mËv/Avw` Dcv`vb
Reality/Ultimate Stuff
Avgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨ Ro I cÖv‡Yi DrcwË I ¯iƒc m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| cÖv‡Yi
DrcwË m¤ú‡K© ‡K wK gZev` w`‡q‡Qb ZvI †R‡bwQ| wKšÍz Ro I Rxe‡bi †cQ‡b
Avmj mËv KqwU I wK wK Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nqwb| mËv m¤úKx©q `k©b, `k©‡bi
Ggb GKwU kvLv †hLv‡b RM‡Zi g~j Dcv`vb ev mËv, mËvi ¯iƒc I mËvi msL¨v
m¤úK©xq welq Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| Avgiv G BDwb‡U Gme welq wb‡qB Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡ev|
GB BDwb‡U †gvU QqwU cvV i‡q‡Q
ã mËvi cÖK…wZ : Roev`
Nature of Reality: Materialism
ã mËvi cÖK…wZ : fveev`
Nature of Reality: Idealism
ã mËvi cÖK…wZ : A‡ÁqZvev`
Nature of Reality: Agnosticism
ã mËvi msL¨v : eûZ¡ev`
Number of Reality: Pluralism
ã mËvi msL¨v : ˆØZev`
Number of Reality: Dualism
ã mËvi msL¨v : GKZ¡ev`
Number of Reality: Monism
9
Gm Gm GBP Gj
BDwbU-9 c„ôv w 162
mËvi cÖK…wZ : Roev`
Nature of Reality: Materialism
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV‡k‡l Avcwb
mËvi A_© wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
c„w_exi AMwYZ e¯Ízi g‡a¨ †Kvb&wU Avmj ev Avw` e¯Íz? Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
mËvi ¯iƒc m¤ú‡K© Roev`x gZ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f‚wgKv
ÔmËv' K_vwU wewfbœ A‡_© e¨eüZ nq e‡j GKK_vq mËvi msÁv †`qv mnR bq| Z‡e
mËv K_vwU mvaviYZ `y'A‡_© eySv hvq| GK A‡_©, mvaviY mËv ej‡Z e¯Íz ev wRwb‡mi
g~j ev Avw` Dcv`vb‡K eySvq| G A‡_© mËv ev¯ÍeZv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| Av‡iK A‡_©, m„wói
g~j Avavi ev Drm‡K eySv‡bv nq| Gw`K †_‡K A_©vr wØZxq A‡_©, mËv cig mËv‡K
(Absolute Reality) wb‡`©k K‡i|
cig mËvi cÖK…wZ
RMr I Rxe‡bi e¨vL¨v cÖ vbB `k©‡bi cÖavb KvR| `k©‡bi G Kv‡Ri g‡a¨B Gi ¯iƒc
wbwnZ| `k©b GKwU mvgwMÖK ev me©vZ¥K `„wófw½i cwiPvqK| `k©b hLbB †Kvb wKQyi
e¨vL¨v cÖ v‡b eªZx nq ZLb Zvi †m e¨vL¨v †Kvb bv †Kvb ZË¡ ev mËvi Av‡jv‡KB Kiv
n‡q _v‡K| cig mËv n‡”Q †mB mËv hv Ab¨ †Kvb mËv ev Z‡Ë¡i Ici wbf©i K‡i bv|
†m wb‡R wb‡RB we`¨gvb _v‡K| mËvi Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv mPivPi `ywU cÖ‡kœi m¤§yLxb nB|
GKwU n‡”Q, cig mËv ev Avw` Dcv`v‡bi cÖK…wZ msµvšÍ; Avi wØZxqwU n‡”Q, Zvi msL¨v
msµvšÍ| cig mËvi cÖK…wZ wb‡q wewfbœ gZev` jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Z‡e gZev`¸‡jv‡K
cÖavbZt wZbwU fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq| h_v- Roev`, fveev` I A‡ÁqZvev`| Avi cig
mËvi msL¨v KZ G wb‡qI `k©‡bi BwZnv‡m wewfbœ gZev‡`i D‡jøL jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| G
gZev`¸‡jv‡KI cÖavbZ wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K; h_v- GKZ¡ev`, ˆØZev` I
eûZ¡ev`| Avgiv G cv‡V mËvi cÖK…wZ m¤úKx©q Roev`x gZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| cieZ©x
cvVmg~‡n Avgiv mËvi cÖK…wZ m¤úKx©q fveev`x I A‡ÁqZvev`x gZ Ges mËvi msL¨v
m¤úKx©q Ab¨vb¨ gZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|
cvV 1
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 163
Roev` (Materialism)
Roev`xiv Ro c`v_©‡KB we‡k¦i Avw` Dcv`vb e‡j g‡b K‡ib| Zuv‡`i g‡Z, cÖvY ev
gbmn we‡k¦i me wKQyB Ro c`v‡_©i m„wó| G gZev‡`i BwZnvm LyeB cyi‡bv| cvðv‡Z¨i
I wMÖK `k©‡bi RbK e‡j L¨vZ `vk©wbK †_wjm‡K Roev‡`i GKRb mv_©K cÖe³v e‡j
g‡b Kiv nq| ZvQvov, wMÖK `vk©wbK Gbvw·g¨vÛvi, Gbvw·wgwbm, wnivwK¬Uvm, Gw¤úWwK¬m
I Gbv·v‡Mviv‡mi `k©‡b Roev‡`i cwiPq cvIqv hvq| ga¨hyMxq `k©b a‡g©i cÖfv‡e
cÖfvweZ wQj e‡j G mgq Roev‡`i weKvk bv NU‡jI AvaywbK hy‡Mi `k©‡b Avevi Gi
weKvk jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| _gvm nem&, j¨v‡gwUª, nje¨vK, Rb UjvÛ, KU&‡WvMvU© I Av‡b©÷
cÖgyL AvaywbK `vk©wbK‡`i `k©‡b Roev‡`i Av‡jvPbv cwijwÿZ nq| Roev`x‡`i g‡Z,
R‡oi `ywU c„_K ¸Y i‡q‡Q : h_v- we¯Í„wZ I A‡f`¨Zv| MwZB n‡”Q Ro c`v‡_©i ag©|
Roev`xiv Ro c`v_© I MwZi mvnv‡h¨ ˆRweK I gvbwmK cÖwµqvmn RM‡Zi me
cÖwµqv‡KB e¨vL¨v Kivi †Póv K‡ib| Zuviv RM‡Zi †Kv_vI †Kvb cig kw³ ev Ck¦‡ii
D‡Ïk¨ ev Av`‡k©i K_v ¯xKvi K‡ib bv| `vk©wbK nY©wj e‡jb, Roev` we‡k¦i m„wó-K‡g©
Ck¦‡ii n¯Í‡ÿc‡K cy‡ivcywifv‡e A¯xKvi K‡i| G gZev` Rx‡ei AvPi‡Y gb I Rxebx
kw³i Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K ¯xKvi K‡i bv| Avi Ro c`v_©‡K cigvYyi †hvMdj e‡j g‡b K‡i|
Roev`x‡`i hyw³mg~n
K. Roev`xiv cÖZ¨ÿY‡KB Áv‡bi GKgvÎ Drm g‡b K‡ib| ZvB hv‡K ev †h
welq‡K cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv hvq bv Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯xKvi K‡ib bv| `ªe¨, cig mËv, Ck¦i,
AvZ¥v ev ciKvj Gme‡K Avgiv Bw›`ª‡qi gva¨‡g cÖZ¨ÿ Ki‡Z cvwi bv| AZGe
GKgvÎ Ro c`v_© Qvov Ab¨ me Ava¨vwZ¥K welqvw` m¤ú~Y© A_©nxb I gvivZ¥K
åvwšÍKi|
L. Roev`xiv RM‡Zi wewfbœ NUbv‡K Kvh©KviY wbqg Øviv e¨vL¨v K‡ib| ZvB Zuviv
Ro I MwZi wµqvejx‡K m¤ú~Y© hvwš¿K e‡j g‡b K‡ib| Avi G A‡_© Zuviv
RM‡Z †Kvb Hkx D‡Ïk¨ ev Av`k©‡K ¯xKvi K‡ib bv|
M. Roev`xiv kw³i Awebk¦iZv bxwZ (Law of Conservation of Energy) †Z
`„pfv‡e Av¯’vkxj| Zuviv RM‡Zi wewfbœ e¯Íz ev NUbvi g‡a¨ †Kej AvKviMZ I
cwigvYMZ cv_©‡K¨i K_v ¯xKvi K‡ib| wewfbœ e¯Íy ev NUbvi g‡a¨ †h ¸YMZ
cv_©K¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i Zv Zuviv ¯xKvi K‡ib bv| G A‡_© Roev` we`y¨r, Av‡jv,
evZvm, Py¤K, ivmvqwbK m¤Ü I hvwš¿K MwZ‡K G‡K A‡b¨i g‡a¨ cwieZ©b‡hvM¨
e‡j g‡b K‡ib|
N. Roev`xiv Ro c`v_© I cÖvY‡K GK I Awfbœ e‡j g‡b K‡ib| G `y'†qi g‡a¨
¸YMZ †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB| Z‡e MVb-cÖwµqvi w`K †_‡K R‡oi mv‡_ cÖv‡Yi
wKQyUv cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| Ro c`v‡_©i Zzjbvq cÖvY A‡cÿvK…Z RwUj| mgKvjxb
weÁvbx‡`i g‡Z, Kve©b, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, Aw·‡Rb I bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M¨v‡mi mgb¦‡q
Gm Gm GBP Gj
BDwbU-9 c„ôv w 164
gvby‡li Rxe‡Kvl (Protoplasmic cell) MwVZ| ZvB cÖvY‡K R‡oi AwZwi³ mËv
e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv hvq bv|
O. Roev`x‡`i g‡Z, Avgiv hv‡K †PZbv (consciousness) e‡j AwfwnZ Kwi Zv
Avm‡j Ro c`v_© †_‡KB DrcwË jvf K‡i| †Kbbv gw¯Í®‹ wµqvi AwZwi³
¯vaxb †Kvb †PZbv-cÖwµqv †bB| AvaywbK Roev`xiv gb‡K Dce¯Íz, Avi Ro‡K
cÖK…Z e¯Íz e‡j g‡b K‡ib| †Kbbv Ro e¨wZZ g‡bi †Kvb Avjv`v mËv Zuviv
