Organized by
Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González
Internet: www.exceed.tu-braunschweig.de
E-mail: [email protected]
Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar)
Prof. Ernesto A. Urquieta-González
Department of Chemical Engineering
C. Postal 676 – CEP: 13565-905
São Carlos – SP - Brazil
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel.: +55(16)3351-8264
Technical University of Braunschweig
Prof. Dr. Andreas Haarstrick
Scientific Coordinator
Excellence Center for Development Cooperation
Sustainable Water Management
Beethovenstraβe 51a
D-38206 Braunschweig
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel.: +49 531 391-3935
Table of Contents
Water repellency and changes in soil physical properties induced by long-term irrigation with
treated and untreated sewage effluents in Ado Ekiti, southwest Nigeria
AWE, Gabriel Oladele ................................................................................................................ 1
Inventory and statement of wastewater treatment in Burkina Faso in 2012, collect system,
treatment method, repartition within the country, actors and programme
COMPAORE, Wendkuuni Florentin .......................................................................................... 2
Waste Water Treatment and sanitation situation in Kathmandu, Nepal
KHATIWADA, Medha and SHRESTHA, Sailesh .................................................................... 3
Application of 2-methoxy-phenyl-calax[4]resorcinarene triphenylphosphonium chloride
immobilized on alginate to remove hexavalent chromium
MARDJAN, Muhammad Idham Darussalam, JUMINA, PURWONO, Bambang,
SISWANTA, DWI, MIHARA, Yoshihiro, TANAKA, Shunitz and YAMIN, Bohari
Mohammad ................................................................................................................................. 4
Corporate social responsability, water consumption and management issue: responsiveness of
hoteliers in Aqaba special economic zone, Jordan
AL MAHASNEH, Mohammad Fadel Salman ........................................................................... 5
Evaluation of the use of wastewater for sorghum forage production under greenhouse
conditions
ALULAYYAN Bani Ata, Ahmad .............................................................................................. 6
Environmental Engineer
AYYASH, Rula .......................................................................................................................... 7
Indicators as a tool for sludge management in WTP: subwatershed Piracicaba in Brazil
ACHON, Cali Laguna ................................................................................................................ 8
Chemometric and quantitative analysis by 1H NMR and non-targeted analysis by HPLC-UV-
SPE-NMR of organic compounds in urban wastewater
ALVES FILHO, Elenilson de Godoy ......................................................................................... 9
A liquid chromatography ion trap tandem mass spectrometry method for analysis of proton
pump inhibitors in estuarine and wastewaters
BARREIRO, Juliana Cristina, VANZOLINI, Kênia Lourenço, MADUREIRA, Tânia Vieira,
TIRITAN, Maria Elizabeth, CASS, Quezia Bezerra ................................................................ 10
Industrial wastewater treatment linked to biofuel production
BRAGA, Gabriel Bastos .......................................................................................................... 11
Evaluation of removal efficiency of emerging contaminants by the wastewater treatment plant
of São Carlos
CAMPANHA, Mariele Barboni, FADINI, Pedro Sérgio, MOZETO, Antonio Aparecido ..... 12
Phosphorous retention efficiency in constructed wetlands with Typha sp. and its relation with
vegetal transpiration
CAMPOS, Julyenne Meneghetti, TEIXEIRA FILHO, José .................................................... 13
Experimental studies and mathematic modeling of anaerobic bioreactors (UASB and EGSB)
with zeolite addition
CORREIA, Gleyce Teixeira ..................................................................................................... 14
Process integration as a way of recovering by-products and decreasing the amounts of
generated effluents
CRESTANI, Carlos Eduardo .................................................................................................... 15
Microfauna characterization of an anaerobic-aerobic combined system treating wastewater
from a hospital area and its relation to physical, chemical parameters and ecotoxicological
essays
DA SILVA, Guilherme Augusto .............................................................................................. 16
Reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation of fruit
DE SOUZA FILHO, Edécio José ............................................................................................. 17
Alternative treatment technology for rural communities: nonwoven synthetic fabrics in slow
filtration
DOS SANTOS, Flavia Ferreira de Souza ................................................................................ 18
Environmental management in wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) through ISO 14001: the
case of WTP of São Carlos City, São Paulo State
FAJARDO, Poliana Arruda ...................................................................................................... 19
Biological nutrient removal process preceded by UASB reactors at Gama WWTP
FELIZATTO, Mauro Roberto .................................................................................................. 20
San Juan province – laws of effluent inconsistency pf official data published
MARATTA, Ariel, VILLAFAÑE, Gastón, AUGUSTO, Miriam, DELIA, Pappano.............. 20
Thick TiO2 films for photocatalysis
MORALES MEJÍA, Julio César, ALMANZA, M. S. Rafael .................................................. 22
Heavy metals removal with adsorbents obtained from regional industry waste
NAVAS, Cintia, SARDELLA Fabiana, DEIANA, Cristina, GUIMÉNEZ, Marianela, SILVA,
Hugo, GARNADOS, Dolly, RUIZ, Virginia ........................................................................... 23
Quality of an urban stream used for drinking water supply
NIÑO, Leidy R., FADINI, Pedro S., MOZETO, Antonio A. .................................................. 24
Electroflotation on water and wastewater treatment
LÓPEZ OLIVARES, Leslie ..................................................................................................... 25
Development of strategies for phosphorus sources quantification and impacts minimization in
a reservoir eutrophicated by raw sewage discharges
PANTANO, Glaucia, MOZETO, Antonio Aparecido, FADINI, Pedro Sergio ....................... 26
Microbiological pretreatment of tequila vinasses applied to a pilot scale anaerobic fixed bed
reactor
GUERRA RENTERIA, Aracely Suggey ................................................................................. 27
Cu, Fe and Co oxides supported during the sol-gel synthesis of TiO2 -A proposal to be used in
the catalytic degradation of organic water contaminants
SIERRA-PEREIRA, Cristiane Alves, URQUIETA-GONZÁLEZ, Ernesto A. ....................... 28
Microbial dynamics during temperature phased anaerobic digestion to produce Class A
biosolids
DE LOS COBOS VASCONCELOS, Daniel ........................................................................... 29
Overview of the antibiotic degradation in the waste water treatment
VÉLEZ, Ana María .................................................................................................................. 30
Simultaneous removal of organic matter and nitrogen from pet food wastewater in an
intermittently aerated fixed-bed reactor
WOSIACK, P. A1., BARANA, A. C., LOPES, D. D., DAMIANOVIC, M. H. R. Z. ............. 31
1
AWE, Gabriel Oladele
Water repellency and changes in soil physical properties induced by long-term
irrigation with treated and untreated sewage effluents in Ado Ekiti, southwest Nigeria
Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ekiti
State University, PMB 5363, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria.
Irrigation with treated and untreated wastewater effluents can mitigate the utilization of
depleting natural water resources. However, applying effluents to arable lands also involves
certain environmental problems and long-term sustainability issues. Effluents with varied
contents of electrolytes, dissolved organic matter, suspended solids and others can adversely
affect soil physical and hydraulic properties such as decreased hydraulic conductivity and
infiltration rates, reduced root growth and yield by water repellency phenomenon.
Bioavailability and accumulation of toxic elements in plant tissues are also health concern. In
Ado Ekiti, southwest Nigeria, small- medium- and large-scale irrigation projects use both
treated and untreated wastewater effluents without recourse to the environment. The study
commenced in late 2010 on long-term effluent-irrigated vegetable gardens in Ado Ekiti,
southwestern Nigeria to examine: (i) temporal and spatial changes in soil physical, chemical
and biological properties in wastewater irrigated fields (ii) degree of occurrence of soil water
repellency, (iii) the distribution of water in the profiles of repellency-affected soils, (iv) the
recurrence of repellency in the upper soil surface layer following the rainy season, (v)
bioavailability and accumulation of toxic elements by crops at harvest using vegetable crops
such as okra, amaranth, tomatoes, corn, celosia, lettuce and cabbage. Sampling will take place
during two seasons: the irrigation season, December to March and rainy season, April to
November. Small core samplers of known volume will be used to collect undisturbed soil
samples from the surface soil, 0-5 cm depth in predetermined transects for the determination
of soil water repellency while profiles, up to 50 cm, will be used to evaluate water repellency
influence on other soil physical properties. Water repellency will be quantified using the
water drop penetration time (WDPT) test. Disturbed samples will be collected for analysis of
SAR, electrical conductivity, and organic matter content using standard techniques. Water
samples from surface streams and rivers, wells and boreholes as well as treated and untreated
sewage effluents will be collected and analyzed for physico-chemical and biological
parameters. Roots, stems, fruits and leaves from each crop will be sampled and analyzed for
bioavailability and accumulation of toxic metals using standard techniques. All values
obtained will be compared with set limits based on international standards. It is expected that
the study will generate a data base for policy and decision making on wastewater generation,
treatment, use and reuse for sustainable wastewater irrigation management and environmental
protection.
