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1
lb¿ sk°‚dn tImgvkv
¢mkv - XI
tIc-f-k¿°m¿
hnZym- ym-k-h-Ip∏v
kwKoXw
Xbm-dm-°n-bXv
kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw
2018
2
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala
Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in e-mail : scertkerala@gmail.comPhone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869
Typesetting and Layout : SCERT© Department of Education, Government of Kerala
tZio-b-Km\w
P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
]©m-_-kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm
ZmhnU DXv°-e- _w-Km,
hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,
D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm,
Xh-ip-`-\mta PmtK,
Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,
Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm
P\-K-W-aw-K-e-Zm-bI Pbtl
`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm
Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!
]Xn⁄
C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚
ktlm-Z-co-ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln-°p∂p; kºq¿Whpw
sshhn[y-]q¿W-hp-amb AXns‚ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Rm≥
A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p.
Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw
apXn¿∂-hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw
t£a-Øn\pw sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw- th≠n ]bXv\n°pw.
3
]nb-s∏´ hnZym¿∞n-I-tf.........
ae-bmf mj am[y-a-am-°n-s°m≠v GXp hnj-bhpw FX Bg-
Øn¬ ]Tn-°m\pw GXp -K-l-\-amb Bi-bhpw ]Im-i\w
sNøm\pw Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. tijvT- m-j-bmbn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´
\ΩpsS mj-bn¬ lb¿sk-°‚dn ]T-\-Øn\v Ah-kcw \¬Im-
\p≈ ]cn-i-a-Øns‚ `mK-am-bmWv ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ ]cn- m-j-
s∏-SpØn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. Xbm-dm-°nb F√m tIm¿ hnj-b-ß-fp-sSbpw
]pkvX-I-߃ Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v kzX¥ ]cn-
`mj \SØn ]pd-Øn-d-°p-I-bm-Wv. hnI-knX cmPy-߃ amXr-
`mjbmWv hnZym- ym-k-Øn\p≈ am[y-a-ambn D]-tbm-Kn®p hcp-
∂-Xv. tZio-b-X-e-Øn-ep≈ an° a’-c-∏-co-£-Ifpw ]mtZ-inI
`mj-I-fn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-∂Xv AwKo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ Cu Ah-k-c-
Øn¬ lb¿sk-°‚dn Xe-Ønepw ae-bm-f-Øn-ep≈ ]pkvX-I-
߃ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS amXr- m-j-
bn¬Øs∂ ⁄m\-\n¿an-Xn-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v Cu ]pkvX-I-
߃ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°pw.
]pkvX-I-߃ ]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ kmt¶-XnI ]Z-߃ ]c-
am-h[n ae-bm-f-Øn-em-°m≥ ian-®n- p-≠v. F∂m¬ ssZ\w-Zn\ hyh-
lm-c-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Z-߃ ae-bmf en]n-bn¬ AtX ]Sn
\ne-\n¿Øm\pw ian-®n- p-≠v. Ip´n-I-fpsS Bi-b-K-lWw IqSp-
X¬ Ffp-∏-am-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w ae-bmf mj-bpsS hf¿®bv°pw
Cu ]cn- mj ]pkvX-I-߃ klm-b-I-am-Ip-sa∂v \ap°v ]Xym-
in-°mw.
tUm. sP. -]-kmZv
UbdŒ¿, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn
4
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
ioaXn. anep AK-Ãn≥
Pn.F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv. t^m¿ tKƒkv tIm´¨ln¬,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
ioa-Xn. _n\nX at\m-l¿
Fkv.-F≥.-Un.-]n.F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv. ]men-t»-cn, Xr»q¿
io. cho-µ≥
sI.sI.-Fw.-F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv, h≠n-Øm-h-fw, ]me-°m-Sv.
ioa-Xn. hoW. sP
Akn-Âv s]m^-k¿,Un∏m. Hm^v ayqkn-Iv, tIcf k¿h-I-em-ime
hnZKv[¿
tUm. kp\n¬. hn.Sn
Atkm-kn-tb‰v s]m^-k¿,
Fkv.-F-kv.-Sn. Kh. tImtfPv Hm^v ayqkn-Iv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
tUm. Pn. kpPmX
Atkm-kn-tb‰v s]m^-k¿ (dn´), Kh. hnsa≥kv tImtf-Pv,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
A°m-Z-anIv tIm¿Un-t\-‰¿
tUm. APo-jv. ]n.Sn
dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn
inev]-im-e-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿
State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Vidhyabhavan, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram-695 012
5
]m¿´v ˛ I ˛ kn≤m¥w
bqWn‰v -1: kwKoXØn-s\m-cm-apJw
1.1: Pohn-X-Øn¬ kwKo-X-Øns‚ ÿm\hpw efn-X-I-e-I-fn¬ kwKo-X-
Øns‚ ]m[m-\yhpw ............................................................. 9
1.2: kwKo -X -Øns‚ kmwkvIm -cn -Ihpw _u≤n -Ihpw Bflo-b-
hp-amb aqey-߃ ................................................................. 14
1.3: kwKo-X-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kmt¶-XnI ]Z-߃ ............. 17
bqWn‰v -2: `mc-Xob kwKo-X-w ............................................................... 23
bqWn‰v -3: taf-I¿Øm-]-≤Xn ................................................................. 31
bqWn‰v -4: Xmfw ............................................................................... 39
bqWn‰v -5: kwKo-X-cq-]-߃ .............................................................. 50
bqWn‰v -6: hmt§-b-Im-c≥am¿ ............................................................. 57
bqWn‰v 7: kwKo-X-en]n AYhm s\mt´-j≥....................................... 69
]m¿´v ˛ II ˛ ]mtbm-KnI kwKoXw
bqWn‰v -1: ]mY-anI ]mT-߃ ˛ 1 ....................................................... 74
bqWn‰v -2: ]mY-anI ]mT-߃ ˛ 2 ...................................................... 85
bqWn‰v 3: kwKo-X-cq-]-߃ ................................................................ 90
A\p-_‘w x-1 (kvIoapw kne-_kpw) .......................................................... 97
A\p-_‘w x-2 (amXrIm tNmZy-t]-∏¿) ......................................................... 101
A\p-_‘w x-3 (kwKo-tXm-]-I-c-W-߃) ..................................................... 103
Dff-S°wDff-S°wDff-S°wDff-S°wDff-S°w
6
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®ncn°p∂
Xncn-®-dn-b¬ Nn”߃
bqWn‰v
Hm¿an-°pI
]h¿Ø\w
]T\t\´w
7
kwKoXØns\mcmapJw
]m¿´v ˛ I
kn≤m¥wkn≤m¥wkn≤m¥wkn≤m¥wkn≤m¥w
8
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
9
kwKoXØns\mcmapJw
][m-\ B-i-b-߃
1.1 kwKoXw PohnXØns‚ Ahn`mPyLSIw.
kwKoXw ssZhoI IebmbmWv hntijn∏n-
°s∏Sp∂Xv. kwKoXØn\v a\pjyNcnX-
tØmfw ]g°ap≠v. tZi߃°pw
aX߃°pw hnizmk߃°pw AXoXambn
a\pjy≥ F∂pw kwKoXØnte°v BI¿jn-
°s∏´ncp∂p. kwKoXw a\pjys‚
[njWmi‡nbpw efnXIemkzmZ\hpw
]cnt]mjn∏n°pIbpw _u≤nI XrjvWsb
Xr]vXns∏SpØpIbpw sNøp∂p. Adnt™m
AdnbmsXtbm Hmtcm hy‡nbpsSbpw
PohnXØns‚ `mKambn Xocp∂p kwKoXw.
bqWn‰v ˛ 1
kwKoXØns\mcmapJw
1. PohnXØn¬ kwKoXØns‚ ÿm\hpw efnX IeIfn¬ kwKoXØns‚
]m[m\yhpw
$ kwKoXw ˛ PohnXØns‚Ahn`mPy LSIw
$ A\pZn\ PohnXØn¬kwKoXØns‚ kzm[o\w
$ efnX IeIfn¬ tijvTw
$ 64 IeIƒ
$ tZhIe
$ kwKoX NnIn’
$ kwKoXhpwam\kntIm√mkhpw
$ ]IrXnbnse kwKoXkm∂n≤yw
10
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
D≈n¬ kwKoXan√mØ,
a[pckz]v\ßfpsS ambnIeb\w
t]mepw kzm[o\n°mØ
Hcp-hs‚ D≈w
`oXnZamb coXnbn¬
h©\bpw NXnbpw
IpSneXIfpw \nd™Xmbncn°pw ˛
]finXaXa\pkcn®v IeIƒ 64 FÆamWp≈Xv. NXpxjjvTnIeIƒ
F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ Ch c≠mbn XcwXncn°s∏´ncp∂p. kmam\yIeIfpw
kpIpamc IeIfpw AYhm efnXIeIfpw. kwKoXw, \rØw, NnXcN\,
hmkvXphnZy, X®pimkvXw, inev]Ie, ImhyIe F∂nh efnXIeIfn¬
Dƒs∏Sp∂p. efnXIeIfn¬ G‰hpw tijvTw kwKoXamWv.
1.2 tZhIe
t Z h ] o X n ° p t h ≠ n
\SØnh∂ ]qPmI¿-Ωß-
ƒ°p≈ Hcp am[ya-ambmWv
`mcXØn¬ kwKoXw
D]tbmKn®p XpSßn-bXv.
thZImew apX¬ A\p-
jvTm\I-eIfn¬ kwKoXw
Hcp ][m\ ]¶p hln®n-
cp∂p. CXn-lmk-ßfn¬
tZho ˛ tZh∑m¿ kwKoX
D]IcW-ßfpambn _‘-
s∏´ncn°p∂Xmbn ImWmw.
(ioIrjvW≥˛HmS-°pg¬,
kckzXn ˛ hoW, inh≥ ˛
Uacp, \µntIi≥ ˛
arZwKw). kwKoXw Hcp hnt\mtZm]m[n
F∂Xnep]cn tam£]m-]vXn°p≈ am¿§ambmWv
`mc -Xob¿ IcpXp∂Xv. XymKcmP-kzman ,
aocm_mbn, XpfkoZmkv XpS-ßnb alm-flm°ƒ
kwKo-XsØ tam-£am¿§ambn IcpXn-bncp--∂hcmWv.
XymK-cm-P≥
11
kwKoXØns\mcmapJw
kwKoXw BflobXbpambn CgtN¿∂ncn°p∂p.
`mcXØn¬, hnhn[ `mjIfnep≈ KoX߃
tZh]oXnbv°mbn D]tbmKn®p hcp∂p.
kvXpXnKoX߃ Be]n°p∂hcpsS lrZb-
ßfnemWv Cuizc≥ hkn°p∂sX∂v hnizkn-
°s∏Sp∂p.
\mSythZØn¬ `Khm≥ hnjvWp C]Imcw
]d™ncn°p∂p. D∂Xamb sshIpfiØntem
\t`mafieØntem \nXyPzmebmb kqcytKm-
fØntem Ejnhcy∑mcpsS lrZbßfntem A√
Rm≥ hkn°p∂Xv, adn®v Fs∂ `Pn®psIm≠v
Fs‚ `‡¿ A¿∏n°p∂ kvXpXnKoXßfnemWv.
1.3 kwKoX NnIn’ (ayqknIv sXdm∏n)
a\pjya\pIƒ°v km¥z\taIphm≥ kwKoXtØmfw \√ Huj[an√.
tcmKia\Øn\v ]pcmX\ Ko°pImcpw Ad_nIfpw kwKoXap-]tbmKn-
®ncp∂Xmbn ]dbs∏Sp∂p. B[p\nI KthjWßfpw kwKoXap]tbmKn®p≈
NnIn’m km[yXIƒ icnhbv°p∂p. kwKoXap]tbmKn®v tcmK߃ kuJy-
am°p∂ kºZmbamWv kwKoX NnIn’ (ayqknIv sXdm∏n). sNdp]mbØn¬
kwKoXw tI´p hfcp∂ Ip´nIfn¬ icnbmbn _p≤nhnI-kn°pIbpw, Hm¿Ωi-
‡nbpw Nn¥mtijnbpw h¿≤n]n°pIbpw, ]n¬°meØv Nn´tbmSpIqSnb
PohnXw \bn°phm≥ AX-hsc ]m]vXcm°pIbpw sNøp∂Xmbn KthjI¿
Nq≠n°m´p∂p.
]m›mXy cmPyßfn¬ kwKoXw, ""kvarXn\miw'' (A¬jntagvkv) F∂
tcmKNnIn’bv°mbn D]tbmKn°p∂p. kwKoXNnIn’bneqsS tcmKnbpsS
Hm¿Ωi‡nbn¬ Imcyamb ]ptcmKXn e`n°p∂p. am\knI kΩ¿±w,
hnjmZtcmKw XpSßnbh°v Nne ]tXyI cmK߃ D]tbmKn®p≈ NnIn’
^e]ZamWv. B\µss`chn, ilm\, \oem_cn, kpcp´n, taml\w, Im∏n
XpSßnb cmK߃ IqSpXembpw CXn\p]tbmKn°p∂p.
1.4 kwKoXhpw am\kntIm√mkhpw
am\knI kΩ¿±ßfn¬ \n∂pw imcocnI t¢ißfn¬ \n∂pw tamN\w
\¬Ip∂Xn\v kwKoXØn\p≈ Ignhv hfsc°mew ap≥]p Xs∂ a\pjy≥
D]tbmKs∏SpØnbncp∂p. A[zm\`mcw AdnbmsX sXmgnente¿s∏Sp∂Xn\v
hnfshSp∏p ]m´pIƒ, h©n∏m´v, Irjn∏m´pIƒ, ssk\yKoX߃ F∂nh
]tbmP\s∏SpØn h∂ncp∂p. am\kntIm√mkØn\mbn km[mcW°m¿
Bibn°p∂ \rØw, \mSIw, Hm∏d, aqIm`n\bw, \rXy\mSIw, XpSßnb
Iemcq]ßfpsS ASnÿm\LSIw kwKoXamWv. kwKoXan√msX Cu
12
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
Iemcq]߃°v ]q¿ÆX e`n°pIbn√.
]›mØe kwKoXan√mØ Ne®nXßfpw
sSenhnj≥ ]cn]mSnIfpw ]ckyßfpw
H∂p k¶ev]n®p t\m°q!
1.5 ]IrXnbnse kwKoX km∂n≤yw
]IrXnbn¬ kwKoXap≠v. PohPmeßfpsS \mUoanSn∏pw lrZbkv]µ\hpw
]£nIfpsS IfIqP\ßfpw EXpt`Zßfpw ]IrXnbpsS kwKoXamWv.
kwKoXw ]IrXnsb kzm[o\n°p∂p. kwKoX km∂n≤yap≈ IrjnbnSßfn¬
kkyßfpsS hf¿® XzcnXKXnbnemIpIbpw I∂pImenIfn¬ ]m¬
D¬∏mZ\w h¿≤n°pIbpw sNøp∂Xmbn ImWs∏Sp∂p. C∂v mcXapƒs∏sS
]e cmPyßfnepw IrjnbnSßfnse D¬∏mZ\ anIhn\mbn kwKoXw
]tbmP\s∏SpØp∂p.
ta¬∏d™ hkvXpXIƒ kwKoXØn\v, ]IrXnbnepw PohPmeßfnepap≈
kzm[o\w hy‡am°p∂hbmWv. ]pcmtWXnlmkßfnepw kwKoX
e£WKŸßfnepw Cu hkvXpXIƒ km[qIcn°p∂ ]cma¿ißfpw
DZmlcWßfpw ImWs∏Sp∂p.
]h¿Ø\w
\oemw_cn cmKmem]\w tIƒ°pI.
]h¿Ø\w
h©n-∏m-´p-Iƒ, Irjn-∏m-´p-Iƒ F∂nh tIƒ°p-I.
13
kwKoXØns\mcmapJw
]T\t\´ßƒ
$ \nXyPohnXØn¬ kwKoXØn\p≈ ÿm\w Xncn®dnbp∂p.
$ efnXIeIsf°pdn®v s]mXphmb [mcW e`n°p∂p.
$ kwKoXØns‚ aqeyw Xncn®dnbp∂p.
$ a‰p Iemcq]ßfn¬ kwKoXØns‚ ]m[m\yw a\nem°p∂p.
$ PohnXØn¬ kwKoXØns‚ ]m[m\yw Xncn®dnbp∂p.
aqey\n¿Wbw
1. kwKoXØns‚ NnIn’m km[yXIƒ ]Xn]mZn°pI.
2. a\pjycnepw arKßfnepw ]IrXnbnepw kwKoXØns‚ kzm[o\w
hy‡am°pI.
3. efnXIeIfn¬ G‰hpw tijvTamWv kwKoXw. hniZam°pI.
d^d≥kv
1. Xnbdn Hm^v ayqknIv ˛ ankv. F¬. sFkIv
2. kuØv C¥y≥ ayqknIv ˛ s]m^k¿. ]n.kmw_aq¿Øn
3. Z£ntW¥y≥ kwKoXw ˛ F.sI. choµ\mYv
14
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
imkvXw HgnsI a‰v ssh⁄m\nI taJeIƒ
am\hnI hnjbßfn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂p. ]pcmW
KŸßfnepw kwKoXe£WKŸßfnepw
]cma¿in°s∏´n´p≈ 64 IeIfn¬ kmam\y
IeIfpw efnXIeIfpw Dƒs∏Sp∂p.
efnXIeIƒ, \Ωn¬ A¥¿eo\ambncn°p∂
kuµcyt_m[sØ DW¿Øp∂p. kwKoXw Hcp
ZriyIebpw, NnXIe, inev]Ie, hmkvXp-
in¬]w F∂nh ZriyIeIfpamWv.
cwKIesb∂p hntijn∏n°mhp∂hbmWv
\rØw, \mSIw, kwKoX \mSIw, \rØ\mSIw,
IYmImet£]w XpSßnbh.
kwkvImcnI ]ptcmKXnbn¬ efnX-
IeIƒ henb ]¶phln°p∂p. efnXIe-
IfpsS A`yk\hpw BkzmZ\hpw t]m’m-
ln∏n°p∂XneqsS kwkvImc kº∂cmb
hy‡nIsfbpw kaqlsØbpw hm¿sØSp°p-
hm≥ km[n°p∂p. A√mØ-]£w hy‡nPo-
hnXhpw kmaqlyPohnXhpw hnckXbpw
AXr]vXn \nd™Xpambn Xocp∂p.
a\pjycpsS k¿Ktijnbn¬ \n∂pw
`mh\bn¬ \n∂pw amXw DcpØncn™
IebmbXn\m¬ kwKoXw efnXIeIfn¬
G‰hpw tijvTamWv. PmXnaXt`Zat\y
kwKoXw F√mhcmepw BkzZn°s∏Sp∂p.
imkvXob kwKoXw ]ptcmKXn ]m]n®n´n-
√mØ kmwkvImcnIambn G‰hpw ]nt∂m°w
\n¬°p∂ ]tZißfn¬ t]mepw kwKoX-
Øn\v D∂Xÿm\amWp≈Xv.
$ kwKoXØns‚ kmwkvImcnIaqeyw
$ _u≤nI aqeyw
$ sshImcnI aqeyw
$ Bflob aqeyw
][m-\ B-i-b-߃
1.2 kwKoXØns‚ kwkvImcnIhpw _u≤nIhpw Bflobhpamb aqey߃
15
kwKoXØns\mcmapJw
1.2.1 kmwkvImcnI aqeyw
kwKoXw sshImcnI `mjbmW.v kwKoXw A`ykn°p∂XneqsSbpw
]cnt]mjn∏n°p∂XneqsSbpw Hcp hy‡n kzbw kwip≤\mIpIbpw
kmwkvImcnI D∂Xnbn¬ FØnt®cpIbpw sNøp∂p.
Hcp bYm¿∞ kwKoX⁄s‚tbm BkzmZIt‚tbm a\ntem PohnXØntem
\ntj[mflI Nn¥Iƒ cq]s∏SpIbn√. G‰hpw B\µZmbIamWv kwKoXw.
[m¿ΩnI aqey߃ kwthZ\w sNøp∂Xn\p≈ Hcp ][m\ am[yaamWv
kwKoXw. a\pjy\n¬ B\µm\q`qXn Dfhm°pIbpw Ah\nse ss\k¿KnI
IgnhpIsf hnIkn∏n°pIbpamWv, kwKoXØns‚ G‰hpw alØmb [¿Ωw.
tIƒ°p∂ amXbn¬Xs∂ BkzZn°phm≥ Ignbp∂ IebmWv kwKoXw.
inip°ƒt]mepw kwKoXØm¬ B\µ`cnXcmIp∂p. hnhn[ cmjvSßfnse
hyXykvX Bem]\ ssienIfpw kwKoX kºZmbßfpw P\a\pIsf
GtIm]n∏n®v kwkvImc kº∂cm°p∂p.
1.2.2 _u≤nI aqeyw
kwKoXØnse ipXn, kzck©mc߃, sshhn[yam¿∂ cmK߃, hyXykvX
Xmfßfpw AhbpsS hIt`Zßfpw, KaI߃,. k¶o¿Wamb ]√hnIƒ,
at\m[¿Ω kwKoXw XpSßnb LSI߃ Htc kabw kwKoX⁄cptSbpw
BkzmZIcpsSbpw _u≤nIXeßsf D±o]n∏n°p∂p.
1.2.3 sshImcnIamb aqeyw
a\pjyhnImcßsf G‰hpw e]Zambn ]ISn∏n°m≥ Ignbp∂ Hcp am[yaamWv
kwKoXw. ""ckm\p`h''amWv kwKoXØns‚ ][m\ A\p`hXew. IrXn, ]Zw
XpSßnb Km\cq]ßfpsS D≈S°w ][m\ambpw sshImcnI Xeßsf
Dƒs°m≈p∂hbmWv. cmK߃ "ck'ßfpambn _‘s∏´ncn°p∂p. Zp:Jw,
hnclw, kt¥mjw XpSßn a\pjyPohnXhpambn _‘s∏´ F√m
at\mhnImcßtfbpw Xohambn BhnjvIcn°p∂Xn\v `mcXob cmK߃°v
Ignbp∂p. DZm: -ATmW (hocw), ip`]¥phcmfn (timIw), hk¥(lmkyw).
\rØ kwKoX \mSIßfnse sshImcnI aqlq¿Ø߃ G‰hpw e]Zambn
BhnjvIcn®ncn°p∂Xv hnhn[ cmKßfpsS ^e]Zamb ]tbmKßfn-
eqsSbmWv. kwKoXØns‚ Cu sshImcnI ]`mhw Xs∂bmWv a\pjy a\p-
Isf hnhn[ Xeßfnte°v Db¿Øp∂Xpw.
Hm¿Ωn°pI
efnXIeIfn¬ tijvTw kwKoXw
Hm¿Ωn°pI
kwKoXØns‚ kmwkvImcnIhpw _u≤nIhpamb aqey߃
16
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
apØp-kzman
Zo£n-X¿
1.2.4 Bflob aqeyw
BflobXbneq∂nbp≈ Hcp kmwkvImcnI ]mcºcyamWv `mcXØnt‚Xv.
AXpsIm≠pIqSnbmWv Bflobhpw \nKqUhpamb Imcy߃
kwKoXIrXnIfn¬ IqSpXembpw ]Xn]mZn -
®ncn°p∂Xpw. BZnaImew apX¬ Xs∂ a\pjy≥,
kwKoXØn¬ im¥nbpw kam[m\hpw Is≠Øn-
bncp∂p. a\pjy\v Xs‚ D≈n¬ A¥¿eo\ambncn°p∂
Bflob KpWßsf Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\pw kwKoXw
klmbn°p∂p. ]mNo\ImeØv aX]camb
Imcy߃°v amXamWv kwKnXw D]tbmKn°-
s∏´ncp∂Xv. tam£]m]vXnbv°p≈ G‰hpw e]Zamb
am¿§w kwKoXamsW∂v XymKcmPkzman Xs‚
IrXnIfn¬IqSn ]d™ph®n´p≠v. kwKoXØns‚
\nKqUamb IgnhpIsf°pdn®v apØpkzman Zo£nXcpw
Xs‚ IrXnIfn¬ ]Xn]mZn®n´p≠v. "AarXh¿jnWn' cmKw ]mSn Zo£nX¿
ag s]øn®Xmbn ]dbs∏Sp∂p. cmKNnIn’bn¬, D]tbmKn°p∂Xpw
]tbmP\s∏SpØp∂Xpw kwKoXØns‚ Cu BflobXew Xs∂bmWv.
alm∑mcmb ]e Nn¥Icpw kmaqly˛aX ]cnjvI¿Øm°fpw XßfpsS
DXvIrjvS Nn¥Iƒ ]NNcn∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ am[yaambn kwKoXsØ
D]tbmKn®Xv AXns‚ Bflobamb HuNnXyw sIm≠p IqSnbmWv.
]T\t\´ßƒ
$ kwKoXØns‚ kmwkvImcnIhpw, _u≤nIhpw, sshImcnIhpw,
Bflobhpamb KpWßsf Xncn®dnbp∂p.