¯xKvi K‡ib bv|
P. Roev`xiv hvwš¿K weeZ©bev‡`i GKwbô mg_©K| Zuv‡`i aviYv, Ro †_‡KB
wek¦RMr I cÖv‡Yi D™¢e ev m„wó| gvbe †`n n‡”Q GKwU hš¿we‡kl| cÖv‡Yi kw³
e‡j hv Av‡Q Zv Avm‡j Ro kw³iB GK RwUj iƒcgvÎ|
Q. Roev`xiv †h‡nZz Kvh©KviY Z‡Ë¡i Øviv we‡k¦i NUbvejx‡K e¨vL¨v Kivi cÖqvmx,
†m‡nZz Zuviv g‡b K‡ib, we‡k¦i †Kvb NUbv cÖevnB B”Qvkw³ Øviv wbqwš¿Z bq|
R. Roev`xiv †h‡nZz me NUbv ev e¯Íz‡KB hvwš¿K I Kvh©KviY wbqg Øviv e¨vL¨v
Ki‡Z Pvb, †m‡nZz Zuviv ag©xq ˆbwZKZv I ag©xq wewaweavb‡K A¯xKvi K‡ib|
Zuviv ag©‡K †kvl‡Yi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡ib|
Roev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv I g~j¨vqb
Roev`x‡`i Dch©y³ e³e¨ AvcvZt`„wó‡Z †Rviv‡jv I AvKl©Yxq g‡b n‡jI cÖK…Zc‡ÿ
Zuv‡`i G ai‡bi e³‡e¨ wewfbœ Am½wZ jÿYxq :
GK. Roev‡` RvMwZK HK¨ I k„´Ljvi †Kvb m‡šÍvlRbK e¨vL¨v cvIqv hvq bv|
Roev`xiv wek¦RM‡Z eyw× I gb‡bi f‚wgKv‡K A¯xKvi K‡i MwZ I cigvYyi
mvnv‡h¨ RvMwZK cÖwµqv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Zuviv RvMwZK HK¨, msnwZ
I Kjv-†KŠkj‡K cigvYyi AvKw¯§K ms‡hv‡Mi dj e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i RMr
m¤ú‡K© ˆeÁvwbK e¨vL¨v‡K cvk KvwU‡q wM‡q‡Qb|
`yB. Roev`x‡`i mgw_©Z hvwš¿K weeZ©bev‡`i g‡a¨I bvbv Mowgj jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
RM‡Zi weeZ©b cÖwµqvq Roev` †Kvb D‡Ïk¨ I jÿ¨‡K A¯xKvi K‡i hvwš¿K
wbq‡g RM‡Zi e¨vL¨v w`‡Z Pvq| wKšÍz ¯§iY ivLv DwPZ †h, gvbyl †Kvb hš¿ bq|
ZvB gvby‡li wµqv-Kjvc‡K hvwš¿K wbq‡g e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv|
wZb. Roev`xiv cÖvY‡K Ro †_‡K m„ó Ges cÖvYkw³ I Rokw³‡K g~jZ GK I Awfbœ
g‡b Ki‡jI AvR ch©šÍ †Kvb weÁvbx K…wÎg c×wZ‡Z ivmvqwbK Dcv`v‡bi
mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb mRxe Rxe‡Kvl m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|
Pvi. Roev` Rxe‡K R‡oi mgwó e‡j g‡b K‡ib| AvZ¥e„w×, AvZ¥ms¯‹vi, AvZ¥iÿvmn
cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Awf‡hvR‡bi g‡Zv Rx‡ei Acwinvh© ˆewkó¨‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq
wKfv‡e? Roev` Gm‡ei †Kvb m‡šÍvlRbK DËi w`‡Z cv‡iwb|
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 165
cuvP. Roev`xiv gvbwmK wµqvi HK¨ I avivewnKZvi †Kvb ˆeÁvwbK e¨vL¨v w`‡Z
cv‡ibwb| Roev`xiv gb‡K gw¯Í‡®‹i Dce¯Íz (epiphenomenon) e‡j g‡b K‡ib|
wKšÍz gb hw` ZvB n‡q _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv †`nhš¿‡K cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y Ki‡e
wKfv‡e? Zvi †Kvb my¯úó e¨vL¨v Roev` †`bwb|
Qq. Roev`xiv Áv‡bi DrcwËi e¨vcv‡iI †Kv‡bv my¯úó e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡ibwb| c~Y©
Áv‡bi DrcwËi Rb¨ ÁvZv ev gb‡K A¯xKvi Kiv hvq bv| wKšÍz Roev`xiv g‡bi
¯Zš¿ mËv ¯xKvi K‡ib bv weavq Áv‡bi DrcwËi e¨vcv‡i Zuv‡`i e³e¨ mwVK
bq|
mvZ. mgv‡jvPKiv Roev`x gZ‡K PµK †`v‡l †`vlx e‡j g‡b K‡ib| †Kbbv
Roev`xiv Ro c`v‡_©i mvnv‡h¨ cÖ_‡g g‡bi e¨vL¨v w`‡q Zvici g‡bi mvnv‡h¨
Ro c`v‡_©i e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb| ZvB Zuv‡`i e³e¨ PµK ‡`v‡l `yó|
AvU. AvaywbK weÁv‡bi mv‡_I Roev` m½wZc~Y© bq| AvaywbK weÁvbxiv MwZnxb,
wbðj, wbw®Œq Ro c`v‡_©i Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯xKvi K‡ib bv| Zuv‡`i g‡Z, cÖwZwU cigvYy
GKwU kw³cyÄ| Gme Kvi‡Y Roev`‡K GKwU m‡šÍvlRbK gZev` wn‡m‡e MÖnY
Kiv hvq bv|
Gm Gm GBP Gj
BDwbU-9 c„ôv w 166
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| Roev‡`i hyw³¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb Ges Gi †`vl-ÎæwU wb‡`©k Kiæb|
mswÿß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1| mËvi ¯iƒc m¤ú‡K© Roev`x gZ ms‡ÿ‡c D‡jøL Kiæb|
‰be© w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wjLyb|
1| cig mËv n‡jv †mB mËv hv
(A) ciwbf©i (Av) fvM Kiv hvq bv
(B) wb‡R wb‡RB we`¨gvb (C) gbwbf©i
2| mgKvjxb weÁvbx‡`i g‡Z, Rxe‡Kvl MwVZ nq
(A) Kve©b †_‡K (Av) nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †_‡K
(B) Aw·‡Rb I bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †_‡K (C) me¸‡jvi mswgkª‡Y
3| Roev`xiv wek¦vm K‡ib
(A) ˆbwZKZvq (Av) a‡g©
(B) Kvh©KviY Z‡Ë¡ (C) †KvbwU‡Z bq
4| cigmËvi cÖK…wZ msµvšÍ gZev`mg~n‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq, h_v
(A) GKZ¡ev`, ˆØZev` I eûZ¡ev` (Av) Roev`, fveev` I A‡ÁqZvev`
(B) Ava¨vwZ¥K fveev`, cwi`„k¨gvb fveev` I e¯ÍzMZ fveev`
(C) hš¿ev`, cÖvYev` I D‡b¥lev`
mZ¨ n‡j Ôm', wg_¨v n‡j Ôwg' wjLyb|
1| Roev`x‡`i g‡Z, cÖvY I gbmn we‡k¦i me wKQy Ro c`v‡_©i m„wó|
2| Roev`xiv wewfbœ e¯Ízi AvKviMZ I cwigvYMZ cv_©‡K¨i K_v ¯xKvi K‡ib bv|
3| Roev`xiv g‡bi Avjv`v mËv ¯xKvi K‡ib|
4| AvaywbK weÁvbxiv MwZnxb, wbðj I wbw®Œq Ro c`v‡_©i Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯xKvi K‡ib bv|
mwVK DËi
1| (B) wb‡R wb‡RB we`¨gvb 2| (C) me¸‡jvi mswgkª‡Y 3| (B) Kvh©KviY Z‡Ë¡
4| (Av) Roev`, fveev` I A‡ÁqZvev`
1| m 2| wg 3| wg 4| m
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 167
mËvi cÖK…wZ : fveev`
Nature of Reality: Idealism
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV‡k‡l Avcwb
mËvi ¯iƒc m¤ú‡K© fveev`x gZ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
‡cø‡Uv I wjewb‡Ri Ava¨vwZ¥K fveev` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f‚wgKv
`k©‡bi BwZnv‡m fveev` (Idealism) kãwUi wewfbœ e¨envi jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Avi G
Kvi‡Y kãwU‡K wbLuyZfv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv hvq bv| ZeyI †Kvb wPšÍvwe` I †jLK
fveev`‡K msÁvwqZ Kivi †Póv K‡ib| Zuv‡`i g‡Z, fveev`x gZev` †Kej Ava¨vwZ¥K
ev AvwZ¥K mËv‡K cig g~j¨evb e‡j MY¨ K‡i Zv‡KB cig mËv e‡j †NvlYv K‡i|
myZivs †h gZev` R‡oi Zzjbvq AvZ¥v‡K AwaKZi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j g‡b K‡i Zv‡KB
fveev` e‡j| A_©vr Ava¨vwZ¥K mËvi Avw` I †gŠwjKZvq wek¦vm ¯’vcbKvix gZev`‡KB
fveev` ejv hvq|
fveev`
`k©‡bi BwZnv‡m fveev` kãwU cÖavbZ `ywU A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| GK,
ÁvbZvwË¡K fveev` (Epistemological Idealism) A‡_© Avi `yB, Awawe`¨K fveev`
(Metaphysical Idealism) A‡_©|
ÁvbZvwË¡K fveev` I Awawe`¨K fveev`
ÁvbZvwË¡K A‡_© fveev` ev¯Íeev` (Realism) Gi we‡ivax gZev` wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| G
gZev` Áv‡bi welq‡K ÁvZvi aviYvi Dci wbf©ikxj e‡j g‡b K‡i| ÁvZvi g‡bvMZ
