View
224
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
7/21/2019 ESO-11-EM
1/7
4
@
www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c`
www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c`4
7/21/2019 ESO-11-EM
2/7
6
@[iktcl`-C
D`swir tmi olgglwc`h quistcl`s c` dflut 9:: wlrns idkm.
T. 4. Nioc`i tmi kl`kipt lo kugturi d`n ncskuss tmi strukturi lo kugturi c` ncooiri`t slkcitcis.
D`s.^mi wlrn kugturi mds ed y ncooiri`t eid`c`hs. Olr slei ct rioirs tl d` dpprikcdtcl` lo hlln gctirdturi,
eusck, drt, d`n olln. Olr d fclglhcst, ct cs gcaigy tl fi d klgl`y lo fdktircd lr ltmir eckrllrhd`cses hrlwc`h c` d
`utrci`t eincue c` d gdflrdtlry Zitrc ncsm. Mlwivir, olr d tmrlplglhcsts d`n ltmir fimdvclurdg skci`tcsts, kugturi cs
tmi ougg rd`hi lo gidr`in mued` fimdvclur pdttir`s. ^mi tire wds ocrst usin c` tmcs wdy fy tmi pcl`iir I`hgcsm
D`tmrlplglhcst Inwdrn F. ^dyglr c` mcs flla, Zrcectcvi Kugturi, pufgcsmin c` 4=84. dyglr sdcn tmdt kugturi cs tmdt
klepgix wmlgi wmckm c`kgunis a`lwginhi, figcio, drt, gdw, elrdgs, kustle, d`n d`y ltmir kdpdfcgctcis d`n mdfcts
dkqucrin fy ed` ds d eiefir lo slkcity. Lo klursi, ct cs `lt gcectin tl ei`. Xlei` plssiss d`n kridti ct ds wigg.
[c`ki ^dyglr's tcei, tmi kl`kipt lo kugturi mds fiklei tmi ki`trdg olkus lo d`tmrlplglhy.
Kugturi cs d plwiroug mued` tllg olr survcvdg, fut ct cs d ordhcgi pmi`lei`l`. Ct cs kl`std`tgy kmd`hc`h d`n
idscgy glst fikdusi ct ixcsts l`gy c` lur ec`ns. Lur wrctti` gd`hudhis, hlvir`ei`ts, fucgnc`hs, d`n ltmir ed`-edni
tmc`hs dri eirigy tmi prlnukts lo kugturi. ^miy dri `lt kugturi c` tmiesigvis. Olr tmcs ridsl`, drkmdilglhcsts kd``lt
nch up kugturi ncriktgy c` tmicr ixkdvdtcl`s. ^mi frlai` plts d`n ltmir drtcodkts lo d`kci`t pilpgi tmdt tmiy u`klvir
dri l`gy edtircdg riedc`s tmdt riogikt kugturdg pdttir`s--tmiy dri tmc`hs tmdt wiri edni d`n usin tmrluhm kugturdg
a`lwginhi d`n sacggs.
Kugturi cs kmd`hc`h kl`std`tgy. Kirtdc` prlnukts lo kugturi dri hlvir`ei`ts, gd`hudhis, fucgnc`hs d`n ed`edni
tmc`hs. Ct cs d plwiroug tllg olr tmi survcvdg lo ed`ac`n. Kugturdg pdttir`s lo d`kci`t pilpgi dri riogiktin c` tmicr
drtcodkts d`n dri stuncin fy drkmdilglhcsts tl u`nirstd`n tmicr wdy lo gcoi. Kugturi cs d` ceplrtd`t pdrt lo d slkcity olr
tmi viry ixcsti`ki lo slkcity. Kugturi dgsl pgdys d` ceplrtd`t rlgi tl istdfgcsm ncskcpgc`i c` d slkcity. Dkklrnc`h tl
tmi fimdvclur pdttir`s d`n pirkiptcl`s, tmiri dri tmrii givigs lo kugturi.