$ kwKoXØn\v a\pjyPohnXØnep≈ ÿm\w a\nem°p∂p.
aqey\n¿Wbw
1. kwKoXØns‚ kmwkvImcnI aqeysØ°pdn®v Hcp JfinIbn¬
IpdbmsX Ipdns∏gpXpI.
2. a\pjyhnImc߃ ]ISn∏n°p∂Xn\v kwKoXw A\ptbmPy-amIp∂sX-
ßns\sb∂v hniZam°pI.
3. kwKoXØns‚ _u≤nIXesØ Ipdn®v Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°pI.
4. kwKoXØns‚ Bflob aqeysØ Ipdn®v hniZoIcn°pI.
Hm¿Ωn°pI
kwKoXØns‚ sshImcnIhpw Bflobhpamb aqey߃
17
kwKoXØns\mcmapJw
1.3 kwKoXØn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂ kmt¶XnI ]Z߃
1.3.1 \mZw
tIƒ°p∂ amXbn¬ Xs∂ a\pjy a\ns\
cRvPn∏n°p∂ kwKoX i_vZamWv \mZw.
kwKoXhpambn _‘s∏´ F√m°mcyßfpw
\mZhpambn _‘s∏´ncn°p∂p. \mZw
ipXnbv°pw ipXn kzc߃°pw kzc߃
cmK߃°pw tlXphmIp∂p.
BlXw, A\mlXw F∂nßs\ \mZw c≠p XcØnep≠v. a\pjycpsStbm
PohPmeßfp-tStbm t_m[]q¿hamb ]bXv\w sIm≠√msX D≠mIp∂
\mZamWv A\mlX \mZsa∂-dnbs∏Sp∂Xv. tbmKnIƒ°p amXw tIƒ°phm≥
km[n°p∂ ]]©kwKoXamWnsX∂v ]dbs∏Sp∂p. a\pjy≥ t_m[]q¿hw
]pds∏Sphn°p∂ i_vZw BlX\mZsa∂v Adnbs∏Sp∂p. kwKoXimkvXw
BlX\m-Zhpambn _‘s∏´ncn°p∂p. BlX\mZØn\v KoXw, hmZyw, \rXyw
F∂nßs\ aq∂p hn`mKßfp≠v. BlX\mZsØ AXns‚ D¤hÿm\w
ASnÿm\am°n icocPw, \JPw, [\p¿Pw, hmbpPw, N¿ΩPw, temlPw
F∂nßs\ A©mbn h¿§oIcn°p∂p.
\mZsa∂Xv ]mW\pw A·nbpw XΩnep≈ k¶e\amWv. "\m' F∂Xv
]mWs\bpw "Z' F∂Xv A·nsbbpw kqNn∏n°p∂p. XymKcmPkzmanIfpsS
"tam£apKeZ' (kmcaXn) F∂ IrXnbpsS NcWØn¬ CtX°pdn®v
]cma¿iap≠v. lrZbØn¬ \n∂v aµ\mZhpw IWvTØn¬ \n∂v a[y\mZhpw
incn¬ \n∂v Xmc\mZhpw ]pds∏Sp∂p.
1.3.2 iqXn
`mcXob kKoXØnse Hcp ][m\ khntijXbmWv ipXn. ""ipXn amXm
eb ]nXm'' F∂ kq‡Øn¬ \n∂pw kwKoXØn¬ ipXn°p≈ ]m[m\yw
a\nem°mw. kq£vaambpw hy‡ambpw tIƒ°m≥ Ignbp∂ G‰hpw sNdnb
\mZhntijamWv ipXn. c≠v hyXykvX [z\nIƒ XΩnep≈ G‰hpw sNdnb
hyXymkamWv ipXn. ipXnbpsS CSthfIƒ GIipXn, ZznipXn, XnipXn,
NXp¿ipXn, ]©ipXn, jUvipXn F∂nßs\ Adnbs∏Sp∂p. ]amWipXn,
$ \mZw
$ ipXn
$ kzcw
$ ÿmbn
$ BtcmlWw
$ AhtcmlWw
$ k]vXXmf߃
$ [mXp
$ amXp
][m-\ B-i-b-߃
18
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
\yq\ipXn, ]q¿WipXn, F∂nßs\ GIipXn CSthf aq∂p hn[Ønep≠v.
\q‰m≠pIfmbn 22 ipXnIfmWv `mcXob kwKoXØn¬ D]tbmKØnep≈Xv.
hyXykvX ipXnIƒ hyXykvX cmKßfn¬ ImWs∏Sp∂p.
DZm:˛ KufEj`w, hcmfna[yaw apXembh.
temIkwKoXkºZmbßfn¬ AwKoIcn°s∏´ ]¥≠p kzcÿm\߃°p
]pdta ]tØmfw [z\nIƒ AYhm ipXnIƒ `mcXob kwKoXØn¬
D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂p. Cu kq£va ipXnIfmWv `mcXob kwKoXsØ
BI¿jIam°p∂Xpw a‰p kwKoX kºZmbßfn¬ \n∂v th¿Xncn®v
\n¿Øp∂Xpw. kwKoXØn¬ ipXn°v as‰mc¿∞w IqSn I¬]n°mdp≠v. Hcmƒ
GXp [z\nsb AYhm kzcsØ B[mcam°n ]mSp∂pthm B [z\nsb
AbmfpsS ipXn As√¶n¬ B[mcjUvPw F∂p ]dbp∂p. KmbI\v
As√¶n¬ hmZI\v X\n°v A\ptbmPyamb ipXn Xncs™SpØp∂Xn\p≈
kzmX¥yap≠v. F∂m¬ It®cnbn¬ BZy¥w Htc ipXn \ne\n¿tØ≠Xp≠v.
1.3.3 kzcw
kzbw cRvPIßfmb ipXnIfmWv kzc߃. jUvPw, Ej`w, Km‘mcw, a[yaw,
]©aw, ss[hXw, \njmZw F∂nßs\ Ggp kzcßfmWp≈Xv. Ch k, cn,
K, a, ], [, \n F∂o kw⁄Ifn¬ Adnbs∏Sp∂p. k]vXkzcßfn¬
jUvPØn\pw (k) ]©aØn\pw (]) hIt`Zßfn√. Ch ANe kzc߃
F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p. Ej`w, Km‘mcw, a[yaw, ss[hXw, \njmZw F∂o
kzc߃°v c≠v hIt`Zßfp≠v. Aßns\ Ggp kzc߃°v 12
kzcÿm\߃ D≠v.
Hcp ÿmbnbnse 12 kzcÿm\߃ (ZzmZikzc߃)
$ jUvPw
$ ip≤Ej`w
$ NXp¿ipXn Ej`w
$ km[mcW Km‘mcw
$ A¥cKm‘mcw
$ ip≤a[yaw
$ ]Xna[yaw
$ ]©aw
$ ip≤ss[hXw
$ NXp¿ipXnss[hXw
$ ssIinIn \njmZw
$ ImIfn \njmZw
19
kwKoXØns\mcmapJw
Fgp]Ønc≠v tafI¿Øm]≤Xnbn¬ sh¶nSaJn tjmUi (16) kzcßfmWv
D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂Xv. ZzmZikzcßtfmSv jUvipXn Ej`w, ip≤Km‘mcw,
jUvipXn ss[hXw, ip≤ \njmZw, F∂nhbmWv IqSpXembn Iq´nt®¿°s∏´
kzc߃. F∂m¬ bYm¿∞Øn¬ jUvipXn Ej`w km[mcW Km‘mchpw,
ip≤Km‘mcw NXp¿ipXn Ej`hpw, jUvipXn ss[hXw ssIinIn \njmZhpw,
ip≤\njmZw NXp¿ipXn ss[hXhpamWv.
Hm¿Ωn°pI
\mZØns‚ c≠p hn`mK߃ , ZzmZi kzc߃
]h¿Ø\w
kzc߃ km[Iw sNøpI
1.3.4 ÿmbn
jUvPw apX¬ \njmZw hsc A\pIaambn Ggpkzc߃ Dƒs°m≈p∂
kzcirwJebv°mWv ÿmbn F∂p ]dbp∂Xv. `mcXob kwKoXØn¬ A©p
ÿmbnIfmWp≈Xv. aµÿmbn, A\paµÿmbn, a[yÿmbn, Xmcÿmbn,
AXnXmcÿmbn. imcocKpWap≈ Hcp hy‡n°v aq∂v ÿmbnbnepw ]mSphm≥
Ignbpw. AXmbXv aµÿmbnbnepw, a[yÿmbnbnepw Xmcÿmbnbnepw.
kwKoX D]IcWßfn¬ amXta A©pÿmbnIfpw ]tbmKn°phm≥
IgnbpIbp≈q Hcp jUvPØn¬ XpSßn ASpØ jUvPw AS°w
Iam\pKXambn hcp∂ F´p kzc߃°v ˛ kcnKa][\nk˛ kzcmjvSIsa∂p
]dbp∂p.
ÿmbnsb kqNn∏n°p∂Xn\v kzcßfpsS apIfnepw Xmsgbpw _nµp°ƒ
D]tbmKn°p∂p. Hcp kzcØn\v Xmsg 2 _nµp Ds≠¶n¬ B kzcw
A\paµÿmbnbnepw, kzcØn\p Xmsg Hcp _nµphmWp≈sX¶n¬ AXv
aµÿmbnbnepw _nµphn√mØ kzcw a[yÿmbnbnepw kzcØn\p apIfn¬
Hcp _nµp Ds≠¶n¬ B kzcw Xmcÿmbnbnepw c≠p _nµp°fmsW¶n¬
B kzcw AXnXmcÿmbnbnemsW∂pw a\nem°mw.
DZm:˛
A\paµÿmbn ˛ k cn K a
aµÿmbn ˛ k cn K a
Xmcÿmbn ˛ k cn K a
AXnXmcÿmbn ˛ k cn K a
.
.. .. .. ..
. . . .
.. .. .. ..
. . . .
20
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
1.3.5 BtcmlWw
BtcmlWw F∂ hm°n\v Ib‰w F∂¿∞w. jUvPw apX¬ jUvPw hsc
Hcp Iq´w kzc߃ apIfnte°v ]mSp∂Xns\ BtcmlWsa∂v ]dbp∂p.
DZm:˛ cmKw ˛ taml\w
Btcm: -˛ k cn K ] [ k
1.3.6 AhtcmlWw
AhtcmlWw F∂ hm°n\v Cd°w F∂¿∞w. kzc߃ Xmtg°v ]mSp∂Xv
AhtcmlWw.
DZm:˛ cmKw ˛ taml\w
Btcm: -˛ k [ ] K cn k
Hcp cmKw \n¿Wbn°p∂Xv AXns‚ BtcmlWØnepw AhtcmlWØnepw
D]tbmKn°p∂ kzc߃ t\m°nbmW.v Hcp cmKØns‚ kw£n]vXcq]w
AXns‚ BtcmlWmhtcmlWßfn¬ \n∂pw e`n°p∂p.
1.3.7 cmKw
`mcXob kwKoXØns‚ ASnÿm\amWv cmKw. GsXmcp [z\nhntijamtWm
kzcßfmepw BtcmlWßfmb h¿Æßfmepw Ae¶cn°s∏´v
timXm°fpsS a\ns\ cRvPn∏n°p∂Xv AXvv cmKw (kwKoX cXv\mIcw).
]¥≠v kzcÿm\߃ \n›nX \nba߃°\pkcn®v at\mcRvPIßfmb
BtcmlW ˛ AhtcmlWßtfmsS ]mSp∂XmWv cmKw. I¿ÆmSI
kwKoXØn¬ FÆa‰ cmKßfp≠v. Hmtcm cmKØn\pw X\Xmb kzcq]ap≠v.
c≠p cmK߃°v Hcn°epw Htc kzcq]w D≠mbncn°pIbn√. Hcp cmKØn¬
\n∂pw as‰mcp cmKØn\v Hcp kzcØns‚ hyXymkw amXtabp≈psh¶nepw
c≠p cmKßfpw XnI®pw hyXykvXambncn°pw.
DZm:˛ taml\hpw lwk[z\nbpw.
]mNo\ Xang v kwKoXØn¬ cmKw "]¨' F∂dnbs∏´ncp∂p.
Km\Ime\nbaa\pkcn®v ]¨Isf ]I¬]¨, Cchp]¨, s]mXp]¨
F∂nßs\ Xcw Xncn®ncp∂p.
1.3.8 k]vXXmf Ae¶mc߃
at\mlcßfmb kzckap®bßfmWv ]mNo\ kwKoXØnse Ae¶mc߃.
kqfmZn k]vXXmfßf\pkcn®v Nn´s∏SpØnbncn°p∂ kzckap®bßfmWv
k]vXXmf Ae¶mc߃.
.
.
21
kwKoXØns\mcmapJw
1.3.9 [mXp
kwKoX cN\Ifnse kzcmhnjvImcØn\v [mXp F∂p ]dbp∂p.
DZm:-˛ a][kkcn cnk[]a] (aelcn ˛ KoXw)
1.3.10 amXp
kwKoXcq]ßfnse kmlnXyw amXpsh∂v Adnbs∏Sp∂p.
DZm: -˛ io KW\mYknµpc h¿Æ (aelcn ˛ KoXw)
]T\t\´ßƒ
$ \mZw, ipXn, kzcw, ÿmbn, cmKw, Ae¶mc߃ apXemb kwKoXØns‚
ASnÿm\ LSIßsf°pdn®v Adnhp t\Sp∂p.
k]vXXmfßfpw AhbpsS AwKßfpw
\º¿ Xmfw AwK߃
1 [phw 1011
2 aTyw 101
3 cq]Iw 01
4 Qw] 10U
5 Xn]pS 100
6 AS 1100
7 GI l
kv]XXmfßfn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂ aq∂v AwK߃
eLp ˛ l
ZpXw ˛ 0
A\pZpXw ˛ U
k]vXXmf߃ ]©PmXnt`Za\pkcn®v 35 Xmfßfmbpw
]©KXnt`Za\pkcn®v 35 Xmf߃, 175 Xmfßfmbpw amdp∂p.
Hm¿Ωn°pI
k]vXXmf Ae¶mc߃
]h¿Ø\w
kzc߃ km[Iw sNøpI
. . . . .
22
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
aqey\n¿Wbw
1. \mZØns‚ 2 hn`mK߃ Gh?
2. ipXn F∂m¬ F¥v?
3. kzc\maIcWw hniZoIcn°pI.
4. k]vXXmf Ae¶mc߃ hniZam°pI.
5. ÿmbn F∂m¬ F¥v?
d^d≥kv
1. Un£v\dn Hm^v kuØv C¥y≥ ayqknIv ˛ ]^¿. ]n.kmw_aq¿Øn
2. Z£ntW¥y≥ kwKoXw ˛ F.sI. choµ\mYv
3. kwKoX imkvX ]thinI ˛ tUm. sh¶Skp_“Wy
Aø¿
4. kwKoX \nL≠p ˛ tUm. hn.Sn. kp\n¬
Indian Music `mcXobkwKoXw
23
2.1 BapJw
kwkvImcßfpsS al\obXsIm≠pw
`mjm sshhn[yw sIm≠pw
temIkmwkvImcnI `q]SØn¬
`mcXØn\v hfsc D∂Xamsbmcp
ÿm\amWp≈Xv. kwkvIrXw, KWnXw,
tPymXnjw, sshZyimkvXw, kwKoXw
F∂nßs\ Adnhnt‚bpw IebptSbpw
]e taJeIfpw temIØn\v kw`mh\
sNbvXXv \ΩpsS tZiamsW∂v
]dbs∏Sp∂p. "`mcXw' F∂p t]cp
Xs∂ kwKoXmflIamWv. `mhw, cmKw,
Xmfw F∂o ]ZßfpsS ktΩf-
\ambmWv `mcXsØ Nne ]mNo\
KŸßƒ hnt»jn∏n°p∂Xv. `mcXob
kwKoXØns‚ D¤hw thZßfn -
bqWn‰v ˛2
`mcXobkwKoXw
$ D¤hw
$ ][m\ imJIƒ
$ saeUn˛lm¿ΩWn
$ taf˛P\ycmK kºZmbw
$ XmfkºZmbw
$ KaIw
$ at\m[¿Ω kwKoXw
$ BflobX
$ IrXnIfpsS sshhn[yw
$ kwKotXm]IcW߃
$ `mjIƒ
$ \mtSmSn kºZmbw
][m-\ B-i-b-߃
`mcXob kwKoXØns‚ khntijXIƒ
24
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
emsW∂v ]dbs∏Sp∂p. \ΩpsS kwKoXØns‚ ImemImeßfmbp≈
]cnWmahpw hnImkhpw kwKoXe£W KŸßfn¬ tcJs∏-
SpØnbn´p≈Xmbn ImWmw. hnhn[ ]tZißfn¬ ImWp∂ at\mlcßfmb
inev]theIfpw ]uUamb kwKoXkvXq]ßfpw `mcXkwKoXØns‚
]mcºcytØbpw hf¿®tbbpw ]Xn]mZn°p∂hbmWv. `mcXob
kwKoXØnse cmK˛Xmf kºZmb߃, kq£vaßfmb ipXnIƒ,
Km\cq]ßfpsS sshhn[yw apXembh shfns∏Sp∂Xv CØcw
inev]theIfneqsSbpw e£WKŸßfneqsSbpamWv. ]pcmX\ ImeØv
Bcm[\bv°v th≠nbmWv kwKoXw D]tbmKn®ncp∂sX¶n¬, ]n∂oSv
euInIamb cN\Ifpw ]Ncn°s∏´p.
2.2 lnµpÿm\n kwKoXhpw I¿WmSI kwKoXhpw
`mc-Xob kwKo-X-Ønse c≠v ][m\ imJIfmWv, lnµpÿm\n kwKoXhpw
I¿WmSI kwKoXhpw. ]Xnaq∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ t]¿jy≥ BIaWsØ
XpS¿∂mWv H∂mbncp∂ `mcXobkwKoXw Cßs\ c≠v imJIfmbn
th¿]ncn™Xv. I¿WmSItZiw As√¶n¬ IdpØ tZiw F∂dnbs∏´ncp∂
Z£nW `mcXØn¬ hf¿® ]m]n® kwKoXkºZmbw I¿WmSI
kwKoXsa∂ t]cnepw `mcXØns‚ a‰v tZißfn¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ kwKo-X-k-
º-Zmbw lnµpÿm\n kwKoXsa∂ t]cnepw Adnbs∏SpIbpw hnImkw
]m]n°pIbpw sNbvXp. D≈S°Ønepw ]tbm-K-Øn-ep-apff sshhn[yw Cu
c≠v kºZmbßtfbpw hyXy-kvXam°p∂p.
temIØns‚ hnhn[ `mKßfn¬ hyXy-kvXßfmb kwKoXkºZmb߃
\ne\n¬°p∂p≠v. Chnbnse√mw ASnÿm\]cambn D]tbmKn°p∂Xv
k]vXkzcßfmsW¶nepw Hmtcm kºZmbØnepw AhbpsS \n¿hlWhpw
]tbmKcoXnbpw hyXykvXamWv. `mcXob kwKoXsØ temIØnse a‰v
kwKoXkºZmbßfn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvXam°p∂ Cu LSI߃
GsXms°bmsW∂v \ap°v ]cntim[n°mw.
2.3 saeUn ˛ lm¿ΩWn kºZmb߃
temIkwKoXw, saeUn, lm¿ΩWn F∂nßs\ c≠v kºZmbßfmbn Xcw
Xncn°s∏´n´p≠v. `mcXob kwKoXw saeUnsb ASnÿm\am°nbpw
]mivNmXykwKoXw lm¿ΩWn°v ]mapJyw \¬InbpamWv cq]s∏SpØn-
Hm¿an°pI
`mc-Xob kwKo-X-Ønse kwKo-X-k-º-Zm-b-߃
]h¿Ø\w
I¿WmSIkwKoXhpw lnµpÿm\n kwKoXhpw \ne\n¬°p∂
tZißfpsS Hcp `q]Sw Xbmdm°pI.
Indian Music `mcXobkwKoXw
25
bncn°p∂Xv. kzc߃ Hs∂m∂mbn ]tbmKn°p∂ coXnbmWv
saeUnbnep≈Xv. H∂ne[nIw KmbItcm, hmZItcm, Htc kabw,
kwhmZnXzap≈ kzc߃ ]mSptºmtgm hmbn°ptºmtgm D≠mIp∂
kzcßfpsS kwtbmKamWv lm¿ΩWn. hmbv]m´mbmepw
D]IcWkwKoXambmepw X\n®v AhXcn∏n°p∂ coXnbmWv `mcXob
kwKoXØnep≈Xv.
2.4 cmKw
cmKkºZmbamWv `mcXob kwKoXØns‚ ][m\ khntijXIfnsem∂v.
cmKsshhn[yßfpsS Hcp `fimKmcamWv `mcXob kwKoXw. CXbpw
imkvXobamb Hcp cmKhyhÿ temIsØmcnSØpw \nehnen√. hfsc
kq£vaßfmb ipXnIfpw KaIßfpw sIm≠v hyXykvXamWv Hmtcm cmKhpw.
kºq¿Wßfmb Fgp]Ønc≠v P\IcmKßfmWv I¿WmSI-kwKoX-
Øneq≈Xv. tafI¿ØmcmK߃ F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ Chbn¬ \n∂v
DSseSp°p∂hbmWv P\ycmK߃. LS\b\pkcn®v P\ycmKßsf h¿Pyw,
hIw, jmUhw, HuUhw, D]mwKw, `mjmwKw F∂nßs\ XcwXncn®n´n≠v.
IqSmsX kaba\pkcn®pw EXpt`Za\pkcn®pw ]mtS≠ cmKßtfbpw
h¿§oIcn®n´p≠v. ]IrXnbpambpw a\pjy hnIcßfpambpw _‘s∏´
cmKhyhÿ a‰v kwKoXkºZmbßfnsem∂pw Z¿in°m≥ Ignbn√.
2.5 ipXn
`mcXob kwKoXØns‚ khntijamb as‰mcp LSIamWv ipXn (drone).B[mcjUvvvPw F∂ Bibw Xs∂ ipXntbmSv _‘s∏´ncn°p∂p.
Hcp kwKoX⁄≥ X\n°ptNcp∂ Hcp ipXn \nPs∏SpØn, B
ipXnbnembncn°pw It®cnIfpw a‰pw AhXcn∏n°pI. IqSmsX, It®cnbn¬
AIºSn tkhn°p∂ hmtZym]IcWßfpw Htc B[mckzcØn¬
Xs∂bmbncn°pw ipXn tN¿°p∂Xv. AtXkabw lm¿ΩWnsb
ASnÿm\am°nbp≈ ]m›mXykwKoXØn¬, \nbXamb ipXn I≠p
hcp∂n√. ipXn CSp∂Xn\v G‰hpw khntijambn IW°m°p∂ `mcXob
kwKotXm]IcWamWv Xw_pcp. F∂m¬ CeIvtSmWnIv ipXns∏´nIfpw
CeIvtSmWnIv Xw_pcphpw Ct∏mƒ hym]Iambn ]NmcØnep≠v. ssIImcyw
sNøm\p≈ kuIcyhpw A\ptbmPyXbpw ChbpsS D]tbmKw
Hm¿an°pI
tafcmK߃, P\ycmK h¿§oIcWw
]h¿Ø\w
D]mwKw, `mjmwKw, hIw, h¿Pyw, jmUhw, HuUhw XpSßnb
hn`mKßfn¬s∏Sp∂ P\ycmKßfpsS Hcp ]´nI Xbmdm°pI.
26
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
h¿[n°p∂Xn\v ImcWambt∏mƒ ]cºcmKX Xw_pcphns‚ D]tbmKw
Ipdbp∂Xn\pw ImcWambn.
2.6 Xmfw
`mcXob kwKoXØns‚ as‰mcp khntijXbmWv XmfkºZmbw. ""ipXn:
amXm eb : ]nXm'' F∂ kq‡w, kwKoXØn¬ ipXnbptSbpw XmfØnt‚bpw
]m[m\yw shfns∏SpØp∂p. kwKoXØns‚ G‰hpw ][m\s∏´
LSIßfmbmWv ipXntbbpw XmftØbpw temIØnse F√m kwKoX
kºZmbßfpw IW°m°p∂Xv
`mcXob kwKoXØn\v alØmb Hcp XmfkºZmbap≠v. XmfmwK߃,
hyXykvX Ime߃, InbIƒ XpSßnb XmfØns‚ kq£vamwißfn¬
\SØnbn´p≈ \nc¥c KthjWßfpsS ^eambmWv `mcXob Xmf߃°v
\nbXamsbmcp cq]w h∂p tN¿∂Xv. ASnÿm\]cambn Ggv XmfßfmWv
I¿WmSI kwKoXØn¬ D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂Xv. [phw, aTyw, cq]Iw, Qw],
AS, Xr]pS, GI F∂nhbmWo Xmf߃. kv]XXmf߃ 35 Xmfßfmbpw
175 Xmfßfmbpw hnIkn®p≈ kºZmbßfpw ChnsS \nehnep≠v. ]pdta
]mNo\Imew apX¬ \ne\n¬°p∂ 108 XmfkºZmbhpw ChnsSbp≠v. 128
A£cImessZ¿Lyw D≈ Xmfw Cu Xmf kºZmbØnemWv Dƒs∏Sp∂Xv.
temIØnse G‰hpw ssZ¿Lytadnb Xmfambn CXns\ IW°m°p∂p.