KZ¸‡jv AvKvi ev aviYv cÖ‡qvM bv Ki‡j h_v_© Ávb n‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB cÖK…Z Ávb
ÁvZvi aviYvi Dci wbf©ikxj| evK©jxi AvZ¥MZ fveev` (Subjective Idealism) ÁvbZvwË¡K fveev‡`i GKwU my›`i D`vniY| Kv‡›Ui fveev`‡KI †KD †KD G `‡ji
AšÍf©y³ K‡i _v‡Kb|
cvV 2
Gm Gm GBP Gj
BDwbU-9 c„ôv w 168
cÿvšÍ‡i, Awawe`¨K A‡_© fveev` Roev` (Materialism) Gi we‡ivax gZev` wn‡m‡e
cwiwPZ| G A‡_©, †h gZev` AvZ¥v‡K gyL¨, Avi Ro‡K ‡MŠY e‡j g‡b K‡i Ges wek¦
f~e‡bi ¯Kxq Zvrch©‡K A¯xKvi K‡i Zv‡K Awawe`¨K fveev` e‡j| eZ©gvb cv‡V
Avgiv Awawe`¨K fveev` wb‡qB Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|
†cø‡Uvi Awawe`¨K fveev`
wMÖK `vk©wbK †cø‡Uv‡K Awawe`¨K fveev` (hv‡K Ava¨vwZ¥K fveev`I ejv nq) Gi cÖavb
I mdj cÖe³v e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| Zuvi g‡Z, we‡kl e¨w³ I we‡kl e¯Íz wb‡q †h RMr
MwVZ Zv‡K f½yi I ÿY¯’vqx e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv hvq| ZvB hv we‡kl bq, eis mvwe©K
ZvB †Kej ¯’vqx I wPišÍb| mvwe©K GKgvÎ mr e¯Íz| G mvwe©K‡K wZwb KL‡bv AvKvi
(Form), KL‡bv aviYv ev cÖZ¨q (Idea) e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib| e¨wómËv wb‡q †hgb GB
Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ RMr MwVZ ‡Zgwb mvwe©K wb‡q aviYv ev cÖZ¨‡qi RMr MwVZ| GB cÖZ¨q ev
aviYvi RMr k¦vkZ I wPišÍb| G RMr m‡Z¨i RMr, Avi Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ RMr n‡”Q wg_¨vi
RMr|
P›`ª, m~h©, MÖn, bÿÎ, MvQ-cvjv, b`x-bvjv, cvnvo-ce©Z, gvbyl, Miæ BZ¨vw` wb‡q Avgiv
Pwj, †`wL I ¯úk© Kwi| Gme wKQy n‡jv †cø‡Uvi g‡Z cwieZ©‡bi RMr, wg_¨v I Aefvm
(appearence) Gi RMr| wKšÍz e¨w³ gvbyl, we‡kl †Nvov I we‡kl Miæi †cQ‡b Avgv‡`i
GK GKwU aviYv Av‡Q, hv gvbyl, Miæ I †Nvov bv _vK‡jI we`¨gvb _vK‡e| GB aviYvi
RMZB †cø‡Uvi g‡Z mZ¨, k¦vkZ I wPišÍb| Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b ‡bB| Bw›`ªq RM‡Zi
gvbyl, Miæ, †Nvov BZ¨vw` n‡”Q Zvi cÖwZ”QwegvÎ|
mgv‡jvPbv
†cø‡Uvi G gZev` wewfbœ Kvi‡Y AvKl©Yxq n‡jI G gZev` wewfbœ gnj KZ©©„K mgv‡jvwPZ
n‡q‡Q| Zuvi cÖ_g mgv‡jvPK n‡jb ZuviB wkl¨ `vk©wbK A¨vwi÷Uj| wZwb †cø‡Uvi aviYv
ZË¡‡K Zxeªfv‡e mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| A¨vwi÷Uj e‡jb, †cø‡Uv mvwe©K I we‡k‡li ga¨Kvi
wbweo m¤úK©‡K ¯xKvi Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Qb| we‡kl‡K wb‡qB †h mvwe©K MwVZ nq GK_v
wZwb †egvjyg fy‡j wM‡q‡Qb| ZvQvov we‡kl †_‡K Avjv`v n‡q mvwe©K wKfv‡e cÖZ¨‡qi
RM‡Z evm K‡i GK_v †cø‡Uv ¯úó K‡i ej‡Z cv‡ibwb|
wjewb‡Ri Awawe`¨K ev Ava¨vwZ¥K fveev`
Avw` mËvi ¯iƒc e¨vL¨vq wjewbR GK Awfbe gZev` ‡ck K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, Avw` mËv
n‡jv Awef³, AwefvR¨ I Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj| G K_vi mg_©‡b wZwb e‡jb †h, hv wef³ ev
wefvR¨ Zv Aek¨B f½yi| Avi hv f½yi Zv KL‡bv mZ¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv| Avw` mËv ZvB
AwefvR¨, c~Y© I wPišÍb| hv Ac~Y©, wefvR¨ I mvgwqK Zv AmZ¨ I Abw¯ÍZ¡kxj| GLb
cªkœ n‡jv, Avw` mËv AwefvR¨ n‡q wK K‡i Aw¯ÍZ¡evb n‡Z cv‡i? wjewbR G cÖ‡kœi DËi
w`‡Z wM‡q wMÖK cigvYyev` I Kv‡U©mxq `vk©wbK‡`i gZev‡`i g‡a¨ GK mgb¦q weav‡bi
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 169
†Póv K‡ib| wMÖK cigvYyev`xiv e¯Ízi cigvYy‡KB Avw` mËv e‡j g‡b K‡ib| hv‡K †Kvb
Ae¯’v‡ZB wef³ Kiv hvq bv Zv‡KB cigvYy e‡j| wjewb‡Ri g‡Z, cigvYy¸‡jv Roxq
(material) e‡j Zviv KL‡bv AwefvR¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kbbv Ro c`v‡_©i we¯Í„wZ e‡j
GKwU Acwinvh© ¸Y Av‡Q| cigvYy¸‡jv †h‡nZz Roxq ‡m‡nZz Zv‡`i we¯Í„wZ Av‡Q| Avi
hvi g‡a¨ we¯Í„wZ ¸Y i‡q‡Q Zv Aek¨B wefvR¨| ZvB Roxq cigvYy‡K †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB
Avw` mËv ejv hvq bv| cÿvšÍ‡i, Kv‡U©mxq g‡Z, MvwYwZK we›`y AwefvR¨ n‡Z eva¨|
†Kbbv MwY‡Z we›`y ej‡Z Ggb wKQy‡K eySvq, hvi †Kvb ˆ`N¨© I cÖ ’ †bB, Zv m¤ú~Y©
Ag~Z©| Avi G Kvi‡Y AwefvR¨ n‡qI Abw¯ÍZ¡kxj| hv Abw¯ÍZ¡kxj Zv KL‡bv Avw` mËv
(ultimate reality) n‡Z cv‡i bv|
wPr cigvYy (Monad)
Dc‡iv³ `yB ci¯úi we‡ivax g‡Zi mgb¦q K‡i wjewbR Ggb GK cigvYyi mÜvb w`‡jb,
hv Ro cigvYyi gZ Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj n‡qI Kv‡U©mxq we›`yi gZ Awef³| wjewb‡Ri g‡Z,
cigvYy hw` †PZb I Ava¨vwZ¥K ¯fv‡ei AwaKvix nq Zvn‡j Zv GKvav‡i AwefvR¨ I
Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj n‡Z eva¨| wjewbR G Ava¨vwZ¥K I †PZbvc~Y© cigvYyi bvg ‡`b †gvbvW ev
wPr cigvYy|
mgv‡jvPbv
wjewb‡Ri gZI m¤ú~Y© MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| wjewbR cÖ_‡g eû †PZb cigvYyi cig‡Z¡i wek¦vm
wb‡q `vk©wbK wPšÍv ïiæ Ki‡jI GKvwaK ¯vaxb cigvYyi cvi¯úwiK k„´Ljv e¨vL¨v Kivi
Rb¨ Ae‡k‡l Ck¦‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ †g‡b wb‡Z eva¨ nb| ZvB G w`KwU Zvi gZev‡`i GKwU
g¯Í eo `ye©jZv e‡j A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib|
Gm Gm GBP Gj
BDwbU-9 c„ôv w 170
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| mËvi ¯iƒc m¤ú‡K© fveev`x gZ eY©bv Kiæb|
mswÿß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1| wjewb‡Ri †gvbvWZË¡ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| †cø‡Uvi aviYvZË¡ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
‰be© w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wjLyb|
1| †cø‡Uvi g‡Z cig mËv n‡jv
(A) aviYvi RMr (Av) Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ RMr
(B) we‡kl e¯Íz (C) ÿY¯’vqx
2| `k©‡bi BwZnv‡m fveev` kãwU cÖavbZt e¨eüZ nq
(A) `ywU A‡_© (Av) wZbwU A‡_©
(B) PviwU A‡_© (C) cuvPwU A‡_©
3| Avwawe`¨K A‡_© fveev‡`i we‡ivax gZev` wn‡m‡e cwiwPZÑ
(A) ev¯Íeev` (Av) Roev`
(B) wePviev` (C) eyw×ev`
4| Ava¨vwZ¥K I †PZbvc~Y© cigvYyi bvg †gvbvW †`bÑ
(A) †cø‡Uv (Av) evK©wj
(B) wjewbR (C) Kv›U
mZ¨ n‡j Ôm', wg_¨v n‡j Ôwg' wjLyb|
1| wjewb‡Ri g‡Z †gvbvW AwefvR¨|
mwVK DËi
1| (A) 2| (A) 3| (Av) 4| (B)
1| m
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 171
mËvi cÖK…wZ : A‡ÁqZvev`
Nature of Reality: Agnosticism
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV‡k‡l Avcwb
mËvi ¯iƒc m¤ú‡K© A‡ÁqZvev`x gZ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
G gZev‡`i mxgve×Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f‚wgKv