Ocrst l`i cs tmi flny lo kugturdg trdnctcl`s tmdt edais ylu tl ncooiri`tcdti d slkcity orle ltmirs. Xmi` pilpgi
spida Hired`, Bdpd`isi lr Ctdgcd`, tmi` tmiy dri rioirrin ds tmi gd`hudhi, figcios d`n trdnctcl`s smdrin fy idkm sit lo
pilpgi tmdt cs ncooiri`t orle ltmirs. [ikl`n l`i cs tmi sufkugturi c` wmckm ncooiri`t slkcitcis orle ncooiri`t pdrts lo
tmi wlrgn prisirvi tmicr lrchc`dg kugturi. [ukm pilpgi dri tmi pdrt lo d sufkugturi c` tmi `iw slkcity. Olr ixdepgi,
sufkugturis c` Y`ctin [tdtis kl`scst lo itm`ck hrlups gcai Eixckd` Deirckd`s, Dorckd` Deirckd`s d`n _cit`deisi
Deirckd`s. ^mi eiefirs lo idkm sufkugturi smdri d kleel` gd`hudhi, cni`tcty, olln trdnctcl` d`n ltmir trdcts
D[[CH@EI@^ [LGY^CL@[ HYCNI (6:4>-6:49)
I.[.L.-44^mi [tuny lo [lkcity
Ncskgdceir/[pikcdg @lti2^misi dri bust tmi sdepgi lo tmi D`swirs/[lgutcl`s tl slei lo tmi Tuistcl`s hcvi` c` tmi
Dssch`ei`ts. misi [depgi D`swirs/[lgutcl`s dri pripdrin fy Zrcvdti idkmir/^utlrs/Dumtlrs olr tmi migp d`n Hucnd`ki
lo tmi stuni`t tl hit d` cnid lo mlw mi/smi kd` d`swir tmi Tuistcl`s lo tmi Dssch`ei`ts. Xi nl `lt kgdce 4::%
Dkkurdky lo tmisi sdepgi D`swirs ds tmisi dri fdsin l` tmi a`lwginhi d`n kdfdfcgcty lo Zrcvdti ^idkmir/ utlr. [depgi
d`swirs edy fi sii` ds tmi Hucni/Migp Flla olr tmi rioiri`ki tl pripdri tmi d`swirs lo tmi Tuistcl` hcvi` c` tmi
dssch`ei`t. Ds tmisi slgutcl`s d`n d`swirs dri pripdrin fy tmi prcvdti tidkmir/tutlr sl tmi kmd`kis lo irrlr lr ecstdai
kd``lt fi ni`cin. D`y Lecsscl` lr Irrlr cs mchmgy rihrittin tmluhm iviry kdri mds fii` tdai` wmcgi pripdrc`h tmisi
[depgi D`swirs/[lgutcl`s. Zgidsi kl`sugt ylur lw` idkmir/ utlr fiolri ylu pripdri d Zdrtckugdr D`swir & olr uptlndti
d`n ixdkt c`olredtcl`, ndtd d`n slgutcl`. [tuni`t smlugn eust ridn d`n rioir tmi loockcdg stuny edtircdg prlvcnin fy tmi
u`cvirscty.
www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c`
www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c`6
7/21/2019 ESO-11-EM
3/7
;
@
tmrluhm d kleel` d`kistrdg upfrc`hc`h. mi tmcrn givig cs tmi kugturdg u`cvirsdgs tmdt kl`scst lo fimdvclur pdttir`s
smdrin fy tmi mued`cty ds d wmlgi. [lei ixdepgis lo sukm fimdvclr pdttir`s dri kleeu`ckdtc`h wctm d virfdg
gd`hudhi, usi lo dhi d`n hi`nir tl kgdsscoy pilpgi, ncooiri`tcdtcl` fdsin l` edrrcdhi d`n rigdtcl`smcps.
[lkcity cs rioirrin tl ds d hrlup lo pilpgi wml smdri kleel` drid, kugturi d`n fimdvclur pdttir`s. [lkcity cs
u`ctin d`n rioirrin ds d ncstc`kt i`tcty. [lkcity kl`scsts lo d hlvir`ei`t, midgtm kdri, inukdtcl` systie d`n sivirdg
lkkupdtcl`s lo pilpgi. C` d slkcity idkm d`n iviry c`ncvcnudg cs ceplrtd`t fikdusi idkm c`ncvcnudg kd` kl`trcfuti
sleitmc`h tl tmi slkcity. Dgsl ylu kd` oc`n sedggir hrlups lo pilpgi wctm d kirtdc` hldg wmckm c`kguni hrlups lo
stuni`ts, hlvir`ei`t dhi`kcis lr hrlups tmdt rdcsi el`iy olr d spikcock kdusi c` d slkcity. Ed`y ncooiri`t kugturiskd` fi olu`n wctmc` d slkcity. Slu kd` oc`n sivirdg ncooiri`kis wctmc` d klu`try lr tlw`.
C` d frldn si`si, tmi slkcity cs edni lo vdrcin eugtctuni lo c`ncvcnudgs wctm slkcdg, ikl`leck lr c`nustrcdg
c`ordstrukturi. L`i lo tmi edblr fi`iocts lo d slkcity cs tmdt ct sirvis tmi c`ncvcnudgs c` tmi tcei lo krcscs. [lkcitcis dri
dgsl lrhd`czin nipi`nc`h up l` tmicr plgctckdg strukturi sukm ds [tdti, fd`ns, kmcionles d`n trcfis.
T. 6. Ncskuss tmi plgctckdg systie c` elnir` slkcitcis. Cs C`ncd mdvc`h d elnir` plgctckdg systie< Kleei`t.
D`s.D plgctckdg systie cs d systie lo plgctcks d`n hlvir`ei`t. Ct cs usudggy klepdrin tl tmi gihdg systie,
ikl`leck systie, kugturdg systie, d`n ltmir slkcdg systies. Mlwivir, tmcs cs d viry scepgcocin vciw lo d eukm elri
klepgix systie lo kdtihlrcis c`vlgvc`h tmi vciws2 wml smlugn mdvi dutmlrcty, mlw rigchclus quistcl`s smlugn fi
md`ngin, d`n wmdt tmi hlvir`ei`ts c`ogui`ki l` cts pilpgi d`n ikl`ley smlugn fi. D plgctckdg systie cs d klepgiti
sit lo c`stctutcl`s, c`tirist hrlups (sukm ds plgctckdg pdrtcis, trdni u`cl`s, glffy hrlups), tmi rigdtcl`smcps fitwii`tmlsi c`stctutcl`s d`n tmi plgctckdg `lres d`n rugis tmdt hlvir` tmicr ou`ktcl`s (kl`stctutcl , igiktcl` gdw).
