usingglycerol to makesoaps
Landlords demandedmoney from womenfor making soaps outof plants
Women reducedproduction of soapsto just meet theirhousehold needs
Village headintervened to sortout the problem
Women givencommon propertyrights to Jatrophahedges
Women allowed toestablish shops tosell Jatropha soaps
Money made fromselling soapscollectively used togrow Jatropha inwastelands
Story of Women Empowerment
1990
1995
2003
Present
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Jatropha hedges and farmslands mainly owned by males
As soon as women sell soaps, men come asking for money
Hence, women make soaps only for their family use
Recently, village chief has taken initiative and has declaredJatropha hedges as common property
Men even gave women plots to grow Jatropha People without farm lands- Open access provided to themon wild Jatropha trees
Common Property Regime
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Rural Development
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Suggestions- Water
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Suggestions
Use of less water consumingand more productive crops
Grow less thirsty bio fuel crops
More effective water policies andmore efficient water institutions
e.g. Squeeze out more crop per drop
Encouraging new technologies ethanol, from waste straw and wood chippings using enzymes
Case of Sweet sorghum
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Suggestions
Policymakers need to encourage farmers to grow bio fuel crops under rain fed rather than irrigated
conditions synergies between bio fuel crops and other goals
e.g. scheme for growing bio fuel crops and, at the same time protectingwatersheds
Case of Velchal &Kothalpur, AP
d l
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Suggestions- Food vs Fuel
S i
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Suggestions
Freeze on first generation bio fuel production Non-food crops for bio fuel
Second and third generation bio fuel production like Ligno cellulosic material andbiomass of algae
Bio mass of Algae Conifer Seedlings
S i
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Suggestions
Holistic System Engineering Fuel from waste bio product
In case of corn, use only Stover rest pass to human food in gradients
Use of off Growing Season Crops Pennycress as a non-edible plant , off growing and twice productive crop
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Biofuels are Clean and Green! Biofuel champions assurance. Photosynthesis by fuel crops removes GHG
Reduces fossil fuel consumption Over entire cycle
From land clearing to consumption, savings areoutweighed Emissions from deforestation Burning, Cultivation Soil Carbon loss
Misconception
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How Green?
d
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Energy balance Biofuel environment utility
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Monetary costs Even if technically feasible, Biofuels will be costlier In US, more than $3 per
Consumption limited to urban rich And rural? Poor?
Greenhouse gases 19% more CO 2 for same energy release
Major Hurdles
Al f l E h l
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Ethanol as fuel-Efficiency & Ergonomics R&D investment, newer designs-> increased cost 50% larger volume of engines 20-30% lower fuel efficiency
Ethanol is Hygroscopic Dilutes fuel value Tough to handle->tightly sealed containers
Catastrophe!
Miscible with water Grave pollution danger, pipeline shipping tough Low Henry co-efficient
Doesnt evaporate easily over water
Alternate fuels-Ethanol
S C id i
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Hemp ethanol Only minor engine modification As much Oxygen as CO2 later Plants deposit 10% as roots, 30% as leaves Highly biodegradable
Brazil has made a strong case I went down to Brazil and I saw President Lula down there. I dont know if you know this, but the vast
majority of fuel to fuel the cars in Brazil is made from sugar.
President GEORGE W. BUSH Biofuels to provide 10% of Europe's transport power
by 2020. For that Europe must plant 70% of itsfarmland with fuel crops!
Some Considerations
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Thank- You!!
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