2
COMPAORE, Wendkuuni Florentin
Inventory and statement of wastewater treatment in Burkina Faso in 2012, collect
system, treatment method, repartition within the country, actors and programme
National Public Health Laboratory09 BOX 0924 Ouagadougou
Laboratoire de Biochimie Alimentaire, Enzymologie, Biotechnologie Industrielle Bio-
informatique - Unité de Formation et Recherche en /Science de la Vie et de la Terre
Université de Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
Developing country have set an agenda for an economical and social development that will
bring them to emerging countries by 2015 for some and beyond for others. This fast growing
is follow by a fast rising of waste generation. Burkina Faso, a sub-Saharan developing country
faces nowadays crucial lack of infrastructure of sanitation within it territory and especially in
big cities like Ouagadougou the capital city and Bobo Dioulasso the economical city. This
lack leads to damage of the environment of living, jeopardizes health, work and threats a
balanced sustainable economical development of the country. Aware of that, a study have
been undertaken to draw up an inventory and statement of the wastewater management
system in the country in objectives to highlight the shortfall and draw up a planning for the
future. The method used has consisted of inventories, interviews, and on site visits. The study
reveals that management system exists only in three big cities. Ouagadougou, the capital with
154 km of gutter, 25 km of open and 30 km of collectors. The second city Bobo Dioulasso has
183 km of gutter, 28.3 km of collector. The third city Ouahigouya has 15 km of gutter and 2.8
km of collectors. The country has a capacity of wastewater treatment of 11 248 m3 per day
located in the two main cities. The technique use for the treatment consist of two to three
stages stabilization ponds using micro and macro-organisms. The study revealed manual
sewage operation without any protection mainly in suburbs. Mechanical sewage operations
have been noticed officially since 2007. The sewage sludge treatment capacity of
Ouagadougou is 125 m3 and is planned to be extended to 250 m
3 by 2020. However, sludge is
poured in the environment without any control and any treatment threaten the health of
population living in the nearby. In addition, many programmes have been put in place to fill
the gap in wastewater management. Huge investment need to be done in wastewater
management in Burkina Faso starting by construction of a suitable and reliable collectors
system and building of adapted capacity plants within the country with emphasis on big cities.
Approved method and high qualified personal exist in the country capable to take up the
challenges. Universities, public institutes and high school are involved in waste management
issue and adequate databases exist on the topic. Institutional, policy, planning and training
axes have already been set and need to put in practice.
3
KHATIWADA, Medha and SHRESTHA, Sailesh
Waste Water Treatment and sanitation situation in Kathmandu, Nepal
Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Nepal (28º 00’N; 84º 38’E) is a small landlocked country with a total area of 147,181 km2and
varies between an altitude of 60 and 8,850 m. Nepalis bestowed with water resources where
approximately6,000 rivers and rivulets flow with a total drainage area of 194,471 km2 .When
it comes to basic sanitation, Nepal lags behind all the other nations of South Asia as well as
most other developing countries and only 43% of the population has accessed to improved
sanitation. In urban areas like Kathmandu Valley the lack of basic sanitation has been
devastating to the quality of local streams and rivers, namely the Bagmati and Bishnumati
Rivers. Methods of sanitation lacking in much of Kathmandu include adequate wastewater
collection and treatment, toilet facilities and solid waste collection and disposal. The capital
city of Kathmandu is estimated to produce150 tons of waste daily and almost half of this is
dumped into rivers and 80 percent of the wastewater is generated by households. In addition,
due to the increasing population and establishments, surface water sources alone has become
inadequate to service everyone. Agricultural runoff and industrial discharge without
pretreatment contribute to the detrimental effects on water quality, not to mention public and
environmental health. Surface water pollution is one of the serious environmental problems in
urban centers in Nepal due to the discharge of untreated wastewater into the river-system
turning them into open sewers. Wastewater treatment plants are almost non-existing in the
country except for a few in the Kathmandu Valley and even these are not functioning well. As
a result, wastewater treatment is often abandoned — only 5 percent of sewage is treated in
Nepal and the situation is equally dismal throughout South Asia. Kathmandu Valley currently
has five municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP): an activated sludge plant at
Guheshwori, non-aerated lagoons at Kodku and Dhobighat, and aerated lagoons at Sallaghari
and Hanumanghat. But there is currently only one fully operational central wastewater
treatment plant in Kathmandu at Guheshwori. Due to lack of strong legislation and guidelines
to control untreated wastewaters and industrial effluents, surface and groundwater sources
have been deteriorated seriously in Kathmandu Valley. It was estimated that
approximately176 m3/d of wastewater is generated from Kathmandu (with population
approximately 2.2 million), however, the treatment efficiency of the existing treatment plants
are just 37 m3/d. Lack of financial capability, poor operation and maintenance, and lack of
expertise are some of the important reasons for the failure of centralized wastewater treatment
plants in Kathmandu Valley.
4
MARDJAN, Muhammad Idham Darussalam1*
, JUMINA2, PURWONO,
Bambang2, SISWANTA, DWI
2, MIHARA, Yoshihiro
3, TANAKA, Shunitz
3
and YAMIN, Bohari Mohammad4
Application of 2-methoxy-phenyl-calax[4]resorcinarene triphenylphosphonium chloride
immobilized on alginate to remove hexavalent chromium 1Graduate School of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas
Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah
Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. 3Graduate School of Environmental and Earth Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan.
4School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
Hexavalent chromium Cr(VI), is extensively employed in the industrial processes. The use of
Cr(VI) in huge amount, consequently leads the increase of the waste produced. Method which
can be employed to remove Cr(VI) is adsorption. Adsorption offers significant advantages,
like low cost, availability, profitability, ease of operation, effectiveness and efficiency,
especially from economical and environmental points of view. Class of adsorbent which has
been developed and gained more attention is calixarene. Nevertheless, in industrial
application, the use of sorbent in the powdered form has some disadvantages such as
difficulty in separation of sorbent from the reaction system and mass loss after regeneration
due to the small particle size, which makes it difficult to use in batch and continuous system.
One effort to solve these problems is by immobilizing the sorbent onto the matrix of alginate.
In fact, immobilization can save the cost of separating the sorbent from the treated solution
which can represent up to 60% of the total cost. For practical application, the immobilized
adsorbent could be easily collected in the case of pollution by accident. Study of adsorption of
Cr(VI) on positively-charged 2-methoxyphenyl-calix[4]resorcinarene triphenylphosphonium
chloride immobilized on alginate matrix has been conducted. The performances of free (C)
and immobilized calix[4]resorcinarene (CA 1%) as well as alginate (A) were studied by
evaluating adsorption parameters including pH, kinetic and equilibrium parameters.
Adsorption of hexavalent chromium on C, A and CA 1% was optimum at pH 3 and reached
the equilibrium time at 8, 2 and 8 hours, respectively. Furthermore, the pseudo second-order
kinetic model of Ho could satisfactorily describe the adsorption process, where the
intraparticle and liquid film diffusions might govern the adsorption mechanism. Adsorption of
Cr(VI) on C and CA 1% had the capacities of 81.301 and 21.739 mg/g, while that on A had
capacity of 12.870 mg/g.
5
AL MAHASNEH, Mohammad Fadel Salman
[email protected]; [email protected]
Corporate social responsability, water consumption and management issue:
responsiveness of hoteliers in Aqaba special economic zone, Jordan
Dept of Archaeology and Tourism – Faculty of Social Science, Mutah University – P.O. Box
7, Karak-Jordan
This study attempts to address the issue of water consumption and management from the
perspective of tourism business’ responsibility. Guided by the theories od Corporate Spcoal
Responsibility (CSR), the study looks at the responsiveness of hoteliers in Aqaba Economic
Zone. Specific objectives include: 1) to determine the current status of tourism and hospitality
industry in ASEZA, and the current state of water production and consumption in ASEZA
using secondary information; and 2)) to understand hoteliers’ responsiveness through their a)
awareness and attitudes towards water consumption and management issues related to the
hospitality industry; b) existing practice (internal drives and initiatives) in water management
and consumption and c) perspectives on external drivers for water consumption and
management using empirical data. To get the information, hoteliers of all 35 hotels of various
ratings were approached and interviewed using an open ended survey instrument. The
analysis revealed that as tourism become more and more important in Jordan, so does the
growth of hotel and apartments to cater for tourists’ accomodation. This strengthens the
assumption that there is an increasing need for more water resources and water treatment
capabilities to cater for the growth. However, analysis also revealed that published data on
water needs by tourism in Jordan does not show this because it excludes water usage by other
tourism attributes such as toilets in places of attractions, restaurants and rest houses. Instead,
those attributes are considered as commercial and residential consumers of water due to
technical reasons. Thus, water demand and usage of tourism appears relatively small when in
fact, t should be more significant. Nonetheless, in light of the positive tourism growth, and the
low water availability in Jordan, the countryshould be more realistic in its water usage
estimation and prepare an economic strategy to encounter the water shortage in the future, one
of which is through CSR.