cig ev Avw` mËvi ¯iƒc e¨vL¨vq GZÿY Avgiv Roev` I Ava¨vwZ¥K fveev` wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kijvg| Roev` I fveev` ci¯úi we‡ivax gZev`| G `ywU gZev‡`i †`vl-
ÎæwU Avgiv c~‡e© D‡jøL K‡iwQ| gvby‡li Ávb mxwgZ| ZvB Amxg we‡k¦i e¨vL¨v w`‡Z
gvby‡li mxwgZ Ávb h‡_ó bq| GRb¨ nq‡Zv nvev©U© †¯úÝvi cig I Avw` mËvi ¯^iƒc
e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z A‡ÁqZvev` cÖPvi K‡ib|
A‡ÁqZvev` (Agnosticism)
cig ev Avw` mËvi ¯iƒc e¨vL¨vq A‡ÁqZvev`‡K GK ai‡bi †bwZevPK gZ e‡j
AwfwnZ Kiv hvq| G gZev‡` wek¦vmx `vk©wbK‡`i g‡Z, cig mËv †Kej AÁvZ I
A‡ÁqB bq; eis Avgv‡`i mxwgZ Áv‡bi AvKvi I Dcv`v‡b Zv‡K Av‡`Š Dcjwä Kiv
hvq bv|
cig mËv cÖm‡½ Kv›U
Kv›U gvbexq Áv‡bi P~ovšÍ we‡kølY K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, gvby‡li Ávb †Kej cwi`„k¨gvb
ev AefvwmK RM‡Zi †ÿ‡ÎB mxgve×| gvbe Ávb cÖwZfvwmK RMZ‡K AwZµg K‡i
KL‡bv AZxw›`ªq‡jv‡K †cuŠQv‡Z cv‡i bv| Zuvi g‡Z, cig mËvi Ávb gvby‡li c‡ÿ AR©b
Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB Zv AÁvZ I A‡Áq|
cig mËv cÖm‡½ †¯úÝvi
cvV 3
Gm Gm GBP Gj
BDwbU-9 c„ôv w 172
nvev©U© †¯úÝv‡ii wPšÍvavivq Kv‡›Ui Dc‡iv³ g‡ZiB cÖwZaŸwb jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| †¯úÝv‡ii
g‡Z, gvbeÁvb mxwgZ weavq Amxg I AbšÍ cig mËvi Ávb gvby‡li c‡ÿ jvf Kiv
m¤¢e bq| cig mËv ¯vaxb, ¯cÖwZwôZ, mvkªqx I Ab‡cÿ| wKšÍz gvbeÁvb mmxg I
civaxb| Avi ZvB cig mËv AÁvZ I A‡Áq _vK‡Z eva¨|
g~j¨vqb
A‡ÁqZvev`‡K Avgiv wbi‡cÿ gZev` wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z cvwi bv| A‡ÁqZvev‡`i
cÖavb `ye©jZv n‡jv, G gZev` åvšÍfv‡eB wbi‡cÿ, mv‡cÿ, cig mËv I Zvi
cÖwZfvm‡K we‡ivax e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Q| A‡ÁqZvev`xiv G K_v nq‡Zv fz‡jB
wM‡qwQ‡jb †h, G mxwgZ I mv‡cÿ Ávb‡K †c‡Z n‡jI Ab‡cÿ ev wbi‡cÿ Áv‡bi
mv‡_ Zv‡K mshy³ K‡i †`Lv cÖ‡qvRb| ZvQvov cig mËv‡K AÁvZ I A‡Áq e‡j cÖPvi
K‡i A‡ÁqZvev`xiv gvbe g‡bi ¯vfvweK AvMÖn‡KB evavMÖ ’ K‡i‡Qb|
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 173
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| mËvi ¯iƒc m¤ú‡K© A‡ÁqZvev`x gZ eY©bv Kiæb|
mswÿß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1| mËvi ¯iƒc m¤ú‡K© Kv‡›Ui A‡ÁqZvev`x gZ eY©bv Kiæb|
2| mËvi ¯iƒc m¤ú‡K© ‡¯úÝv‡ii A‡ÁqZvev`x gZ eY©bv Kiæb|
‰be© w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wjLyb|
1| cig mËvi ¯iƒc e¨vL¨vq A‡ÁqZvev`‡K AwfwnZ Kiv nq GK ai‡biÑ
(A) BwZevPK gZ e‡j (Av) †bwZevPK gZ e‡j
(B) ˆeÁvwbK gZ e‡j (C) †jŠwKK gZ e‡j
2| Kv‡›Ui g‡Z gvbe-Ávb †cŠuQv‡Z cv‡i bvÑ
(A) AZxw›`ªq‡jv‡K (Av) cÖwZfvwmK RM‡Z
(B) iƒ‡ci RM‡Z (C) cv‡ci RM‡Z
3| cig mËv ¯vaxb, ¯cÖwZwôZ, mvkªqx I Ab‡cÿÑ
(A) Kv‡›Ui g‡Z (Av) †WKv‡U©i g‡Z
(B) j‡Ki g‡Z (C) †¯úÝv‡ii g‡Z
4| A‡ÁqZvev`x `vk©wbK n‡jb-
(A) Kv›U, †n‡Mj (Av) Kv›U, †¯úÝvi
(B) g~i, iv‡mj (C) jK, evK©wj
mwVK DËi t
1| (Av) 2| (A) 3| (C) 4| (Av)
Gm Gm GBP Gj
BDwbU-9 c„ôv w 174
mËvi msL¨v : eûZ¡ev`
Number of Reality: Pluralism
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV‡k‡l Avcwb
cig mËv ev Avw` Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© eûZ¡ev`x gZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wewfbœ cÖKvi eûZ¡ev`x gZ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Avw` Dcv`v‡bi msL¨v msµvšÍ aviYv wePvi-we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f‚wgKv
BwZc~‡e© Avgiv cig mËv ev Avw` Dcv`v‡bi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ gZev` wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| GLb Avgiv cig mËv ev Avw` Dcv`v‡bi msL¨v m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ
gZev` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| Avw` Dcv`vb ev cig mËvi msL¨vi e¨vcv‡i `vk©wbKiv
wewfbœ gZ †cvlY K‡i _v‡Kb| G m¤ú‡K© wZbwU gZev` Av‡Q : GKZ¡ev`, ˆØZev` I
eûZ¡ev`| eZ©gvb cv‡V Avgiv eûZ¡ev` wb‡q Ges cieZ©x cvV `ywU‡Z ˆØZev` I
GKZ¡ev` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| Avmyb cÖ_‡g eûZ¡ev` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kwi|
eûZ¡ev` (Pluralism)
eûZ¡ev‡`i cÖavb hyw³ GB †h, G wek¦RMr wewfbœ Dcv`v‡b cwic~Y©| Gme Dcv`vb ¯Zš¿
Ges GKwU †_‡K Ab¨wU c„_K I wew”Qbœ| cwi`„k¨gvb RMr ˆewP‡Î¨ fiv| GB ˆewPΨB
cÖgvY K‡i †h, G cwi`„k¨gvb RM‡Zi †cQ‡b AmsL¨ mËv i‡q‡Q| GB ˆewPΨgq we‡k¦i
Avmj iƒc GK ev `y‡qi g‡a¨ cvIqv hvq bv| Gi mÜvb wg‡j GKgvÎ eû‡Z¡i gv‡S|
eûZ¡ev‡`i mviK_v GB †h, G wek¦RMr eû g~j Dcv`vb ev mËvi ms‡hv‡Mi d‡j MwVZ|
eûZ¡ev‡`i cÖ_g Av‡jvPbv cvIqv hvq cÖvPxb wMÖK `vk©wbK Gw¤úWwK¬‡mi `k©‡b| wZwb
mËv‡K, Av¸b, cvwb, gvwU I evqy bvgK PviwU g~j Dcv`v‡b wef³ K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, GB
PviwU g~j Dcv`v‡bi mgb¦‡q hveZxq e¯Ízi m„wó| Gici wMÖK cigvYyev`xiv eû cigvYy
Øviv G RMr MwVZ e‡j †NvlYv K‡ib|
eûZ¡ev‡`i cÖK…wZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j Avgiv Gi bT_©K I m`_©K e‡j `ywU w`K †`L‡Z
cvB| bT_©K w`K †_‡K Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, eûZ¡ev` GKZ¡ev` I ‰ØZev‡`i
weiæ‡× GKwU ewjô c`‡ÿc| GKZ¡ev` ev A‰ØZev` g‡b K‡i mËv GK Ges ˆØZev`
g‡b K‡i mËv `yB| wKšÍz eûZ¡ev‡`i g‡Z, mËv GKI bq, `yBI bq, eis eû| Avevi
cvV 4
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 175
m`_©K w`K †_‡K Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, eûZ¡ev` cwi`„k¨gvb RM‡Zi Avov‡j
eû mËvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖgvY Kivi †Póv K‡i| eûZ¡ev`x‡`i g‡Z, KZ¸‡jv ¯wbf©i I ¯Zš¿
Dcv`vb ev mËv wb‡q G wek¦RMr MwVZ| wKšÍz Gme Dcv`vb ev mËvi ¯iƒc Kx ev msMVb
wKiƒc Zv wb‡q Avgv‡`i g‡b cÖ‡kœi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| eûZ¡ev‡` mËvi cÖK…wZ I msL¨v
m¤ú‡K© cÖavbZ `ywU gZev` †`Lv hvq : RovZ¥K eûZ¡ev` ev cigvYyev` Ges Ava¨vwZ¥K
eûZ¡ev` ev wPr cigvYyev`| `k©‡bi BwZnv‡m Av‡iv `ywU gZev` †`Lv hvq Ges G¸‡jv
n‡jv cÖ‡qvMev`x eûZ¡ev` I be¨ ev¯Íeev`x eûZ¡ev`|
RovZ¥K eûZ¡ev` ev Ro cigvYyev` (Materialistic Pluralism or Atomism)
cvðvZ¨ `k©‡b wMÖK `vk©wbK †W‡gvwµUvm G RovZ¥K eûZ¡ev` ev cigvYyev‡`i cÖeZ©b
K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, †Kvb `ªe¨‡K hw` µgvMZ wef³ Kiv nq, Zvn‡j Ggb ¯Í‡i †cuŠQ‡e
†h Avi wef³ Kiv hv‡e bv| GB AwefvR¨ KYv¸‡jvi bvgB cigvYy| G cigvYy¸‡jvi
mswgkªY I wewgkª‡Yi d‡jB `„k¨gvb RM‡Zi m„wó n‡q‡Q|
weÁvbx Wvëb †W‡gvwµUv‡mi gZ‡K mg_©b K‡ib Ges e‡jb †h, cigvYy wbðj Ro Ges