Iviry slkcity eust dndpt tl cts dturdg i`vcrl`ei`t. mi edblr c`stctutcl` fy wmckm d slkcity dndpts tl dvdcgdfgi
rislurkis cs kdggin d` ikl`ley. D` ikl`leck systie, dgsl kdggin d elni lo prlnuktcl`, kd` fi scepgi lr viry
klepgix. mi scepgist elni lo prlnuktcl`, olu`n del`h trcfdg slkcitcis, cs mu`tc`h d`n hdtmirc`h. Olr ixdepgi, tmi
Ytis d`n [mlsml`i lo tmi @lrtm Deirckd` Hridt Fdsc` edni d gcvc`h fy mu`tc`h, ocsmc`h, d`n fy hdtmirc`h ivirytmc`h
incfgi tmc`h tmiy klugn oc`n, orle wcgn firrcis tl glkusts. Fy kl`trdst, d elnir` kdpctdgcst ikl`ley oidturis d
klepgix ncvcscl` lo gdflr, c`ti`scvi usi lo rislurkis, d`n edss prlnuktcl`.
Dgg plgctckdg lrnirs dri u`cqui ds prlnukts lo mcstlry d`n kridtcl`s lo tmi pikugcdr olrkis d`n kl`nctcl`s lo tmicr
i`vcrl`ei`t. D sikl`n prlfgie tmdt kl`orl`ts klepdrdtcvi d`dgyscs cs tmi ncoockugty lo nivcsc`h eidsuris lo plgctckdg
niviglpei`t. ^mi nioc`ctcl` lo wmdt cs elnir` lr wmdt kl`stctutis d` dnvd`kin lr niviglpin plgctckdg systie mdstrlufgin ed`y wrctirs. Kgidrgy, tmi lgnir ltcl`s lo niviglpei`t tlwdrn tmi hldgs lo kl`stctutcl`dgcse lr nielkrdky
eust `lw fi sirclusgy quistcl`in, d`n tl bunhi tmi edturcty lo d plgctckdg systie c` tires lo tmi ixti`t tl wmckm ct
dnlpts d`y pdrtckugdr sit lo c`stctutcl s lr tikm`cquis lo rugi cs d` iqudggy nluftoug prlkinuri. D`ltmir ncoockugty cs
tmdt plgctckdg kmd`hi cs `lt scepgy d ridktcl` tl lfbiktcvi odktlrs sukm ds ikl`leck olrkis fut dgsl tmi prlnukt lo
kl`skclus ed`cpugdtcl`. C` ixpgdc`c`h tmi hrlwtm d`n niviglpei`t lo plgctckdg systies ct cs ceplsscfgi tl ch`lri tmi
odkt tmdt ei`, mdvc`h kl`scnirin tmi dnvd`tdhis d`n ncsdnvd`tdhis lo ncooiri`t olres lo hlvir`ei`t, loti` nikcni tl
dnlpt l`i olre rdtmir tmd` d`ltmir.
^mi C`ncd` ixpirci`ki cs ncooiri`t l` dgg tmrii klu`ts. C`ncd dnlptin u`cvirsdg suoordhi dt tmi tcei lo c`nipi`ni`ki,
gl`h fiolri tmi trd`sctcl` tl d elnir` c`nustrcdgczin ikl`ley fihd`. ^mi klu`try nlis `lt mdvi d` ixti`scvi wigodri
systie, dgtmluhm ct mds edni d hridtir ioolrt tl kridti l`i lo gdti. D`n, nioyc`h nielkrdtck tmilry, d hridt pdrtckcpdtlry
upsurhi mds edrain C`ncd` plgctcks, d pmi`lei`l` tmdt cs l`gy fihc``c`h tl fi u`nirstlln fy skmlgdrs d`n lfsirvirs2
sc`ki tmi idrgy 433:s, C`ncds pgificd` lrnirs mdvi pdrtckcpdtin ltckidfgy elri c` igiktcl`s tmd` cts uppir d`n ecnngi
kgdssis. C` odkt, tmi riki`t wcsnle dflut C`ncd` igiktcl`s tur`s std`ndrn nielkrdtck tmilry l` cts midn2 tmi glwir tmi
kdsti, c`klei, d`n inukdtcl` lo d` C`ncd`, tmi hridtir tmi lnns tmdt mi wcgg vlti. mi rugc`h Y`ctin Zrlhrisscvi Dggcd`ki
(YZD), d kldgctcl` wctm tmi C`ncd` @dtcl`dg Kl`hriss dt cts klri, klu`ts l` tmi glwir slkcdg lrnirs ds cts elst ceplrtd`t
vltc`h fglk.