`mcXob kwKoXsØ At]£n®v hfsc Ipd®v Xmf߃ amXta
]mivNmXykwKoXØn¬ D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂p≈q.
ta¬ kqNn∏n® cmKw, Xmfw, ipXn F∂nhbmWv `mcXob kwKoXØnse
ASnÿm\ LSI߃. Ch aq∂pw ktΩfn°ptºmƒ cRvPIXzw
A\p`hs∏SpIbpw kwKoXw sshImcnIhpw _u≤nIhpambn
BkzZn°p∂Xn\pw km[n°p∂p.
2.7 KaI߃
KaI߃°v mcXob kwKoXØn¬ hfsc ][m\s∏s´mcp ÿm\amWp≈Xv.
KaIw kwKoXØns‚ Pohmflmhmbn hnt»jn∏n°s∏Sp∂p. Hmtcm
kzc߃°pw \¬Ip∂ hnt»j Ne\amWv KaIw. `mcXob kwKoXØn¬
KaIan√msX ]mSp∂Xv hfsc A]q¿hambn ImWs∏Sp∂ H∂mWv. Hcp
Be¶mcnI XpS¿® kwKoXØn\v \¬Ip∂Xpw KaIw Xs∂bmWv.
Hm¿Ωn°pI
k]vXXmf߃, eLpPmXnt`Zw
]h¿Ø\w
I¿WmSI kwKoXØnse Ggv ASnÿm\ Xmfßfpw Ahbn¬ \n∂p-
¤hn°p∂ 35 Xmfßfpw Dƒs°m≈p∂ Hcp Nm¿´v Xømdm°pI.
Indian Music `mcXobkwKoXw
27
`cXap\nbpsS \mSyimkvX]Imcw KaIan√mØ kwKoXw, hc≠
\Znt]msebpw Nµ\pZn°mØ \nit]msebpw ]q°fn√mØ h√cn t]msebpw
B`cWclnXbmb \mcnsbt]msebpamWv. KaI]tbmK߃ sIm≠mWv
Hmtcm cmKØnt‚bpw hy‡nXzw kv]jvSamIp∂Xv. KaI]tbmK߃ aqew
kzc߃°v hyXykvXßfmb cq]hpw `mhhpw e`n°p∂XpsIm≠mWv Htc
BtcmlWmhtcmlW߃ D≈ cmK߃ t]mepw hyXykvXambncn°p∂Xv.
hnhn[ ckßsf D±o]n∏n°p∂hbmWv KaI߃. DZm: ˛ ATmW (hocw),
ip`]¥phcmfn (timIw). i_vZIaoIcWØneqsSbpw KaIßfpsS IrXyamb
]tbmKßfn¬ IqSnbpamWv hyXykvX ck߃ krjvSn°s∏Sp∂Xv.
]mNo\ kwKoXØn¬ KaI߃, "Ae¶mc߃' F∂ t]cnemWv
Adnbs∏´ncp∂Xv. hmbv∏m´nepw D]IcWkwKoXØnepw D]tbmKn°p∂
hnhn[ XcØnep≈ KaI߃ D≠v. "Zihn[ KaI߃' F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ 10
KaI߃ BWv I¿WmSI kwKoXØn¬ km[mcW D]tbmKn®phcp∂Xv.
BtcmlWw, AhtcmlWw, kv^pcnXw, IºnXw, XpSßnbh
Zihn[KaI߃°v DZmlcWßfmWv.
KaIßsf s\mt´j\n¬ kqNn∏n°pI F∂Xv hfsc iaIcamb ImcyamWv.
KaIw, ipXn apXemb cmKØns‚ kq£vaXe߃ lrZnÿam°nb Hcp
kwKoX⁄\p amXta s\t´j≥ A\pkcn®v IrXyambn ]mSm≥
IgnbpIbp≈q. ]q¿Wambpw s\mt´j≥ ]Imcw ]mSm≥ Ignbp∂ H∂√
`mcXob kwKoXw. KpcpapJØp \n∂pw ]Tn®v Hm¿Ωbn¬ \n∂pw kwKoXw
AhXcn∏n°p∂ coXnbmWv \Ωƒ ]n¥pScp∂Xv. CXv mcXob kwKoXØns‚
amXw ]tXyIXbmWv.
2.8 at\m[¿Ω kwKoXw
krjvSn]camb kwKoXamWv at\m[¿Ω kwKoXw. `mcXob kwKoXØns‚
amXw khntijXbmWnXv. at\m[¿Ωa\pkcn®v kwKoX \nbaßfn¬ \n∂pw
hyXnNen°msX ]mSp∂Xn\mWv at\m[¿ΩkwKoXw F∂p ]dbp∂Xv.
It®cnIfpsS aq∂nsemcp `mKhpw at\m[¿Ω kwKoXØn\mbmWv
hn\ntbmKn°p∂Xv. cmKkzcq]Øn\v tIm´w X´msX t\ctØ BkqXWw
sNømsX A∏t∏mƒ ]mSp∂XmWv at\m[¿Ω kwKoXw. cmKsØ°pdn®v
\√ ]cn⁄m\ap≈h¿t° at\m[¿Ωw ]tbmKn°m≥ km[n°pIbp≈q.
IebpsS AhmNyXeßfnte°v BkzmZIsc sIms≠Øn°p∂ Hcp
khntijXbmWnXv. Hcp kwKoX⁄s‚ tijvTX, Ahs‚ at\m[¿Ωw
]tbmKn°m\p≈ Ignhns\ Bibn®ncn°p∂p. at\m[¿Ω kwKoXØn\v 5
hn`mKßfmWp≈Xv. cmKmem]\w, Xm\w, ]√hn, \nch¬, I¬]\kzcw
F∂nhbmWh.
28
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
2.9 BflobXbpw IrXnIfpsS sshhn[yhpw
a‰v kwKoX kºZmbßfn¬ \n∂pw `mcXob kwKoXsØ th¿Xncn®p
\n¿Øp∂ Hcp ]tXyIXbmWv BflobX. ssZhkvXpXnIfmWv `qcn]£w
kwKoXcN\Ifpw. kwKoXcq]ßfmb KoXw, h¿Ww, IrXn, Io¿Ø\w, ]Zw,
`P≥ XpSßnbhsb√mw Xs∂ ssZhkvXpXnItfm BflobX Xpfpºp∂tXm
BWv.
sshhn[yamWv `mcXob kwKoXØns‚ as‰mcp ]tXyIX. At\Iw kwKoX
cN\Iƒ ChnsS D≠mbn´p≠v. lnµpÿm\nbnepw I¿WmSIkwKoXØnepw
hfsc hyXykvXßfmb cq]ßfmWv D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂Xv. h¿Ww, IrXn,
]Zw,Pmhfn, Xn√m\ apXembh I¿WmSIkwKoXØnepw [p]Zv, Jbm¬, Tpwcn,
S∏, Xcm\ XpSßnbh lnµpÿm\n kwKoXØnepw D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂
Km\cq]ßfmWv.
Hm¿Ωn°pI
KaIßfpsS ]tXyIXIƒ, at\m[¿Ω kwKoXØns‚ hn`mK߃
]h¿Ø\w
hnhn[ KaIßfpw AhbpsS ]tbmKcoXnIfpw ]mSn ]cnioen°pI.
2.10 kwKotXm]IcW߃
kwKo tXm]IcWßfm¬
kºpjvTamWv `mcXw. Nne
hmZy߃ X\n®v AhXcn∏n-
°p∂Xn\pw Nneh AIºSn-
bmbn hmbn°p∂Xn\pw
D]tbmKn°p∂p. hmZyßfpsS
\mZw, D]tbmKw, \n¿amWØn-
\p]tbmKn°p∂ hkvXp°ƒ
apXemb hyXykvX am\Zfi-
߃ A\pkcn®v hmtZym]Ic-
Wßsf h¿KoIcn®n´p≠v. kwKoXIt®cnIfn¬
D]tbmKn°p∂ hoW, arZwKw, X_e, knXm¿,
]p√m¶pg¬ XpSßnb hmZy߃ IqSmsX \mtSmSn kwKoXØnepw A\pjvTm\
kwKoXØnepw D]tbmKn°p∂ \nch[n hmtZym]IcWßfpw \ap°p≠v.
X_e
knØm¿
Xw_pcp
Hm¿Ωn°pI
I¿WmSIkwKoXØnepw lnµpÿm\n kwKoXØnepw D]tbmKn-
°p∂ Km\cq]߃
Indian Music `mcXobkwKoXw
29
2. 11 mjIƒ
`mjIfm¬ \nd™ \mSmWv `mcXw. 1650˛Hmfw `mjIƒ `mcXØns‚ hnhn[
]tZißfn¬ D]tbmKn®p hcp∂Xmbn ]dbs∏Sp∂p. alm∑mcmb
hmt§bImc∑m¿ XßfpsS anI® krjvSnIƒ sIm≠v `mcXØns‚
kmwkvImcnI taJesb kºpjvTam°nbhcmWv. Cu IrXnIsf√mw Xs∂
]mtZinI `mjIfnemWv cNn°s∏´Xv. AXn\m¬ Xs∂ imkvXob kwKoX
IrXnIfn¬ `mjmsshhn[yap≈ Htcsbmcp tZiambn
`mcXsØ IW°m°p∂p.
\nch[n tKmXßfpw aXßfpw h¿Kßfpw Dƒs°m≈p∂
hfsc hnkvXrXamb Hcp cmjvSamWv `mcXw. AXpsIm≠v
Xs∂ `mcXØns‚ hnhn[ `mKßfn¬ tZiykwKoXhpw
cq]s∏´n´p≠v. Hmtcm ]tZiØn\pw A\ptbmPyamb
kz`mh hnt»j߃ Cu tZiykwKoXØn\pap≠mhpw.
tIcfØnse tkm]m\kwKoXhpw _wKmfnse
c_oµkwKoXhpw CXn\pZmlcWßfmWv.
2.12 \mtSmSn ]mcºcyw
`mcXob kwKoXsØ°pdn®v ]dbptºmƒ \mtSmSnkwKoXtØbpw AXns‚
_rlØmb ]mcºytØbpw kwkvImctØbpw Ipdn®vv ]Xn]mZnt°≠Xv
A\nhmcyamWv. imkvXobkwKoXØns‚ Bhn¿`mhw Xs∂
\mtSmSnkwKoXØn¬ \n∂mWv. XymKcmPkzmanbpsS ]e Hm∏dIfptSbpw
Io¿Ø\ßfptSbpw CuW߃ \mtSmSnkwKoXØn¬\n∂pw
FSpØn´pffhbmWv. C∂sØ ]e cmKßfpw \mtSmSnkwKoXØn¬ \n∂pw
DSseSpØhbmWv.
IemImcs‚ hy‡n]camb ]bXv\tØbpw Adnhnt\bpw A\p`htØbpw
Hcp ]cn[nhsc Bibn°p∂ H∂mWv `mcXob kwKoXw. Htc cmKw Xs∂
hyXykvX kwKoX⁄¿ Be]n°p∂Xv hyXykvX XcØnembncn°pw. Cu
Hm¿Ωn°pI
I¿WmSIkwKoXØnepw lnµpÿm\n kwKoXØnepw D]tbmKn-
°p∂ hmZy-߃
]h¿Ø\w
`mcXob kwKoXØn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂ hyXykvX kwKotXm-
]IcWßfpsS Hcp Nm¿´v Xbmdm°pI.
kwKotXm]IcWßsf°pdn®v Hcp ]h¿t]mbn‚ v AhXcWw \SØpI.
c_oµ\mYv SmtKm¿
30
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
sshhn[yamWv `mcXkwKoXØns‚ at\mlmcnX. cmK˛Xmf hyhÿIƒ,
at\m[¿Ω kwKoXw, ipXn, KaIw XpSßnb hfsc kq£vahpw k¶o¿Whpamb
khntijXIƒ `mcXob kwKoXsØ temIkwKoXØns‚ s\dpIbn¬
]XnjvTn°p∂p.
]T\t\´ßƒ
$ `mcXkwKoXØns‚ AXpeyX a\nem°p∂p.
$ `mcXkwKoXsØ a‰p kwKoX kºZmbßfn¬ \n∂pw th¿Xncn-
®dnbp∂p.
KaIw, ipXn F∂nhbpsS ]m[m\yw a\nem°p∂p
$ `mcXkwKoXØns‚ cmK˛Xmf sshhn[yw Xncn®dnbp∂p.
$ I¬]nXkwKoXhpw at\m[¿Ω kwKoXhpw th¿Xncn®dnbp∂p.
$ at\m[¿Ω kwKoXØns‚ hnhn[ imJIsf a\nem°p∂p.
aqey\n¿Wbw
1. Z£ntW¥y≥ kwKoXw ]n¥pScp∂ kºZmbtaXv?
2. I¿WmSI kwKoX cN\Ifn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂ `mjIsf°pdn®v Hcp
eLphnhcWw \¬IpI.
3. `mcXob kwKoXØns‚ alØmb ]mcºcysØ Ipdn®v Hcp Ipdn∏v
Xbmdm°pI.
4. I¿WmSI kwKoXhpw lnµpÿm\n kwKoXhpw XΩnep≈
hyXymkßtfh?
5. KaIØns‚ ]tXyIXIƒ ]Xn]mZn°pI.
6. at\m[¿ΩkwKoXØns‚ A©v imJIƒ Gh?
7. kwKoXØns‚ kmwkvImcnI aqey\n¿WbsØ°pdn®v Hcp JfinIbn¬
IpdbmsX Ipdns∏gpXpI.
8. a\pjyhnImc߃ ]ISn∏n°p∂Xn\v kwKoXw A\ptbmPyamIp-
∂sXßns\sb∂v hniZam°pI.
9. kwKoXØns‚ Bflob aqeysØ°pdn®v hniZoIcn°pI.
Melakarta Scheme
31
taf-I¿Øm ]≤Xn
3.1 cmKw
`mcXob kwKo-X-Øns‚ apJy LS-I-
amWv cmKw. kzcßfm¬ AewIrXambn
Cµnbßsf kt¥mjn∏n°p∂ [z\nhn-
tijw F∂mWv cmKsØ ]mNo\ kwKoX
e£WKŸßƒ hnt»jn∏n°p∂Xv.
Hmtcm cmKØn\pw X\Xmb HcpÍ kzcq-
]ap≠v. kwKoXØn¬ ⁄m\hpw ]cnioe-
\hpw e`n® Hcmƒ°v Hmtcm cmKhpw th¿Xn-
cn®dnbm≥ km[n°pw. ]mNo\ kwKoX-
Øn¬ "PmXn' F∂mWv cmKw Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-
bqWn‰v ˛ 3
taf-I¿Øm ]≤Xn
$ 72 kºq¿Æ cmK-߃
$ ]q¿h-˛-D-Øc taf-ß-fpsS khn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ
$ 12 NI-ßfpw Ah-bpsS
IaoIcWhpw
$ NI-ß-fnse tafIaoIcWw
$ taf-ßfnse kzcIaoIcWw
$ `qX-kw-Jy-
$ IS-]-bm-Zn-kq-X-w
$ P\-I˛P\y-cm-K߃
$ ]≤-Xn-bpsS D]-tbmKw
][m-\ B-i-b-߃
32
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
∂-Xv. A©mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ aXw-Ks‚ Imew apX¬°mWv C∂sØ
cmKw F∂p≈ Bibw Bhn¿`-hn-®-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ "_rl-t±in' F∂ KŸ-
Øn-emWv cmKw F∂ hm°v BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv.
3.2 h¿§oIcWw
I¿Æm-SI kwKoXw ]n≥Xp-S-cp∂ cmK-hn- -P\w _lp-ap-J-am-Wv. Ah-bn¬
G‰hpw ][m\w P\-I-˛--P\y hn`-P-\-am-Wv. P\-I-cm-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw P\y-cm-K-
߃ D≠m-Ip-∂p. taf-߃ Xs∂-bmWv P\-I-cm-K-߃. I¿Æm-SI kwKo-X-Ønse
ASn-ÿm\ cmK-ß-fmWv tafw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. I¿Øm-cm-Kw, taf-I¿Øm-cm-
Kw, cmKmw-K-cm-Kw, kºq¿Æ-cmKw F∂o t]cp-I-fnepw taf-cmKw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
taf-߃°v km[m-c-W-bmbn Nne khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-≠v. AXm-bXv Ah-
bpsS Btcm-l-Whpw Ah-tcm-l-Whpw Ia-k-ºq¿Æ-am-bn-cn-bv°pw. Btcm-l-
W-Ønepw Ah-tcm-l-W-Ønepw D]tbmKn°p∂Xv Htc kzc-ÿm-\-߃ Xs∂
Bbn-cn°pw.
3.3 72 taf I¿Øm-cm-K-ßfpw ]≤-Xnbpw
16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ sh¶n-S-a-Jn-bmWv 72 taf-I¿Øm ]≤-Xn-
bpsS D]-⁄m-Xm-hv. At±lw I¿Æm-S-I-kw-Ko-X-Ønse cmK-ßsf imkvXo-b-
ambn hn`-Pn®v Hcp ]´nI D≠m°n. 72 cmK-ßsf taf-I¿Øm cmK-ß-fmbn IW-
°m-°n-bmWv Cu ]´nI Xøm-dm-°nbXv. a‰p≈ cmK-ß-sf√mw Cu 72 cmK-ß-fn¬
\n∂pw D≠m-b-hbm-Wv. Ah P\y-cm-K-߃ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. sh¶n-S-aJn, taf-
I¿Øm ]≤Xn cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvsX-¶nepw taf-߃°v t]cp-Iƒ \¬In-bXv
]n∂oSv h∂ e£WImc∑mcmWv. 12 kzc-ß-fn-ep≈ 16 kzc-ÿm-\-ßsf ASn-
ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv Cu ]≤Xn Bhn-jv°-cn-®-Xv.
72 taf-I¿Øm-]-≤Xn c≠p-hn-[-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. H∂,v kºq¿Æ
taf-]-≤Xn As√-¶n¬ I\-ImwKn˛cXv\mw-Kn \maIcW coXn. c≠v, Ak-ºq¿Æ-
taf ]≤Xn As√-¶n¬ I\-Imw-_cn˛cXv\mw-_cn \maIcW coXn. sh¶n-S-a-Jn-
bpsS ImeØv \ne-\n∂ taf-]-≤Xn bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Ak-ºq¿Æ taf-]-≤-Xn-bm-
bn-cp-∂p. ]e- ta-f-ß-fpsS t]cnepw ]n∂oSv am‰w h∂p. a‰p taf-I¿Øm ]≤-Xn-
Ifp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ sh¶nS-a-Jn-bpsS ]≤-Xn-bmWv G‰hpw Nn´-
tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bXpw imkvXo-b]-c-am-bn-´p-≈-Xpw.
Hm¿Ωn°pI
cmK-ß-fpsS h¿§oIcWw
]h¿Ø\w
hyXyÿ kzc-k¶e\ßfpsS Hcp ]´nI Xøm-dm-°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I
Melakarta Scheme
33
taf-I¿Øm ]≤Xn
3.4 NI-߃
36 cmK߃ hoX-ap-≈ c≠v hn`m-K-ß-fn-embn 72 taf I¿Øm-cm-K-ßsf
hn`-Pn-®n-cn-bv°p-∂p. BZysØ 36 cmK-ß-fn¬ ip≤-a-≤y-ahpw ASpØ 36 cmK-ß-
fn¬ ]Xn-a-≤y-a-hp-am-Wp-≈-Xv. Hmtcm NI-Ønepw 6 taf-߃ hoXw 72 taf-cm-K-
ß-sfbpw 12 NI-ß-fn-embn ASp-°n-bn-cn-bv°p-∂p. BZysØ Bdp NI-ßsf
ip≤-a-≤y-a-N-I-ß-sf∂pw c≠m-asØ Bdp- N-I-ßsf ]Xn-a-≤ya NI-ß-sf∂pw
]d-bp-∂p.
P\-I-cm-K-ß-fpsS As√-¶n¬ taf-I¿Øm-cm-K-ß-fpsS Hcp khn-ti-jX
Ggv kzc-ßfpw Btcm-l-W-Ønepw Ah-tcm-l-W-Ønepw Ds≠-∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. AXm-
bXv Ah kºq¿Æ-cm-K-ß-fm-Wv. Cu Ggp kzc-ß-fn¬ BZysØ \mep kzc-ß-
fmb k cn- K a ]q¿∆mwK kzc-ß-sf∂pw Ah-ti-jn-bv°p∂ ] [ -\n k DØ-cmw-
K -kz-c-߃ F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Hcp NI-Ønse Bdp- ta-f-ß-fnepw ]q¿∆mw-
K-kz-c-߃ AXm-bXv Ej`hpw Km‘m-chpw Htc-hn-[-am-bn-cn-bv°pw. ss[h-Xhpw
\njm-Zhpw taf-߃ tXmdpw hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-bv°pw. ]©-a-kzcw F√m- ta-f-ß-
fnepw H∂p-Xs∂-bm-Wv.
Hmtcm NI-ß-fnepw
H∂m-asØ taf-Øn¬ ip≤ ss[h-Xhpw ip≤ \njm-Zhpw
c≠m-asØ taf-Øn¬ ip≤ ss[h-Xhpw ssIinIn \njm-Zhpw
aq∂m-asØ taf-Øn¬ ip≤ ss[h-Xhpw ImIfn \njm-Zhpw
\mem-asØ taf-Øn¬ NXp-ipXn ss[h-Xhpw ssIinIn \njm-Zhpw
A©m-asØ taf-Øn¬ NXp-ipXn ss[h-Xhpw ImIfn \njm-Zhpw
Bdm-asØ taf-Øn¬ jUvipXn ss[h-Xhpw ImIfn \njm-Zhpw BWv D≈-Xv.
ip≤-\n-jmZw NXp-ipXn ss[h-X-Øns‚ ÿm\Øpw jUvipXn ss[hXw
ssIin-In-\n-jm-Z-Øns‚ ÿm\-Øp-am-Wv D]tbmKn°p∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ Htc- k-
abw Cu kzc-߃ ]mSp-hm≥ km[n-bv°p-I-bn-√.
Ej`-˛Km‘m-c--߃ NIw tXmdp-w amdptºmƒ ss[hX˛\njm-Z- kzc߃ tafw
tXmdpw amdp∂p.
H∂m-asØ NI-Øn¬ ip≤ Ej`-hpw ip≤ Km‘mchpw
c≠m-asØ NI-Øn¬ ip≤ Ej`-hpw km[m-cW Km‘mchpw
aq∂m-asØ NI-Øn¬ ip≤ Ej`-hpw A¥c Km‘mchpw
\mem-asØ NI-Øn¬ NXp-ipXn Ej`-hpw km[m-cW Km‘mchpw
A©m-asØ NI-Øn¬ NXp-ipXn Ej`-hpw A¥c Km‘mchpw
Bdm -asØ NI-Øn¬ jUvipXn Ej`-hpw A¥c Km‘mchpw
D]tbmKn°p∂pÁÏ
.
34
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
ip≤-Km‘mcw NXp-ipXn - Ej`Øns‚ ÿm\Øpw jUvipXn Ej`w km[m-
cW Km‘mcØns‚ ÿm\-Øp-am-Wv D]tbmKn°p∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ Htc- k-abw
Cu kzc-߃ ]mSp-hm≥ km[n-bv°p-I-bn-√.
BZysØ Bdp NIßfnse Ej`˛Km‘mc kzcßfpsS AtX hIt`Z߃
Xs∂bmWv Ggp apX¬ ]¥≠v hsc-bp-ff NIßfnepw D]tbmKn°p∂Xv.
sh¶n-S-aJn, taf-I¿Øm ]≤Xn cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvsX-¶nepw taf-߃°v t]cp-
Iƒ \evInbncp∂n√. ]Xns\´mw \q‰m≠n¬ Pohn®n°p∂ tKmhnµmNmcybpsS
'kwKlNqUmaWn' F∂ KŸØnemWv ChbqsS t]cpIƒ BZyambn
ImWs∏Sp∂Xv. ñ
Hm¿Ωn°pI
Hmtcm NI-ß-fn-tebpw kzcIaoIcWw
]h¿Ø\w
hyXyÿ NIßfnse kzc-IaoIcWw ]mSn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I
]´nI 3.1 : Fgp-]-Øn-c≠p taf-I¿Øm ]´nI
Melakarta Scheme
35
taf-I¿Øm ]≤Xn
36
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
3.5 `qX-kwJy
]Z߃ A°ßsf kqNn∏n°p∂ HcpÍ coXnbmWv `qX-kw-Jy. `mcX-
Ønse KWnXimkvX⁄cptSbpw tPym’ycptSbpw CSbn¬ Cu coXn ]pcm-
X-\-Imew apX¬°p-Xs∂ ]NmcØnep≠mbncp∂p. `qX-kw-Jy-bn¬ kwkvIr-
X]ZßfmWv D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂Xv. NI-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ `qX-kw-Jysb B[m-
c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm--Wv \evInbn´p≈-Xv. AXn-\m¬ NIØns‚ t]cn¬ \n∂p Xs∂
NIØns‚ Iahpw a\-n-em-Ip-∂p.