wewfbœ cigvYyi g‡a¨ ïay cwigvYMZ cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| cigvYyev‡`i g‡Z, ¯wbf©i AmsL¨
RovZ¥K cigvYy wewÿß Ae¯’vq gnvk~‡b¨ m„wói ïiæ‡Z N~Y©vqgvb Ae¯’vq wQj| GB
cigvYyi g‡a¨ AvKl©Y I weKl©Y MwZi Kvi‡Y AvKw¯§Kfv‡e cigvYy¸‡jvi ms‡hvM I
we‡qv‡Mi d‡jB Ro RM‡Zi DrcwË| GB Ro cigvYy †_‡KB cÖvY I Rxe‡`‡ni m„wó
nq| Avi Rxe †`‡ni ¯œvqy‡K›`ª I gw¯Í®‹ †_‡KB gb ev †PZbvi Avwef©ve| G gZev`
Abymv‡i, Ck¦‡ii Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Kíbv e¨wZ‡i‡K RM‡Zi m„wó, w¯’wZ I jq e¨vL¨v †`qv †h‡Z
cv‡i| ZvB G gZev` RMr cÖwµqvi g~‡j †Kv‡bv D‡Ïk¨ ev cwiYwZ‡K ¯xKvi K‡i bv|
mgv‡jvPbv
Ro cigvYyev‡`i weiæ‡× mvaviYZ †hme AvcwË DÌvwcZ nq, †m¸‡jv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡jv :
GK. RMr AmsL¨ Ro cigvYyi ms‡hvM I we‡qv‡Mi d‡jB m„wó n‡q‡QÑ G n‡jv Ro
cigvYyev‡`i g~j m~Î| wKšÍy cÖkœ n‡jv, wKfv‡e G A‡PZb, wewÿß, wew”Qbœ Ro cigvYy
myk„´Lj I mvgÄm¨c~Y© wek¦ RM‡Zi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i? G cÖ‡kœi mwVK DËi G gZev‡`
†bB|
`yB. cigvYyev` webv cÖgv‡YB cigvYyi Aw¯ÍZ¡, R‡oi AvKl©Y-weKl©Y I ms‡hvM-we‡qv‡Mi
MwZ ¯xKvi K‡i †bq| GgbwK Gme Abygv‡bi mg_©‡b †Kvb hyw³m½Z Kvi‡Yi AeZviYv
Kiv nqwb|
wZb. AÜ hvwš¿K cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g ev A‡PZb Ro cigvYy †_‡K wKfv‡e cÖv‡Yi DrcwË
n‡Z cv‡i? G m¤ú‡K© †Kvb myôz e¨vL¨v Ro cigvYyev‡` †`qv nqwb|
Gm Gm GBP Gj
BDwbU-9 c„ôv w 176
Pvi. gb ev †PZbv Ro kw³i RwUjZi iƒc n‡Z cv‡i bv| gb ev †PZbv gw¯Í‡®‹i wµqv-
G AwfgZ MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq; †Kbbv A‡PZb Ro †_‡K †PZbvi DrcwË m¤¢e bq| ZvQvov
cÖvYkw³ I gb ev †PZbv Ro †_‡K D”PZi I wfbœ cÖK…wZi|
cuvP. Ro cigvYyev` hvwš¿K cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g RM‡Zi msMVb I HK¨ m¤ú‡K© †h gZ †`q
Zv hyw³m½Z bq|
Ava¨vwZ¥K eûZ¡ev` ev wPr cigvYyev` (Spiritualistic Pluralism or Monadism)
Rvg©vb `vk©wbK wjewbR wPr cigvYyev‡`i cÖeZ©K| Zuvi g‡Z, G wek¦RMr Ro cigvYy
Øviv MwVZ bq, eis wPr cigvYyi Øviv MwVZ| wjewbR wMÖK cigvYyev`x‡`i gZev‡`i
mgv‡jvPbv K‡i e‡jb †h, wPr cigvYyB RM‡Zi g~j ev Avw` Dcv`vb| Gme wPr cigvYy
msL¨vq AmsL¨ Ges G¸‡jv mwµq (active), AwefvR¨ I Ava¨vwZ¥K|
cÖ‡qvMev`x eûZ¡ev` (Pragmatic Pluralism)
cÖ‡qvMev‡`i Ab¨Zg cÖe³v DBwjqvg †Rgm& (1842-1910) †n‡M‡ji GKZ¡ev` ev
A‰ØZev`‡K mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb †h, G wek¦RMr cigmËvi Øviv wbqwš¿Z bq|
hw` ZvB n‡e Zvn‡j G wek¦RMr ÔAve× RMr' (Blocked Universe) G cwiYZ n‡e|
RM‡Z ˆewPΨ, bZzbZ¡ I ¯vaxbZvi †Kvb Aw¯ÍZ¡B _vK‡e bv| Zuvi g‡Z, G wek¦RMr eû
wew”Qbœ e¯Ízi mgwó| wew”QbœZv I ˆewPΨB G wek¦ RM‡Zi Avw`g I Avmj iƒc| Gme
wew”Qbœ e¯Íz ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ hy³ n‡qI †Kvb HK¨ MVb K‡iwb| G wek¦RMr wewPÎ I
Awfbe| G RMr GK bq, eis eû| ¯vaxb, Awfbe I wewPÎ m„wó I µ‡gvbœwZi m¤¢vebvq
G wek¦RM‡Z HK¨nxb AR‡mªi mgv‡ek we`¨gvb| wZwb G wek¦ RMZ‡K ïay Ck¦i-
wbi‡cÿ bq, e¨w³ gb-wbi‡cÿ wn‡m‡eI †`Lvi mycvwik K‡ib|
mgv‡jvPbv
†Rgm& G RMZ‡K Ck¦i I e¨w³ gb-wbi‡cÿ Ki‡Z wM‡q G wek¦ RMZ‡K GK
wek„´Ljvi ivR‡Z¡ †V‡j w`‡q‡Qb| G wek¦RMr n‡”Q GK wbq‡gi ivRZ¡ Ges G n‡”Q
GK mymse× I mymsnZ cig HK¨| ˆewPΨ I mvgÄm¨ n‡jv wek¦ RM‡Zi `ywU iƒc| HK¨
Qvov ˆewPΨ Ges ˆewPΨ Qvov HK¨ Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| ZvB cÖ‡qvMev`x eûZ¡ev` GKwU
Pig gZev`, GwU wek¦ RM‡Zi ¯iƒc I msL¨v m¤ú‡K© mwVK e¨vL¨v w`‡Z mÿg bq|
be¨ ev¯Íeev`x eûZ¡ev` (Neo Realistic Pluralism)
fveev‡`i weiæ× gZev` wn‡m‡e be¨ ev¯Íeev‡`i DrcwË| be¨ ev¯Íeev`xiv fveev`x‡`i
A‰ØZev`‡K mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, G wek¦RM‡Z †PZbv ev gb-wbi‡cÿ e¯Ízi
¯vaxb mËv i‡q‡Q| G RM‡Z †hgb gb i‡q‡Q †Zgwb ¯vaxb mËvwewkó eû e¯ÍzI i‡q‡Q|
Avi e¯Íz‡K gb mivmwi Rvb‡Z cv‡i| Zuv‡`i g‡Z, G we‡k¦ †Kvb Avw½K HK¨ †bB Ges
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 177
eû-B mZ¨| wewfbœ e¯Ízi g‡a¨ †h m¤úK© Av‡Q, †m m¤úK© Af¨šÍixY bq eis evn¨
m¤úK©| fveev`xiv G m¤úK©‡K Af¨šÍixY e‡j fv‡eb| A_©vr GKwU e¯Íz Ab¨ e¯Ízi mv‡_
m¤úwK©Z n‡j H e¯Ízi cwiPq I cÖK…wZ e`‡j hvq| wKšÍz be¨ ev¯Íeev`xiv G gZev`
¯xKvi K‡ib bv|
be¨ ev¯Íeev`x‡`i Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡Z, gbI bq ev Roe¯ÍzI bq, eis wbi‡cÿ c`v_©
(neutral entities) n‡jv RM‡Zi Avw` Dcv`vb, hv GK †cÖwÿ‡Z †fŠwZK (physical) Ges
Ab¨ †cÖwÿ‡Z gvbwmK (mental) e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq| †`k I Kv‡j †hme e¯Íz Av‡Q,
†m¸‡jvi cÖKvkgvb mËv ev Aw¯ÍZ¡ (existence) Av‡Q| msL¨v, m¤Ü, †`k, g~j¨ BZ¨vw`I
ev¯Íe I mZ¨| wKšÍz G¸‡jvi †`k I Kv‡j Aw¯ÍZ¡ ev cÖKvk †bB, eis G¸‡jvi
we`¨gvbZv (subsistence) Av‡Q| Ro, cÖvY I gb n‡jv wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii mËv| cÖv‡Yi Ro
†_‡K Ges g‡bi ¯œvqyZš¿ †_‡K D‡b¥l N‡U‡Q| Zuv‡`i g‡Z, G wek¦RMr cigvZ¥vi cÖKvk
bq, Giƒc aviYv AjxK KíbvgvÎ| eû e¯Ízi mgwó wb‡q G wek¦RM‡Zi m„wó|
mgv‡jvPbv
be¨ ev¯Íeev`xiv e¯Ízi Af¨šÍixY m¤úK©‡K A¯xKvi K‡i e¯Ízi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i I H‡K¨i †Kvb
m‡šÍvlRbK e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡ibwb| ZvQvov, G RMr ci¯úi wew”Qbœ I ¯Zš¿ e¯Ízi
mgwógvÎ bq| G RM‡Z wewfbœ e¯Ízi g‡a¨ GKUv HK¨, k„´Ljv I mvgÄm¨Zv Av‡Q|
Zuviv wbi‡cÿ c`v_©, we`¨gvbZv BZ¨vw` aviYv m¤ú‡K© hyw³m½Z e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡ibwb|
eû Ck¦iev` ev eû ‡`e‡`exev` (Polytheism)
eûZ¡ev`x `„wófw½ ZË¡ Qvov a‡g©i †ÿ‡ÎI †`Lv hvq| wn›`y ag©vej¤xiv eû †`eZvq wek¦vm
K‡ib| cÖvPxb wMÖK, †ivgvb I wgkixqiv eû †`eZvev‡` wek¦vmx wQ‡jb| cÖvK…wZK kw³i
cðv‡Z Zuviv GKvwaK †`eZvi mËvq wek¦vm Ki‡Zb| wewfbœ †`eZv wewfbœ wefv‡Mi Kvh©
m¤úv`b Ki‡Zb| d‡j RMZ‡K wewfbœ wefv‡M fvM K‡i wewfbœ †`eZvi Aaxb Kiv nq|
Zuviv †`eZvi g‡a¨ gvby‡li ¸‡Yi Abyiƒc ¸Y †hgbÑ B”Qv, cÖe„wË I Abyf‚wZ BZ¨vw`
Av‡Q e‡j wek¦vm Ki‡Zb|
Avgiv G Av‡jvPbvq †`‡LwQ †h, eûZ¡ev` GKwU m‡šÍvlRbK gZev` wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ
n‡Z cv‡iwb| eûi gv‡S †h HK¨ Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB Zv Zuviv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|
Gm Gm GBP Gj
BDwbU-9 c„ôv w 178