C`ncds niviglpei`t ixpirci`ki cs dgsl gcaigy tl fi ncstc`kt orle Idst Dscds. [lutm Alrid d`n ^dcwd` iefrdkin
u`cvirsdg-ord`kmcsi nielkrdky l`gy c` tmi gdti 43=:s d`n tmi ecn-433:s, twl nikdnis dotir tmicr ikl`leck uptur`
www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c`
www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c`;
7/21/2019 ESO-11-EM
4/7
>
@
fihd`. Ltmir ikl`leckdggy sukkissoug klu`trcis c` tmi rihcl`, sukm ds Kmc`d d`n [c`hdplri, mdvi yit tl fiklei
gcfirdg nielkrdkcis. Zirclnck ri`iwdgs lo edss ed`ndtis tmrluhm tmi fdgglt flx dri `lt `ikissdry c` dutmlrctdrcd`
klu`trcis, fut tmiy dri c` C`ncd. Nielkrdtck plgctcks pdrtgy ixpgdc`s wmy, olr ixdepgi, prcvdtczdtcl` mds hl`i sl
sglwgy c` C`ncd klepdrin tl c` Kmc`d. C` C`ncd, wlrairs mdvi u`cl`s d`n plgctckdg pdrtcis tl prltikt tmicr c`tirists.
[iktcl`-CC
D`swir tmi olgglwc`h quistcl`s c` dflut 69: wlrns idkm.
T. ;. Ncskuss tmi edblr cnids lo Iecgi Nuramice.
D`s.Nuramice mdn d` ivlgutcl`dry dpprldkm, kl`scnirin slkcity tl fi gcai d` lrhd`cse, d`n ncstc`hucsmin
strukturi d`n ou`ktcl`. Xmcgi mi riklh`czin tmdt slkcity wds kleplsin lo c`ncvcnudgs, olr Nuramice, slkcity wds
`lt bust tmi sue lo c`ncvcnudg fimdvclurs, dktcl`s, d`n tmluhmts. ^mdt cs, slkcity mdn d` ixcsti`ki lo cts lw`, dpdrt
orle tmi c`ncvcnudgs c` ct. Ourtmir, slkcitcis c`ogui`ki c`ncvcnudgs tmrluhm lres, slkcdg odkts, si`tcei`ts, d`n slkcdg
kurri`ts. misi ieirhi orle mued` dktcl`, fut std`n dpdrt orle tmi c`ncvcnudg d`n dooikt tmi c`ncvcnudg.
Nuramice wds ispikcdggy kl`kir`in wctm tmi quistcl` lo slkcdg lrnir, mlw nlis elnir` slkcity mlgn tlhitmir
hcvi` tmi c`ncvcnudgcse d`n dutl`ley lo idkm pirsl`. Dndes d`n [ynci `lti tmdt mi olkusin l` prlfgies lo
"rikl`kcgc`h oriinle d`n elrdgcty, lr c`ncvcnudgcse d`n slkcdg klmiscl` c` elnir` slkcity" (p. 3:). Mcs flla^mi
Ncvcscl` lo Gdflur c` [lkcity wds d` ixpglrdtcl` d`n ixpgd`dtcl` lo tmisi cssuis, d`n mi oc`ns tmi d`swir c` tmi
kl`kipt lo slkcdg slgcndrcty, kleel` kl`skclus`iss, d`n systies lo gdw. Fikdusi sukm olrkis dri lt dgwdys iooiktcvidt prlnukc`h slgcndrcty d`n fikdusi lo slkcdg kmd`his, tmiri kd` fi ncsruptcl`s c` tmi slgcndrcty d`n kl`skclus`iss.
Nuramice kl``ikts tmisi tl wmdt mi kdggs tmi olrkin ncvcscl` lo gdflur (ih. sgdviry) d`n tl pirclns lo kl`ouscl`,
wmdt mi kdggsd`leci. C` [uckcni, tmi gdttir cs dgsl kl``iktin tl mcs d`dgyscs lo suckcni, d` ixpglrdtcl` lo ncooiri`t
suckcni rdtis dt ncooiri`t pgdkis d`n tceis c` Iurlpi, d`n d` dttiept tl ixpgdc` wmy tmiy ncooir.
Ds Mdnni` `ltis (p. =9), l`i lo Nuramice's edblr kl`trcfutcl`s wds tl migp nioc`i d`n istdfgcsm tmi ocign lo
slkclglhy ds d` dkdnieck ncskcpgc`i. Nuramice ncstc`hucsmin slkclglhy orle pmcglslpmy, psykmlglhy, ikl`lecks,
d`n ltmir slkcdg skci`ki ncskcpgc`is fy drhuc`h tmdt slkclglhcsts smlugn stuny pdrtckugdr oidturis lo klggiktcvi lr
hrlup gcoi. ^mcs cs tmi stuny lo slkcdg odkts, tmc`hs wmckm dri ixtir`dg tl, d`n klirkcvi lo, c`ncvcnudgs. ^misi slkcdg
odkts dri oidturis lo tmi hrlup, d`n kd``lt fi stuncin dpdrt orle tmi klggiktcvi, `lr kd` tmiy fi nircvin orle tmi
stuny lo c`ncvcnudgs. [lei ixdepgis dri rigchcl`, urfd` strukturis, gihdg systies, d`n elrdg vdguis sukm ds odecgy
vdguis. Nuramice drhuin tmdt tmisi dri "oidturis lo klggiktcvi ixcsti`ki wmckm dri lt rinukcfgi tl oidturis lo tmi
dtles, c`ncvcnudgs, wmckm edai ct up" (Mdnni`, p. =8).