6
ALULAYYAN Bani Ata, Ahmad
[email protected] , [email protected]
Evaluation of the use of wastewater for sorghum forage production under greenhouse
conditions
Mercy Corps Jordan Amman - P.O. Box: 830684 Amman 11183, Jordan
The reuse of wastewater for irrigation in Jordan is increasingly being considered as a
technical solution to alleviate the pressure on tap water. This study aims to evaluate the
impact of using different types of wastewater at different levels of irrigation on the growth
parameters and chemical composition of sorghum plant. It also aims to evaluate the impact of
these two treatments on the chemical characteristics of irrigated soil. A pot experiment was
conducted in the green houses of JUST in 2008 using the following types of water: untreated
wastewater (WW), treated wastewater (TWW), industrial wastewater (IWW), olive mill
wastewater (OWW) and tap water. These waters were applied to soil at the following rates:
deficit irrigation )75% FC ( , intermediate irrigation (100% FC) and over irrigation (125%
FC). Macronutrients (NPK), micronutrient (Fe, Mn, Zn) and heavy metals (Pb, Cd)
distribution within the soil profile, yield components and nutrients content of sorghum plants
were measured. The results showed that wastewater type and the irrigation level affected
significantly the plant's measured yield components in the first, second and total of both cuts
(leaf length, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, total dry weight and plant height. Chemical
analysis of sorghum tissues showed that the concentration of nutrients showed variable
response to wastewater type and level of irrigation. The pH of the soil decreased by
wastewater type but not by the level of irrigation. While the EC of the soil increased
significantly in response for wastewater type as well as for the level of irrigation. The soil
chemical analyses showed that the distribution of macronutrients (NPK) was not affected by
wastewater type or level of irrigation, except the K content which affected by the level of
irrigation. Among the micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn) only Fe and Mn content increased
significantly responding to the irrigation level. While the content of Cu and Mn responded
significantly to the wastewater type. Regarding the heavy metals (Pb and Cd), results showed
that Pb has not affected by wastewater type or by level of irrigation, while the Cd content was
affected significantly by wastewater type.
7
AYYASH, Rula
Environmental Engineer
Royal Scientific Society, Al-Jubeiha, Amman, Jordan
In common with most countries in the Middle East, Jordan is experiencing a severe water
shortage, it is considered to be one of the ten poorest countries worldwide in water resources.
Factors prompting such a decrease include, aside from the most prominent one of steep
population growth, sudden influx of refugees due to political instability in the region.
Competition between demands on limited fresh water quantities is ever increasing and the
available renewable water resources are dropping drastically. In order to carefully plan for the
future, Jordan has adopted a National Water Strategy. The strategy is a comprehensive set of
guidelines employing a dual approach of demand management and supply management. It
places particular emphasis on the need for improved resource management, stressing the
sustainability of present and future uses. Government policy objectives currently include
developing and optimizing the use of available natural and agricultural resources, hence
increasing farmers' income. The total number of treatment plants is Twenty Seven, treating
about 324,000 cubic meters per day, or about 98 percent of the collected wastewater. The
Royal Scientific Society, through its Environmental Research Center, undertakes applied
research including water quality assessments (drinking water, ground water, surface
water…etc) and wastewater management (domestic, industrial and grey water). We are
currently working on many projects related to water quality monitoring, wastewater
management and bio-solids applications in agricultural fields. One of the projects that I’m
working on now is water quality monitoring and wastewater characterization for Queen Alia
International Airport; the project aims at assessing the quality of water supplied to all airport
facilities, monitoring of the characteristics of wastewater generated from the Wastewater
Treatment Plant located inside the airport zone in addition to measuring the efficiency of the
treatment plant, determination of the characteristics of industrial wastewater generated from
different departments; water generated after maintenance and cleansing of aircrafts, water
assembled from airport staff buildings (these buildings contains kitchens, laundries…etc).
Finally the project also focuses on the bio-solid generated after treatment of wastewater and
whether it can be used for agricultural aids or not.Besides that we’re about to start now a
project that is focused on studying the treatment technologies adopted by selected domestic
wastewater treatment that will help in providing better options f treatment technologies that
would enhance the characteristics of wastewater and bio-solids generated. All of our projects
include field work (collection of samples), complete analysis (at our Environmental
Laboratories) and paper work (development of the final report).
8
ACHON, Cali Laguna
Indicators as a tool for sludge management in WTP: subwatershed Piracicaba in Brazil
Civil Engineer. PhD in Hydraulic and Sanitation Engineering EESC/USP. Post-Doctoral
Student at Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar). Rua das Pitangas, 177 – Residencial
Ipê. Bairro Mariluz III. São Pedro-SP, CEP:13520-000, Brazil.
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WTPs) are crucial for maintaining the health of the population,
and also the aspects of economic, environmental and social sustainability. However, the
population growth and the increasing use of water for the industrial and agricultural sectors,
as well as for water supply, causes negative changes in the characteristics of the available
water sources due to the deforestation in their surroundings, inadequate disposal of liquid and
solid residues, pesticides in soil, among other procedures. The main function of the WTPs is
to remove unwanted particles that may be present in wastewater, producing waste such as
sewage sludge. This research aims to analyze the management of waste generated in WTPs in
the region encompassing the Piracicaba Subwatershed, located in the State of Sao Paulo,
Brazil. Develop and apply indicators, as recommended by ISO 24511:2007, to evaluate and
does support for future programs of sludge management. Thus, was developed 17 general
indicators and 15 individual indicators to evaluate the management of sludge in WTPs in this
Subwatershed. The Piracicaba Subwatershed has 3,700 square kilometers and encompasses 15
citys, of which 4 have no ETE. Currently there are 32 WTPs in operation, of which 40% are
ponds, 28% are activated sludge, 16% are UASB and 16% are biological filter. Preliminary
results from the application of indicators showed that 8% of WTPs assessing the amount of
sludge generated and 58% assess the quality, just to check the possibility of final disposal in
landfill (NBR 10.004:2004). It was found that the sludge is not recycled or reused, in 56% of
WTPs the sludge disposal on landfill after dewatering in the mechanical system (centrifugal),
25% of WTPs are never removed the sludge and 19% did not respond. It is noteworthy that,
34% of WTPs have dewatering systems; and 22% of WTPs forward the sludge for dewatering
at another plant. It concludes that the vast majority of WTPs does not assess the amount of
sludge generated and more than half does some evaluation of quality, making difficult to
managing this residue. The dewatering is carried out in mechanical systems and the final
destination is always the same, the landfill.
9
ALVES FILHO, Elenilson de Godoy
Chemometric and quantitative analysis by 1H NMR and non-targeted analysis by
HPLC-UV-SPE-NMR of organic compounds in urban wastewater
Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos (SP), Brazil
Water after uses in production processes and population supply may return inappropriately
carrying harmful substances to the environment. Thereby, it is essential to monitor the levels
of residual organic contaminants in the Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) and natural water.
The aim of this work is to employ chemometric (PCA) and quantitative analysis combined
with 1H NMR of domestic sewage (treated and untreated) in order to identify chemical
compounds variation and factors that affect the wastewater composition according to
discharge. In PCA analysis there was separation between the untreated and treated sewage
samples as expected. The untreated wastewater showed seasonal influence and lower
concentrations of organic compounds were found in winter period (probable due to the less
microbial activity) and a stormwater influence. Thus, examination of PC1, PC2, PC5 and PC6
suggested that separations occurred due to spectral position at δ 2.73 (dimethylamine), δ 3.28
(trimethylamine oxide), δ 1.94 (acetate) δ 2.18-2.22 (propionate) and δ 3.82-3.90 and 5.42
(sucrose) and anomalous discharge with high pollution load from δ 5.08 (urea). Composition
of treated wastewater presented mainly variation from dimethylamine concentration and two
samples grouping in untreated wastewater, showing inefficiency of treatment in these days. In
addition, HPLC-UV-SPE-NMR analyses of non-targeted compounds performed on treated
wastewater provided complementary and correlated information about the chemical
transformations of organic matter upon anaerobic biological treatment. The analysis resulted
in the identification of contaminants originating from the cleaning products (four homologues
of linear alkylbenzenesulfonates) and residues from industrial production (phthalate).
Therefore, these studies showed that NMR spectroscopy can be used as a guiding factor for
determining treatment parameters to safe disposal and predictor of industrial discharge.
10
BARREIRO, Juliana Cristina1, VANZOLINI, Kênia Lourenço
1,
MADUREIRA, Tânia Vieira2, TIRITAN, Maria Elizabeth
3,4, CASS, Quezia
Bezerra1
A liquid chromatography ion trap tandem mass spectrometry method for analysis of
proton pump inhibitors in estuarine and wastewaters
1Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil;
2Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Porto University, Portugal;
3Health Sciences Research Center of the Superior Institute Health Sciences–North, Gandra,
Paredes, Portugal 4Medicinal Chemistry Centre (CEQUIMED-UP), Porto University, Portugal.