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| eûZ¡ev` KZ cÖKvi I wK wK? we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| eûZ¡ev` I eû Ck¦iev‡`i m¤úK© wKiƒc? G cÖm‡½ eû Ck¦iev` Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
mswÿß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1| RovZ¥K eûZ¡ev` Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| Ava¨vwZ¥K eûZ¡ev` Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3| be¨ ev¯Íeev`x eûZ¡ev` Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
‰be© w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wjLyb|
1| †h gZev` RM‡Zi AšÍiv‡j AmsL¨ Ro cigvYy‡K ¯xKvi K‡i Zv‡K ejv nq
(A) Roev`x eûZ¡ev` (Av) Ava¨vwZ¥K cigvYyev`
(B) cÖ‡qvMev`x eûZ¡ev` (C) ˆØZev`
2| cÖ‡qvMev`x eûZ¡ev‡`i g‡Z, G RM‡Zi Avmj iƒc n‡jv
(A) k„´Ljv (Av) ˆewPΨ I AwfbeZ¡
(B) wbi‡cÿZv (C) Ck¦i wbqwš¿Z
3| ‰ewPΨB cÖgvY K‡i, cwi`„k¨gvb RM‡Zi wcQ‡b AmsL¨ mËv i‡q‡Q- G e³e¨
(A) GKZ¡ev‡`i (Av) ‰ØZev‡`i
(B) eûZ¡ev‡`i (C) A‡ÁqZvev‡`i
4| DBwjqvg †Rgm †Kvb eûZ¡ev‡`i mg_©K
(A) RovZ¥K eûZ¡ev` (Av) Ava¨vwZ¥K eûZ¡ev`
(B) cÖ‡qvMev`x eûZ¡ev` (C) be¨ ev¯Íeev`x eûZ¡ev`
mZ¨ n‡j Ôm', wg_¨v n‡j Ôwg' wjLyb|
1| eûZ¡ev‡`i g‡Z, G wek¦ eû g~j Dcv`vb Øviv MwVZ|
2| cwiKwíZfv‡e cigvYy¸‡jvi ms‡hvM I we‡qv‡Mi d‡jB Ro RM‡Zi DrcwË|
3| wjewb‡Ri g‡Z, G wek¦RMr AmsL¨ mwµq I AwefvR¨ wPrcigvYy Øviv MwVZ|
4| DBwjqvg †Rg‡m&i g‡Z, G wek¦RMr cig mËvi ewntcÖKvk|
5| be¨ ev¯Íeev`x‡`i g‡Z, wbi‡cÿ c`v_© Øviv G RMr MwVZ|
mwVK DËi
1| (A) Roev`x eûZ¡ev` 2| (Av) ˆewPΨ I AwfbeZ¡ 3| (B) eûZ¡ev‡`i
4| (B) cÖ‡qvMev`x eûZ¡ev`
1| m 2| wg 3| m 4| wg 5| m
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 179
mËvi msL¨v : ˆØZev`
Number of Reality: Dualism
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV‡k‡l Avcwb
cig mËv ev Avw` Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© ‰`¡Zev`x gZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
‰`¡Zev`x g‡Zi ÎæwU-wePy¨wZ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f‚wgKv
c~e©eZ©x cv‡V Avgiv cig mËv ev Avw` Dcv`v‡bi msL¨v m¤úwK©Z eûZ¡ev`x gZ wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| eZ©gvb cv‡V Avgiv ˆØZev`x gZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| ‰ØZev‡`i
g~jK_v n‡jv cig mËv GKI bq, eûI bq, eis `ywU| Avmyb GLb Avgiv ‰ØZev` wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kwi|
ˆØZev` (Dualism)
†h gZev` `ywU ¯Zš¿ I ci¯úi wbi‡cÿ mËv‡K wek¦ RM‡Zi Avw` ev g~j Dcv`vb e‡j
MY¨ K‡i Zv‡K ˆØZev` e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| G gZev‡`i g~jK_v n‡jv, RM‡Z gb
I Ro e‡j `ywU †gŠwjK I Avw`g Dcv`vb Av‡Q| G Dcv`vb `ywU ci¯úi ¯Zš¿ mËv|
G‡`i GKwU‡K Ab¨wU‡Z cwieZ©b Kiv P‡j bv| RM‡Zi me Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj e¯Íz‡KB `yB
†kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq|
ˆØZev` : †WKvU©
`k©‡bi BwZnv‡m ˆØZev‡`i GKwU ¯’vqx Avmb Av‡Q| Gi g~‡j Av‡Q `ywU we‡kl KviY|
cÖ_gZ ˆØZev` GKwU †gŠwjK gZev`| G gZev` mvaviY †jv‡Ki Kv‡Q †ek wcÖq I
MÖnY‡hvM¨| †Kbbv Gi mvnv‡h¨ my›`i I Amy›`i, fvj I g›`, kvšÍ I AkvšÍ BZ¨vw` welq
mn‡R we‡kølY Kiv hvq|
wØZxqZ AvaywbK `k©‡bi RbK †WKv‡U©i cÖfv‡ei d‡j ˆØZev` cvðvZ¨ `k©‡b GK ¯’vqx
Avmb K‡i †bq| ZvB A‡bK mgq †WKvU©‡K ejv nq ˆØZev‡`i cÖeZ©K| †WKv‡U©i g‡Z,
Ro n‡”Q †PZbvnxb we¯Í„Z c`v_©, Avi gb n‡”Q we¯Í„wZnxb †PZb c`v_©| Ro I gb ZvB
`ywU we‡ivax mËv| G `ywU mËv wbqwš¿Z n‡”Q †Lv`viƒc cig mËv Øviv| GRb¨ G
cvV 5
Gm Gm GBP Gj
BDwbU-9 c„ôv w 180
gZev‡`i Av‡iK bvg wbqwš¿Z ˆØZev`| †h ˆØZev` wbqš¿Y ¯xKvi K‡i bv Zv‡K ejv nq
Pig ˆØZev`|
ˆØZev` : cÖvPxb wMÖK `k©b
divwm `vk©wbK †WKvU©‡K hw`I ˆØZev‡`i cÖeZ©K ejv nq, cÖvPxb wMÖK `k©‡bI G
ˆØZev‡`i A‡bK mvÿ¨ †g‡j| hw`I cÖvPxb wMÖK `k©‡bi gvB‡jkxq m¤úª v‡qi wZb
`vk©wbK- †_wjm, Gbvw·g¨vÛvi I Gbvw·wgwbm Ro‡K GKgvÎ mËv e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb,
ZeyI Zuviv e¯Íz‡Z cÖv‡Yi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K ¯xKvi K‡i ev wbqš¿Y KZ©v‡K ¯xKvi K‡i GKZ¡ev‡`i
cwie‡Z© ˆØZev` cÖPvi K‡ib| Gw¤úWwK¬m PviwU Dcv`v‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯xKvi K‡iwQ‡jb|
wKšÍz G PviwU Dcv`v‡bi mswgkª‡Y †jvc I cwieZ©b e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ wZwb AbyivM I
weivM bvgK `ywU gb¯ÍvwË¡K kw³i Aw¯Í‡Z¡ wek¦vm Ki‡Zb| Gbv·v‡Mvivm Ro I gvbm
mËvi Kíbv K‡ib| †cø‡Uv Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ RMr I Bw›`ªqvZxZ RM‡Zi we‡kl I mvgv‡b¨i
ˆØZZv ¯xKvi K‡ib| A¨vwi÷Uj Dcv`vb I AvKv‡ii ˆØZZv ¯xKvi K‡ib|
ˆØZev` : ga¨hyM
ga¨hy‡Mi `k©‡bI †`n-g‡bi ˆØZZvi GKvwaK `„óvšÍ cvIqv hvq| †m›U AMvw÷‡bi
`k©‡b, we‡kl K‡i †`n I g‡bi Dcw¯’wZ †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| †`n ev e¯Íy bk¦i, Avi
AvZ¥v Awebk¦iiƒ‡cB G‡`i gZev‡` ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q|
ˆØZev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv
ˆØZev` mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q Lye AvKl©Yxq g‡b n‡jI `vk©wbK wePv‡i Lye mv_©K gZev`
bq| †WKvU© †hfv‡e †`n-g‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q K‡i‡Qb Zv ¯xKvi K‡i wb‡j gvby‡li
g‡a¨ †`n-g‡bi m¤ÜwU GKwU inm¨gq †nuqvwj‡Z ch©ewmZ nq| cÖK…Z cÖ Ív‡e †WKv‡U©i
wµqv-cÖwZwµqvev` †`n-gb m¤ú‡K©i †Kvb mwVK e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡iwb| †WKvU© †h
wcwbqvj MÖwš’i gva¨‡g †`n-g‡bi m¤úK©‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb †mB wcwbqvj MÖwš’I
wKšÍz we‡kl ai‡bi GKwU Ro c`v_©| †nvqvBU‡nW ZvB `ytL K‡i e‡j‡Qb †h, †WKv‡U©i
ˆØZev` cieZ©x `vk©wbK wPšÍvaviv‡K welv³ K‡i Zy‡j‡Q|
GB ˆØZev‡`i Dci wfwË K‡iB ag©-`k©‡bi BwZnv‡m Øxk¦iev` (Ditheism) Gi DrcwË
N‡U‡Q| Øxk¦iev‡` Ck¦‡ii `ywU iƒc KwíZ n‡q‡Q| GKwU n‡”Q Zuvi Kj¨v‡Yi w`K, Avi
Ab¨wU n‡”Q Zuvi AKj¨v‡Yi w`K| cviwmKiv Kj¨v‡Yi †`eZv‡K ÔAvûiv-gvR`v' Avi
AKj¨v‡Yi †`eZv‡K ÔAvnwigvb' e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i _v‡Kb| ejv hvq, GB ˆØZev‡`i
cÖfv‡eB ˆeòe wPšÍvavivq ivav-K…ò cÖZxwZ we¯Ívi jvf K‡i‡Q| Z‡e m¤¢ve¨ †`vl-ÎæwU
m‡Ë¡I ˆØZev‡`i `vk©wbK Zvrch©‡K A¯xKvi Kiv hvq bv|
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 181
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| ˆØZev` Kx? ˆØZev‡`i GKwU HwZnvwmK weeiY w`b|
mswÿß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1| cÖvPxb wMÖK `k©‡bi ˆØZev`x wPšÍvaviv eY©bv Kiæb|