Nuramice kl`scnirs tmi figcios, prdktckis, d`n kl`skclus`iss lo tmi klggiktcvi tl fi klirkcvi l` c`ncvcnudgs ds
dktlrs. C` tmcs si`si, Nuramice mds d strukturdgcst dpprldkm, kl`scnirc`h tmi slkcdg strukturis tl ixirt d strl`h c`ogui`ki
l` slkcdg dktcl`. Lo klursi, ct cs c`ncvcnudgs wml dkt, fut tmiy nl `lt dkt l` d purigy c`ncvcnudg fdscs. Vdtmir, tmiy
mdvi lfgchdtcl`s d`n nutcis, d`n hi`irdggy dkt c` wdys tmdt dri strl`hgy c`ogui`kin fy tmi strukturis lo wmckm tmiy dri
pdrt. [lkclglhy kd` fi ncstc`hucsmin orle psykmlglhy c` tmcs wdy - `ltc`h tmdt psykmlglhcsts stuny c`ncvcnudgs d`n
tmicr ei`tdg prlkissis, wmirids slkclglhcsts dri kl`kir`in wctm tmi strukturis tmdt c`ogui`ki dktcl`.
T. >. Ncstc`hucsm fitwii` stdtus d`n rlgi wctm suctdfgi ixdepgis.
D`s.^mi tire mds twl slkclglhckdg usis2
4. V. Gc`tl` nioc`in stdtus scepgy ds d plsctcl` c` d slkcdg systie, sukm ds kmcgn lr pdri`t. [tdtus rioirs tl wmdt
d pirsl` cs, wmirids tmi kglsigy gc`ain `ltcl` lo rlgi rioirs tl tmi fimdvclur ixpiktin lo pilpgi c` d stdtus.
6. [tdtus cs dgsl usin ds d sy`l`ye olr ml`lur lr pristchi, wmi` slkcdg stdtus ni`ltis tmi rigdtcvi plsctcl` lo d
pirsl` l` d pufgckgy riklh`czin skdgi lr mcirdrkmy lo slkcdg wlrtm. ([ii [lkcdg [trdtcockdtcl ).
Ct cs tmi ocrst eid`c`h lo tmi tire stdtus, stdtus ds plsctcl`, wmckm wi dri hlc`h tl rioir tl c` tmi olgglwc`h
pdrdhrdpms. [tdtus ds ml`lur lr pristchi cs d pdrt lo tmi stuny lo slkcdg strdtcockdtcl`.
www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c`
www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c`>
7/21/2019 ESO-11-EM
5/7
9
@
D stdtus cs scepgy d rd`a lr plsctcl` tmdt l`i mlgns c` d hrlup. L`i lkkupcis tmi stdtus lo sl` lr nduhmtir,
pgdyedti, pupcg, rdnckdg, ecgctd`t d`n sl l`. Ivi`tudggy l`i lkkupcis tmi stdtusis lo musfd`n, eltmir fridn-wc``ir,
krckait od`, d`n sl l`, l`i mds ds ed`y stdtusis ds tmiri dri hrlups lo wmckm l`i cs d eiefir. Olr d`dgytckdg
purplsis, stdtusis dri ncvcnin c`tl twl fdsck typis2
Dskrcfin d`n
Dkmcivin.
Ed` cs d slkcdg d`cedg d`n ds d eiefir lo tmi slkcity, mi mds d `uefir lo rlgis tmdt mi pirolres. Fihc``c`horle mcs odecgy, mi pirolres tmi rlgis lo d sl` d`n d frltmir, d`n gdtir l` tmi rlgis lo musfd`n d`n odtmir. Mi dgsl mds
tmi rlgi lo d rispl`scfgi kctczi` c` tmi slkcity. Iviry rlgi mds d stdtus c` tmi slkcity wmckm cs tmi sit lo fimdvclurs
ixpiktin wctm tmdt rlgi.
Git us fihc` wctm tmi odecgy. D odtmir cs d rlgi tmdt kdrrcis tmi stdtus lo d prlvcnir d`n prltiktlr c` tmi odecgy. C`
tmi scepgist lo wlrns, stdtus cs tmi plsctcl` c` tmi systie (slkcity c` tmcs c`std`ki). [tdtus sleitceis cs usin ds d
sy`l`ye olr ml`lr d`n pristchi tmdt dri dsslkcdtin wctm kirtdc` plsts. C` d slkcdg systie, stdtus cs tmi rd`a d pirsl`
mlgns c` d slkcdg mcirdrkmy. Ct cs tmcs stdtus tmdt nioc`is tmi fimdvclur lo ltmirs tlwdrns tmi pirsl`.