The presence and fate of pharmaceutical active compounds in aquatic environments, has
calling attention to the chiral pharmaceuticals which can undergo different biotic and abiotic
fates changing the enantiomeric ratio. One of the most common problems in extracting
organic compounds from complex matrices, such as wastewaters, is the large amount of
natural organic matter (humic substances) that can reduce extraction efficiencies and cause
signal enhancement, or suppression, affecting the precision and accuracy of the method. This
work reports a method for quantification of the proton pump inhibitors (PPI’s) - omeprazole
(OME), pantoprazole (PAN) and lanzoprazole (LAN) by direct injection of a 1000μL of
natural wastewater using achiral-chiral column-switching coupled to ion trap mass
spectrometer. These compounds are widely used in a racemic mixture form to inhibit gastric
acid secretion. In the aquatic environment the PPI’s can be transported and distributed
undergo biotic and abiotic processes altering its enantiomeric ratio. The chromatography
system was configured having a restrict access media - bovine serum albumin column (RAM-
BSA C8) in the first dimension, for the size-exclusion of high-molar-mass matrix components
and the simultaneous enrichment of the enantiomers, coupled to an analytical chiral tris-3,5-
dimethylphenylcarbamate of amylose column (for OME) or tris-3,5-
dimethoxiphenylcarbamate of amylase (for PAN and LAN) in the second dimension. Both
columns were prepared on the laboratory. The PPI’s enantiomers were analyzed in positive
ion mode (ESI+), while selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode was carried out for the
acquisition. The matrix effect was investigated in the samples by post-column infusion
experiment. No significant effect was found for the compounds signal. Thus, an effective
sample treatment was obtained improving the detectability of the enantiomers and decreasing
the matrix effects usually found in aquatic environmental analysis by MS/MS. The methods
were applied for wastewater samples collected in the urban area of São Carlos city, SP,
Brazil, and estuarine water collected at the Douro river, Porto, Portugal. Only the OME
enantiomers were detected in the sewage-treatment plant of São Carlos city at level below the
limit of quantification.
11
BRAGA, Gabriel Bastos
Industrial wastewater treatment linked to biofuel production
Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Center of Exact Sciences and
Technology, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande-MS, 79070-900, Brazil.
Brazil, a country of continental dimensions, generates large amounts of wastewater from
different sources, of which a major part doesn’t receive the necessary treatment. Especially
tertiary treatment systems, that remove nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, are still
deficient, mainly because of a lack of investments and technology. In the Brazilian state of
Mato Grosso do Sul, the ethanol production is booming, with a large number of ethanol
distilleries already in operation and many more expected to start operation in the next 5 years.
These distilleries produce, apart from fuel ethanol, large amounts of CO2, and a wastewater
(vinasse), rich in organic matters, as well as in micro- and macronutrients. Nowadays this
effluent is used to irrigate the sugarcane fields, nevertheless a part is lost with rainwater
runoff and reaches surface water bodies, thus contributing to the eutrophization process. This
research proposes an alternative treatment which can also lead to the production of biofuels.
The scheme consists at first of an anaerobic treatment process (UASB reactor), with the
objective of removing organic matter and producing biogas, than a postreatment in a
photobioreactor, which uses the nutrients not removed by the anaerobic process as essential
part of the culture medium for cultivateing microalgae. These microalgae are unicellular
autotrophs and photosynthetic organisms that, in order to grow, need sunlight, CO2 and most
of all a source of nitrogen (NH4+ or NO3
-) and phosphorous (PO4
3-). Under the right
conditions they are able to accumulate lipids that by a process of extraction and
transesterification can be converted in biodiesel. The photobioreactor will use the CO2
produced by the fermentation taking place at the distilleries, collaborating in reducing current
environmental problems like global warming, apart from providing an appropriate treatment
technology and a renewable source of fuel. Future experiments will investigate, apart from
biodiesel production, the possibility to recirculate the spent cultivation medium to the
anaerobic digester treating vinasse, as the sharp increase in pH caused by the algae can help
reduce the acidification problems as experienced in vinasse digestion.
12
CAMPANHA, Mariele Barboni, FADINI, Pedro Sérgio, MOZETO,
Antonio Aparecido
Evaluation of removal efficiency of emerging contaminants by the wastewater treatment
plant of São Carlos
Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos – Rod. Washington Luiz km
235, 13565-905 São Carlos - SP, Brasil
Several chemicals such as drugs of human and veterinary use, hormones and personal care
products have been classified as emerging contaminants, and some of them present action as
endocrine disruptors. These contaminants originate mainly in the sewage due to their
ingestion and subsequent excretion. However such contaminants are not sufficiently removed
from the effluent by conventional methods of treatment (Petrovic et al. 2003). As a
consequence, they reach surface waters, exposing the biota to risks little known. Additionally,
the population may be exposed to these contaminants in case of water supplying downstream
of a release of effluents. The Monjolinho river, located in the city of São Carlos, is one of the
major rivers of the sub-basin of the Jacaré-Guaçú river, which, in turn, flows into the Tietê
river. The Monjolinho river has been, for many years, impacted by the release of domestic
and industrial effluents, and studies have confirmed the presence of emerging contaminants in
this water body (Reis-Filho, 2008). In this context, the recently deployed sewage treatment
plant (WWTP) of São Carlos, whose treatment is based on conventional treatment, is a
potential source of these contaminants to the Monjolinho river. Thus, the objective of this
study is to evaluate the removal efficiency of emerging contaminants in the WWTP of São
Carlos. Weekly samplings of composite samples (24 h) of effluent and affluent will be
performed in period of two years. At the end of each month, equal aliquots of the weekly
samples will be mixed, to give a representative sample of the month. With these samples, it
will be made solid phase extraction (SPE) employing cartridges (OASIS HLB 6cc, 200 mg,
Waters Corporation, Milford, MA). The emerging contaminants determination will be
performed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-
MS/MS, Waters TQD). The evaluation of emerging contaminant removal of sewage in the
WWTP of São Carlos will allow elucidating the efficiency of the treatment process employed.
Hence, it will give light to the possibility of water reuse and also enable to estimate the
contribution of the WWTP effluent to the load of emerging contaminants in the Monjolinho
river.
13
CAMPOS, Julyenne Meneghetti, TEIXEIRA FILHO, José
Phosphorous retention efficiency in constructed wetlands with Typha sp. and its relation
with vegetal transpiration
College of Agricultural Engineering, Water and Soil department. Address: Av. Candido
Rondon, 501, Barão Geraldo - Campinas/SP. Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz CEP 13083-
875. Caixa Postal 6166.
The current project’s objective is to relate leaf transpiration, measured by a porometer, with
phosphorous retention in a constructed wetland with the aquatic macrophyte Typha sp. A pilot
system of the constructed wetland sewer treatment will be implanted in the College of
Agricultural Engineering’s experimental field – FEAGRI/UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
The experiment will accomplish secondary treatment of domestic and sanitary waste, and
residual water from FEAGRI/UNICAMP facilities; the sewage will pass through pre-
treatment in a desanding tank, accomplishing primary treatment in a compartmentalized
anaerobic reactors (CARs) and then drained by gravity to a constructed wetland (CW). The
substrate that will be used in the constructed wetland is gravel #1, which will be set in a fiber
glass compartment with dimentions of 3,13 x 1,61 x 0,52m utilizing a subsurface water flux.
All of the sampling in this project will be done in hourly scale, from 6h00 to 18h00, daily, for
one month. The entrance and exit flow rates of the CW will be measure through direct
methods. The CW’s hydraulic retention time (HRT) will be calculated by dividing the total
daily sewer influent volume by the maximum stored volume in the CW. The total
phosphorous concentration analysis will have as reference the book “Standard Methods – for
examination of Water and Wastewater”, and the analysis method used will be 4500 – PE,
Ascorbic acid Official Method. Leaf transpiration measurement of Typha sp. will be
accomplished using a LCpro-SD porometer. 5 leaves will be chosen from different points in
the CW and their transpiration values will be integrated on a daily basis. Those values will
then be related to the CW’s overall bed efficiency by comparing the measured transpiration to
the calculated phosphorus removal (difference between inlet and outlet). With the
development of this research project, expected results include determination of total
phosphorus retention in the CW, evaluation of the CW’s removal efficiency, comparison of
effluent water quality with the CONAMA Resolution 430 Standards (BRAZIL, 2011), and the
determination of the relationship between Typha sp. transpiration and total phosphorus
retention in the CW.
14
CORREIA, Gleyce Teixeira
Experimental studies and mathematic modeling of anaerobic bioreactors (UASB and
EGSB) with zeolite addition
Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) – Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP 310 -
Jardim Guanabara - São Carlos, 13565-905, Brazil
Currently, the use of computational resources has become increasingly indispensable in
facilitating problem solving and process optimization. Biological processes mostly involve
convection-diffusion-reaction phenomena, as well as all virtually biochemical processes in
industry, which values the need for efficient simulation techniques. UASB (Upflow
Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactor consists of a bed (bottom zone), a sludge blanket (upper
part) and a phase separator. EGSB (Expanded Granular Sludge Bed) reactor emerged in order
to reduce dead zones, preferential flow and short circuits present in the UASB, through
recirculation. It is composed of an expanded bed and a separator. Zeolite is used in order to
accelerate the reactors startup and increase the efficiency of nitrogen removal. It is an
aluminosilicate hydrated alkali or alkaline earth metal, among other features, with a high
retention capacity. The main objective of this study is modeling and simulating the operation
of UASB and EGSB reactors with addition of zeolite used for degradation of synthetic swine
wastewater, besides studying the hydrodynamic behavior of the reactors, modeling the startup
and using experimental data for proposed models verification. The volume of the reactors is
3.2 L, the height of the separator is 150 mm, inner diameter and height of the tube are
respectively 80 mm and 440 mm in UASB and 50 mm and 1130 mm in EGSB. Initially,
hydrodynamic tests will be performed using different zeolite concentrations at different
hydraulic retention times (HRT). The method used will be the stimulus-response using tracer
injection blue dextran, and the reading of the data will be held in a spectrophotometer (λ =
650 nm). From concentration data over time, it will be checked which model approximates
most closely to the experimental data: dispersion of low intensity, high intensity or tanks in
series. Once the HRT and zeolite concentration that will be used in biological experiments are
chosen, the reactors will be inoculated and there will be conducted analyzes of pH,
temperature, COD (total and filtered), volume and biogas composition, alkalinity,
carbohydrates, volatile acids solids , total nitrogen, and the granules development will be
monitored by scanning microscopy. Mathematical models will be proposed for each reactor
based on mass balance of the reactors. At first, the numerical methods used to solve are the
finite difference method, in which partial differential equations are converted to a set of
ordinary differential equations by discretizing the variables, and the sequence method, which
consists in dividing reactor length in mesh (N), and it is assumed that in each mesh, the
phenomena of convection-diffusion-reaction occurs sequentially in a time interval (∆t), the
solution of each subsystem is the initial condition to the following. To solve equations and
simulations Matlab 2011 will be used.