2| ˆØZev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv wjLyb|
‰be© w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wjLyb|
1| AvaywbK ˆØZev‡`i cÖeZ©K n‡jb
(A) w¯ú‡bvRv (Av) †WKvU©
(B) wjewbR (C) †cø‡Uv
2| ˆØZev‡`i g‡Z cig mËv n‡jv
(A) GKwU (Av) eû
(B) Awba©vwiZ (C) `ywU
3| †h ˆØZev` †Kvb wbqš¿Y ¯xKvi K‡i bv Zv‡K ejv nqÑ
(A) Awbqwš¿Z ˆØZev` (Av) wbqwš¿Z ˆØZev`
(B) K‡Vvi ˆØZev` (C) Pig ˆØZev`
4| †m›U AMvwób n‡jb
(A) cÖvPxb hy‡Mi ˆØZev`x (Av) ga¨hy‡Mi ˆØZev`x
(B) eZ©gvb hy‡Mi ˆØZev`x (C) AvaywbK hy‡Mi ˆØZev`x|
mwVK DËi
1| (Av) 2| (C) 3| (C) 4| (Av)
Gm Gm GBP Gj
BDwbU-9 c„ôv w 182
mËvi msL¨v : GKZ¡ev`
Number of Reality: Monism
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV‡k‡l Avcwb
GKZ¡ev` e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
GKZ¡ev`, ˆØZev` I eûZ¡ev‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii GKZ¡ev` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f‚wgKv
Avgiv c~‡e©i `ywU cv‡V Avw` Dcv`vb ev cig mËv m¤ú‡K© ˆØZev` I eûZ¡ev` Ges
G‡`i cÖKvi‡f` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| wKšÍz gZev`¸‡jvi mgv‡jvPbvq †`‡LwQ GKwUI
hyw³m½Z bq| Gevi Avgiv G `ywUi wecixZ gZev` GKZ¡ev` Ges Zvi bvbv cÖKvi wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|
GKZ¡ev` ev A‰ØZev` (Monism)
GKZ¡ev‡`i msÁv
†h gZev` cig mËv ev Avw` Dcv`vb‡K GK ev A‰ØZ (One) e‡j e¨vL¨v K‡i Zv‡K
GKZ¡ev` ejv nq| G g‡Zi AbyMvgx‡`i g‡Z, RMr †Kej GKwU †gŠwjK Dcv`vb ev
mËv wb‡q MwVZ| G gZev‡`i bT_©K I m`_©K `ywU w`K Av‡Q| cÖ_gZ GKZ¡ev`
eûZ¡ev` I ˆØZev‡`i AmviZv cÖgvY Ki‡Z m‡Pó| wØZxqZ GKZ¡ev` wek„´Lj RM‡Zi
†fZi HK¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z Pvq|
eûZ¡ev` I ˆØZev` cÖm‡½ GKZ¡ev`
eûZ¡ev` I ˆØZev‡`i AmviZv cÖgvY Ki‡Z wM‡q GKZ¡ev` D‡jøL K‡i †h, eûZ¡ev`
wewPÎ mËvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i g‡a¨ RvMwZK ˆewPΨ e¨vL¨v K‡i e‡U; wKšÍz wewfbœ mËvi Awbevh©
HK¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Kv‡RB eûZ¡ev` HK¨c~Y© RM‡Zi e¨vL¨v wn‡m‡e mv_©K
gZev` bq| Avevi ‰ØZev` `yywU wecixZag©x mËvi cÖK‡íi gv‡S RMZ‡K wØLwÛZ I
ci¯úi m¤úK©wehy³ K‡i ‡Zv‡j| myZivs G gZev` cig mËvi mwVK cÖK…wZ wbY©q Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| RM‡Zi wewfbœ e¯Íz hw` wew”Qbœ nq Z‡e Zv‡`i ¯iƒc KL‡bv Rvbv hv‡e bv|
cvV 6
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 183
GKZ¡ev‡`i c‡ÿ hyw³
ˆØZev` I eûZ¡ev‡`i AmviZvi Dci †h gZev` DrcwË jvf K‡i Zv n‡jv GKZ¡ev`|
GKZ¡ev`xiv Zuv‡`i e³‡e¨i mg_©‡b wb‡æv³ `ywU hyw³i AeZviYv K‡ib:
GK. hw` RM‡Zi mKj e¯Íz‡K Ab¨ mKj e¯Ízi mv‡_ Avgiv cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e Kg-
‡ewk Awbevh© I AvšÍi m¤‡Ü mse× e‡j g‡b Kwi Zvn‡j GKZ¡ev`‡K A¯xKvi Kiv hvq
bv| KviY I Kv‡h©i ga¨eZx© m¤Ü‡K Awbevh© m¤Ü ejv hvq| GB KviY I Kv‡h©i
Awbevh© m¤ÜB GKZ¡ev‡`i ¯xK…wZ †NvlYv K‡i|
`yB. G hyw³wU †gŠwjK `„wó†KvY †_‡K †`qv n‡q‡Q| e¯ÍzZ gvbyl ¯vfvweKfv‡eB Ôeûi
g‡a¨ GK', Ôwe‡f‡`i g‡a¨ HK¨' mÜvb Ki‡Z Pvq| gvbyl cÖ_‡g RMZ‡K HK¨nxb
†`L‡jI Ávb e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ Gi †fZ‡i Awbevh© HK¨ Luy‡R cvq| G m¤úK© ev HK¨
†Kej evn¨ m¤úK© bq| RM‡Z AvšÍi m¤ú‡K©i Aw¯ÍZ¡ A¯xKvi Kiv hvq bv| gb I Ro
GKB H‡K¨i wewfbœ cÖKvk| wewPÎ G RMr †m GKB H‡K¨i AefvmgvÎ|
GKZ¡ev‡`i cÖKvi‡f`
cig mËvi msL¨v m¤úwK©Z GKZ¡ev`x e¨vL¨v ev wm×všÍ‡K `y'fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq : Ag~Z©
GKZ¡ev` (Abstract Monism) I g~Z© GKZ¡ev` (Concrete Monism)|
Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev` (Abstract Monism)
ksK‡ii Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev` : fviZxq gnv‰e`vwšÍK AvPvh© ksKi I cvðvZ¨ `vk©wbK
w¯ú‡bvRv Ag~Z© (abstract) GKZ¡ev‡`i †bZ…¯’vbxq cÖwZwbwa| ksK‡ii g‡Z, GKgvÎ
eªþB mZ¨, RMr wg_¨v Qvov Avi wKQy bq| GKgvÎ eª‡þiB mËv Av‡Q| Rxe I eªþ GK
Ges Awfbœ| eû‡Z¡i aviYv m¤ú~Y© AjxK| wKšÍz Awe`¨v ev AÁZvi Kvi‡Y `„k¨gq
RMZ‡K mZ¨ e‡j g‡b nq| cvigvw_©K `„wó‡Z RMr wg_¨v cÖwZfvm Qvov Avi wKQy bq|
wZwb D`vniY¯iƒc e‡jb, AÜKv‡i AvKuv-evuKv iwk‡K †hgb Avgiv mc© e‡j fvwe,
†Zgwb Awe`¨vi Kvi‡Y cÖwZfvwmK RMZ‡KI Avgiv mZ¨ e‡j fvwe| Avm‡j eªþB
GKgvÎ mZ¨, Avi evwK meB Zvi Amvi ev gvqvi wejvmgvÎ|
w¯ú‡bvRvi Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev` : cvðvZ¨ `k©‡b w¯ú‡bvRv n‡”Qb Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev‡`i GKRb
mdj cÖwZwbwa| w¯ú‡bvRvi g‡Z, hv mvkªqx, ¯wbf©i, hv wb‡Ri Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ Ab¨ †Kvb
mËvi Dci wbf©ikxj bq Zv‡KB e‡j `ªe¨| Zuvi g‡Z, Ck¦iB GKgvÎ Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨
†Kvb mËvi Dci wbf©ikxj bq| ZvB Ck¦iB GKgvÎ `ªe¨| wZwbB GKgvÎ Pig I cig
mZ¨| Zuvi evB‡i †Kvb mËvi ¯Zš¿ Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB, Ck¦iB me, meB Ck¦i| G Kvi‡Y
w¯ú‡bvRvi G gZev`‡K m‡e©k¦iev` (Pantheism) ejv nq| G Ck¦i‡K GKgvÎ aviYvi
gva¨‡gB Rvbv hvq, Bw›`ª‡qi gva¨‡g bq|
Gm Gm GBP Gj
BDwbU-9 c„ôv w 184
mgv‡jvPbv
Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev` wewfbœ gnj †_‡K Zxeªfv‡e mgv‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q :
GK. mgv‡jvPK‡`i g‡Z, Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev` GK ai‡bi Pig gZev`| Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev`xiv
HK¨ I A‰bK¨, GKZ¡ I eûZ¡ †h ci¯úimv‡cÿ, G‡`i GKUv‡K ev` w`‡j †h AciwU
A_©nxb n‡q c‡o GK_v Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|
`yB. Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev` mv`v-Kv‡jv, ïf-Aïf, mZ¨-wg_¨v I Av‡jv-Avav‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
†`Lv‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q| G gZev` hveZxq †f`v‡f` A¯xKvi K‡i e‡m‡Q| G‡Z K‡i
Avgv‡`i ˆbwZK Rxeb evavMÖ ’ nq, Kg©-Rxe‡b Avgv‡`i `vwqZ¡‡eva A¯xK…Z n‡q c‡o|
wZb. Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev` a‡g©i cÖfv‡e cÖfvweZ| ZvB `vk©wbK wePv‡i G gZev` KZUzKz
hyw³wbf©i Zv Aek¨B g~j¨vq‡bi A‡cÿv iv‡L|
Pvi. Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev`xiv AwfÁZvi RMZ‡K AjxK I wg_¨v e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i _v‡Kb|
wKšÍz †PvL Lyj‡jB Avgiv †h RMr †`wL Ges †h RM‡Z wePiY Kwi Zv‡K Avgiv A¯xKvi
Kwi wKfv‡e?