AXm-bXv Cµp F∂m¬ Nµ-s\-∂¿∞w. Nµ≥ H∂p-am-X-am-Wv. AXp-
sIm≠v kzm`mhnIambn Cµp F∂ hm°v H∂v F∂ kwJysb ÊkqNn-∏n-°p∂p.
CXp-t]mse t\Xw F∂m¬ IÆv. F√m Poh-Pm-e-߃°pw c≠p IÆp-I-fm-Wp-
≈-Xv. AXn\m¬ t\X F∂ t]cv c≠masØ NIsØ kqNn∏n°p∂p. CtX
coXn-bn¬ ]¥≠p NI-߃°pw t]cpIƒ \¬In-bn-cn°p-∂p. A·n, thZ,
_mW, EXp, Ejn, hkp, _“, Znin, cpZ , BZnXy F∂o t]cp-Iƒ aq∂v, \mev,
A©v, Bdv, Ggv, F´v, H≥]-Xv, ]Øv, ]Xn-s\m-∂v, ]¥≠v F∂o NI-ßsf
kqNn-∏n-bv°p∂p.
Hm¿Ωn°pI
NI-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ
]h¿Ø\w
`qX-kwJy D]-tbm-Kn®v taf-ßfnse kzc-IaoIcWw I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I.
I Cµp 1˛-- 6 VII Ejn 37˛42
II t\X 7-- ˛12 VII hkp 43˛48
III A·n 13-˛18 IX _“ 49˛54
IV thZ 19˛24 XI Znin 55˛60
V _mW 25-˛30 XI cpZ 61 -˛66
VI EXp 31 -˛36 XII BZnXy 67˛72
NIØns‚bpsSt]cv
NIØn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂taf߃
Ia \º¿Ia \º¿ NIØns‚bpsSt]cv
NIØn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂ taf߃
]´nI 3.2 12 NI-߃
], io, tKm, `q, am, j F∂o A£-c-߃ Hcp NI-Ønse H∂p apX¬ Bdp
hsc-bp≈ taf-ßsf kqNn-∏n-bv°p-∂p. taf-Øns‚ kqN-Im-£-c-߃ F∂m-Wnh
Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu A£-c-߃ NI-Øns‚ t]cn-t\m-Sp-IqSn tN¿°p-tºmƒ
Melakarta Scheme
37
taf-I¿Øm ]≤Xn
taf-ß-fpsS Ia-\-º¿ e`n-bv°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v A·n-˛tKm F∂m¬ aq∂m-
asØ NI-Ønse aq∂m-asØ tafw. AXm-bXv 15-˛masØ taf-amb ambm-am-f-h-
Kufsb kqNn-∏n-bv°p-∂p. _mW-˛a F∂Xv A©m-asØ NI-Ønse A©m-
asØ tafw. AXm-bXv 29-˛masØ taf-amb i¶-cm-`-c-Ww.
3.6 IS-]-bm-Zn-kqXw
kzc-kw-⁄-I-fpsS Hcp kº-Zm-b-am-Wv IS-]-bm-Zn-kqXw AYhm IS-]-
bmZn kwJy. taf-I¿Øm-cm-K-ß-fpsS Ia-\-º¿ I≠p-]n-Sn-bv°p-∂-Xn\v IS-]-bm-
Zn-kqXw D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂p. kwkvIr-Xm-£-c-ß-fpsS 4 kap-®-b-ß-fmWv Ch ˛
ImZn-\-h (I apX¬ R hsc-bp-ff A£-c-߃), SmZn-\-h (S apX¬ \ hsc-bp-ff
A£-c-߃) , ]mZn-]-© (] apX¬ a hsc-bp-ff A£-c-߃), bZyjvS (b
apX¬ l hsc-bp-ff A£-c-߃). Hmtcm A£-chpw 0 apX¬ 9 hsc-bp-ff
GsX-¶nepw Hcp kwJysb Ipdn-°p∂p
]´nI 3.3 IS-]-bm-Zn-kqXw
IS-]-bmXn kwJy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
ImZn-\h ˛I apX¬ R I J K L M N O P Q R
hsc-bp-ff A£-c-߃
SmZn-\h ˛ S apX¬ \ S T U V W X Y Z [ \
hsc-bp-ff A£-c-߃
]mZn-]©˛] apX¬ a ] ^ _ ` a
hsc-bp-ff A£-c-߃
bZy„ ˛ b apX¬ l b c e h i j k l
hsc-bp-ff A£-c-߃
IS-]-bmZn kqXw D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp taf-cm-K-Øns‚ Ia-\-º¿ I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-
\mbn B cmK-Øns‚ BZy c≠-£-c-ß-fpsS IS-]-bmZn kwJy ImWp-I. Cu
c≠-°-ßsf hn]-coX cq]-Øn-se-Sp-Øm¬ ]kvXpX cmK-Øns‚ Ia-kwJy e`n-
°p-∂-Xm-Wv. DZm-l-cWw -˛ 1) "\mKm-\-µn\n' F∂ cmK-Øns‚ BZysØ c≠-
£-c-߃ "\mKm' F∂n-h-bpsS IS-]-bmZn kwJy ImWp-I. (]´nI t\m°p-I).
\ = 0, K = 3 F∂n-ßs\ "03' F∂ kwJy e`n-°pw. Cu kwJy hn]-coX cq]-
Øn-se-Sp-Øm¬ "30' F∂ kwJy e`n-°pw. CXmWv \mKm-\-µn\n cmK-Øns‚ 72
taf-I¿Øm ]≤-Xn-bnse Ia-\-º¿. DZm-l-cWw ˛ 2) "ambm-am-f-h-Kuf' cmK-
Øns‚ BZysØ c≠-£-c-߃ " ambm' F∂n-h-bpsS IS-]-bmZn kwJy ImWp-
I. a = 5, b = 1 F∂n-ßs\ "51' F∂ kwJy e`n-°qw. Cu kwJy hn]-coX
cq]-Øn-se-Sp-Øm¬ ambm-am-f-h-Kuf cmK-Øns‚ 72 taf-I¿Øm ]≤-Xn-bnse
Ia-\º¿ "15' e`n-°pw. CXp-t]mse a‰v taf-ß-fp-sSbpw Ia-\-º¿ I≠p-]n-Sn-°m-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
38
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
Hm¿Ωn°pI
IS-]-bmZnkwJybpsS ]tbmKw
]h¿Ø\w
IS-]-bmZnkwJy D]-tbm-Kn®v taf- cmK-ß-fpsS Ia-\-º¿ I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-
I. IS-]-bmZn kqX-Øns‚ ]´nI Xøm-dm°n ]Z¿in-∏n-bv°p-I
IS-]-bmZnkwJysb kwJym-£-c-߃ F∂pw ]d-bm-dp-≠v. taf-I¿ØmcmK-ß-
fpsS Ia\º¿ I≠p]nSn°p∂Xn\v Î amXta IS]bmZnkqXw
D]tbmKn°mdp≈q. P\y-cm-K-ß-fn¬ CXv ]mtbmKnIa√.
]T\t\´ßƒ
$ taf-I¿Øm-]-≤-Xn-bnse 72 kºq¿Æ-cm-K-ß-fpsS -IaoIcWw a\-n-em-°p∂p
$ ]q¿∆-ta-f-ß-tfbpw DØ-c-ta-f-ßtfbpw - th¿Xncn°p∂ Ccpa≤y-a-ß-sfbpw
Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p
$ NI-Ønse kzc-IaoIcWw a\-n-em-°p-∂p.
$ `qX-kw-Jysb Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.
$ IS-]-bm-Zn-kq-X-a-\p-k-cn®v taf-ß-fpsS Ia-\-º¿ I≠p-]n-Sn-bv°p-∂-Xn\v km[n-
bv°p-∂p.
$ P\-I-cm-Khpw P\y-cm-Khpw th¿Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p
aqey-\n¿Æbw
1. 72 taf-I¿Øm-]-≤-Xn- hnh-cn-°p-I.
2. NIßfnse kzc-IaoIcWw hniZam°pI
3. IS]-bm-Zn-kq-X-a-\p-k-cn®v taf-ß-fpsS Ia-\-º¿ I≠p-]n-Sn-bv°p-I.
4. hyXy-kvX- taf-ß-fn-se kzcßfpsS hIt`Z-߃ `qX-kwJy D]-tbm-Kn®v
I≠p-]n-Sn-bv°p-I.
d -d≥kv
1. kuØv C≥Uy≥ ayqknIv ˛ s]m^. ]n. kmw_-aq¿Øn
2. Z£n-tW-¥y≥ kwKoXw ˛ io. F.-sI. cho-µ-\mYv
3. kvsπ≥U¿ Hm^v kuØv C¥y≥ ayqknIv ˛ tUm. sN√-Zpssc
39
Xmfw
$ Xmf-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw
$ am¿§n-Xm-f-ßfpw tZin-Xm-f-ßfpw
$ Xmf-Øns‚ AwK-ßfpw k]vX-Xm-f-ß-fpsSAwK-ßfpw A£-c-Im-e-ßfpw
$ XmfØn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kw⁄-Iƒ
$ hyXykvX Xmf-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-K߃
$ PmXn-t`-Z-ßfpw k]vX-Xm-f-ßfn¬ Ah-bpsS ]tbm-Khpw
$ 35 Xmf-ß-ƒ
$ BZn Xmfw
$ Nm∏p-Xm-f-ßfpw AhbpsS hI-t`-Z-ßfpw
$ hyXykvX Xmf-ß-fn¬ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈
kwKoX cq]-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ASn-ÿm-\-
]-c-amb Adnhv
][m-\ B-i-b-߃
KoXw, hmZyw, \rØw F∂o aq∂p
Ie-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-amWv
Xmfw. Ime-b-f-hns\ IrXy-ambpw Ia-
ambpw IW-°m-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
Hcp ]hrØnhntij--am-Wn-Xv. AXnkq-
£va-amb Ime-b-f-hns\ ASn--ÿm-
-\-am-°n--sIm≠mWv Xmf-߃ cq]-h¬-
°-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. "ipXn amXm eb
]nXm" F∂ hmIy-Øn¬ \n∂v Xs∂
kwKo-X-Øn¬ XmfØns‚ ]m[m-\y-
sa-s¥∂v a\-n-em-°mw. ipXnsb
amXm-hmbpw ebsØ ]nXm-hm-bp-amWv
IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv.
bqWn‰v ˛ 4
Xmfw
40
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
]mSp-tºmƒ IrXy-amb ipXnbpw, IrXy-amb Xmfhpw hfsc ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-
°p∂p \rØ-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw DXvIr-jvS-amb ]c-a-in-hs‚ Xmfi-h-Øn-
s‚bpw ]m¿∆-Xn-bpsS emky-Øn-s‚bpw BZym-£-c-߃ IqSn tN¿∂mWv Xmfw
F∂ hm°v D¤-hn-®-sX∂p hnizkn°s∏-Sp-∂p.
4.1 am¿§n-Xm-fhpw tZin-Xm-fhpw
XmfsØ c≠mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. am¿§n Xmfhpw tZin-Xm-fhpw. am¿§n-
Xmfw G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\-amb Xmf-amWv. CXv As©-Æ-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v ]©-Xm-f-
ß-sf∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. `K-hm≥ inh≥ Xmfi-h-\rØw BSn-bXv am¿§n-Xm-f-Øn-
em-sW∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. a‰p Xmf-ß-sf√mw Xs∂ am¿§n-Xm-f-Øn¬ \n∂mWv
D¤-hn-®-sX∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. tZh-∑m-cpsS apºn¬ `c-X≥ am¿§n-Xm-fsØ Ah-
X-cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p-hsX. hyXykvX tZi-ß-fn¬ \ne \n∂n-cp∂ Xmf-amWv tZin-
Xm-fw. tZin-Xmfw D¤-hn-®Xv am¿§n-Xm-f-Øn¬ \n∂m-sW∂v e£-W-K-Ÿ-ß-
fnepw a‰pw ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
4.2. jUw-K-߃
`mc-Xob kwKo-X-Øn¬ [mcmfw Xmf-߃ \ne \n∂n-cp-∂p. Hmtcm-∂n\pw IrXy-
amb t]cpw AwK-ßfpw Ah-bpsS ]tbm-Khpw \n¿h-Nn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.. Cu Xmf-
ß-sf-√mw Bdw-K-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Xmf-Øns‚ Cu Bdw-K-ßsf jUw-K-߃ F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. A\p-Zp-Xw, ZpXw,
eLp, Kpcp, πpXw, ImI-]mZw F∂n-h-bmWv jUw-K-߃. Ah-km\sØ 3
AwK-߃ 108 Xmf-]-≤-Xn-bnepw Acp-Wm-Kn-cn-\m-Y-cpsS Xncp-∏p-Igv kvtXmX-ß-
fnepw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ ]´n-I-bn¬ jUw-K-ßfpsS AS-bm-fw, A£-c-Im-ew, Inb
F∂n-hsb°pdn®p hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
Hm¿Ωn°pI
• Xmf-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw
• am¿Kn-Xm-fhpw tZin-Xm-fhpw
41
Xmfw
]´nI 4.1
jUw-K-߃
Irjy ˛ CSXp `mKØp \n∂p heXp `mK-tØ°p ssI hoipIk¿∏nWn ˛ ssI CS-tØm´p hoipI
]XmI ˛ ssI tatem´p s]m°pI
Hm¿Ωn°pI
jUwK-ßfpsS Nn”w, A£-c-Im-ew, Xmf-Inb F∂nh
]h¿Ø\w
jUwK-ßfpsS hnhn[ Xmf-In-b-Iƒ ]tbm-Kn-®p-t\m-°p-I.
4.3 k]vX-Xm-f-߃
Z£n-tW-¥y≥ kwKo-X-Ønse ASn-ÿm\ Xmf-ßsf k]vX-Xm-f-߃ F∂p
]d-bp-∂p. [phw, aTyw, cq]-Iw, Qw], Xr]p-S, AS, GI F∂n-h-bmWv k]vX-Xm-
f-߃. Chsb kqfmZn Xmf-߃ F∂pw ]d-bm-dp-≠v. t]cv, AwK-߃, A£-
c-Im-e-wF∂nh Xmsg sImSpØn-cn-°p-∂p.
]´nI 4.2
k]vX-Xm-f-ßfpw Ah-bpsS AwK-ßfpw
l
42
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
apI-fn¬ ]kvXm-hn® Xmf-ß-fn¬ GI-Xm-f-amWv G‰hpwssZ¿Lyw Ipd™ Xmfw.
\mcm-b-W-Xo¿∞-cpsS kqfmZn Xcw-K-ßfpw Km\-hn-Zym-Zp-c-‘c F∂ -Ko-Xhpw
k]vX-Xm-f-ß-fn-emWv Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-f-f-Xv.
kwKo-X-Ønse BZy-]m-T-߃ A`y-kn-°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ k]vX-Xmf Ae-
¶m-c-߃ hyXy-kvX- cm-K-ß-fnepw Ime-ß-fnepw km[Iw sNøm-dp-≠v. Ae-¶m-c-
߃ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb kzc-k-ap-®-b-߃ Bbm-Wv.
GI-Xm-f-Øn¬ ]mSm≥ Bcw-`n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Ae-¶mc ]T\w Xmc-X-tay\
Ffp-∏-am-Wv.
cmKw ˛am-bm-am-f-h-Kuf Xmfw˛ GI
H∂mw-Imew
|| k cn- K a ||
|| cn K -a ] ||
|| K a- ] [ ||
|| a ]- [ \n ||
|| ] [- \n k ||
|| k \n -[ ] ||
|| \n [ -] a ||
|| [ ] -a K ||
|| ] a -K cn ||
|| a K -cn k ||
c≠mw Imew
|| kcn-Ka cnKa] ||
|| Ka-][ a]-[\n ||
|| ][-\nk k\n-[] ||
|| \n[-]a []-aK ||
|| ]a-Kcn aK-cnk ||
Hm¿Ωn°pI
k]vX-Xm-f-߃ Ah-bpsS AwK-߃, A£-c-Imew F∂nh
]h¿Ø\w
k]vX-Xm-f- Ae-¶m-c-߃ ]mSn ]cn-io-en-°p-I.
43
Xmfw
4.4 eLp- Pm-Xn-Iƒ
eLp-Pm-Xn-I-fn¬ eLp-hns‚ PmXn-°-\p-k-cn®v A£-c-Im-e-Øn¬ hyXymkw
hcpw. Xniw, NXp-c-iw, Jfiw, aniw, k¶o¿Æw F∂n-ßs\ 5 eLp PmXn-
Iƒ D≠v 3,4,5,7,9 F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv CXns‚ A£-c-Im-e-߃
]´nI 4.3 eLp-Pm-Xn-Iƒ
eLp F∂ AwKw F√m k]vX-Xm-f-ß-fnepw hcp∂ s]mXphmb AwK-am-Wv.
Xni-eLp, Xn]pS Xmf-Ønepw [phw, aTyw, cq]-Iw, GI F∂o Xmf-ß-fn¬
NXp-c-i-eLphpw, Jfi-Pm-Xn-eLp, AS-Xm-f-Ønepw ani-Pm-Xn-eLp, Qw]
Xmf-Ønepw hcp∂p
4.5 Xmf-߃
k]vX-Xm-f-ß-fmWv hyXykvX eLp-Pm-Xn-Iƒ°\p-k-cn®v 35 Xmf-ß-fmbn amdp-
∂-Xv. eLp F∂ AwKw 7 k]vX-Xm-f-ß-fnepw hcp∂ s]mXphmb AwK-amWv.
5 eLp-Pm-Xn-I-fp-≠v. Xniw, NXp-c-iw, Jfiw, aniw, k¶o¿Æw Chbv°v
3,4,5,7,9 F∂n-ßs\ A£-c-Im-e-ß-fmWv D≈-Xv. k]vX-Xm-f-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm
Xmfhpw PmXn-t`-Z-a-\p-k-cn®v A©v FÆw hoX-ap-≠m-Ipw.
DZm-l-c-W-ambn k]vX-Xm-f-ß-fn¬ H∂m-asØ Xmf-amb NXp-c-i-PmXn [ph-
XmfØn\v
PmXn-t`Zw aqew
1. Xni-PmXn [ph-Xmfw
Hm¿Ωn°pI
eLp-Pm-Xn-Iƒ, Ah-bpsS Nn”w, A£-c-Im-ew, Xmf-Inb F∂nh
]h¿Ø\w
hnhn[ eLp-Pm-Xn-Iƒ ]tbm-Kn®p ]cn-io-en-°p-I.
44
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
2. NXp-ciPmXn [ph-Xmfw
3. Jfi-PmXn [ph-Xmfw
4. ani-PmXn [ph-Xmfw
5. k¶o¿Æ PmXn [ph-Xmfw F∂n-ßs\ 5 hI-t`-Z-߃ D≠m-Ip∂p
CXp-t]mse _m°n 6 Xmf-ßfnepw eLp-hns‚ 5 PmXn-t`-Z-߃ ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-
Xn-eqsS 35 Xmf-߃ \ap°v e`n-°p-∂p. A\p-ZpXw, ZpXw, Kpcp, πpXw, ImI-]m-
Zw F∂nhbv°v PmXn-t`Zw _m[-I-a-√. Ch-bpsS A£-c-Imew Ft∏mgpw ÿnc-
am-bn-cn-°pw. ]pc-µ-c-Zm-k¿ (kw-KoX ]nXm-a-l≥) Cu hyXykvX Xmf-ß-fn¬
Ae-¶m-c-߃, KoX-߃, kqfm-Zn-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw Nn -s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. Xmsg
sImSpØn-cn-°p∂ ]´nI 35 Xmf-]-≤-Xnsb ImWn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm Xmf-Øn\pw
A©v PmXn t`Z-ß-fp-≠v. AXns‚ ^e-ambn 5x7 = 35 hyXykvX Xmf-߃ D≠m-
Ip-∂p.
35 Xmf-߃ ho≠pw KXn-t`Zw aqew 175 Xmf-ß-fmbn amdp-∂p. 35x5=175. 108 Xmf-
߃ , \h-k-‘n-Xm-f-߃ F∂nh hyXy-kvX-amb Xmf kº-Zm-b-߃°v DZm-
l-c-Wßfm-Wv.
]´nI 4.5
hnhn[ Xmf-ß-fn-ep≈ kwKo-X-IrXn-Iƒ
\º¿ t]cv kwKoX cmKw Xmfw `mj
cq]w
1 A\p-Zn-\ap IrXn ]q¿Æ-N-µnI ani-Qw] sXep¶v
2 NcW aesc IrXn bZp-Ipe Imwt_mPn Xni aTyw Xangv
3 tZh tZh IrXn Kcp-U-[z\n Xni [phw kwkvIrXw
4 [ctem IrXn ilm\ Jfi AS sXep¶v
5 [ow X[ow Xn√m\ \mK-kz-cm-hen Xni Xr]pS Xangv
6 Fan-em-`tam IrXn cpZ-]nb Jfi Xr]pS sXep¶v
7 Fss\-Im° IrXn ioc-⁄n\n ani AS Xangv
8 Cµ XmaZw IrXn Kcp-U-]nb NXp-ci AS Xangv
9 C∂nsZ Acpƒ ]pcn-hmbv IrXn lao¿ IeymWn NXp-ci Qw] Xangv
]´nI 4.4
eLp PmXn-Iƒ
45
Xmfw
10 C≥cp-Zm≥ \m≥ IrXn coXn-Kuf Jfi-[phw Xangv
11 Imem-Ime _me Xn√m\ Im∏n-\m-cm-bWn ani-GIw Xangv
12 kma-P-]-c-K-a\ IrXn lntµmfw NXp-ci Xr]pS kwkvIrXw
13 Icp-W-bva-gbv IrXn Bt`mKn NXp-ci GIw Xangv
14 Icp-Wnw] IrXn taml\w Jfi-Qw] sXep¶v
15 a\-aptXm IrXn Blncn Xni-Qw] sXep¶v
16 awKfw IrXn ^e-a-⁄cn Jfi-cq-]Iw Xangv
17 \h-K-l-_ew IrXn \oemw-_cn k¶o¿Æ-GIw Xangv
18 \ohp-teI IrXn _lp-Zmcn Xni AS sXep¶v
19 \nXy-I-eymWn IrXn IeymWn k¶o¿Æ-aTyw sXep¶v
20 \ymbtam IrXn Jc-l-c-]nb k¶o¿Æ-Xr-]pS Xangv
21 ]c-a-]m-h\ IrXn tKm]n-Im-Xn-eIw k¶o¿Æ AS sXep¶v
22 ]cn-af cwK-]tX IrXn IZ-\-Iq-Zq-lew k¶o¿Æ kwkvIrXw
23 cma-Nµw IrXn lwk-[z\n Xni GIw kwkvIrXw
24 kmKc ib-\pXn IrXn t_KU ani aTyw
25 kmc-k-tem-N-\osb IrXn B\-µ-ss`-chn ani cq]Iw Xangv
26 k]vX-kz-tcm-]m-k\ IrXn tXmUn NXp-ci [phw sXep¶v
27 i¶c IrXn ip≤-km-thcn NXp-ci cq]Iw sXep¶v
28 i¶cn IrXn i¶m-c-`-cWw k¶o¿Æ [phw kwkvIrXw
29 irwKm-c-eoe IrXn [\ymkn Xni-cq-]Iw sXep¶v
30 kpµ-cn-bml IrXn lcn-Imw-t_mPn ani Xr]pS Xangv
31 Xma-c-k-A-£-c-ap\p h¿Æw _nlmKv NXp-c-i-aTyw sXep¶v
32 XpssW-\otb IrXn Inc-Wm-hen Jfi-aTyw Xangv
33 hntam-N\w X∂-cpƒhmbv IrXn ss`chn Jfi GIw Xangv
34 hn\m-bIm IrXn knwtlµ a[yaw ani [phw sXep¶v
35 bmZ-thm-Øa IrXn tZhm-Km-‘mcn k¶o¿Æ cq]Iw kwkvIrXw
4.6 BZn-Xmfw (NXp-ci PmXn- Xr-]pS Xmfw)
Xmf-ß-fn¬ ]g-°-ta-dn-bXpw G‰hpw A[nIw D]-tbm-K-Øn-en-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb Xmf-
amWv BZn-Xmfw. BZn-Xm-f-Øns‚ ]tbm-K-coXn Ffp-∏-amWv AXp-sIm≠vXs∂
Hcp hnZym¿∞n BZy-ambn ]Tn-°p∂ ]mT-ß-sf√mw Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv
46
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
BZn-Xm-f-Øn-em-Wv. BZn-Xm-f-Øn\v 8 A£-c-Im-e-amWpf-fXv Hcp NXp-c-i-PmXn
eLphpw c≠p ZpX-ß-fp-amWv AwK-߃. tIc-fob kwKo-X-Øn¬ sNºS F∂
t]cmWv BZn-Xm-f-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
1 NXp-ci eLp + 2 ZpXw (l4+0+0)= 8 A£-c-Imew
Hcp ASn-bpw 3 hnc-se-Æepw HcSn ho®v, Hc-Sn ho®v F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv Xmf-Inb.