15
CRESTANI, Carlos Eduardo
Process integration as a way of recovering by-products and decreasing the amounts of
generated effluents
Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos – Rod. Washington
Luis, km 235, Sao Carlos – SP – Brazil, CEP: 13565-905
Every chemical industrial process is characterized by the transformation of raw-materials in
products. In general, this transformation is the key element of the profit generation of an
enterprise. The selection of a new process or even the creation of alternatives for an existent
process should satisfy technic, economic and environmental viability criteria. Studies of
process integration in an industrial plant may be an economically and environmentally viable
way of reducing the amount of produced effluent by the plant. The utilization of not used by-
products in a process as raw material of another one, may be useful for both decreasing the
amount of wastewater to be treated and creating productive processes from low cost raw
materials, those are available in the plant itself. Enzymatic production of calcium gluconate is
an example in which process integration may be employed. On this process, a sucrose
aqueous solution is inverted to glucose and fructose by either acid or enzymatic way. Glucose
produced generates, by an enzymatic way, gluconic acid which generates calcium gluconate
by adding a calcium source (CaCl2 or Ca(OH)2). Calcium gluconate is separated from the
solution and there is, as by-product of this process, a diluted fructose aqueous solution with
some impurities. This solution may be concentrated in an evaporator to be used to produce
crystalline fructose by crystallization. Fructose is a widely used commodity in countries like
United States, with some advantages over other sugars, however, it is little consumed and
produced in Brazil, being, usually, imported. Due to the excessive fructose solubility in water,
fructose crystallization process is, usually, conducted with addition of ethanol as anti-solvent,
enabling technically the process. Ethanol addition generates the necessary conditions for
effective cooling crystallization, with yields higher than 70% in crystallized weight. However,
the mother-liquor, composed by water, ethanol and the not crystallized fructose is an effluent
that must be treated. This problem may be solved by process integration, incorporating a
distillation system for recovering ethanol. This process allows the generation of high purity
ethanol, because of the effects of fructose presence in distillation. Moreover, there is a
fructose aqueous solution with a small amount of ethanol as background of the distillation
column that may be recycled to beginning of the process reusing the not crystallized fructose.
Studies show that both the integration of crystalline fructose productive system and the
integration of the mother-liquor recovery system to the calcium gluconate process are
economically viable and reduce the amount of generated waste, showing the environmental
and economic importance of process integration studies.
16
DA SILVA, Guilherme Augusto
Microfauna characterization of an anaerobic-aerobic combined system treating
wastewater from a hospital area and its relation to physical, chemical parameters and
ecotoxicological essays
Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo/UNICAMP/DSA, Av. Albert
Einstein, 951, Campinas-SP/Brasil.
Currently, combined anaerobic-aerobic systems are used in several studies, sucha as biosolids
stabilization, treatment of effluents presenting high organic load, high concentration of
aromatic compounds, nutrient removal by adding organic carbon, sewage containing
formaldehyde, among others. From reported studies, each one them ends up using different
aerobic and anaerobic reactors to compose a combined system. Anaerobic processes are
advantageous because of low sludge production, low power consumption, low demanded area
and low implementation costs, while aerobic processes are advantageous as to complement
the reduction of organic load and the conversion of nitrogen compounds to its more oxidized
forms. By combining both processes, it is possible to achieve a satisfactory reduction of
organic load and total nitrogen of the effluent with a minor sludge generation, associated to a
robust system operation. The treatment of wastewater with sanitary characteristics, from a
hospital area, will be realized by a combined system constituted by an anaerobic filter
followed by a submerged aerated biofilter (SAB) and a clarifier; this design achieves a better
quality effluent. In this project, the main concern is related to nitrification and denitrification
of nitrogen compounds contained in the wastewater from hospital area. The main objective of
this study is to characterize and quantify the microfauna contained in the attached biomass in
the SAB and to determine its correlation to physico-chemical parameters for each step of the
system and toxicity in organisms of different trophic levels, suggesting an economic tool for
monitoring biofilters. The specific objectives are: (1) characterization and quantification of
microfauna found in the SAB in different sampling points, (2) toxicity determination of the
wastewater on organisms Vibrio fischeri (EC50), Daphnia similis (EC50) and Girardia
tigrina (LC50), and the system’s efficiency reducing toxicity, (3) Determination of relating
micro and major factors, responsible by system operation upon the occurrence of nitrification
and denitrification processes. According to the proposed objectives, expected results are: (a)
to define an economical tool for monitoring biofilters; correlating the microfauna to physico-
chemical parameters and ecotoxicological essays, (b) verify the distinction between organisms
in different collection points at SAB, (c) to reduce effluent toxicity levels by the combined
system in accordance with current Brazilian legislation.
17
DE SOUZA FILHO, Edécio José
Reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation of fruit
Federal University of Pernambuco, Centro de Tecnologia e Geociências – GTG Laboratório
de Saneamento Ambiental- LSA – Av. Acadêmico Hélio Ramos, s/n. CEP 50740-530 Recife –
PE Brazil
The availability of water resources for human consumption adequate both in terms of quality
and quantity is becoming increasingly scarce and has been getting worse with population
growth and economic development in modern society. This situation is shared by the state of
Pernambuco and other regions in northeastern Brazil, being exacerbated by scarce rainfall,
high evapotranspiration and the large amount of temporary rivers. Thus, the importance of
treating sewage properly before its discharge into the environment is evident in order to avoid
pollution and public health related problems, as well as to improve water resource
management. One of the main uses of freshwater in Brazil (about 70%) is in agriculture. The
search for alternative sources for this activity, as the use of treated sewage, presents a way to
minimize the problem of water resource shortages, as well as a natural form of disinfection,
since deposition in the soil reduces the pollutant load of the effluent and thereby the negative
impact on the receiving body. The objective of the present study is the application of effluent
generated in sewage wastewater treatment in the semiarid Northeast (Petrolândia PE) to
irrigate fruit crops, and to evaluate the potential environmental impact and the quality of the
irrigated crops. Two areas, each of a size of two hectares, have been selected on which a
variety of crops are grown, such as mango, watermelon, papaya, corn and acerola. Each area
is divided into eight (8) compartments and benefits eight families residing in the locality. Drip
irrigation is used and tests are performed on the watermelon crops in order to study the effect
of different amounts of fertilizer and levels of irrigation. In the first experiment four different
fertilizer concentrations are applied, corresponding to 0%, 25%, 50% and 100% of the
recommended levels. The second experiment evaluates the quantity of irrigation where
watermelons are grown with four different treatments L1, L2, L3 and L4, corresponding to
50%, 75%, 100% and 125% of the ideal irrigation slide height, respectively. The slide height
is calculated by measuring and taking into account evapotranspiration, precipitation, solar
incidence, wind and soil type. Currently the experiments using wastewater in the cultivation
of watermelons are in their final stage (harvest), and analyses of fruit and soil samples are
now being conducted with the objective of evaluating the effect of the different treatment
schemes.
18
DOS SANTOS, Flavia Ferreira de Souza
Alternative treatment technology for rural communities: nonwoven synthetic fabrics in
slow filtration
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering (FEAGRI) –UNICAMP – 501, Cândido Rondon Ave. –
Campinas-SP – Brazil – CEP: 13083-875
Due to the current water scarcity, it is necessary to invest in technologies for treatment of
wastewater. Once, the effluent with high quality can be reused for other applications. The
slow sand filtration is a treatment technology noted for being able to reduce the bacterial
count in water up to 95%. Although devised for the purification potable water, this technology
can be adapted for wastewater disinfection as a secondary or tertiary treatment. This
technology is applied to developing countries and rural communities due to simplified and
low cost construction and operation, without the need for chemicals and energy. However,
availability and cleaning of the granular medium in sand filters are limiting factors which can
become this technology relatively costly. To solve this problem some researchers
recommended the use of a nonwoven synthetic fabric layer on the top of the filter medium.