^miri dri twl typis lo stdtus' `deigy dskrcfin d`n dkmcivin stdtus. Dskrcfin stdtus cs l`i tmdt d pirsl` hits fy
vcrtui lo tdac`h fcrtm c` d odecgy (lr kdsti ds c` C`ncd). L` tmi ltmir md`n, dkmcivin stdtus cs wmdt d pirsl` idr`s wctm
d glt lo ioolrt d`n i`nidvlur.
T. 9. Niskrcfi slei lo tmi edblr ou`ktcl`s lo odecgy.
D`s.Odelus [lkclglhcst Edkgvir mds ncvcnin ou`ktcl`s c`tl issi`tcdg d`n l`-issi`tcdg ou`ktcl`s. Y`nir `l`-
issi`tcdg lr sikl`ndry ou`ktcl`s mi c`kgunis ikl`leck, rigchclus, inukdtcl`dg, midgtm d`n rikridtcl`dg ou`ktcl`s.
Dgl`h wctm tmi issi`tcdg ou`ktcl`s odecgy dgsl pirolres tmisi `l`-issi`tcdg ou`ktcl`s. ^misi ou`ktcl`s dri `l`-
issi`tcdg lr sikl`ndry c` tmi si`si tmdt tmisi dri dgsl pirolrein sceugtd`ilusgy fy ltmir slkcdg c`stctutcl`s c` odecgy.
^misi ou`ktcl`s dri ds olgglws2
(4) Ikl`leck ou`ktcl`s2[c`ki d`kci`t tceis odecgy mds fii` pirolrec`h sivirdg ikl`leck ou`ktcl`s. Ct cs d`
ceplrtd`t ikl`leck u`ct. C` d`kci`t tcei odecgy wds fltm d prlnuktcl` d`n kl`sueptcl` u`ct. Ct usin tl ougocgg dgelst
dgg tmi ikl`leck iins lo ct's eiefirs sukm ds olln, kgltmc`h, mlusc`h itk. C` tmi tmi` ndys odecgy wds sigo- suoockci`t.
Fut lw d ndys dgelst dgg tmi ikl`leck ou`ktcl`s lo odecgy cs pirolrein fy ltmir dhi`kcis d`n odecgy l`gy riedc`
ds d kl`sueptcl` u`ct. Ct nl lt prlnuki d`ytmc`h. Dgg tmi eiefirs lo odecgy `lw wlrac`h lutscni tmi mlei.
Fut c` spcti lo dgg odecgy stcgg pirolrec`h slei ikl`leck ou`ktcl`s lo purkmdsc`h, prltiktc`h d`n edc`tdc`c`h
prlpirty. Ct dgsl iqudggy ncstrcfuti prlpirty del`h ct's eiefirs.
(6) Inukdtcl`dg ou`ktcl`s2Odecgy pirolres ed`y inukdtcl`dg ou`ktcl`s olr ct's eiefirs. Ds d` prcedry
inukdtcl`dg c`stctutcl` odecgy usin tl tidkm gittirs, a`lwginhi, sacgg d`n trdni sikrit tl dgg ct's eiefirs. Ct gllas dotir
tmi prcedry inukdtcl` lo ct's eiefirs d`n elugns tmicr kdriir d`n kmdrdktir. Eltmir dkt ds tmi ocrst d`n fist tidkmir
lo d kmcgn. Fiscnis mi gidr`s dgg slrts lo c`olredg inukdtcl` sukm ds ncskcpgc`i, lfinci`ki, ed``irs itk. orle odecgy.
Lo klursi dt prisi`t ed`y lo tmi inukdtcl`dg ou`ktcl`s lo odecgy dri tdai` lvir fy skmllg, klggihi d`n u`cvirsctcis
scgg odecgy kl`tc`uis tl pgdy d` ceplrtd`t rlgi c` prlvcnc`h tmi ocrst gissl`s d`n prcedry inukdtcl` tl cts eiefirs.
(;) Vigchclus ou`ktcl`s2Odecgy cs tmi ki`tri lo dgg rigchclus dktcvctcis. Dgg tmi odecgy eiefirs looir tmicr
prdyirs tlhitmir d`n lfsirvi ncooiri`t rigchclus rctis, rctudgs d`n prdktckis blc`tgy. Dgg tmi eiefirs figcivi c` d
pdrtckugdr rigchcl` d`n lfsirvi rigchclus kiriel`cis dt mlei. Kmcgnri` gidr` ncooiri`t rigchclus vdguis orle tmicr
pdri`ts. Gcvc`h c` d spcrctudg dtelspmiri spcrctudgcty niviglps del`h tmi kmcgnri`. Odecgy trd`sects rigchclus figcios
d`n prdktckis orle l`i hi`irdtcl` tl d`ltmir. Fut dt prisi`t odecgy fikdei elri sikugdr c` tmicr lutglla. Kleel`
odecgy wlrsmcp fikdei viry rdri d`n dfslguti. [tcgg odecgy kl`tc`uis tl pgdy d` ceplrtd`t rlgi c` smdpc`h rigchclus
dttctuni lo cts eiefirs.
www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c`
www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c`9
7/21/2019 ESO-11-EM
6/7
?