108 Xmf-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Cu Xmfw I≠p hcp-∂p. lcn-IY Iem-Im-c∑m¿ Nnπm F∂
D]-I-c-W-amWv BZn-Xm-fsØ ImWn-°m-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. kwKo-X-I-t®-
cn-bnepw \rØ-Ønepw km[m-c-W-bmbn I≠p-h-cp∂ Xmf-amWv BZn-Xmfw. kzc-
P-Xn-Iƒ, h¿Æ-߃, IrXn-Iƒ, Io¿Ø-\-߃, Pmh-en-Iƒ, Xn√m-\-Iƒ XpSßn
F√mXcw kwKo-X-cq-]-ßfpw BZn-Xm-f-Øn¬ cNn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.
4.7 Nm∏p-Xmfw
I¿Æm-SI kwKo-X-Ønse hfsc ]g-°-ta-dn-bXpw km[m-cW D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-
Xp-amb Xmf-amWv Nm∏p-Xm-fw. Xpey-X-bn-√mØ c≠p ASn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu
Xmfw ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. c≠m-asØ ASnsb At]-£n®v H∂m-asØ ASnbv°v
A£-c-Imew Ipd-hmWv. AwK-ßsf hy‡-am-°msX shdpw ASn-Iƒ D]-tbm-
Kn®v ]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ Xmf-߃°mWv Nm∏p-Xm-f-ß-sf∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. km[m-cW
\mS≥ ]m´p-I-fnepw a‰pw Ch I≠ph-cp∂p. \rØ-Øn\v hfsc A\p-tbm-Py-amb
Xmf-amWv Nm∏p-Xmfw. at\m-l-c-amb [mcmfw ]Z-߃ Nm∏p Xmf-Øn¬ Nn´-s∏-
Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Nm∏p-Xm-f-Øn\v 4 hI-t`-Z-߃ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
4.7.1 Xni-Nm∏v
Xni-Nm∏v Xmf-Øn\v aq∂v A£-c-Im-e-amW.v BZysØ ASn-bn¬ Hc-£-c-Im-
ehpw c≠m-asØ ASn-bn¬ c≠v A£-c-Im-ehpw BWv D≈-Xv. kwKo-X-Øn¬
hfsc A]q¿∆-ambn I≠p hcp∂ Xmf-am-Wn-Xv.
(1+2 =3 A£-c-Imew)
DZm, ì" "Adp-apJ hSn-th-eh''
4.7.2 Jfi-Nm∏v
Jfi-Nm∏v Xmf-Øn\v 5 A£-c-Im-e-amWv. BZysØ ASn°v 2 A£-c-Im-ehpw
c≠m-asØ ASn°v 3 A£-c-Im-ehpamWv Cu Xmf-Øn-\p-f-fXv (2+3=5). 10 A£-
c-Im-e-Øns‚ ]Ip-Xnbmb-Xp-sI-m≠v Cu Xmf-sØ Ac-Qw] F∂p hnfn-°m-
dp≠v.
DZm;˛ \oZ-b-dm-Zp ˛ kc-kmwKn ˛ cma-kzm-an-in-h≥
C∂p-Sb `mc-sX -˛ -I-eym-W-h-k-¥w ˛ ]pc-µ-c-Zm-k¿
47
Xmfw
4.7.3 ani-Nm∏v
\mep-X-c-Øn-ep≈ Nm∏p Xmf-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw km[m-c-W-bmbn D]-tbm-K-Øn-
ep≈Xv ani-Nm∏v Xmf-am-Wv. 7 A£-c-Im-e-amWv CXn-\p-≈-Xv. BZysØ ASn°v
3 A£-c-Im-ehpw c≠m-asØ ASn°v 4 A£-c-Im-ehpamWv. (3+4=7). iyma-im-
kvXn-I-fpsS "\n\p-hn-\m-K- acn' F∂ ]q¿∆nI-√ymWn cmK-Øn-ep≈ IrXn CXns‚
hn]-coX Ia-Øn-ep≈ Xmf-Øn-emWv Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu XmfsØ
hntem-a-Nm∏v Xmfw F∂v ]d-bp∂p. CXv km[m-cW Nm∏p-Xm-f-Øns‚ t\sc
hn]-co-X-I-a-Øn-em-Wv.
ani-Nm-∏n-ep≈ Nne IrXn-Iƒ
tKm]m-e-I-]m-lnamw ˛ tch-Kp-]vXn- ˛- kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ
Ir]bm ]meb ˛ Nmcp-tI-in ˛ kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ
]cn-]m-ln- ˛- I-eym-Wn ˛ kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ
4.7.4 k¶o¿Æ-Nm∏v
CXn\v HºXv A£-c-Im-e-am-Wp-≈-Xv. BZysØ ASnbv°v 4 A£-c-Im-ehpw
c≠m-asØ ASnbv°v 5 A£-c-Im-ehpw (4+5=9). CXv hfsc A]q¿∆-ambn
ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Xmf-am-Wv. A]q¿∆-ambn Nne ]√-hn-Iƒ Cu Xmf-Øn¬ ImW-
s∏-Sp-∂p.
Hm¿Ωn°pI
BZn-Xm-f-Øn-s‚bpw Nm∏p-Xm-f-Øns‚bpw Inb-Iƒ.
]h¿Ø\w
hyXykvX XmfßfpsS Hcp ]´nI Xøm-dm-°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I
]´nI 4.6
hyXykvX Xmf-ß-fn-ep≈ IrXn-Iƒ
48
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
kwKoX cq]-ßsf \nb-¥n-°p∂ LSIw Xmf-amWv. ]e kwKoX kº-Zm-b-ß-
fnepw FÆ-a‰ Xmf-ß-fp≠v efn-Xhpw k¶o¿W-hp-amb ]e Xc-Øn-ep≈ Xmf-
ßfpw Ah-bpsS hI-t`-Z-ßfpw \ne-hnep≠v. kwKoXØns‚ amX-a√ \rØ-Øn-
t‚bpw ][m\ LS-I-amWv Xmfw. XmfsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ [mcmfw e£-
W-K-Ÿ-ß-fp-≠v. Xmf-e-£-Ww, Xmf-hn-[m\w, Xmf-k-ap-Zw, Xmf-Zo-]nI XpS-ßn-
b-h-sb√mw DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.
]T\t\´ßƒ
$ k]vX-Xm-f-߃ AwK-ß-tfmSpw A£-c-Im-e-ß-tfmSpw IqSn a\-n-em-
°p∂p.
49
Xmfw
$ ïk]vX-Xm-f-ß-fnse PmXn-t`-Z-ß-fpsS ]tbm-Kw a\-n-em-°p∂p
$ ïBZn-Xm-f-sØ-°p-dn-®v Adnhp t\Sp∂p
$ ïNm∏p-Xm-f-Øns‚ hI-t`-Z-ßfpw D]-tbm-K-ßfpw a\-n-em-°p∂p
aqey-\n¿Æbw
1. k]vX-Xm-f-߃ hyXykvXIme-ß-fn¬ ]mSpI
2. eLp-hns‚ hI-t`-Z-߃ hni-ZoI--cn°-pI
3. eLp-Pm-Xn-Iƒ hni-Z-am-°pI
4. eLp-Pm-XnIfpSsS A£-c-Imew \n¿Æ-bn-°pI
5. Nm∏p-Xm-f-Øns‚ hI-t`-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v Ipdn-s∏gpXpI.
d -d≥kv
1. kuØv C¥y≥ ayqkn-Iv˛ s]m^. kmw_-aq¿Øn
2. Z£n-tW-¥y≥ kwKo-Xw˛ io F.-sI. cho-µ-\mYv
3. kv]vsf‚¿ Hm^v kuØv C¥y≥ ayqknIv -˛ tUm.(^m-Z¿) sN√-Zpssc
4. Xnbdn Hm^v C¥y≥ ayqknIv ˛ anv F¬.-sFkIv
50
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
$ kwKoXcq]-ß-fpsS DZv`hw$ kwKoXcq]-ß-fpsS h¿§o-I-c-Ww.$ kmt¶-Xn-Ihpw kwKo-XmXvaI-hp-amb cq]-
߃$ e£y- -e-£W KoX-߃$ PXn-kz-chpw kzc-PXnbpw$ KoXw, PXn-kz-cw, kzc-PXn F∂n-h- c-Nn®
][m-\-s∏´ hmt§-b-Im-c≥am¿
][m-\ B-i-b-߃
`mc-Xob kwKo-X--Ønse Km\-cq-]-߃
hf-sc-°mew ap≥]v Xs∂ cq]w sIm≠-
h-bm-Wv. thZ-Im-e-L-´-Ønse a¥-
ßfpw Ah-bn¬ \n∂p cq]wsIm≠
]_-‘-ß-fp-amWv `mc-Xob kwKo-X-
Ønse BZn-a-kwKoXcq-]-߃. ]n∂oSv
`mjm-]-c-ambpw kwKo-X-]-c-ambpw Hu∂-
Xy-am¿∂ cq]-ßfpsS Bhn¿`mhw,
]_-‘-ßsf hnkvar-Xn-bn-em-gvØp-∂-
Xn\p Imc-W-am-bn. Xm≈-∏mIw hmt§-
b-Im-c≥am¿, ]pcµ-c--Zm-k¿, \mcm-b-W-
Xo¿∞¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS efn-X-amb
Io¿Ø-\-߃ ]N-cn-°p-Ibpw XpS¿∂v
15,16,17 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ a‰t\Iw hmt§-
b-Im-c≥am-cpsS cN-\-Iƒ°v CXv tl-
Xp-hmbn `hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
bqWn‰v ˛ 5
kwKoX cq]-߃
51
kwKoX cq]-߃
kmln-Xy-]-c-ambpw kwKo-X-]-c-ambpw anI-hm¿∂ IrXn-I-fpsS Hcp Ie-h-dbm-
bmWv `mc-Xob kwKo-XsØ hnt»-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu cN-\-I-fn¬ ASßn-bn-cn-
°p∂ ckm-\p- -hw, Xmf-m-fl-I-X, mh-k-ºpjvSn F∂nh Ah-bpsS cN\m sshin-
jvSysØ hnfn-t®m-Xp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
5.1. h¿§o-I-cWw
]mNo-\-Im-eØv Xs∂ ]_-‘-ßsf KoX-˛-hm-Zy-˛-\r-Xy-]-_-‘-߃
F∂n-ßs\ Xcw Xncn-®n-cp-∂p. hmbv]m´v ho≠pw sshZnIw, atX-Xcw F∂n-
ßs\ h¿§o-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. sshZnI Km\-߃ Bcm-[-\-bv°p-th≠n amX-
am-bn-cp∂p D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. atX-X-c-amb cN-\-Iƒ \rØ-\m-S-I-ß-fnepw a‰pw
D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´p. ]bp-‡-amb kwKo-X-Øn¬ (Applied Music) D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-
h, ip≤-kw-Ko-X-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂h F∂n--ßs\ kwKo-X-cq-]-߃ ho≠pw
hn`Pn-°-s∏-´p. kmln-Xy-Øn\v ]m[m-\y-ap≈ kwKoX cq]-ß-fmWv ]bp‡
kwKo-X-Øns‚ (Applied Music) Iogn¬ hcp-∂-h. Hm∏-d-Iƒ, Ime-t£-]w, \mtSm-
SnkwKoXw F∂o hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ hcp∂ Km\-cq-]-߃ CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.
ip≤-kw-KoX (Pure Music) cq]-߃ DZm-Ø-ß-fmb Km\-cq-]-ß-fm-bmWv hnt»-
jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. h¿Ww, IrXn, ]Zw, Pmh-en, Xn√m-\, cmK-am-en-I XpS-ßnb
k`m-Km-\-߃ ip≤ kwKo-X-cq-]-߃ Bbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
D]-tbm-K-a-\p-k-cn®v kwKoX cN-\-Isf sshZnI Km\w, \rØ-kw-Ko-Xw,
Hm∏d kwKo-Xw, Ime-t£-]-kw-KoXw F∂o hn`m-K-ß-fmbn ho≠pw Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-
´p-≠v.
5.2 kmt¶-XnI˛kwKo-XmXvaI- cq]-߃ (Technical and Melodic Forms)
kwKo-X-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ A`y-kn-°p∂ ]mY-anI ]mT-߃ kmt¶-Xn-I-
cq]-ß-fn¬ s]Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv. kzc-mh-en-Iƒ, P≠-h-cn-i-Iƒ, aµ ˛ Xmcÿmbn
hcn-i-Iƒ, [m´p hcn-i-Iƒ, Ae-¶m-c-߃, KoX-߃, PXn-kz-c-߃, kzc-P-Xn-
Iƒ, h¿W-߃ F∂nh kmt¶-XnIcq]-ß-fn¬s∏Sp∂ kwKoX cN-\-I-fm-Wv.
Cu cq]-߃ \nc-¥cw ]cn-io-en-°p-∂Xv kwKo-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ ]am-W-ß-
fmb ipXn, kzcw, Xmfw, ebw XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fn¬ kwKoX hnZym¿∞n-
Iƒ°v ]cn-⁄m\w e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-c-am-Wv. s]mXp-hmbn Cu cq]-
߃ 'A`ymkKm\w' F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
IrXn, Io¿Ø-\w. Pmh-en, ]Zw, cmK-am-en-I, Xn√m\ XpS-ßnb Km\cq]-߃
kwKo-XmXvaI--amb cN-\-I-fn¬ s]Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv. It®-cn-I-fn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-
Sp∂ Ch s]mXp-hmbn k`m-Km\w F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬ h¿Ww A`y-mk-
Km-\-Ønepw k`m-Km-\-Ønepw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Hcp kwKo-X-cq-]-am-Wv.
52
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
A`y-mk-Km-\-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Km\-cq-]-ß-fn¬ [mXp(-kw-Ko-Xw) hn\mWv
][m-\yw. kwKo-XmXvaI (Melodic) cq]-ß-fn¬ [mXp-hn\pw amXp (km-ln-Xyw)
hn\pw Hcp t]mse ]m[m-\yap-≠v.
5.3 KoXw
]mY-anI ]mT-߃°v tijw kwKoX hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ]Tn-°p-∂, A`y-mk-Km-\-
Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Hcp kwKoXcq]-amWv KoXw. 'Km\w' F∂mWv Cu hm°ns‚
A¿∞w. k]vXXmf Ae-¶m-c߃°p tijw kwKoX hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ A`y-kn-
°p∂, kmln-Xy-tØmSv IqSnb BZy Km\-cq-]-amWv KoXw. I¿Wm-SI kwKoX
Xnaq¿Øn-Iƒ°v aptº cNn-°-s∏-´-h-bmWv an° KoX-ß-fpw.
KoXw 2 hn[-Øn-ep-≠v. e£yKo-Xhpw e£W KoX-hpw. Ch hfsc efn-Xhpw
Xmf-\n-_≤hpw cmK-`m-hw \nd-™-Xp-am-bn-cn-°pw. hfsc ]bm-k-ß-fmb kwK-
Xn-Itfm ]tbm-K-ßtfm CXn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.
]√-hn, A\p-]-√-hn, NcWw F∂o AwK-ß-fn-√m-Ø, XpS¿®-bmbn ]mSp∂ coXn-
bmWv KoX-Øn-\p-≈-Xv. ssZh-kvXpXn]c-amWv an° KoX-ß-fpw. a[y-a-Im-e-Øn-
emWv IqSp-X¬ KoX-ßfpw ]mSn hcp-∂-Xv. kzc-߃ BZyw ]mSn-b-Xn-\p-tijw
kmln-Xyw ]tbm-Kn-°p∂ coXn-bmWv Cu Km\-cq-]-Øn-\p-≈-Xv. A¿∞-an-√mØ
B, \w,- C-b, Xnb, hø XpS-ßnb KoXm-e-¶m-c-߃ C-Xn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
ss`chn cmK-Øn¬ cNn-°-s∏´ iocm-a-Nµ F∂ KoX-Øns‚ kmln-Xy-Øn¬
]kn-≤-ß-fmb kwkvIrX t«mI-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. IqSp-X¬ KoX-
ßfpw kwkvIr-X-Øn-emWv cNn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xv. sXep-¶v, Xan-gv, I∂S XpS-ßnb
`mj-I-fnepw KoX-߃ cNn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. kmam\y KoX-߃, km[m-cW KoX-
߃, k©mcn KoX-߃ F∂o t]cp-I-fnepw e£y KoX-߃ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
]pc-µc Zmk¿ , ss]Zme Kpcp-aq¿Øn imkvXn, ssSK¿ hc-ZmNmcn, s]cn-b-
kzman Xpc≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ ]kn-≤-cmb KoX I¿Øm-°-fn¬ s]Sp-∂p.
5.3.1 e£W KoXw
e£y-Ko-X-ß-sf-°m-ƒ sshhn-[y-ap-≈Xpw k¶o¿W-hp-amb Km\-cq-]-ß-fmWv
Hm¿Ωn°pI
kwKoXcq]-ß-fpsS hn`m-K-ßfpw Hmtcm hn`m-K-Øns‚ Iogn¬ hcp∂ kwKoX cN-\-
Ifpw
]h¿Ø\w
kmt¶-XnI cq]-ß-tfbpw kwKo-XmXvaI cq]-ß-tfbpw Xmc-Xayw sNøpI
53
kwKoX cq]-߃
e£W KoX-߃. GI-tZiw 300 h¿j-߃°v apºv cNn-°-s∏-´-h-bm-Wn-h. Hcp
cmK-Øns‚ e£-W-߃ hnh-cn-°p∂ Km\-cq-]-am-Wn-Xv. e£y-Ko-X-Øns‚ LS\
Xs∂bmWv e£W KoX-Øn-\pw.
e£W KoX-߃ 2 hn[-ap-≠v.
cmwKmw-K-cmK e£-W-Ko-Xhpw P\y-cm-K-e-£-W-Ko-Xhpw
cmKmw-K-cm-K-e-£W KoX߃ Nn´-s∏-SpØnbncn-°p-∂Xv taf-I¿Øm-cm-K-Øn-em-
bn-cn-°pw. CXn¬ kqX-J-fiw. D]m-wK-J-fiw, `mjm-wK-Jfiw F∂n-ßs\
aq∂v hn`m-K-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Nne e£W KoX-ß-fn¬ kqX-J-fi-Øns‚
Hmtcm Xmf-h-´-Øn-s‚bpw kmln-Xy-Øns‚ BZy A£-c-߃ AXmXp cmK-ß-
fn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ kzcÿm-\-ß-fpsS kqN-\-I-fm-bn-cn-°pw. D]m-wK-J-fi-
Øn¬, KoXw Nn´-s∏-Sp-Ønb taf-cm-K-Øns‚ P\y-ß-fmb D]mw-K-cm-K-ß-sf-∏‰n
]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. aq∂m-asØ `mK-amb `mjmwK Jfi-Øn¬ Cu taf-Øns‚
P\y-amb `mjmw-K-cm-K-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p.
P\y-cm-K-e-£W KoX-ß-fn¬ ta¬∏-d™- m-K-߃ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. Hscm‰ mKw
amXap≈ Ch BZym-h-km\w Bh¿Ø-\-ß-fn-√msX ]mSp-∂-h-bm-Wv. Ch e£y-
Ko-X-ßfpsS AtX amXr-I-bn¬ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn--´p-≈-h-bm-Wv. KoXw GXp P\y-
cm-K-Øn-emtWm Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv, B cmK-Øns‚ e£-W-߃ kmln-Xy-Øn-
¬ eLp--hmbn hnh-cn-°p-∂p. cmK-Øns‚ t]cv, P\-I-cm-Kw, kzc-ÿm-\-߃,
h¿Py hI kzc-߃, Kl-˛-Aw-i-˛-\ymk kzc-߃, A\y-kz-c-߃ Ds≠¶n¬
Ah, hntij k©m-c-߃ F∂n-h-sb√mw Cu e£-W-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
cmam-am-Xy¿, sh¶-S-a-Jn, ss]Zme Kpcp-aq¿Øn imkvXn, tKmhnµ Zo£n-X¿ XpS-
ßn-b-h¿ e£WKoX-߃ cNn-®n-´p≈ hmt§-b-Im-c≥am-cm-Wv.
KW-]-Xn, atl-iz-c≥, hnjvWp F∂n-hsc kvXpXn®p sIm≠v ]pcµ-c-Zm-k¿ cNn®
KoX-߃ s]mXp-hmbn ]n√cn KoX߃ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
DZm. ioK-W-\mY (a-e-lcn cmKw, cq]-I-Xm-fw). ss]Zme Kpcp-aq¿Øn
imkvXn, Bbncw KoX-߃ cNn-®-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v At±-
lsØ shbn-KoX Kpcp-aq¿Øn imkvXn F∂pw hnt»-jn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v.
Hm¿Ωn°pI
e£y-Ko-Xhpw e£W KoXhpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw
]h¿Ø\w
e£y e-£-W KoX-ß-fpsS a‰v DZm-l-c-W-߃ I≠p-]n-Sn-°pI
54
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
PXn-kz-c-hpw kzc-P-Xnbpw
Ae-¶m-cw, KoXw XpS-ßnb ]mcw` cq]-߃°v tijw kwKoX hnZym¿∞n-
Iƒ A`y-kn-°p∂ Km\-cq-]-ß-fmWv PXn-kz-chpw kzc-P-Xn-bpw. KoX-ß-tf-°mƒ
hnI-kn-Xhpw F∂m¬ h¿W-ß-fpsS k¶o¿W-X-Iƒ C√mØXpamb kwKo-X-cq-
]-ß-fm-Wn-h. Chbv°v ]√-hn, A\p-]-√-hn, NcWw F∂o Aw-K-ß-fp-≠v. H∂n-
e-[nIw NcW-߃ D≈-h-bm-Wn-h. Hmtcm Nc-Whpw km[m-cW 1,2,4,8 F∂o
Xmf-h-´-ß-fn-em-bn-cn°pw Nn´s∏Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-I.
5.4 PXnkzcw
\rØ-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kwKoX cq]-ß-fn¬ ][m-\-s∏´
H∂mWv PXn-kz-cw. \rØ-I-t®-cn-I-fn¬ c≠m-aXv Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°p∂ cq]-am-Wn-Xv. Cu Km\-cq-]-Øn\v kmln-Xy-an√. kzc-߃
amX-amWv Be-]n-°-s∏-Sp-I. \rØ-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ PXn-I-
fpsS amXr-I-bn¬ kzc-߃ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-emWv
Ch PXn-kz-c-sa∂v hnfn-°-s∏Sp∂-Xv. kzc-]-√hn F∂ t]cnepw
Cu Km\-cq]w Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. a[y-a-Im-e-Øn-emWv Ch Be]n-
°p-I. ]√-hn, A\p-]-√-hn, H∂n-e-[nIw Nc-W-߃ F∂o AwK-
߃ CXn-\p-≠v. I√ym-Wn, t_KU, ATm-W, kpcp-´n, tXmSn
F∂o 5 cmK-ß-fn¬ Nm∏p-Xm-f-Øn¬ io kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ cNn®
cmK-am-enIm PXn-kzcw hfsc ]kn-≤-amb H∂m-Wv. AXp-t]mse
_ne-l-cn-cm-KØn¬ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏´ kmcn-Km-]m-[m˛ F∂m-cw-
`n-°p∂ PXn-kz-chpw Cu Km\-cq-]-Øn\v Hcp DØa DZm-l-c--W-am-
Wv. cmc-thWp F∂p XpS-ßp∂ kmlnXy `mKw Cu
PXnkzctØmSv ]n∂oSv tN¿°-s∏- n- p-≠v, ]IpXn kzchpw ]IpXn
PXnbpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ap‡mbn kzc-ß-tfmSp IqSnb PXnkzc-ßfpw
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Nu°-Im-e-Ønep≈ PXn-kzc-ßfpw cNn-°-s∏-´n-´p-s≠-¶nepw
Ah FÆ-Øn¬ hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv.
iokzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ X©m-hq¿, s]m∂ø ,hSn-th-ep, inhm-\µw -F∂n-h¿ PXn-
kz-c-߃ cNn-®n-´p≈ ]kn-≤-cmb hmt§-b-Im-c≥am-cm-Wv.
hSn-th-ep
s]m∂ø
Hm¿Ωn°pI
PXn-kz-c-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
]h¿Ø\w
PXn-kz-c-Øns‚ a‰v DZml-c-W-߃ I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I.