The nonwoven textiles are low cost and easy-working materials when compared with the
sand, furthermore, they are non reactive and can be used with wastewater, it has high
hydraulic conductivity, and a large surface to volume ratio for biological attachment. The
schmutzdecke, a biological layer that forms on the top of the sand, is the mainly responsible
for the efficiency of slow filters. It has been found that the nonwoven fabric, when used in the
top of filter medium, can contain the schmutzdecke. In this perspective, the present project
aims to evaluate the bacteria removal efficiency of a slow filtration unity whose medium is
totally composed by nonwoven synthetic fabrics. The purposes are evaluating the total
coliform and Escherichia coli removal, operating with low filtration rates (3 m.d-1
). The
expected results are: increase the run filtration, reduce the filter height, reduce the cost,
simplify the maintenance and maintain the treatment efficiency producing a safe effluent to
reuse.
19
FAJARDO, Poliana Arruda
Environmental management in wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) through ISO
14001: the case of WTP of São Carlos City, São Paulo State
Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil
Earlier this century, one of the most discussed topics and that has created major concerns is
the issue of water. There are many questions not only about the availability of this essential
resource to life for a world population that grows every day, but also about environmental,
social and economic damages that the inadequate destiny of this water after its use - meaning,
domestic and industrial wastewater - can cause. Faced with this alarming situation, it becomes
evident the need for adaptation of urban sanitation systems, ranging from the stormwater and
solid waste management, treatment and distribution of drinking water to the collection and
wastewater treatment. In Brazil, a significant portion of the cities do not have a sewage
collection, what is even worse regarding Wastewater Treatment Plants (WTP). To have a
WTP is not, however, guarantee that all environmental, social and economic problems that
refer to wastewater are solved, as these ones work as industries, requiring inputs and
generating waste during its operations. It is therefore necessary to have the appropriate
environmental management of WTPs, which can be accomplished through the NBR ISO
14001 standard, which aims to install Environmental Management Systems (EMS). The
proposed work will be dedicated, in this way, to establish a method of environmental
assessment in WTPs, using as an example of application the Wastewater Treatment Plant of
São Carlos City, São Paulo State. This will be done through periodic visits to the WTP of São
Carlos city, for the knowledge of the various stages of operation and its employees’ routine.
For this proposal, employees’ testimonies will be collected through a recorder and taken
photos of WTP treatment procedures. Also, to achieve the proposals of the study, a
questionnaire based on those used in environmental audits related to NBR ISO 14001 will be
prepared, involving from senior management to operational employees, who deal directly
with the process. Thus, the proposed work could contribute to the WTP perform the necessary
adjustments to the installation procedures related to an Environmental Management System.
An EMS can bring great benefits to an industry or organization. Among these, the prevention
or minimization of negative impacts on the environment and for city's population, mainly for
those people who live around them.
20
FELIZATTO, Mauro Roberto
Biological nutrient removal process preceded by UASB reactors at Gama WWTP
Environmental Sanitation Company of the Federal District (CAESB) – Sibipiruna Avenue, 13
to 21, Águas Claras - DF- Brazil CEP: 71928-720
In Brazil, the conventional activated sludge process was first introduced by Engineer Azevedo
Netto in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, and later in the Federal District, being
adopted in the sixties at WWTPs Brasília South and North. This paper examines the
operational performance of Gama WWTP throughout five consecutive years (2007-2011) of
operation, using two methods of analysis: (i) total BOD, COD, NT, TP and TSS removals in
comparison with the references adopted by the ANA (Brazilian National Water Agency)
called the Hydrographic Basins Pollution Control, PRODES and (ii) Technology Performance
Statistics (TPS) proposed by US-EPA. The plant is located at Brasília´s western region,
managed by its Environmental Sanitation Company (CAESB) and adopts a biological nutrient
process, focused at phosphorus removal. The biological phase comprises UASB reactors
followed by a five stage PHOREDOX or modified BARDENPHO®, with extended aeration
and co-precipitation. Gama WWTP was designed to treat domestic wastewater of 182730
equivalent inhabitants with an average flow rate of 328ℓ/s. The plant is monitored twice a
week following a 24 hours composite samples routine. Chemical and physical analyses are
carried out according to APHA/AWWA/WPCF. The performance evaluation method
proposed by PRODES, compares the WWTP total removals with references values, as
follows: BOD and TSS – 90%, TP – 85%, TKN – 80%. This paper also adds in its analysis,
COD and TN, using removal rates of 90% and 80%, respectively, as reference values. US-
EPA proposed that nutrient removal plants should be evaluated through a system called TPS
(Technology Performance Statistics). This method has three levels: (i) Best performance
(Percentile 3.84), (ii) Median Performance (Percentile 50) and (iii) Reliably Achievable
Performance (Percentiles 90; 91.7 and 95), and deals with WWTP effluent concentration data.
As this paper intends to treat data by statistical methods, the results presented here are
calculated as frequencies, which are obtained by dividing the amount of total removal data
which stand above the PRODES reference values, by the total series data. Concerning organic
matter removal, the plant produced the following results: BOD – 99.33% of all results
satisfied the reference value (90%). Thinking the same way, values obtained for COD and
TSS were 96.43% and 93.73%, respectively. As for TN, 92.43% of its removal rates data
were above the 80% value (PRODES reference value). Similarly, for TP, 94.85% of the
results also satisfied the reference value, 85%. All percentiles have been calculated, but only
percentile 95, a strict enough value, will be shown here. Considering the WWTP effluent data
and taking the highest value achieved for all variables, the TPS95 values obtained were: BOD
25mg/ℓ; COD 64 mg/ℓ; TSS 26mg/ℓ; TN 13.6mg/ℓ and 1.5mg/ℓ for TP. As could be
expected, in a case of a well-designed non-conventional activated sludge reactor, both
methods show that Gama WWWT’s organic matter removal is excellent. Now, making a
comparison between these methods, TPS (US-EPA) and PRODES, it is seen that TPS allows
a wider range of survey, in a sense that it shows the WWTP performance through the years
and also depicts the variations of effluent concentrations within any period analyzed.
21
MARATTA, Ariel*, VILLAFAÑE, Gastón, AUGUSTO, Miriam, DELIA,
Pappano
San Juan province – laws of effluent inconsistency pf official data published
Instituto de Ciencias Básicas - Universidad Nacional de San Juan – Av. Libertador San
Martín 1109 (O), Argentina
In the province of San Juan, Argentina, the existing regulatory framework governing the
standards that industrial, agricultural and residential effluents must have to be dumped into
rivers, dams and duct system of an irrigation network. The difference between throwing away
and reusing is not clear in the regulations, so we might consider that there is a legal void that
establishes the minimum required conditions as well as the promotion policies for the
development of wastewater reutilization. However, there are some isolated experiences of this
activity with different degrees of consolidation, especially in agricultural activities. Generally,
pre-treated wastewater are poured into the riverbeds of rivers San Juan and Jachal, and into
the ducts of the irrigation network that supply water for the entire agricultural sector of the
province, as well as it feeds the areas of Humedal Lagunas de Guanacache, declared a Ramsar
site in 2002, which houses a large plant and animal biodiversity. Our Institute makes a
seasonal record of water quality since 2010, analyzing the unique physicochemical and
microbiological parameters that repeat in all samples in order to verify the actual data with the
official data published by the Hydraulic Department. This also determines whether the
parameter values meet the provincial regulations. The frequency of the analysis as well as the
selection of certain parameters in the official data do not show a methodology that allows to
establish an appropriate comparison, since there is no continuity or a constant parameter
selection that enables to adequately view the characteristics of the water’s body and current
and potential uses. It can be stated that the regulatory framework for the adequate control of
pollution is not taken into account because of lack of analysis of a large part of the existing
benchmarks in the legislation and the inconsistencies and incoherencies in the official data.
22
MORALES MEJÍA, Julio César, ALMANZA, M. S. Rafael
Thick TiO2 films for photocatalysis
Grupo de Energía Solar. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ingeniería,
Mecanica y Energía – Av. Universidad 3000, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
04510, Coyoacán, México D. F.
On this work we have developed several thick TiO2 films by the tip – coating
sol – gel process on flat soda – lime glasses. We have used these films to oxidize organic
pollutants on water by photocatalysis, both with solar and UVA lamp radiation (UVP 100
BSP lamp and Atlas Suntest solar simulator). The organic pollutans are methylene blue
(textile dye) and resorcinol (pharmaceutical active ingredient and reactant for several
chemical synthesis). Methylene blue colors water even at very low concentrations (at a range
of µg/L) and Resorcinol is suspected to be an endocrine disrupter and toxic to aquatic biota)
We are studying initial concentration, initial pH, film thickness (by number of applied layers),
sintering time and sintering temperature on removal efficiencies and kinetics. We are
analyzing polluted and treated water by UV-vis spectrophotometry and Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD). On the other hand, our films are being studied by UV-vis spectrophotometry,
RAMAN spectrophotometry, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD).
We have removed methylene blue as much as 98 percent for 2 reaction hours and basic pH.
Reaction kinetics has fitted Langmuir – Hinshelwood, which has been simplified to a pseudo
first order since we has used low initial concentrations. Resorcinol has been oxidized too by
photocatalysis implementing our thick films, having the best results at basic pH too and
resulting on sub-products formation (tri-hidroxy benzenes) just at the beginning of the
reaction times. These sub-products have been then oxidized, with reaction times up to 300
minutes. XRD data has showed that a mix of anatase and brookite crystalline phases are the
best for water detoxification. In our experiments, the optimal ratio of anatase to brookite
differs of the reported for Degussa P-25 nanopowders, which are the most used and efficient
commercial TiO2 catalyst available. The main goal of this research on thick TiO2 films is the
construction of a photocatalytic reactor for small applications at factories and homes.