g~Z© GKZ¡ev` (Concrete Monism)
ivgvby‡Ri g~Z© GKZ¡ev` : fviZxq `vk©wbK ivgvbyR I cvðvZ¨ `vk©wbK †n‡Mj g~Z©
GKZ¡ev‡`i †bZ…¯’vbxq cÖwZwbwa| ZvQvov Rb †KqvW© I †hvwmqv i‡qm cÖgyL fveev`x
`vk©wbKivI G gZev‡`i mg_©K| ivgvby‡Ri g‡Z, eªþ n‡”Q GK Avw` I m¸Y mËv|
wZwb wb¸©Y bb| wZwb A‡bK ¸‡Yi AwaKvix| mr, wPr I Avb›` n‡”Q eª‡þi wZbwU cÖavb
¸Y| eªþ mZ¨ e‡j Zuvi m„wó RMZI mZ¨| wZwb RM‡Zi m„wóKZ©v I wbqš¿K|
‡n‡M‡ji g~Z© GKZ¡ev` : †n‡M‡ji g‡Z, G c`vw_©K RMr (physical world) AjxK ev
KíbvcÖm~Z bq| G RMr Ab‡cÿ cig mËviB GK cwic~Y© cÖKvk| wZwb m¤ú~Y© GKK
mËv| GB ˆewPΨc~Y© RM‡Zi ga¨ w`‡qB Anin wZwb wb‡R‡K cÖKvk K‡i P‡j‡Qb|
cigmËv I Zvi m„wóRMr ci¯úimv‡cÿ| cig mËv e¨wZZ cvw_©e RMr †hgb A_©nxb,
†Zgwb cvw_©e RMr e¨wZZ cig mËvI A_©nxb| GKK Qvov †hgb ˆewPΨ A_©nxb †Zgwb
ˆewPΨ QvovI GKK A_©nxb| ˆewP‡Î¨i gva¨‡gB Avgiv GK‡Ki ¯iƒc I Zvrch©‡K
cwic~Y©fv‡e Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvwi| HK¨ I ˆewPΨ, GKK I AbšÍ Avm‡j cig mËviB
`ywU Awe‡”Q`¨ w`KgvÎ|
†n‡Mj cig mËv‡K cig mZ¨ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib| G cig mËvB we‡f‡`i g‡a¨ HK¨,
ˆewP‡Î¨i g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ Ges Ab‡šÍi g‡a¨ GKK mËv wn‡m‡e m`v weivwRZ| wZwb
RM‡Zi g‡a¨ Ges evB‡i me©ÎB cwie¨vß| Avi G Kvi‡YB G gZev` me©a‡ik¦iev`
(Panetheism) bv‡g mgwaK cwiwPZ| w¯ú‡bvRvi m‡e©k¦iev‡`i mv‡_ G gZev‡`i cÖavb
cv_©K¨ n‡jv GB †h, w¯ú‡bvRv †hLv‡b cig mËv‡K m¤ú~Y© Ag~Z© Ges eûZ¡ I RvMwZK
ˆewP‡Î¨i m¤úK©ewR©Z e‡j g‡b K‡ib; †n‡Mj †mLv‡b cig mËv‡K m¤ú~Y© g~Z© Ges eûZ¡
I RvMwZK e¯Ízi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ e‡j g‡b K‡ib| w¯ú‡bvRvi g‡Z G RMr m¤ú~Y© wg_¨v,
wKšÍz †n‡M‡ji g‡Z RMr mZ¨|
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 185
mgv‡jvPbv
cig mËvi ¯iƒc msµvšÍ gZev` wn‡m‡e A‡b‡KB g~Z© GKZ¡ev`‡K GKwU MÖnY‡hvM¨
gZev` e‡j g‡b K‡ib| G gZev` RM‡Zi HK¨ ¯xKvi K‡i wb‡qI gvby‡li ¯vaxbZv I
K…ZK‡g©i `vwqZ¡‡K A¯xKvi K‡i bv| ZvB ˆbwZK I ag©xq Rxe‡bi `vwe‡Z G gZ
mg_©b‡hvM¨| G gZev‡`i Dci wfwË K‡iB G‡Kk¦iev` (Monotheism) Gi D™¢e
n‡q‡Q| g~Z© GKZ¡ev‡`i b¨vq G‡Kk¦iev` eû Ck¦iev` I Øxk¦iev‡`i †`vl-ÎæwU‡K `~i
K‡i gvbe g‡b GK Amxg, AbšÍ, cwic~Y© Ck¦‡ii aviYvi Rb¥ w`‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q|
Gm Gm GBP Gj
BDwbU-9 c„ôv w 186
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| GKZ¡ev` Kv‡K e‡j? GKZ¡ev` e¨vL¨v I g~j¨vqb Kiæb|
2| g~Z© GKZ¡ev` I Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiæb|
3| ÒeûZ¡ev` I ˆØZev‡`i AmviZv †_‡K GKZ¡ev‡`i D™¢eÓÑ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
mswÿß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1| ksK‡ii Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev` eY©bv Kiæb|
2| w¯ú‡bvRvi m‡e©k¦iev` e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3| g~Z© GKZ¡ev` e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4| Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev` e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
5| †n‡M‡ji me©a‡ik¦iev` e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
‰be© w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DËi w`b|
1| GKZ¡ev‡`i g‡Z RM‡Zi Avw` Dcv`vb
(A) `yB (Av) eû
(B) GK (C) AmsL¨
2| Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev‡`i cÖavb fviZxq cÖwZwbwa n‡jb
(A) ivgvbyR (Av) ksKi
(B) w¯ú‡bvRv (C) †KD bq
3| cvðvZ¨ RM‡Z Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev‡`i mg_©K
(A) w¯ú‡bvRv (Av) †n‡Mj
(B) wnDg (C) †cø‡Uv
4| †n‡M‡ji gZev`‡K ejv nq
(A) Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev` (Av) ˆØZev`
(B) eûZ¡ev` (C) g~Z© GKZ¡ev`
5| †n‡M‡ji gZev‡`i bvg
(A) m‡e©k¦iev` (Av) G‡Kk¦iev`
(B) me©a‡ik¦iev` (C) eûZ¡ev`
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 187
mZ¨ n‡j m, wg_¨v n‡j Ôwg' wjLyb|
1| †h gZev` cig mËv‡K GK ev A‰ØZ e‡j g‡b K‡i Zv‡K GKZ¡ev` ejv
nq|
2| eûZ¡ev` HK¨c~Y© RM‡Zi e¨vL¨v wn‡m‡e mv_©K gZev`|
3| ksK‡ii g‡Z, eû‡Z¡i aviYv m¤ú~Y© AjxK|
4| Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev` a‡g©i cÖfv‡e cÖfvweZ|
5| w¯ú‡bvRv I †n‡M‡ji cig mËvi aviYvi g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB|
mwVK DËi
1| (B) GK 2| (Av) ksKi 3| (A) w¯ú‡bvRv
4| (C) g~Z© GKZ¡ev` 5| (B) me©a‡ik¦iev`
1| m 2| wg 3| m 4| m 5| wg
Gm Gm GBP Gj
BDwbU-9 c„ôv w 188
mnvqK MÖš’ (Reference Books)
GB eBwU wb‡Pi eB¸‡jvmn wewfbœ eB‡qi mnvqZvq iwPZ n‡q‡Q| weavq, cv‡Vi
mnvqK MÖš’ wn‡m‡e wb¤œwjwLZ eB¸‡jv co‡Z cv‡ib, hv cvV †evSvi Rb¨
Avcbv‡`i mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| ZvQvov, eB¸‡jv cv‡V Avcbviv ÁvbZË¡ I Awawe`¨v
m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Ávb jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
1. Dancy and Sosa (ed.), A Communication of Epistemology, Black-
well Publishers. 2. Keith Lehrer, Theory of Knowledge, Routledge. 3. Smith and Qaklander, Time, Change and Freedom, Routledge. 4. Robert Audi, Epistemology, Routledge. 6. Richard Taylor, Metaphysics, N.J.: Prentice-Hall 7. A.E. Taylor, Elements of Metaphysics, London: Methuen and Co. 8. bxi`ieY PµeZx©, `k©‡bi f‚wgKv, G gyLvRx© G¨vÛ †Kvs cÖvt wjt, KjKvZv|
9. gynv¤§` Ave`yj evix, `k©‡bi K_v, nvmvb eyK nvDR, XvKv|
10. cÖ‡gv`eÜz †mb¸ß, cvðvZ¨ `k©b, e¨vbvRx© cvewjkvm©, KjKvZv|