55
kwKoX cq]-߃
5.5 kzc-PXn
A`ymk-Km-\-Øn¬s]-Sp∂ at\m-l-cam-b Km\-cq-
]-amWv kzc-P-Xn. KoX-߃°p tijhpw h¿W-߃°p
apºp-amWv kwKoX hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ Ch A`y-kn-°p-∂-Xv.
Chbv°v ]√-hn, A\p-]-√-hn, NcWw F∂o AwK-ß-fp-
≠v. hyXyÿ [mXp-hn-emWv Ch-bpsS NcWw Be-]n-°-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Nne kzcP-Xn-I-fn¬ ]√-hnbpw Nc-Whpw
amXta ImW-s∏--Sp-∂p-≈q. kwKo-X-]-c-ambn PXn-kz-c-ß-
tf-°m-fpw anI®p \n¬°p∂ Km\-cq-]-ß-fm-Wn-h. kmlnXy
LS-\-bn¬ KoX-tØmSv kmZriyw ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-bmWv kzc-
P-Xn-Iƒ. ssZhkvXpXntbm hocm-cm-[-\-tbm, irwKm-c-
ck][m-\tam Bbn-cn°pw CXns‚ ]ta-bw. Ch A`ymk Km\-Øn¬s∏Sp-∂-
h-bm-sW-¶nepw \rØ-I-t®-cn-I-fnepw Cu Km\-cq]w D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. k`m-
Km-\-Øns‚ ]Z-hn-bn-tebv°v kzc-P-Xnsb Db¿Ønb hmt§-b-Im-c-\mWv io iyma-
im-kvXn. sXep¶v `mj-bn¬ tXmSn, ss`c-hn, bZp-Ipe Imwt_mPn F∂o cmK-
ß-fn¬ iyma-mimkvXn cNn® 3 kzc-P-Xn-Iƒ I¿Wm-SI kwKo-X-Ønse AXyp÷-
e-ß-fmb cN-\-I-fmbn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.
iymamimkvXn, kzmXn Xncp-\mƒ, X©m-hq¿ s]m∂ø, ]®n-an-cn-bw BZn A∏ø
F∂n-h¿ kzc-PmXn-Iƒ cNn-®n-´p-f-f ]ap-J-cmb hmt§-b-Im-c≥am-cm-Wv.
iymamimkvXn
Hm¿Ωn°pI
kzcP-Xn-IfpsS ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
]h¿Ø\w
$ hmt§-b-Im-c≥am-cpsS t]cp-Iƒ klnXw kzc-PXn-Iƒ°v DZm-l-cWw \¬IpI
$ KoXw, PXn-kz-cw,. kzc-PXn F∂nh cNn-®n-´p≈ hmt§-b-Im-c≥am-cpsS ]´nI Xøm-
dm-°pI As√-¶n¬ Chsb B[m-c-a-m°n Hcp ]h¿t]m-bn‚v Ah-X-cWw \S-
ØpI.
]T\t\´ßƒ
$ kwKo-X-cq-]-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`m-h-sØ-°p-dn®v Adnhv e`n-°p∂p.
$ ]_-‘-Øns‚ h¿§o-I-cWw (Ko-X-˛-hm-Zy-˛-\rØy ]_-‘-߃) a\-n-em-
°p∂p.
56
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
$ D]-tbm-K-a-\p-k-cn®v kwKoX cN-\-Isf h¿§o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Ign-bp∂p.
$ e£y˛ e£W KoX-ßsf a\-n-em-°p-∂p.
$ kzc-P-Xn, PXn-kz-c-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS ]Xy-I-X-Iƒ a\-n-em-°p∂p
$ KoXw, kzc-P-Xn, PXnkzcw F∂nh cNn® hmt§-b-Im-c≥amsc Xncn-®-dn-bp-
∂p.
aqey-\n¿Wbw
1. ]_-‘-ßsf \n¿h-Nn-°pI
2. ]_-‘-ß-fpsS aq∂v hn`m-K-߃ Gh?
3. ]bp‡ kwKo-Xhpw ip≤-kw-Ko-Xhpw \n¿h-Nn-°p-I. Ahbv°v bp‡-amb
DZm-l-c-W-߃ \¬Ip-I.
4. kmt¶-XnI˛ ipXn-a-[pc cq]-ßsf Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.
5. e£y-Ko-X-ß-fp-sS ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ hnh-cn-°pI
6. e£-W-Ko-XsØ ]‰n hni-Z-ambn ]Xn-]m-Zn-°pI
7. kzc-P-Xnbpw PXn-kz-chpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xays∏-Sp-ØpI
d -d≥kv
1. Xnbdn Hm^v C≥Uy≥ aqkn-Iv˛ anv. F¬. sFkIv
2. kuØv C¥y≥ ayqkn-Iv˛ s]m^. ]n. kmw_-aq¿Øn
3. kvsπ≥U¿ Hm^v ayqknIv ˛ tUm. sN√-Zp-ssc.
57
hmt§-b-Im-c-∑m¿
bqWn‰v ˛ 6
hmt§-b-Im-c-∑m¿
][m-\ B-i-b-߃
6.1.1 _me-yhpw hnZ-ym-`-ym-khpw
hmt§-b-Im-c≥--∑m-cpsS hnhn[ cq]-ß-
fnep≈ kwKoXcN-\-I-fmWv I¿Wm-SI
kwKoXsØ C∂sØ \neb-bn¬
cq]s∏SpØ-Xn¬ Hcp ][m\ ImcWw.
Htc kabw hm°pw (kmlnXyw),
tKbhpw (kwKo-X-w) \n¿h-ln-°p∂h-
cm-Wvhmt§-b-Im-c≥--∑m¿. AcpW Kncn-
\m-Y≥, Xmbp-am-\-h¿, kq¿Zmkv, Xpf-
ko-Zmkv, aocm-`mbn, XpS-ßnb k\-ym-
kn-h-c-y-∑m-cmb At\Iw hmt§-b-Im-c-
∑m-cpsS cN-\-Iƒ ]nd-hn-sIm-≠Xv, ‡n-
]-ÿm\w i‡n-]m-]n® 14, 15, 16 \q‰m-
≠p-I-fn-emWv. Z£n-tW-¥-y≥ hmt§-b-
Im-c-∑m-cn¬ ]ap-J-\mb ]pc-µc-Zm-k¿
Pohn-®n-cp-∂Xpw Xs‚ IrXn-IƒsIm≠v
I¿Wm-SI kwKo-X-Øn\v Hcp kº-
Zmbw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXpw CtX Ime-
L-´-Øn-em-Wv.
hS°≥ I¿Wm-S-I-bnse lw]n F∂
]tZ-iØv 1484 ˛ ¬ BWv ]pcµcZm-
kcpsS P\-\w. hcZ∏\m-bn°pw Ia-emw-
$ _me-yhpw hnZ-ym- -ym-khpw
$ hgn-Øn-cnhv
$ k\-ymkn, hmt§-bIm-c≥, [¿tΩm-]-tZ-i-I≥
$ kwKoX kw`m-h-\-Iƒ
$ kwKoX ]nXm-a-l≥v
$ ASn-ÿm\ kzm-cm-h-en-I-fpsS Nn´-- s∏-Sp-ج
1. ]pcµcZmk¿ (1484˛1564)
lw]n
58
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
_-bp-am-bn-cp∂p amXm-]n-Xm-°∑m¿. Xncp-∏-Xn-bnse tZhs\ kvXpXn-®p-sIm≠v
\S-Ønb \nc-¥-c-amb ]m¿∞-\-bp-sSbpw hgn-]m-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw ^e-am-bmWv
At±lw P\n-®-sX∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ "io\n-hm-k≥'
F∂-t]-cmWv At±-l-Øn\v \¬I-s∏-´-Xv. amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ At±-lsØ
"kn∂∏' F∂v hnfn-®p. kwKoXw, thZ-]p-cm-W-߃, I∂S, kwkvIrXw XpS-
ßnb mj-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn-se√mw hfsc sNdp-∏-Øn¬ Xs∂ At±lw hnZKv[
]cn-io-e\w t\Sn. 16 ˛mw hb-n¬ At±lw hnhm-ln-X-\m-bn. 20 ˛mw hb-
n¬ amXm-]n-Xm-°sf \jvS-s∏´ At±lw, cXv\-h-ym-]m-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂ ]nXm-
hns‚ `mcn® kz-Øn-\p-S-a-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. ]nXm-hns‚ ]mX ]n¥p-S¿∂ At±-
lhpw \s√mcp hym-]m-cn-bm-bn Adn-b-s∏-´p.
6.1.2 hgn-Øn-cnhv
Xs‚ Ccp-]-Xm-a-sØ hb-n¬ D≠mb Hcp kw`hw ]pc-µ-c-Zm-k-sc, Bflob
Xbpw `‡nbpw \nd™ Hcp PohnXw \bn-°p-∂-Xn\v t]c-I-ambn F∂v ]d-
b-s∏-Sp-∂p. klm-b-a-`-y¿∞n®p h∂ Hcp ZcnZ _m“-W-s\ At±lw ]e
]mh-iyw H∂pw \¬ImsX Xncn-®-b-®p. _m“-W-\m-Is´, ]pc-µ-c-Zm-k-
cpsS ]Xv\n kc-k-z-Xn-`m-bn-tbmSv k¶Sw ]d-bp-Ibpw Ah¿ Xs‚ sshc
aq°pØn At±-l-Øn\v \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. sshc-aq-°pØn hn¬°p-∂-
Xn\v _m“-W≥ ]pc-µ-c-Zm-k-cpsS ASp-°¬ hcn-Ibpw kwibw tXm∂nb
Zmk¿, Xs‚ ]Xv\nbpsS aq°pØn sIm≠p hcp-∂-Xn\v Hcq ZqXs\ Ab-
bv°p-Ibpw Ah¿ Bfl-l-X-ybv°v apXn-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. hnjw \nd® ]mX-
Øn¬ \n∂pw Hcp sshc-aq-°pØn e`n-®p-sh∂pw hkvXp-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™
]pc-µ-c-Zm-k¿ ]›m-Øm] `cn-X-\mbn Xs‚ PohnX coXn-Iƒ Dt]-£n®v
]pXn-sbmcp a\p-j-y-\mbn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXpsh∂mWv ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]n∂o-
S-t±lw hnP-b-\-K-c-Øn¬ FØp-Ibpw hym-k-cm-b-cpsS iojy-\mbnØo-cp-
Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\p-ti-j-amWv At±lw lcn-Zm-k-\mb ]pc-µ-c-Zm-k¿
F∂v hnfn-°--s∏-´-Xv. [¿tΩm-]-tZ-i-I≥, Ihn, kwKo-X-⁄≥ F∂o \ne-I-fn-
se√mw At±lw ]i-kvX-\m-bn.
Xs‚ kwKoX cN-\-I-fn-eqsS kZvNn-¥-Ifpw emfn-X-yhpw \nd™ Pohn-X-
amXr-I-Iƒ At±lw P\-߃°v \¬In. e£-yhpw A¿∞hpw a\-n-em-
°msX aXm-[n-jvTnX NS-ßp-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xns\ At±lw FXn¿Øn-cp-∂p.
Hcp-hs‚ PmXntbm aXtam GXp-am-Is´, Bflo-b-X-bn-eq-∂n-bp≈ ‡n-am¿K-
Øn-eqsS ]c-am-flm-hns\ kzm-b-Ø-am-°m-sa∂v At±lw ]Tn-∏n-®p. ]lvfm-
Z≥, i_cn, hn`o-j-W≥, Zu]Xn, Al-ey apX-em-b-h-cpsS DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-
eqsS At±lw CXv ka¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
6.1.3 kwKoX kw`mh\Iƒ
ATmW cmK-Øn-ep≈ "samk-tlm-Z-\s√m' F∂ IrXn-bmWv At±lw BZy-
ambn cNn-®-Xv. Xm≥ hy¿∞-am-°nb h¿j-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]pc-µ-c-Zm-k¿ Cu
59
hmt§-b-Im-c-∑m¿
IrXn-bpsS Nc-W-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. efn-X-amb At\Iw Io¿Ø-\-߃
At±lw cNn-®p. "hkp-tZ-h-\m-am-hen' F∂ Xs‚ apJmcn cmK-Ir-Xn-bn¬, 4,75,000
IrXn-Iƒ At±lw cNn-®n-´p-≈-Xmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚
IrXn-Iƒ, "tZh¿ \ma-߃' As√-¶n¬ "Zmk¿ ]Z-ß-ƒ' F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂p. efn-X-amb cmK-ß-fnepw BZn, cq]Iw, Nm∏v XpS-ßnb Xm-f-ß-fn-ep-
amWv Gsd IrXn-Ifpw Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Zzn-Pm-h¥n, hk¥, ss`chn,
a[p-am-[hn XpS-ßnb A]q¿h-cm-Kß-fn-ep≈ IrXn-Ifpw At±-l-Ønt‚Xmbn´p-
≠v. ]pcm-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]gw-sNm-√p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Dff D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ At±lw
Xs‚ IrXn-Ifn¬ [mcm-f-ambn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. "]pc-µchnTe' F∂-Xm-
bn-cp∂p At±lw Xs‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ apZ-bmbn kzo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
6.1.4 I¿Æm-S-I-kw-KoX ]nXm-al≥/BZn-Kpcp
kwKoXm-`-yk-Øn\v Hcp ]mT-y-]-≤Xn D≠m°n F∂-XmWv At±lw
I¿WmSI kwKo-X-Øn\v \¬Inb G‰hpw anI® kw`m-h-\. kz-cm-h-en-Iƒ,
Ae-¶m-c-߃, KoX-߃, kqfm-Zn-Iƒ, ]_-‘-߃ F∂nh cNn-°pI hgn
kwKo-X-Øn\v \nb-X-amb Hcp ASn-ÿm\w \¬Im≥ At±-l-Øn\v Ign-™p.
Z£n-tW-¥y-bn¬ kwKoXm-`-y-k-Øn\v "ambm-am-f-h-Kuf' ASn-ÿm-\-cm-K-ambn
cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv At±-l-am-Wv. i¶-cm- -c-W-Øn\v kam-\-amb "_nem-h¬' As√-
¶n¬ 'taP¿ UbmtSmWnIv kvsIbn¬' BWv lnµp-ÿm\n kwKo-X-Ønepw
]m›m-X-y-kw-Ko-X-Ønepw ASn-ÿm-\-cm-K-ambn bYm-Iaw \n›-bn-°--s∏-´n-´p-
≈-Xv. kv]X-Xm-f-ß-fn¬ KoX-ß-fpsS Omb-bn¬ kqfm-Zn-Iƒ cNn-°p-Ibpw
Cu Xmf-߃ ]n∂oSv kqfmZn k]vX-Xm-f-߃ F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. I¿Wm-SI kwKo-X-Øn\v \¬Inb kw`m-h-\-Isf ap≥\n¿Øn, "I¿Wm-
SI kwKo-X ]nXm-a-l≥' As√-¶n¬ "BZn-Kpcp' F∂ t]cn-e-t±lw Adn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂p. At±lw Bhn-jvI-cn®p \S-∏n-em-°nb ]mT-y-]-≤XnbmWv I¿Wm-SI
kwKo-Xm-`-y-k-Øn\v C∂pw ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-Xv.
kwkvIrX`mj-bn-e-√msX ]mtZ-in-I-`m-j-bn¬ BZ-y-ambn IrXn-Iƒ cNn-®Xv
At±l-am-Wv. amXr-`m-j-bmb I∂-S-bn¬ IrXn-Iƒ cNn-°p-∂XmWv IqSp-X¬
P\-ß-fn-te°v Xs‚ cN-\-Iƒ FØn-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-c-am-hp-I. F∂-
t±lw hni-z-kn-®p.
Xs‚ a°-tfm-sSm∏w Xw_pcp ao´n sXcp-hn-eqsS P-\-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xv At±lw
]Xn-hm-°n-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ 80 ˛mw hb-n¬ XpwK-`Zm \Zo-Xo-c-Øp≈ lw]n
afi-]-Øn¬ h®v At±lw Cl-tem-I-hmkw shSn-™p. Cu afi]w Ct∏mƒ
]pc-µ-c-Zmk afi]w F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn-b--s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
Hm¿Ωn°pI
• ]pc-µ-c-Zm-k-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ• I¿Wm-SI kwKoX ]nXm-al≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ÿm\w
60
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
]T\t\´ßƒ
$ ]pcµcZmkcpsS Pohn-X--sØ-°p-dn®v Adnhv t\Sp∂p.
$ amXr-`m-j-bpsS ]m[m-\yw a\-n-em-°p-∂p.
$ I¿Wm-SI kwKo-X-Øn\v ]my-]-≤Xn cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb hmt§-b-Im-c-s\
Xncn-®-dn-bp∂p.
$ ]pc-µ-c-Zm-k-cpsS kwKoX kw`m-h-\-I-sf-°p-dn®v Hcp cq]-tcJ e`n-
°p∂p.
aqey-\n¿Æbw
1. ]pc-µ-c-Zm-kcpsS -_meyw, hnZ-ym`-ymkw F∂n-h--sb-°p-dn®v Hcp Ipdn∏v
Xbm-dm-°p-I.
2. ]pc-µ-c-Zm-k¿ Hcp k\-ym-knbpw hmt§-b-Im-c\pw BIm≥ CS-bm-bn-
Øo¿∂ kw`hw hnh-cn-°pI.
3. I¿Æm-SI kwKoX ]nXm-a-l-≥ F∂v ]pc-µ-c-Zm-ksc hnti-jn-∏n-°p-
∂Xv F¥p-sIm-s≠∂v hni-Z-am-°p-I.
d -d≥kv:
1. tK‰v Iwt]m-tkgvkv ˛ s]m^. ]n.-km-w_-aq¿Øn
2. Z Xnbdn Hm^v C¥y≥ ayqkn°v ˛ anv. sFk°v
3. Z£n-tW-¥y≥ kwKoXw (`mKw ˛ 1) ˛ F.-sI.-c-ho-µ-\mYv
]h¿Ø\w
BI-kvan-I-ambn Pohn-X-Øn¬ hgn-Øn-cn-hp-Iƒ kw`-hn® a‰v ]Xn-`-I-fpsS Pohn-X-s-Ø Ipdn®v N¿® sNøp-I.
Acp-W-Kn-cn-\m-Y¿, Xmbp-am-\-h¿, aocm-`mbn F∂n-h-cpsS Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´ hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-I.
61
hmt§-b-Im-c-∑m¿
cmPm-°≥am-cnse kwKo-X-⁄≥, kwKo-
X-⁄--cnse cmPmhv F∂o \ne-I-fn-
emWv kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ hnti-jn-∏n-°-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]K¬ -cmb kwKo-X-⁄sc
Xs‚ Bÿm\-hn-Z-zm≥amcm-°p-Ibpw
At\Iw kwKo-X-Ir-Xn-Iƒ cNn-°p-
Ibpw kwKo-X-⁄-tcbpw hmt§-b-Im-c-
∑m-tcbpw t]m’m-ln-∏n -°p-Ibpw
kwKo-Xm-tLm-j-߃ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-
Ibpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns\ kwKo-X-
tIµam°n am‰p-Ibpw sNbvX `c-Wm-
[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw.
2. almcmP kzmXoXncp\mƒ (1813˛1847)
][m-\ B-i-b-߃
$ _meyhpw hnZym- ym-khpw
$ _lpapJ ]Xn`
$ At±lsØ kzm[o\n® hy‡nXz߃
$ kw`mh\Iƒ
$ kaqlIrXnIƒ
$ \hcmXnIrXnIƒ
$ \hhn[ `‡n IrXnIƒ
$ L\cmKIrXnIƒ
$ cmKamenIIƒ
$ D’h ]_‘w
$ a‰p cN\Iƒ
dmWn Kucn e£vao `mbn
62
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
6.2.1. _meyhpw hnZym- ym-khpw
1813, G]n¬ 16 ˛ \mWv kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ P\n-®-Xv. Kucn e£vao-`mbn Xºp-cm-
´nbpw cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω tImbn Xºp-cm\pam-bn-cp∂p amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ. amXm-hns‚
DZ-c-Øn-em-bn-cn-°p--tºmƒ Xs∂ Incn-Sm-h-Im-in-bmbn \n›-bn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xn-
\m¬ "K¿`-io-am≥'F∂v At±lw hnfn-°-s∏-´p. Xs‚ c≠m-asØ hb-n¬
amXm-hns\ \jvS-s∏´ kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fns\ hf¿Øn-bXv Cf-b-Ω-bmb dmWn
]m¿hXn `mbn-bm-Wv.
hfsc sNdp-∏-Øn¬Ø-s∂ Sn. kp∫-dm-hp-hn¬ \n∂pw Cw•ojv A`-y-kn® kzm-
Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ, kwkvIrXw, lnµn, admØn, t]¿j-y≥ XpSßn ]Xn-s\-t´mfw
`mj-I-fn¬ ]mho-Wyw Ic-ÿ-am°n. Iem-X¬]-c-\mb At±lw, Ic-a\ kp_-
“-Wy `mK-h-X¿, ]Zva-\m` `mK-h-X¿ F∂n-h-cn¬ \n∂pw kwKoXw A`-y-
kn°pIbpw \s√mcp Ihn, Kmb-I≥, hmt§-b-Im-c≥ F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ Adn-b-
-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1829 ˛ ¬ Xs‚ 16 ˛masØ hb-n¬ Xncp-h-Xmw-Iq-dns‚
`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmbn At±lw Ah-tcm-[n-°-s∏-´p.
6.2.2 _lp-ap-J-]-Xn`
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns‚ `c-Wm-[n-Imcn F∂ \ne-bn¬ At\-Iw tdmUp-
Ifpw I\m-ep-Ifpw At±lw \n¿an-®p. Xncn-h-\-¥-]p-c-sØ hm\-\n-co-£W
tIµw ÿm]n®Xpw Atem-∏Xn NnIn’ ChnsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-®Xpw ]Xn-tcm-[-
Ip-Øn-hbv∏v Bcw-`n-®Xpw Cw•ojv hnZ-ym-`-ymkw kvIqfn¬ ]N-cn-∏n-®Xpw kzm-
Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ `cW-t\-´-ß-fn¬ NneXp amX-am-Wv.
kwKo-X˛ kmln-Xy cwK-ß-fnse ]fin-X¿ At±-l-Øns‚ cmP-k-`-
bn¬ Aw-K-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Cc-bn-Ω≥ Xºn, Zo£n-X¿ inj-y-cmb hSn-thep,
Nn∂ø, s]m∂ø, inhm\µw F∂o ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿, lcn-IYm Ime-t£-]-
Øn¬ ]mK¤yw sXfn-bn® tacp-kzman, lnµp-ÿm\n kwKo-X-⁄-cmb Aem-
hp-±o≥, kpsse-am≥ F∂n-h¿ At±-l-Øns‚ Z¿_m-dnse AwK-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.
kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ P\-\-k-a-bØv Cc-bn-Ω≥ Xºn cNn® "Hma-\-Xn-¶ƒ
InSmthm' F∂ Xmcm´v ]m´v hfsc ]kn-≤-amb H∂m-Wv.
]c-ta-izc `mK-h-X¿ Cc-bn-Ω≥ Xºntacp-kzmanjSvIme tKmhn-µ-am-
63
hmt§-b-Im-c-∑m¿
6.2.3 kw`mh\Iƒ
kwKoX ˛ kmln-X-ymZn Ie-I-fn¬ AKm-[-]m-fin-X-y-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ kzm-
Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ At\Iw kwKoX IrXn-Iƒ cNn-®n-´p-≠v. am¿K-Z¿in tij-ø-¶m-
cpsS IrXn-Iƒ At±-lsØ i‡-ambn kzm-[o-\n-®n-cp-∂p. kz-c-PXn, PXn-k-zcw,
Xm\-h¿Æ-߃, ]Z-h¿Æ-߃, ]Zw, Pmhen, Xn√m\, lnµp-ÿm\n kwKoXcq]-
߃ XpSßn hy-X-y-kvX-ß-fmb At\Iw Km\-߃ At±lw cNn-®n-´p-≠v.
]´nI 6.2.1 kzmXnXncp\mƒ IrXnIƒ
1 IrXn 191
2 ]Zw 66
3 `P≥ 9
4 h¿Æw 26
5 [p]Zv 9
6 Jbm¬ 16
7 S∏ 3
8 kzcPXn 7
9 Xn√m\ 6
10 D’h ]_‘IrXnIƒ 12
11 APmantfm]mJym\ IrXnIƒ 9
12 IptNtem]mJy\ IrXnIƒ 38
BsI 392
Hm¿Ωn°pI
$ kzmXnXncp-\m-fns‚ _meyw, hnZym-`ym-kw, _lp-apJ ss\]pWyw
$ At±-l-Øns‚ cmP-k- -bn¬ Aw-K-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ kwKo-X -km-ln-Xy ]Xn- -Iƒ..