23
NAVAS, Cintia, SARDELLA Fabiana, DEIANA, Cristina, GUIMÉNEZ,
Marianela, SILVA, Hugo, GARNADOS, Dolly, RUIZ, Virginia
Heavy metals removal with adsorbents obtained from regional industry waste
Institute of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering UNSJ- Av. Libertador San Martín
1109 (Oeste) 5400 San Juan, Argentina
The technological and industrial developments have generated the presence of pollutants in
important quantities in the water bodies. Among the most important and common pollutants
are found heavy metals, such as mercury, lead and cadmium. These elements are not
biodegradable and they should be removed from industrial effluents to avoid its accumulation
in different media and the vital organs of living beings. In the institute of Chemical
Engineering the harnessing of waste materials from regional industries is being studied in
order to prepare adsorbents that can be used to remove heavy metals from water sources and
effluents, generating in this way a relationship between agricultural and mineral exploitations,
both activities characteristics of the zone. The grape industrialization and the olive oil
production are economic important activities in the Cuyo region (a region in the west center
of the country). Among the residual materials produced by these industries are found marc
and stalks of grape, resultants of wine and musts elaboration, grape lex from the obtaining
process of grape seeds oil, and the olive alperujo, waste material from olive oil production.
These residuals were used as adsorbents precursor in this work. Mercury present in liquid
solutions was removed by biosorption, by using the materials in natural form, and by
adsorption, employing the precursor as surface-modified activated carbon. For lead and
cadmium removal it was employed the material as granular activated carbon and in briquette
form, where the raw materials were carbonized and activated subsequently. Uptake assays to
determine heavy metals were carried out in batch and column.
24
NIÑO, Leidy R., FADINI, Pedro S., MOZETO, Antonio A.
Quality of an urban stream used for drinking water supply
Laboratorio de Biogeoquímica Ambiental, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências
exatas e tecnologia-Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar) – Rodovia Washington
Luiz km 235, São Carlos-SP, Brazil
The use of urban waters for public supply has been increased, due to reduction of water
resources suitable for human consumption. These waters are exposed to point and non-point
sources of pollution, such as, atmospheric deposition, vehicle emissions and different types of
waste thrown in the urban area. During storm water events, several toxics compounds are
carried out by surface run-off, reaching finally, into urban water bodies. This research
evaluated the quality of an urban stream located at urban area of Indaiatuba-SP, Brazil, a
region with limited availability of water and therefore uses these urban waters for supply
about 40.000 habitants. There were monitored metals (Hg, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni) and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), searching environmental impact indicators on an aquatic
system. Three points of stream were monitored, close to source, close to the water abstraction
point and at the outfall from April/2010 to June/2011. Results have showing that, frequently
the sampling site close to the water treatment plant had the highest concentration of total PAH
(247.7µg kg-1
) in the sediments. This place is inserted in an urban area and shows intense
influence of the city pollution and surface runoff from the streets. The highest concentrations
of mercury in water were observed during periods when rain interrupted the drought, due to
runoff containing the material deposited for non-point sources in urban areas during the dry
season. The highest metals concentrations were observed in September/2010 and June/2011,
mainly with highest contributions were Zn and Cu. Also in September/2010 (month of the
first flux) were observed the highest concentrations of PHAs of low molecular weight,
denoting a petrogenic origin (naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, and fluorene).
These results in the first flux are due to the material deposited by non-point sources,
accumulated during the dry season. In conclusion, there is vulnerability in this type of supply
option, requiring an appropriate consideration in water management, such as interruption in
the water abstraction, especially when a strong rain falls after drought periods.
25
LÓPEZ OLIVARES, Leslie
Electroflotation on water and wastewater treatment
Department of Materials Engineering (DEMa), Mineral Biotechnology, Pontificia
Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rua Marques de São Vicente,225
Gávea 22453-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Using electricity to treat water is not a newly treatment. It was first proposed in UK in 1889.
Because of the relatively large capital investment and the expensive electricity supply,
electrochemical water or wastewater technologies did not find wide application worldwide
back in 1950, with its application on mineral beneficiation. Extensive research, however, in
the US and the former USSR during the following half century has accumulated abundant
amount of knowledge. With the ever increasing standard of drinking water supply and the
stringent environmental regulations regarding the wastewater discharge, electrochemical
technologies have regained their importance worldwide during the past two decades. There
are companies supplying facilities for metal recoveries, for treating drinking water or process
water, treating various wastewaters resulting from tannery, electroplating, diary, textile
processing, oil and oil-in-water emulsion, etc. Nowadays, electrochemical technologies have
reached such a state that they are not only comparable with other technologies in terms of cost
but also are more efficient and more compact. For some situations, electrochemical
technologies may be the indispensable step in treating wastewaters containing refractory
pollutants. Electroflotation as a particular case of the Electrochemical technology, is effective
in removing colloidal particles, oil and grease, as well as organic pollutants. It is proven to
perform better than either dissolved air flotation, sedimentation, impeller flotation (IF). The
newly developed stable and active electrodes for oxygen evolution would definitely boost the
adoption of this technology. In dissolved air flotation (DAF), the gas used for flotation is air;
while the gas used in electroflotation consists of hydrogen and oxygen produced by the
electrolysis of water. Electrolysis of water produces small gas bubbles with diameters in the
order of 100 m that are formed at the electrodes and rise as fine mist. Generation of bubbles
through electrolysis has several advantages, like purity (since the bubbles are created from
water and no actual handling or transport of the gases occurs before their use, gas in the
bubbles remains uncontaminated); process control (controlling the rate of generation is easy:
the more current applied, the more gas generated. Conversely, the less current applied, the
less gas generated), and simplicity (the resulting unit is easy to manufacture and simple in
operation). The performance of an electroflotation system is reflected by the pollutant
removal efficiency and the power and/or chemical consumptions. The pollutant removal
efficiency is largely dependent on the size of the bubbles formed. For the power consumption,
it relates to the cell design, electrode materials as well as the operating conditions such as
current density, water conductivity, etc. If the solid particles are charged, the opposite zeta-
potential for the bubbles are recommended.
26
PANTANO, Glaucia, MOZETO, Antonio Aparecido, FADINI, Pedro
Sergio
Development of strategies for phosphorus sources quantification and impacts
minimization in a reservoir eutrophicated by raw sewage discharges
Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil – Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235 -
SP-310, São Carlos-SP, Brazil, CEP: 13565-905
Rising water consumption in a context of water scarcity, makes the conservation, recovery
and reuse strategies, essentials for the economic development and maintenance of both,
human health and aquatic life. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for freshwater and marine
ecosystems, but, the excess of this nutrient, originated mostly by use of fertilizers in
agriculture and sewage discharge, is considered the major responsible by eutrophication and
degradation of aquatic environments. In addition, there is a concern about the depletion of
world reserves of phosphate rock. Chemical species of phosphorus in fertilizers are a non-
renewable resource for agricultural practices. So it is necessary to conduct studies aimed at
phosphorus recovering from wastewaters as well as from polluted water bodies. Bottom
sediments of impacted aquatic environments can accumulate significant amounts of
phosphorus. If recovery technologies are developed, it will ensure agricultural production,
food security and reduction in the environmental impacts associated with the phosphorus
mining. Others financial returns may also be obtained as reduction in logistic transportation
and pretreatment of phosphate rocks. Thus, this work aimed the characterization of internal
and external loads of nutrients from the Ibirité dam, located in the metropolitan region of Belo
Horizonte-MG. Additionally, will be developed inorganic adsorbent materials, such as a
national bentonite modified to be compared to the commercial product Phoslock™ and a
biosorbent (organic) for the adsorption and recovery of phosphorus from sediment surface of
the Ibirité dam. In laboratory studies will be developed in microcosm, using water and
sediment from the study site. In these microcosms will be evaluated transfers in the sediment-
water interface and the effect of insertion of adsorbents and biosorbents such as sawdust, that
under appropriate redox potential can lead to the formation of biofilms containing chemical
species of Fe(III), which can promotes the phosphorus retention. Subsequently, mesocosms
will be installed in the dam, with open bottom inserted into the sediment layer. The
quantification of phosphorus will use classical spectrophotometric methods and ion-exchange
chromatography.
27
GUERRA RENTERIA, Aracely Suggey
Microbiological pretreatment of tequila vinasses applied to a pilot scale anaerobic fixed
bed reactor
Universidad de Guadalajara, Boulevard General Marcelino García Barragán
1421 Olímpica, 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
In México there is an important brewery industry with International presence called Tequila,
nevertheless this traditional beverage generates from 10 to 12 liters of wastewater (vinasses)
per liter of Tequila produced, only in the 2011 a production of 261.1 million liters was
registered, creating a huge impact to the environment, because in most cases the vinasses are
untreated properly and disposed in water bodies. Anaerobic treatment is an efficient biological
technology applied to solve the problem from this specific industrial wastewater disposal;
even so, It could operate with large hydraulic retention time (HRT) or the time that takes to
degrade the organic matter or polluting compounds present in tequila vinasses. A
microbiological pretreatment could be implemented with the aim of improving the
microbiological rapid assimilation of the organic matter during the digestion by feeding
vinasses pretreated, and thereby achieve the rate of removal of pollutants measured as
production of Biogas, methane. Also represents a viable option, since its operation compared
to physical pretreatments, does not require demanding specifications, is handled at room
temperature, which would reduce operational costs, not reactive, corrosive or harmful health.