@
(>) Midgtm rigdtin ou`ktcl`s2Odecgy ds d prcedry slkcdg hrlup pirolres sivirdg midgtm rigdtin ou`ktcl`s olr cts
eiefirs. Ct glla dotir tmi midgtm d`n vchlr lo cts eiefirs. Ct tdais kdri lo tmi scka lgn d`n dhin pirsl`s lo tmi
odecgy. Fy prlvcnc`h ikissdry utrctcvi olln tl cts eiefirs odecgy tdais kdri lo tmi midgtm lo dgg.
T. ?. Xmdt cs d`tckcpdtlry slkcdgczdtcl`< Ncskuss wctm ixdepgi.
D`s.D`tckcpdtlry slkcdgczdtcl` lkkurs wmi` wi stdrt gidr`c`h `iw `lres d`n vdguis c` d`tckcpdtcl` lo d rlgi
wigg lkkupy c` tmi outuri. Edac`h `ikissdry dnbustei`ts c` dnvd`ki edais tmi dktudg trd`sctcl` c`tl tmi `iw rlgi
idscir. Dgsl, fy dnlptc`h slei lo tmi `lres d`n vdguis lo d outuri rlgi, wi kd` ivdgudti wmitmir tmdt rlgi wcgg fi
rchmt olr us wmi` tmi tcei kleis tl dssuei ct.
Ixdepgi2D plgcki loockir wml cs dflut tl fihc` wlrac`h tmi `chmt smcot dnbusts mcs sgiipc`h mdfcts sivirdg
wiias fiolri mcs stdrt ndti. Mi hlis tl fin d` mlur gdtir idkm ivi`c`h, d`tckcpdtc`h mcs `iw skminugi lo stdyc`h
dwdai dgg `chmt d`n sgiipc`h nurc`h tmi ndy. Gcaiwcsi, slei klupgis gcvi tlhitmir fiolri hittc`h edrrcin tl sii
wmitmir tmiy oiig kleolrtdfgi c` tmdt outuri rlgi. ^miy tist tmi rlgi lo splusi fiolri kleecttc`h tl ct gihdggy.
D`tckcpdtlry slkcdgczdtcl` cs loti` stuncin c` rigdtcl` tl pripdrc`h olr `iw blfs d`n siiac`h dnvd`kiei`t c`
prloisscl`dg gcoi. D klggihi stuni`t, olr c`std`ki, loti` i`hdhis c` d`tckcpdtlry slkcdgczdtcl` wmi` trd`soirrc`h orle
tmi loti`-c`olredg gcoi lo d stuni`t tl d iw prloisscl`dg ixcsti`ki. mcs echmt c`vlgvi nrissc`h lr dktc`h c` d mchmgy
prloisscl`dg ed``ir ivi` fiolri oc`nc`h iepglyei`t. Dgsl, slei iepglyiis siiac`h fittir blfs kmllsi tl nriss d`n
dkt ds tmluhm tmiy dgridny mlgn sukm plsctcl`s. ^mcs sirvis fltm tl pripdri tmie olr tmi igivdtin plsctcl`s d`n tl
kleeu`ckdti tl ltmirs tmdt tmiy dri slkcdggy d`n prloisscl`dggy klepdtcfgi wctm tmicr niscrin blfs. Ct cs lt u`kleel`
olr pilpgi tl i`hdhi c` d`tckcpdtlry slkcdgczdtcl` c` tmicr ndy-tl-ndy slkcdg ixcsti`ki. Eiitc`h wctm l`i's kglsi
orci`ns edy `lt `ikissctdti d`y pdrtckugdr tmluhmt lr rimidrsdg, fut tmi ixpiktdtcl` lo eiitc`h `iw pilpgi loti`
risugts c` d`tckcpdtlry slkcdgczdtcl`. L`i edy, olr c`std`ki, rimidrsi kl`virsdtcl` tlpcks d`n fimdvclrs fiolri eiitc`h
d splusi's pdri`ts lr ltmir pilpgi ncstd`t orle l`i's lredg slkcdg hrlup.
[iktcl`-CCC
D`swir tmi olgglwc`h quistcl`s c` dflut 4:: wlrns idkm.
T. 8. Nioc`i kl`sueptcl`.
D`s.Kl`sueptcl`, c` ikl`lecks, tmi usi lo hllns d`n sirvckis fy mlusimlgns. Kl`sueptcl` cs ncstc`kt orle
kl`sueptcl` ixpi`ncturi, wmckm cs tmi purkmdsi lo hllns d`n sirvckis olr usi fy mlusimlgns. Kl`sueptcl` ncooirs
orle kl`sueptcl` ixpi`ncturi prcedrcgy fikdusi nurdfgi hllns, sukm ds dutlelfcgis, hi`irdti d` ixpi`ncturi edc`gy
c` tmi pircln wmi` tmiy dri purkmdsin, fut tmiy hi`irdti kl`sueptcl` sirvckis (olr ixdepgi, d` dutlelfcgi
prlvcnis trd`splrtdtcl` sirvckis) u`tcg tmiy dri ripgdkin lr skrdppin. Dkklrnc`h tl edc`stride ikl`lecsts, l`gy tmi
oc`dg purkmdsi lo hllns d`n sirvckis fy c`ncvcnudgs kl`stctutis kl`sueptcl`, wmcgi ltmir typis lo ixpi`ncturi - c`
pdrtckugdr, ocxin c`vistei`t, c`tireincdti kl`sueptcl`, d`n hlvir`ei`t spi`nc`h - dri pgdkin c` sipdrdti kdtihlrcis.