]h¿Ø\w
'Hma-\-Øn-¶ƒ InSmthm' F∂ Xmcm-´p-]m´v B-e-]n-°pI
Hm¿Ωn°pI
kzmXn Xncp-\m-fns‚ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ
64
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
kapZmbIrXnIƒ
XymKcmPkzm-an-bpsS "]©-c-Xv\-Ir-Xn-Iƒ' apØp-k-zm-an-Zo-£n-X-cpsS "\hm-
h-cW IrXn-Iƒ' XpS-ßnb kap-Zmb IrXn-I-fpsS amXr-I-bn¬ kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mfpw
kaql IrXn-Iƒ cNn-®n-´p-≠v.
DZm:˛ \h-cmXn IrXn-Iƒ, \h-hn-[-`‡n IrXn-Iƒ, L\-cmK IrXn-Iƒ
6.2.3.1 \hcmXnIrXnIƒ
\h-cmXn D¬kh ka-bØv \h-cmXn afi-
]-Øn¬ 9 Znhkw ]mSp-∂-Xn\v cNn-°-s∏-´n-
´p≈ IrXn-I--fm-Wn-h. Hmtcm IrXn-Ifpw Hmtcm
Znh-k-tØbpw apJ-y-Ir-Xn-I-fmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
]´n-I. 6.2.2
\w IrXn cmKw Xmfw
1 tZhn PKXvP\\n i¶cm`cWw BZn
2 ]mlnamwio hmKoizcn I√ymWn BZn
3 tZhn ]mht\ kmthcn BZn
4 `mcXn amah tXmSn BZn
5 P\\n amah ss`chn aniNm∏v
6 ktcmcplmk\Pmtb ]¥phcmfn BZn
7 P\\n]mln ip≤kmthcn aniNm∏v
8 ]mln P\\n \m´Ipdn©n aniNm∏v
9 ]mln ]m¿∆X \µn\n Bc`n BZn
Hm¿Ωn°pI
\h-cmXn IrXn-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ cmK-߃, Xmf-߃
65
hmt§-b-Im-c-∑m¿
Hm¿Ωn°pI
\h-hn[ `‡n IrXn-I-fnse cmK-߃ Xmf-߃, `‡n F∂nh
]h¿Ø\w
kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ \h-cm-XnIrXn-Iƒ, \h-hn[ ‡n-Ir-Xn-Iƒ F∂nh tIƒ°pI.
6.2.3.3 L\cmKIrXnIƒ
\m´, Kuf, Bc-`n-, hcmfn, io F∂o L\-cm-K-ßfn¬ cNn® hnjvWp-
kvXpXnIfmb Ir-Xn-IfmWv L\-cm-K-Ir-Xn-Iƒ. ]mkw, A\p-]mkw, hi-y-X-
bm¿∂ ]Z-]-tb-mK-߃ F∂n-h-bm¬ kº-∂-amWv Cu IrXn-Iƒ.
6.2.3.2 \hhn[ `‡nIrXnIƒ
`KhXv KoXbn¬ ]cm-a¿in-®n-cn-°p∂ 9 Xcw `‡nsb Bkv]-Z-am°n
kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ cNn®v kap-ZmbIrXn-bmWv \h-hn-[-`-‡nIr-Xn-Iƒ. "\h-c-Xv\-
am-enI' F∂v t]cnepw Ch Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
]´n-I. 6.2.3 \h-hn-[-`-‡n-Ir-Xn-Iƒ
\w `‡nbpsS IrXn cmKw Xmfw
XcwXncnhv
1 ihWw `hXob IY ss`chn BZn
2 Io¿Ø\w XmhI\ma\n tIZmcKuf BZn
3 kvacWw kZXw kwkvamcmanl \oemw_cn aniNm∏v
4 ]mZtkh\w ]¶Pm£Xh tkh tXmSn cq]Iw
5 A¿®\w Bcm[bman _nelcn JfiNm∏v
6 hµ\w htµtZhtZh t_KU cq]Iw
7 Zmkyw ]ca]pcpj Blncn aniNm∏v
8 kJyw `hXn hnizmtkm apJmcn aniNm∏v
9 Bfl\nthZ\w tZhtZhI¸bman \mY\maInb cq]Iw
66
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
]h¿Ø\w
ioa-Xn. Fw.F-kv. kp∫-e£van Be-]n® "`mh-bman cLp-cmaw' F∂ cmK-am-enItIƒ°p-I.kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ P\-Io-b- IrXn-Iƒ tIƒ°pI
]´n-I. 6.2.3.4 L\-cm-K-Ir-Xn-Iƒ
\w IrXn cmKw Xmfw
1 ]mlniutc \m´ cq]Iw
2 ImaP\I Kuf BZn
3 io caWhnt`m Bc`n BZn
4 amah]fl\m` hcmfn Nm∏v
5 coWmamZZpX io BZn
6.2.4 cmK-am-en-I-Iƒ
hnhn[ cmK-ß-fpsS tiWn-bmWv cmK-am-en-I. H∂n-e-[nIw cmK-ß-fn¬ Nn´-s∏-
Sp-Øn-bn- p≈ IrXn-I-fmWv cmK-am-en-I-Iƒ. kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ cNn-®n- p≈ ][m\-
s∏´ cmK-am-en-I-I-fmWv "]∂-tK-µ-i-b\' (8 cmK-߃), Zim-h-Xmcw ]ta-b-am-
°nb "Ia-e-Pmky' (10 cmK-߃), km\µw (4 cmK-߃) F∂nh. cmam-b-WsØ
ASn-ÿm-\-am°n kmthcn cmK-Øn¬ kzmXn Xncp-\mƒ cNn® "`mh-bman cLp-
cmaw' Ct∏mƒ 7 cmK-ß-fp≈ cmK-am-enIbmWv ]mSn hcp-∂-Xv.
6.2.5 D’h ]_‘w
]fl\m`t£XØnse 10 ZnhksØ D’htØmS-\p-_-‘n®v Be--]n°-
°p∂Xn\v th≠n cNn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ IrXnIfmWnh.
kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ P\-Io-b-ß-fmb Nne IrXn-Iƒ
1 tZh tZh Iebman (ambamfhKuf)
2 Ir]bm]meb (NmcptIin)
3 tKm]meI]mlnamw (tchKp]vXn)
4 ]ca]pcpj(hk¥)
5. amah-kZm (Im-\-U)
6. ama-h-kZm hctZ (\m-´-°p-dn-©n)
67
hmt§-b-Im-c-∑m¿
Hm¿Ωn°pI
kzmXn Xncp-\m-fns‚ cmK-am-en-I-Iƒ , P\-Iob IrXn-Iƒ
6.2.6 kmlnXyIrXnIƒ
kwKo-X-Ir-Xn-Iƒ°v ]pdta -`‡n aRvPcn, ]Zva-\m` iXIw, kym-\-µq-c-]p-c-
h¿W\ ]_-‘w apX-em-b kmln-X-y-Ir-Xn-Ifpw kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ cNn-®n-´p-≠v.
km[m-cW cmK-߃°v ]pdta A]q¿h-cm-K-ß-fmb efn-X-]-©aw, tZim£n,
ip≤-ss`-chn, L≠-, tam-l-\-I-e-ymWn apX-emb cmK-ßfpw Ch-bn¬ D]tbm-
Kn-®n- p-≠v.
kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ Hcp _lp-\m-a-apZ-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. "]Zva-\m`" F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p
At±-l-Øns‚ apZ. ]Zva-\m-`s‚ ]c-ym-b-ß-fmb ]¶-P-\m`. kc-kn-P-\m`, Ia-
e-\m`, Pe-P-\m` F∂n-hbpw apZ-I-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°--s∏-´n-´p-≠v. 1847 ¬ Xncp-
h-\-¥-]p-c-sØ IpXn-c-am-fn-I-bn¬ h®v At±lw A¥-cn-®p.
Hm¿Ωn°pI
kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ kmln-X-y-Ir-Xn-Iƒ
IrXn-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ apZ-Iƒ
]h¿Ø\w
kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fn-s\-°p-dn®v ]pkvX-I-߃ hmbn®v hnhc tiJ-cWw \S-Øp-I.
]T\t\´w
$ kzmXnXncp\mfns‚ PohnXsØ°pdn®v Adnhv t\Sp∂p
$ kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ alXzw a\-kn-em-°p-∂p.
$ At±-l-Øns‚ kwKoX kw`mh\Iƒ Xncn-®dnbp∂p.
$ At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ cmK߃, Xmf-߃
F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v Adnhv t\Sp-∂p.
$ kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ kaql IrXnIsf∏‰n Adnhv t\Sp-∂p.
68
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
aqey-\n¿Æbw
1. kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ _meyw, hnZ-ym-`-ymkw F∂nhsb∏‰n Ipdn∏v
Xbm-dm-°p-I.
2. h¿Ww, IrXn F∂o kwKo-X-cq-]-ß-fn¬ kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ kw`m-
h-\-Iƒ hni-Z-am-°p-I.
3. kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ kaq-l-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, Ah-bn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-°--s∏-´n-´p≈
cmK-߃, Xmf-߃, `‡n F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n D]-\-y-kn-°p-I.
3. kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ cmPm-°-∑m-cnse kwKo-X-⁄\pw kwKo-X-⁄≥am-
cnse cmPm-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
d -d≥kv:
$ kzmXn Xncp-\mƒ ˛ tUm. F¬.-sh-¶n-S-kp-_-“Wy Aø¿.
$ Z£n-tW-¥y≥ kwKoXw ˛ F.-sI.-c-ho-µ-\mYv
69
kwKo-X-en]n AYhm s\mt´-j≥
$ c≠p-Xcw kwKoXen]n-Iƒ
$ kzc-ssZ¿Lyw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Nn”-߃
$ ÿmbnsb kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Nn”-߃
$ Xmf Bh¿Ø-\sØ kqNn-∏n -°p∂Nn”-߃.
$ XmfmwK-ßsf kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Nn”-߃
$ kwKoX en]n-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ a‰pNn”-߃
][m-\ B-i-b-߃
kwKoXen]n-bpsS klm-b-tØm-sS-
bp≈ ]T\ kº-Zm-b-tØ-°mƒ Kpcp-
ap -JØp \n∂v t\cn -´p≈ kwth-
Z\ssien-bv°mWv Z£n-tW-¥y≥
kwKoX ]T-\-Øn¬ ]m[m\yw \¬In
hcp-∂-Xv. Z£n-tW-¥y≥ cmK-ß-fpsS
Bflm-hmb Ka-I-߃ ]q¿Æ-ambpw
enJnX cq]-Øn-em-°p-hm≥ _p≤n-ap-´m-
b-Xn-\m-emWv AXv. Hcp kwKo-X-
⁄s\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw ap≥]v
]Tn® Hcp kwKoX cq]w icn-bmbn
Hm¿sØ-Sp-°p-hm≥ enJn-X-cq]w A\n-
hm-cy-am-Ip-∂p. Aßns\ kwKo-X-en]n
D]m-[n-bmbn kzoI-cn®v cmK-Øns‚ icn-
bmb \mZm-fl-cq]w Hm¿Ωn-s®-SpØv Hcp
kwKo-X-⁄\v GsXmcp kwKo-X-cq-
bqWn‰v ˛ 7
kwKo-X-en]n AYhm s\mt -j≥
70
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
]hpw AXns‚ ]q¿Æ-X-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
c≠v Xcw kwKoX Bte-J\ coXn-I-fmWv \ne-hn-ep-≈-Xv. Ãm^v s\mt´-j\pw
kvIn]v‰v s\mt -j≥ AYhm k¿§w s\mt -j-\pw. Ãm^ v s\m-t -j≥ ]m›mXy
kwKo-X-Ønepw k¿Kw s\mt´-j≥ `mc-Xob kwKo-X-Ønepw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
lm¿a-Wn-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb ]m›mXy kwKoXw A©v kam-¥c tcJ-I-fn-
emWv Bte-J\w sNøp-∂-Xv.
kwKo-X-Øns‚ hnhn[ LS-I-ßsf kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v k¿Kw s\mt´-j-\n¬
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hnhn[ Nn”-ßfpw AS-bm-f-ßfpw Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂p.
7.1 kzc-ß-fpsS ssZ¿Lyw
k,- cn, -K, a, ], -[, \n F∂o kw⁄-Iƒ k]vX-kz-c-ßsf ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂p.
Hcp kzc-Øns‚ ssZ¿Lyw Hcp A£c Ime-am-Wv.
DZm
k-= 1 A£c Imew
cn= 1 A£c Imew
Hcp kzc-Øns‚ Hcp A£c Ime- ssZ¿Lyw ImWn-°p-∂-Xn\v A¬]-hn-
cmaw (,), A¿[-hn-cmaw (;) F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn°p∂p. Hcp A¬]-hn-cmaw 1
A£cIm-e-sØbpw Hcp A¿[-hn-cmaw 2 A£-c-Im-e-sØbpw kqNn-∏n°p∂p.
DZm:
km ˛ 2 A£-c-Imew
kmm ˛ 3 A£-c-Imew
k; ˛ 3 A£-c-Imew
km; ˛ 4 A£c-Imew
Hcp kzc-Øn-s‚tbm Hcp Iq´w kzc-ß-fp-sStbm apI-fntem Xmsgtbm
hcp∂ tcJ-Iƒ kzc-ß-fpsS ssZ¿Lyw Ipd-bp-∂Xv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Hcp tcJ
½ A£-c-Imew, c≠p tcJ ¼ A£-c-Imew F∂n-ßs\ kzc-Øn-s‚
ssZ¿LysØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
DZm
kcn-Ka ˛ 4 A£-c-Imew
kcn-Ka ˛ 2 A£-c-Imew
kcn-K-a ˛ 1 A£-c-Imew..
71
kwKo-X-en]n AYhm s\mt´-j≥
7.2 ÿmbn
`mc-Xob kwKo-X-Øn¬ A©v ÿmbn-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. kzc-Øns‚ apI-fntem
Xmsgtbm D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ _nµp B kzcw GXp ÿmbn-bn-em-sW∂pw kqNn-
∏n-°p-∂p. kzc-Øn\p Xmsg 1 _nµp Ds≠-¶n¬ B kzcw aµ-ÿm-bn-bnepw 2
_nµp h∂m¬ AXv A\p-a-µ-ÿmbnepam-bn-cn°pw. kzc-Øn\p apI-fn¬ 1 _nµp
hps≠-¶n¬ B kzcw Xmc-ÿm-bnbnepw kzc-Øn\v apI-fn¬ 2 _nµp-h-∂m¬ B
kzcw AXn-Xm-c-ÿm-bn-bnepw Bbn-cn-°pw. _nµphn√mØ kzc߃ a[y-ÿm-
bn-b-nem-bn-cn-°pw.
1. A\p-aµÿmbn ˛ \n[][
2. aµ-ÿmbn ˛ \n[][
3. a[y-ÿmbn ˛ kcn-Ka
4. Xmc-ÿmbn ˛ kcn-Ka
5. AXn-Xm-c-ÿmbn ˛ kcn-Ka
7.3 Xmf-h´w
Hcp Xmf-h-´-Øns‚ Bcw-`hpw Ah-km-\hpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v c≠v ew_ tcJ-
Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
DZm: NXp-c-i-PmXn GI-Xmfw
// kcn-Ka//
Hcp ew_ tcJ XmfmwK-߃ amdp-∂-Xns\ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
DZm:
//kcn-Ka /][ / \nk//
7.4 a‰p Nne Nn”߃
1. \£-X-Nn”w ( * ) ˛ `mjmwK cmK-Ønse A\y-kz-csØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
2. ( ) F∂ Nn”w ˛ kzc-Øn\p apI-fn¬ thhn-sse≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ B
kzcw Ka-I-tØmsS ]mS-W-sa∂v kqN-\.
3. ( ) F∂ Nn”w Hcp kzc-Øn\p apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øm¬ B kzcw _ew
sImSpØp ]mS-W-sa∂p kqN-\.
DZm: \m´-cm-K-Ønse \nk-cnk F∂ ]tbm-Kw.
4. (/) F∂ Nn”w Btcm-lW Pmcp-hn-t-\bpw (Ascending Glide), (\)F∂ Nn”w
Ah-tcm-lW Pmcp-hn-s\bpw (Descending Glide) kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
DZm: kcn-K-a, k\n-[]
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
. . . .
. . . .
/ \
72
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
5. (r)F∂ Nn”w Hcp ]tXyI hcn Bh¿Øn-°p-∂-Xns\ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
Xmf kº-Zm-b-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Nn”-߃
7.5 ]´nI = jUw-K-߃
AwK-߃ Nn”-߃ A£-c-Imew
1. A\p-ZpXw U 1
2. ZpXw O 2
3. eLp 1 3,4,5,7,9
4. Kpcp 8
5. πpXw 8 12
6. ImI-]mZw + 16
s\mt´-j-\n¬ i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃
1. G‰hpw apI-fn¬ kwKoX cN-\-bpsS t]cv tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØWw
2. AXn\p Xmsg cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ t]cv \¬I-Ww.
3. AXn-\p-Xmsg CS-Xp-`m-K-Ømbn cm-K-Øns‚ t]cv \¬I-Ww.
4. heXp `mKØv Xmf-Øns‚ t]cv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
5. AXn\p Xmsg \Sp-hn-embn cmK-Øns‚ Btcm-l-Whpw Ah-tcm-l-Whpw
\¬I-Ww.
6. ]√-hn, A\p-]-√-hn, NcWw F∂nh A\p-tbm-Py-amb ÿeØv tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Ø-Ww.
DZm-l-c-Ww:
Xm\-h¿Æw ˛ \n∂p-tIm-cn
cN-bn-Xmhv ˛ cma-\mSv io\n-hmk Aø-I¿
cmKw ˛ taml\w (28 ¬ P\yw)
Xmfw ˛ BZn
Btcm-l-Ww ˛ kcn-K-]-[k
Ah-tcm-lWw ˛ k[-]-K-cnk
]√hn
||Km Km -cnm mmkk-cncn| KK-cncn|
\n..∂ptIm.. cn. . . bp. . ..
73
kwKo-X-en]n AYhm s\mt´-j≥
| |kcn-Kcn kcn k[ | | kcn-K] Kcn-kcn ||
∂. . . \p . . . ...... d. . . . . . . . . .
]T-\-t\- -߃
$ kwKoX en]n-sb-°p-dn®v Adnhp t\Sp-∂p.
$ï kwKoX en]n-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hnhn[ Nn”-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Adnhv
t\Sp-∂p.
$ Bh¿Ø-\sØbpw A£-c-Im-e-sØbpw Ipdn®v a\-n-em-°p∂p
aqey \n¿Æbw
1. `mc-Xob kwKo-X-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kwKoX en]n-sb-°p-dn®v eLp
hnh-cWw \¬Ip-I.
d -d≥kv
$ kuØv C¥y≥ ayqknIv ˛ s]m^-k¿. ]n. kmw_-aq¿Øn.
Hm¿Ωn°pI
$ kwKo-X-en-]n-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Nn”-߃.
$ kzc-ß-fpsS ssZ¿LysØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Nn”-߃.
]h¿Ø\w
hnhn[ ÿmbn-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Nn”-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®p ]cn-io-en-°p-I.
.
74
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
]m¿´v ˛ II
]mtbm-KnI kwKoXw
75
]mY-anI ]mT-߃------ -1
76
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
1.1 k]vX-kz-c-߃
cmKw : ambm-am-f-h-Kuf (15˛m-aXp
taf-I¿Øm-cm-Kw)
Btcm-lWw :kcn-K-a-]-[-\nk
Ah-tcm-l-Ww : k\n-[-]-a-K-cnk
Xmfw : BZn (N-Xp-c-i-PmXn Xr]p-S)
AwKw : 100 (8 A£-c-Im-ew)
k]vX-kz-c-ßfpw Ah-bpsS \ma-ßfpw
1. k : jUvPw
2. cn : Ej`w
3. K -: Km‘m-cw
4. a : a[y-aw
5. ] : ]©-aw-
6. [ -: ss[h-Xw
7. \n - : \njm-Zw
bqWn‰v ˛ 1
]mY-anI ]mT-߃------ -1 1 1
$ I¿Æm-SI kwKo-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\sØ°pdn-®p≈ Adnhv t\S¬
$ k]vX-kz-c-߃ ˛B-apJw
$ kzc-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Ah-t_m[w
$ ambm-am-f-h-Ku-f-cm-KsØ°pdn-®p≈IrXy-amb Adnhv
$ Xmf-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ BapJw ˛ BZn-Xmfw
$ hyXykvX Ime-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬
$ kc-f-nh-cn-i-Ifpw efn-X-amb ]mT-ßfpw
$ a[y-ÿm-bn-bn-ep≈ kzc-ß-fpsSkm[Iw
$ Xmcÿmbn-bn-ep≈ kzc-ß-fpsSkm[Iw
$ aµ-ÿmbn kzc-߃
$ Pfi-h-cn-i-Iƒ ]mSp∂ coXn
$ hIkzc-ßsf°pdn®p≈ Adnhv
][m-\ B-i-b-߃
..
77
]mY-anI ]mT-߃------ -1
1.2 k]vX-kz-c-ßfpw Ah-bpsS hyXy-kvX-Im-e-ßfpw
H∂mw-Imew
||kcn-Ka |][ | \nk | k\n-[] | aK | cnk ||
c≠mw-Imew
||kcnKa-]-[-\nk | k\n-[] | aK-cnk||
aq∂mw-Imew
||kcn-K-a- ]-[-\nk k\n-[-]- a-K-cnk |
|kcn-K-a-]-[-\nk k\n-[] aK-cnk||
\memwImew
||kcn-K-a-]-[-\nk k\n-[-]-a-K-cnk
kcn-K-a-]-[-\nk k\n-[]aK-cnk|
|kcn-K-a-]-[-\nk k\n-[-]-a-K-cnk|||
|kcn-K-a-]-[-\nk k\n-[]aK-cnk||
1.3 kzcm-h-en-Iƒ (k-c-fn-h-cn-i-Iƒ)
cmKw : ambm-am-f-h-Kuf (15)
Xmfw : BZn
Btcm : k cn K a ] [ \n k
Ah : k \n [ ] a K cn k
4 0 0 4 0 0
1
2
kcn-Ka
kcn-kcn
k\n-k\n
] [
k cn
k \n
\n k
K a
[ ]
k\n-[]
kcn-Ka
k\n-[]
a K
] [
a K
cn k
\n k
cn k
x 1 23 x ü x ü x 1 2 3 xü x ü
x 1 2 3 x ü x ü
x 1 2 3
x ü x ü
x 1
x ü
x ü
2 3
78
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
k\n-k\n
kcnK k
k\n-[ k
kcn-Ka
k\n-[]
kcn-Ka
k\n-[]
kcn-Ka
k\n[]
kcn-Ka
k\n-[]
kcn-Ka
k\n-[]
kcn-Ka
k\n-[]
kcn-Ka
k\n-[]
k \n
cn K
\n [
k cn
k \n
] m
a m
] [
a K
] [
a K
] a
a ]
] a
a ]
cn K
\n[
[ ]
k cn
k \n
K a
[ ]
k cn
k \n
k cn
k \n
\n m
cn m
K cn
[ \n
[ ]
K a
a ]
]a
k\n-[]
kcn-Ka
k\n-[]
kcn-Ka
k\n-[]
kcn-Ka
k\n-[]
kcn-Ka
k\n-[]
kcn-Ka
k\n-[]
kcn-Ka
k\n-[]
kcn-Ka
k\n-[]
kcn-Ka
k\n-[]
a K
][
a K
][
a K
][
a K
][
a K
][
a K
][
a K
] [
a K
] [
a K
cn k
\n k
cn k
\n k
cn k
\n k
cn k
\n k
cn k
\n k
cn k
\n k
cn k
\n k
cn k
\n k
cn k
1.4 a≤y-ÿmbn hcn-i-Iƒ
4 0 0 4 0 0
1
2
3
4
kcn-Ka
Ka-][
km \n [
K a ] [
kk-\n[
K a ] [
kcn-Kcn
a]-[]
] m
\n [
\n m
\n [
\n \n
\n [
K m
[\n
K a
] a
[ ]
] a
[ ]
] a
K a
[ ]
] m m m
K a ] K
[m ] a
K a ] K
[ [ ] a
K a ] K
] a ] m
a ] [ ]
] m
a K
] m
a K
] m
aK
[ ]
a K
m m
cn k
] m
cn k
] m
cnk
[m
cn k
79
]mY-anI ]mT-߃------ -1
5
kcn-Ka
[\nk m
] m
k \n
] m
[ ]
[ [ ] m
k\n-[]
a a
a K
] m
cn k
Hm¿Ωn°pI
kc-fn-h-cn-i-I-fpw, a≤y-ÿm-bn-h-cn-i-Ifpw
4 0 0 4 0 0
1
2
3
4
5
kcn-Ka
[\n-kcn
kcn-Ka
[\n-kcn
[\n-kcn
kcn-Ka
[\n-kcn
[\n-kcn
[\n-kcn
kcn-Ka
[\n-kcn
[\n-kcn
[\n-kcn
[\n-kcn
kcn-Ka
[\n-kcn
[\n-kcn
[\n-kcn
[\n-kcn
[\n-kcn
][
k\n
][
kk
k\n
][
Kcn
kk
k\n
][n
Ka
Kcn
kk
k\n
][
Ka
K a
K cn
kk
k\n
\nk
[]
\nk
cnk
[]
\nk
kcn
cnk
[]
\nk
Kcn
kcn
cnk
[]
\nk
] a
Kcn
kcn
cnk
[]
km m m
k\n-[]
km m m
kcn-k\n
k\n-[]
km m m
kcn-k\n
kcn-k\n
k\n-[]
km m m
kcn-k\n
kcn-k\n
kcn-k\n
k\n-[]
km m m
Kcn-k\n
kcn-k\n
kcn-k\n
kcn-k\n
k\n-[]
km
a K
km
[ ]
a K
km
[]
[]
aK
km
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
a K
km
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
a K
m m
cn k
m m
a ]
cn k
m m
a ]
a ]
cn k
m m
a ]
a ]
a ]
cn k
m m
a ]
a ]
a ]
a ]
cn k
1.5 Xmc-kv-Ymbnh-cn-i-Iƒ
.. .