The main objective of this master project related with the treatment of wastewater from the
Tequila industry, is to reduce the HRT in an anaerobic process in a pilot scale fixed bed
reactor due to the application of an aerobic pretreatment with a commercial microorganisms
called BIOTEC. Consequently, if the treating time is decreased more volumes of vinasses can
be processed, without the implementation of large reactors. In this way, reducing the HRT,
could mean a decreased of operational cost, and that is an important point of view because of
the small and medium Tequila industries in Mexico do not have enough resources for
wastewater disposal.
28
SIERRA-PEREIRA, Cristiane Alves, URQUIETA-GONZÁLEZ, Ernesto
A.
Cu, Fe and Co oxides supported during the sol-gel synthesis of TiO2 -A proposal to be
used in the catalytic degradation of organic water contaminants
Laboratory of Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São
Carlos – C. Postal 676, CEP 13565-905 – São Carlos – SP, Brazil
The industrial activities generate large quantities of contaminated water that often are directly
disposed in natural streams causing serious environmental damages. Organic compounds in
wastewater have attracted the attention of researcher since they are harmful pollutants of the
aquatic ecosystem. In Brazil, the textile industry is considered one of the most important
industrial sectors, using approximately 27,000 tons of dyes per year. The organic molecules
that compose the textile dyes have a high potential to affect the environment, causing visual
pollution and changes in the biological cycles mainly affecting the photosynthesis. In
addition, studies have shown that some classes of dyes and their byproducts may have
carcinogenic and/or mutagenic properties. Many studies have been performed with the
purpose of developing technologies to minimize the amount of contaminants and the toxicity
of industrial wastewater in order to allow not only their removal, but also its complete
mineralization. In this context we are proposing a study to verify the use of Cu, Fe or Co-
TiO2-supported oxides in the catalytic degradation of dyes. The TiO2 was chosen as support
for its low toxicity, photo stability and chemical stability over a wide pH range. Catalysts
were obtained by the sol-gel method with direct incorporation of the precursor metallic salts
in the TiO2 synthesis mixture. The tests of the catalytic degradation of dyes, performed in the
presence of hydrogen peroxide or ultraviolet light, are in course.
29
DE LOS COBOS VASCONCELOS, Daniel
Microbial dynamics during temperature phased anaerobic digestion to produce Class A
biosolids
Instituto de Ingeniería, UNAM. Circuito Escolar S/N, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma
de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Del. Coyoacán, México, D.F., C.P. 04510
The purpose of this project is to identify the microorganisms and characterize the population
shifts by PCR-DGGE during start-up and stable operation of a Temperature Phased Anaerobic
Digestion (TPAD) system composed by a thermophilic (55 °C) and mesophilic anaerobic
reactors (37 °C). The research focuses on the stabilization of primary and secondary waste
sludge produced during the wastewater treatment by thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobic
digestion. The process involves feeding a primary/secondary sludge mixture into a 1 liter
thermophilic anaerobic digester operated at HRT of 2 days, the output is fed into a 9 liter
mesophilic egg-shaped anaerobic digester operated at a HRT of 13 and 10 days . Total,
volatile and fixed solids, pH and alkalinity were determined in the raw and intermediate
influent and in the effluent according to Standard Methods (APHA/AWWA/WEF, 1999). pH
was measured daily using a pH meter (Beckman Instruments model PHI 50). Alkalinity ratio
was determined with partial alkalinity (pH end point 5.75) and total alkalinity (pH end point
4.30) following Jenkins et al. (1983). Daily gas production was quantified by water
displacement using an inverted graduated cylinder, and biogas composition was measured
using a gas chromatograph (SRI model 8610-10 with TCD; Torrance, CA, USA) with a
Porapak Q column. The microbial community structure was analyzed during start-up and
steady-state operation of digesters. Nucleic acids were extracted from sludge samples using
PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit (MoBio Inc., Solana Beach, CA) following the manufacturer’s
instructions. PCR amplifications were conducted using the Taq DNA polymerase
Amplificasa®
(Bio Tec Mol, México) in an Master Cycler (Eppendorf AG, Germany). All
amplified products were purified through Qiaquick PCRpurification columns (Qiagen
GmbH). Then the PCR products were analyzed by DGGE according to Muyzer et al. (1993).
Eluates from each band were used as template DNA for reamplification, and were sequenced.
The nucleotide sequences obtained will be checked for sequence similarity on-line with the
BLAST search program at the National Center for Biotechnology Information website (NCBI,
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/).
30
VÉLEZ, Ana María
Overview of the antibiotic degradation in the waste water treatment
Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Chemical Engineering Department, Rod.
Washington Luiz km 235, Brazil
Antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals are contaminants of the environment because of their
widespread use and incomplete removal by microorganisms during wastewater treatment. In
contrast to the properties and effects desired from the therapeutic application of antibiotics,
these same properties are often disadvantageous for those target and non-target organisms
present in the environment. Elimination of organic compounds in the environment is the result
of different processes. The processes can be biotic ones as biodegradation by bacteria and
fungi or non-biotic elimination process as sorption, hydrolysis, photolysis, oxidation and
reduction. Results of bio- or photo-degradation studies depends on conditions such as
temperature, composition of matrix, latitude, etc, as it is registered in the literature. If a
substance is not eliminated in any way, it can reach the environment with the potential of
adversely affecting aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Adverse impacts of antibiotics on higher
aquatic organisms have been reported, but in most cases in which effects were detected the
concentrations were environmentally irrelevant. However, secondary effects due to changes in
the natural balance are not negligible. Antibiotics are of particular interest because we
currently do not know whether their presence in natural waters contributes to the spread of
antibiotic resistance in microorganisms. In general, the effects of antibacterial agents on
bacteria and microalgae are found to be 2–3 orders of magnitude below the toxic values for
higher trophic levels. The research to develop methods for effluents treatment from antibiotic
production is recent in Brazil. β-lactamic antibiotics are the most consumed in this country
and according to the ministry of development, industry and foreign trade, amoxicillin and
salts are the main pharmaceutical imported product. Antibiotics are not degradated in waste
water treatment plants, returning in the environment for effluents until arriving in rivers and
lakes. Taking as a base this context, this work shows a summary of recent developments and
addresses some elimination processes of the antibiotics with the aim to have an overview
about the worldwide research in this area.
31
WOSIACK, P. A1., BARANA, A. C., LOPES, D. D., DAMIANOVIC, M. H.
R. Z.
Simultaneous removal of organic matter and nitrogen from pet food wastewater in an
intermittently aerated fixed-bed reactor
1State University of Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Pet food industry uses as raw material the animal waste generated by slaughter, resulting in
the generation of wastewater with high organic load and nutrients level, particularly nitrogen.
Due to the increase of animal slaughter and the production growth of pet food, consequently,
the volume of wastewater has increased. Therefore, the wastewater treatment of these
industries must be done in order to minimize environmental impact and to meet the required
standards for the current legislation. Conventional wastewater treatments are unable to
remove simultaneously organic matter and nutrients, making it necessary to use systems
consisting of several steps. In this context, studies about alternative systems have been the
focus of researchers. The project which is in development aims to evaluate the performance of
an intermittently aerated fixed-bed reactor. It will be evaluated the simultaneous removal of
organic and nitrogen matter from a wastewater generated by pet food industry, under
intermittent aeration. The reactor model was based on Moura, et al. (2012). It was made of
acrylic with a total volume of 10L, feeding and effluent recirculation are conducted by a
diaphragm pump and aeration by an aquarium aerator. Inside the reactor were fixed
polyurethane foam cylinders, in which the inoculum was immobilized according to Zaiat, et
al. (1994) The pet food wastewater, used as substrate, is from FOCAM industry, located in
Carambeí - PR, and the reactor was inoculated with anaerobic sludge of an UASB reactor
from a poultry slaughterhouse. The project is currently at an initial stage of development, the
reactor is being operated with HRT of 7 days under continuous aeration to promote the
nitrifying biomass growth. After this stage, the reactor will be continuously operated with
HRT of 24 hours. At the beginning, aeration will be continuous and, at each stage, aeration
periods will be reduced. The system will be operating in differents aeration and recirculation
rates in order to verify the best operational conditions. The initial results are the physic-
chemical characterization of the substrate. Total COD concentration: 8,604.98 mg.L-1
; TKN:
1,523.22 mg.L-1
; NH4+-N: 1,083.28 mg.L-1
; alkalinity: 3,688.96 mg.L-1; pH: 5.3; total solids:
264 mg.L-1
and volatile suspended solids: 100 mg.L-1
. Finally, to determinate the specifics
speeds of nitrification and denitrification will be performed kinetic experiments using batch
reactors. In this study is expected achieve a high efficiency in removing organic matter and
nitrogen, in a single reactor, and thus develop technology bases to wastewater treatment of
agroindustry.