Ltmir ikl`lecsts nioc`i kl`sueptcl` eukm elri frldngy, ds tmi dhhrihdti lo dgg ikl`leck dktcvcty tmdt nlis `lt
i`tdcg tmi nisch`, prlnuktcl` d`n edraitc`h lo hllns d`n sirvckis.
T. =. Xrcti smlrt `ltis l` d`y twl2
(d)[lkcdg strukturi
D`s.C` tmi slkcdg skci`kis, slkcdg strukturi cs tmi pdttir`in slkcdg drrd`hiei`ts c` slkcity tmdt dri fltm ieirhi`t
orle d`n nitirec`d`t lo tmi dktcl`s lo tmi c`ncvcnudgs. L` tmi edkrl skdgi, slkcdg strukturi cs tmi systie lo slkcl-
ikl`leck strdtcockdtcl` (i.h., tmi kgdss strukturi), slkcdg c`stctutcl`s, lr, ltmir pdttir`in rigdtcl`s fitwii` gdrhi
slkcdg hrlups. L` tmi eisl skdgi, ct cs tmi strukturi lo slkcdg itwlra tcis fitwii` c`ncvcnudgs lr lrhd`czdtcl`s. L`
tmi eckrl skdgi, ct kd` fi tmi wdy lres smdpi tmi fimdvclur lo dktlrs wctmc` tmi slkcdg systie. misi skdgis dri `lt
dgwdys aipt sipdrdti. Olr ixdepgi, riki`t skmlgdrsmcp fy Blm` Givc Edrtc` mds tmilrczin tmdt kirtdc` edkrl-skdgi
strukturis dri tmi ieirhi`t prlpirtcis lo eckrl-skdgi kugturdg c`stctutcl s (tmcs eid`c`h lo strukturi risiefgis tmdt
usin fy d`tmrlplglhcst Kgduni Gvc-[trduss). Edrxcst slkclglhy dgsl mds d mcstlry lo ecxc`h ncooiri`t eid`c`hs lo
www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c`
www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c`?
7/21/2019 ESO-11-EM
7/7
8
@
slkcdg strukturi, tmluhm ct mds nl`i sl fy scepgy tridtc`h tmi kugturdg dspikts lo slkcdg strukturi ds ipcpmi`lei`d lo
cts ikl`leck l`is. [c`ki tmi 43;:s, tmi tire mds fii` c` hi`irdg usi c` slkcdg skci`ki, ispikcdggy ds d vdrcdfgi wmlsi
suf-klepl`i`ts iinin tl fi ncstc`hucsmin c` rigdtcl`smcp tl ltmir slkclglhckdg vdrcdfgis.
(k)[lkcdg nivcd`ki
D`s.[lkcdg nivcd`ki cs d pmi`lei`l` tmdt mds ixcstin c` dgg slkcitcis wmiri tmiri mdvi fii` `lres. ^miri dri
twl plsscfcgctcis olr mlw d` c`ncvcnudg wcgg dkt c` tmi odki lo slkcdg `lres1 kl`olre lr vclgdti. ^miri dri cepgckct
slkcdg lres d`n ixpgckct slkcdg lres. Ixpgckct slkcdg lres dri lt `ikissdrcgy gdws (sukm ds d sch` dt d kleputir
gdf tmdt sdys olln d`n nrc`a dri prlmcfctin). C` ridgcty, tmiri cs loti` d fgi`n lo kl`olrecty d`n nivcd`ki c` tmi wdys
pilpgi fimdvi. Vdrigy co ivir nlis d pirsl` nivcdti orle lr kl`olre tl dgg lres. Ourtmirelri, slei fimdvclurs c`
tmiesigvis riogikt fltm kl`olrecty d`n nivcd`ki dt l`ki. Kl`scnir fridac`h tmi spiin gcect, wmckm cs tikm`ckdggy d
gihdg vclgdtcl`, fut wmckm cs dgsl kl`olrecst, pdrtckugdrgy l` oriiwdys wmiri eltlrcsts hl wctm tmi oglw. mdt cs d
krctckdg oidturi lo nivcd`ki, kl`olrecty, d`n `lres. ^miri dri olres lo nivcd`ki (d`n kirtdc` `lres) tmdt dri dflut
ds u`cvirsdg ds d`ytmc`h c` tmi slkcdg skci`kis kd` fi, sukm ds wmi` l`i edgckclusgy mdres d kmcgn.
www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c`
www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c` www.ch`lu-dk.c`8
Recommended