. .
. .
. .. .. .
. .. .. .
. .
. .. .. .
. .. .
.
. . .
. .
. . .
. .
. .
. .
. . .
. .
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
.. .
. .
. .
. .. .. .. .
. . .
. . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . . .
.
.
. . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
80
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
6
7
kcn-Ka
kcn-Ka
\n[-][
]a a K
kcn-Ka
kcnKm
\n[- ][
]m aK
][
cnk
\n[
a]
][
cnk
\n m
a ]
\nk
\nk
[]
[\n
\nk
\nk
[]
[\n
km m m
cnk- k\n
a]- []
k\n-[]
km m m
cn m k\n
a ] [m
k\n-[]
km
[\n
] a
aK
km
[\n
] a
a K
m m
k\n
K a
cnk
m m
km
K a
cn k
1.6 aµ-ÿm-bn-hcniIƒ
4 0 0 4 0 0
1
2
3
4
k\n-[]
Kcn-k\n
k\n-[]
Kcn-k\n
Kcn-k\n
k\n-[]
Kcn-k\n
Kcn-k\n
Kcn-k\n
k\n-[]
Kcn-k\n
Kcn-k\n
Kcn-k\n
Kcn-k\n
k\n-[]
a K
k cn
a K
kk
kcn
a K
[ \n
k k
k cn
a K
[ ]
[ \n
k k
k cn
a K
cn k
K a
cnk
\nk
K a
cnk
k\n
\n k
K a
cn k
[ \n
k \n
\n k
K a
cn k
km m m
kcnKa
km m m
k\n-kcn
kcn-Ka
km m m
k\n-kcn
k\n-kcn
kcn-Ka
km m m
k\n-kcn
k\n-kcn
k\nkcn
kcn-Ka
k m m m
km
] [
km
K a
][
km
K a
K a
] [
km
K a
K a
K a
] [
km
m m
\nk
m m
] a
\nk
m m
] a
] a
\n k
m m
] a
] a
] a
\n k
m m
. . . .
. . .
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
. . .
.
. .
.
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
...
.
...
. .
. .
. .
.
.
. .
. .
.
...
.
.
.
.
.
81
]mY-anI ]mT-߃------ -1
1.7 Pfi-h-cn-i-Iƒ
Hm¿Ωn°pI
Xmc-ÿmbn hcn-i-I-fpw, a¥-ÿm-bn-h-cn-i-Ifpw
]h¿Ø\w
Xmc-ÿm-bn-h-cn-i-Ifpw aµ-ÿm-bn-h-cn-i-Ifpw \mep-Im-e-Øn¬ ]mSpI
Xmc-ÿmbn kzc-ß-fp-tSbpw aµ-ÿm-bn-kz-c-ß-fp-tSbpw k©m-c-߃
a\-kn-em-°pI
4 0 0
1
2
3
kk cncn KK aa
kk \n\n [[ ]]
kk cncn KK aa
KK aa ]] [[
]] [[ \n\n kk
\n\n [[ ]] aa
]] aa KK cncn
kk cncn KK cncn
cncn KK aa KK
KK aa ]] aa
aa ]] [[ ]]
]] [[ \n\n [[
kk \n\n [[ \n\n
\n\n [[ ]] [[
[[ ]] aa ]]
]] aa KK aa
aa KK cncn KK
]] [[
aa KK
cncn KK
aa ]]
kk \n\n
[[ ]]
aa KK
kk-cncn
cncn KK
KK aa
aa ]]
]] [[
kk-\n\n
\n\n-[[
[[ ]]
]] aa
aa KK
\n\n kk
cncn kk
aa ]]
[[ \n\n
[[ ]]
aa KK
cncn kk
KK aa
aa ]]
]] [[
[[ \n\n
\n\n kk
[[ ]]
]] aa
aa KK
KK cncn
cncn kk
82
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
83
]mY-anI ]mT-߃------ -1
84
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
85
]mY-anI ]mT-߃ - 2
.
][m\ Bi-b-§Ä
]mY-anI ]mT-߃ - 2
$ Ae-¶m-c-߃
$ [ph Xmfw
$ aTy Xmfw
$ cq]I Xmfw
$ Qw] Xmfw
$ AS Xmfw
$ Xr]pS Xmfw
$ GI-Xmfw
kqfmZn k]vXXmf Ae-¦m-c-§Ä
2.1 [ph Xmfw þ 14 A£-c-Imew (N-Xp-ci PmXn) I4 0 I4 I4
I4 O I4 I4
k cn K a K cn k cn K cn k cn K a
cn K a ] a K cn K a K cn K a ]
K a ] [ ] a K a ] a K a ] [
a ]- [ \n [ ] a ]- [ ] a ]- [ \n
] [- \n k \n [ ] [- \n [ ] [- \n k
k \n- [ ] [ \n k \n- [ \n k \n- [ ]
\n [- ] a ] [ \n [- ] [ \n [ -] a
[ ]- a K a ] [ ]- a ] [ ]- a K
] a- K cn K a ] -a- K a ] a- K cn
a K cn k cn K a K- cn K a K cn k
bqWn‰v- - 2
86
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
2.2 aTy-Xmfw þ 10 A£-c-Im-e-w (N-Xp-c-i-PmXn) I4 0 I
4
I4 O I4
k cn K cn k cn k cn K a
cn K a K cn K cn K a ]
K a ] a K a K a ] [
a ]- [ ] a ] a ]- [ \n
] [- \n [ ] [ ] [- \n k
k \n- [ \n k \n k \n- [ ]
\n [- ] [ \n [ \n [ -] a
[ ]- a ] [ ] [ ]- a K
] a- K a ] a ] a- K cn
a K cn K a K a K cn k
2.3 cq]I Xmfw þ 6 A£-c-Im-ew (-N-Xp-c-i-PmXn) 0 I4
O I4
k cn k cn K a
cn K cn K a ]
K a K a ] [
a ] a ]- [ \n
] [ ] [- \n k
k \n k \n- [ ]
\n [ \n [ -] a
[ ] [ ]- a K
] a ] a- K cn
a K a K cn k
87
]mY-anI ]mT-߃ - 2
.
. .
2.4 Õw]Xmfw þ 14 A£-c-Im-ew (-ani--PmXn) I7 U O
I3 O U O
k cn K k cn k cn K a m
cn K a cn K cn K a ] m
K a ] K a K a ] [ m
a ]- [ a ] a ] [ - \n m
] [- \n ] [ ] [ \n - k m
k \n- [ k \n k \n [ - ] m
\n [- ] \n [ \n [ ] - a m
[ ]- a [ ] [ ] a K m
] a- K ] a ] a K cn m
a K cn a K a K cn k m
2.5 Xr]p-S-Xmfw þ 7 A£-c-Imew (Xn-i-Pm-Xn) I3 O O
I3 O O
k cn K k cn K a
cn K a cn K a ]
K a ] K a ] [
a ]- [ a ] [ \n
] [- \n ] [ \n k
k \n- [ k \n [ ]
\n [- ] \n [ - ] a
[ ]- a [ ] - a K
] a- K ] a K cn
a K cn a K cn k
.
. .
88
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
2.6 AS-Xmfw þ 14 A£-c-Imew (J-Þ-Pm-Xn) I5 I
5 O O
I5 I5 O O
k cn m K m k m cn K m a m a m
cn K m a m cn m K a m ] m ] m
K a m ] m K m a ] m [ m [ m
a ]- m [m a m ]- [m \n m - \n m
] [- m \n m ] m [- \n m k m - k m
k \n- m [m k m \n- [m ]m ]m
\n [-m ] m \n m [- ] m am am
[ ]- m a m [ m]- a m K m K m
] a- m K m ] m a- K m cn m - cn m
a K m cn m a m K cn m k m k m
2.7 GI-Xmfw 4 A£-c-Im-ew (N-Xp-c-i-Pm-Xn) I4
I4
k cn K a
cn K a ]
K a ] [
a ] [ \n
] [- \n k
k \n- [ ]
\n [ - ] a
[ ]- a K
] a- K cn
a K cn k
89
]mY-anI ]mT-߃ - 2
Hm¿Ωn-°pI
k]vXXmf Ae-¶m-c-ßfn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°-p∂ AwK-߃
]h¿Ø\w
k]vXXmf Ae-¶m-c-߃ ]mSpI
]T-\-t\´w
$ k]vXXmf Ae-¶m-c-ßsf°p-dn®v Adnhv t\Sp∂p.
$ Ae-¶m-c-ßfn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°-p∂ jUw-K-ßsf°p-dn®v a\-n-em-°p∂p.
$ hyXykvX eLp-Pm-Xn-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p
$ Bh¿Ø-\hpw A£-c-Im-e-hpw a\-n-em-°p∂p.
d^-d≥kv
1. kuØv C¥y≥ ayqkn-Iv ˛ s]m^. kmw_-aq¿Øn
2. Z£n-tW-¥y≥ kwKo-Xw ˛ io F.-sI. cho-µ-\mYv
90
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
1. hnLvt\-iz-c-KoXw
(15 ˛maXv taf-I¿ØmcmK-Øns‚ P\y-cmKw)
cmKw ˛ ae-lcn Xmfw ˛ cq]Iw
Btcm-lWw ˛ kcn-a-]-[k
Ah-tcm-lWw ˛ k[-]-a-K-cnk
ioK-W-\mY knµq-c-h¿Æ
Icp-Wkm-Kc Icn-h-Z\
ewt_m-Zc eIp-an-Ic
Aw_m kpX Aa-c-hn-\pX
ewt_m-Zc eIp-an-Ic
kn≤-N-cW KW-tk-hnX
kn≤n-hn-\m-bI tX \tam \a
ewt_m-Zc eIp-an-Ic
Aw_m kpX Aa-c-hn-\pX
ewt_m-Zc eIp-an-Ic
kI-e- hnZymZn-]q-PnX
k¿thm-Øa tX \tam \a
ewt_m-Zc eIp-an-Ic
Aw_m kpX Aa-c-hn-\pX
ewt_m-Zc eIp-an-Ic
bqWn‰v- - 3kwKoX cq]-§Ä
91
kwKoX cq]-߃
s\mt«-j³
x √√√√√ x 1 2 3 x √√√√√ x 1 2 3
|| a ] | [ k k cn || ||cn k | [ ] a ] ||
io.. K- W- \m Y knµq- c-. . h¿Æ
|| cn a | ] [ a ] || || [ ] | a K cn k ||
I cp- Wkm-K c I cn -h- Z \...
|| k cn | a m K cn || || k cn | K cn k m ||
ew . t_m- Z c e Ip- an- I c . .
||cn a | ] [ a ] || || [ ] | a K cn k ||
Aw.. _m.. kpX A a c- hn-\p X
|| kcn | a m K cn || || k cn | K cn k m ||
ew . t_m- Z c e Ip- an- I c . .
c≠pw aq∂pw `mK߃ BZy ë mKØns‚ AtX C uWØn¬ ]mtS≠XmWv
]h¿Ø\w
hnLvt\-iz-c-KoXw ]cn-ioen-°pI
92
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
2. kc-kzXn KoXw
(28 ˛maXv taf-I¿ØmcmK-Øns‚ P\y-cmKw)
cmKw taml\w Xmfw cq]Iw
Btcm-lWw ˛ k cn- K -] -[ k
Ah-tcm-lWw ˛ k [ -] -K -cn k
hc-hoW arZp-]mWn
h\cpltemN\ dmWn
kpcpNnc`w ë cthWn
kpc-\pX IeymWn
\ncp-]a ip ë-KpW temte
\ncXPb ]Ziote
hcZm]nb cwK\mbIn
hm©nX ^eZmbIn
kc-koP k\P\\n
Pb Pb Pb Pb hmWn
93
kwKoX cq]-߃
s\mt«-j³
x √√√√√ x 1 2 3 x √√√√√ x 1 2 3
|| K K | ] m ] m|| ||[ ] | k m k m||
h c- ho .. W ar Zp- ] m Wn ..
||cn k | [ [ ] m|| ||[ ] | K K cn m ||
h \ cp l tem N \ dm.. Wn..
||K ]| [ k [ m|| ||[ ] | K K cn m||
kpcp Nn c `w.. ` c th.. Wn..
||K K | [ ] K m|| ||] K| K cn k m||
kp c- \pX I.. √ym.. Wn. . . .
||K K | K K cn K|| ||] K| ] m ] m ||
\ncp- ] a ip`- KpW tem te
||K K| [ ] [ m|| ||] [ |k m k m||
\n c X P b.. ] Z io. . te..
||[ K| cn cn k k|| ||[ k |[ [ [ ] ||
h c Zm . . ]n b cw K \m. . bIn
||K ]| [ k [ ]|| || [ ] |K K cn k||
hm . .©nX ^ e Zm . . . . . b In
||k cn | K m K m || ||K cn | ] K cn m ||
k c- ko . .Pm. k \ P \ \n. .
||k cn| k K cn k|| ||cn [ | k m k m||
P b P b P b P b hm. .Wn..
]h¿Ø\w kc-kzXnKoXw ]cn-ioen-°pI
94
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
3. hnjvWp KoXw
(65 þmaXv taf-IÀ¯mcmKw)
cmKw ˛ taN-I-eymWn Xmfw ˛ Xr]pS
Btcm-lWw ˛ k cn- K- a ] -[ \n k
Ah-tcm-lWw ˛ k \n [- ] -a K- cn k
Iae Pm-Zf hnae kp\-b\
Icn-h-cZ IcpWmw_pt[
IcpW Pet[ Iaem Im¥m
tIin-\-c-Im-kpc hnt`-Z\
hcZthe kpc-]p-tcmØa
IcpW ict[ Iae Im¥m
95
kwKoX cq]-߃
. . . .
. . .
. . .
s\mt«-j³
x 1 2 x √ x √ x 1 2 3 x √ x √
||k k k | \n [| \nk|| || \n [ ] |[ ]| -a ] ||
I a e P m- Z f hn a e kp\- b\
||K a ] |] [ | [\n|| || [ ] a |] K | cnk||
I cn- h- c Z I cp Wmw _p t[ . ..
|| [ [ [ | K K |K m || || a ] m | a K | cn k||
IcpW P e t[ I a. . em . . . . .
|| cn m m | k m | m m|| || K a ] | a ] | [ ]||
Im . . . ¥m tI . in- \- c- I m
||\n [ ] | [ ] | a ]|| || K a ] | ] [ | [ \n||
kp c hn t`- . Z \ h c Z th . . e . .
|| [ ] a | ] K | cn k|| || [ [ [ | K K | K m ||
kp c-]p- tcm . Ø a I cp W i c t[ .
|| a ] m | a K | cn k|| || cn m m | k m | m m ||
I a . . e m . . . . Im . . ¥m . . . .
]h¿Ø\w
hnjvWpKoXw ]cn-ioen-°pI
96
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
]T-\-t\´w
$ [mXphpw amXphpw tN¿∂ BZykwKo-X-cq-]--w ]cnNbs∏Sp∂pÏ
$ kmam\y KoX-ßfpsS cq]w a\-n-em-°p∂-p
d^-d≥kv
$ Z£n-tW-¥y≥ kwKo-Xw˛ io F.-sI. cho-µ-\mYv
$ kuØv C¥y≥ ayqkn-Iv˛ s]m^. kmw_-aq¿Øn
97
A\p-_‘w˛1
lb¿ sk°‚dn tImgvkv
kwKoXw (¢mkv XI)
kvIoapw kne-_kpw
]m¿´v 1
kwKoXw ˛ kn≤m¥w
bqWn‰v ˛ 1kwKo-X-Øn-s\m-cm-apJw
1. Pohn-X-Øn¬ kwKo-X-Øns‚ ÿm\hpw efn-X-I-e-I-fn¬ kwKo-X-Øns‚ ]m[m-\yhpw
2. kwKo-X-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw _u≤n-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb aqey-߃
3. kwKo-X-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kmt¶-XnI]-Z-߃ : ˛ \mZw, ipXn, kzc-\m-a-I-c-Ww,
ÿmbn, Btcm-l-Ww, Ah-tcm-l-Ww, Ae-¶m-cw, [mXp, amXp
bqWn‰v ˛ 2 `mc-Xob kwKoXw
1 `mc-Xob kwKoXØns‚ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
cmKw, Xmfw, ipXn, Ka-Iw, at\m-[¿Ω kwKoXw
bqWn‰v ˛ 3taf-I¿Øm ]≤Xn
(1) 72 taf-I¿Øm-]-≤Xn
(2) `qX-kwJy
(3) IS-]-bmZn kwJy
A\p-_‘w ˛ 1
98
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
bqWn‰v ˛ 4Xmfw
(1) jUw-K-߃
(2) kv]X Xmf-߃
(3) eLp-Pm-Xn-Iƒ
(4) 35 Xmf-߃
(5) BZn Xmfw
(6) Nm∏p-Xmfw
bqWn‰v ˛ 5kwKo-X-cq-]-߃
(1) KoXw kmam-\y-Ko-Xhpw e£-W-Ko-Xhpw
(2) PXn-kzcw
(3) kzc-PXn
bqWn‰v ˛ 6hmt§-b-Im-c≥am¿
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ hmt§-b-Im-c≥amcpsS Pohn-XtØbpw kwKoX kw`m-h-\-I-sf-°pdn-®p-ap-ff
Adnhv
1. ]pc-µ-c-Zm-k¿
2. kzmXn Xncp-\mƒ
bqWn‰v ˛ 7kwKoX en]n AYhm s\mt´-j≥
(1) kvIn]v‰v s\mt´-j≥
(2) s\mt´-j-\n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Nn”-ßfpw AS-bm-f-ßfpw
(3) I¿Wm-SI kwKo-X-Ønse s\mt´-j≥ \nb-a-߃
99
A\p-_‘w˛1
]m¿ v ˛ 2
]mtbm-KnI kwKoXw
bqWn‰v ˛ 1
]mY-anI ]mT-߃ 1
(a) k]vX kzc-߃
(b) hcn-i-Iƒ : kcfn hcn-i-Iƒ, aµ ˛ a[y ˛ Xmc-ÿmbn hcn-i-Iƒ, P≠ hcn-i-Iiv (5
FÆw) [m´p hcn-i-Iƒ F∂nh 3 Ime-ß-fn¬
bqWn‰v ˛ 2
]mY-anI ]mT-߃ 2
Ae-¶m-c-߃
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ cmK-ß-fnse Ae-¶m-c-߃
(a) ambm-am-f-h-Kuf
(b) i¶-cm-`-cWw
bqWn‰v ˛ 3
kwKoX cq]-߃ 1
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ cmK-ß-fn-ep-ff KoX-߃
(1) ae-lcn
(2) i¶-cm-`-cWw
(3) ambm-am-f-h-Kuf
100
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
kwKoX ˛ kn≤m¥w
\º¿ bqWn-‰ns‚ t]cv ]ncn-b-Up-I-fpsS FÆw
1 kwKo-X-Øn-s\m-cm-apJw 10
2 `mc-Xob kwKoXw 10
3 taf-I¿Øm ]≤Xn 15
4 Xmfw 20
5 kwKoX cq]-߃ 15
6 hmt§-b-Im-c≥am¿ 15
7 kwKo-X-en]n As√-¶n¬ s\mt´-j≥ 15
BsI : 100
]mtbm-Kn-I-kw-KoXw
\º¿ bqWn-‰ns‚ t]cv ]ncn-b-Up-I-fpsS FÆw
1 ]mY-anI ]mT-߃ 1 40
2 ]mY-anI ]mT-߃ 2 40
3 kwKoX cq]-߃ 35
BsI : 100
A\p-_‘w˛2
101
A\p-_‘w ˛ 2
amXrIm tNmZy-t]-∏¿ 1
H.S.E (XI) Part IIIMusic
1. Name the two types of Gita 1
2. Who is called Sangita Pitamaha? 1
3. Write the two varieties of Gandhara1
4. The sign used to denote TaraSthayi svara 1
5. Name the musical form which hasthe divisions Pallavi Anupallavi andcharana but does not have sahitya 1
6. Name the musical term of thesahitya part in a musical form 1
7. Name any two distinctive featuresof Indian music 1
8. Name of 8th chakra in the 72Melakarta scheme 1
9. Write the names of Sapta talas 2
10. Write the names of the 12 Svarasthanas 2
11. Explain Sthayi 4
12. What is Nada? 4
13. Explain Katapayadi Sutra 5
14. Explain the 35 talas in detail 5
15. Describe distinctive features ofIndian Music
or
The scheme of 72 Melakartas 10
1. KoX¯nsâ 2 hIt`Z§Ä 1
2. kwKoX ]nXmal³
F¶phnfn¡p¶XmscbmWv? 1
3. KmÔmckzc¯nsâ hIt`Z§Ä
FgpXpI? 1
4. XmcØmbn kzcs¯ ImWn¡p¶
NnÓw? 1
5. ]Ãhn, A\p]Ãhn,
NcW§tfmSpIqSnb, F¶mÂ
kmlnXyanÃm¯ kwKoX cq]w 1
6. kwKo¯n\v IrXnIfn ]dbp¶
t]cv? 1
7. `mcXob kwKoX¯nsâ
GsX¦nepw 2 ]tXyIXIÄ? 1
8. 72 tafIÀ¯m ]«nIbnÂ
8 þmas¯ NI¯nsâ t]cv? 1
9. k]vXXmf§fpsS t]cv FgpXpI 2
10. 12 kzcØm\§fpsS t]cv
FgpXpI 2
11. Ømbn F¶mse´v?
hniZoIcn¡pI 4
12. \mZsa¶mse´v? 4
13. IS]bmZn kqXs¯
hniZoIcn¡pI 5
14. 35 Xmf§sf¡pdn¨v hniZambn
FgpXpI 5
15. `mcXob kwKoX¯nsâ
]tXyIXIsf¡pdn¨v
hniZoIcn¡pI
AsænÂ
72 tafIÀ¯m]²Xn
hniZoIcn¡pI 10
Score Score
Time : 1 Hrs Maximum -40 Scores.12
102
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
1. Another name for Adi tala. 1
2. The nada audible only to Yogis 1
3. Name a tala with 14 Aksharakala1
4. Name the sthayi belowmandra sthayi 1
5. The symbols used in notationsto denote Aksharakala 1
6. The term used in music forsahitya part in a musical form 1
7. In 72 Melakarta scheme whichmadhyama is used in Purvamelas?1
8. Name the varieties of thesvara Rishabha. 1
9. What is sruti? 2
10. What is Arohana & Avarohana? 2
11. Explain laghu jatis. 4
12. Explain Bhutasankhya ? 4
13. What are Shadangas? 5
14. Sketch the emotional values ofmusic? 5
15. Write the signs and symbols used inmusic notation
or
Write in detail the life andcontribution of Purandaradasa 10
1. BZnXmf¯nsâ asämcp t]cv 1
2. tbmKnIÄ¡v amXw tIÄ¡m³
Ignbp¶ \mZw? 1
3. 14 A£cImeapÅ Hcp Xmfw? 1
4. a´ØmbnbpsS XmsgbpÅ
ØmbnbpsS t]cv? 1
5. A£cImew ImWn¡m³
kwKoX¯n D]tbmKn¡p¶
Nn GXmWv? 1
6. kwKoX cN\IfnÂ
kmlnXys¯ kqNn¸n¡p¶
]Zw? 1
7. 72 tafIÀ¯m ]²Xnbn ]qÀÆ
taf§Ä D]tbmKn¡p¶ a[yaw? 1
8. Ej`kzc¯nsâ hIt`Z§Ä
GsXÃmw.? 1
9. iqXn F¶mse´mWv? 2
10 BtcmlWw AhtcmlWw
F¶mse´v? 2
11. eLpPmXnsb hniZoIcn¡pI 4
12 `qXkwJyF¶mse´v? 4
13 jUwK§Ä F¶mse´v? 5
14 kwKoX¯nsâ sshImcnI
kzm[o\w FgpXpI? 5
15 kwKoXen]nbn D]tbmKn¡p¶
Nn Gh?
AsænÂ
]pcµcZmkcpsS PohnXhpw
kw`mh\Ifpw hniZoIcn¡pI? 10
Score Score
amXrIm tNmZy-t]-∏¿ 2
H.S.E (XI) Part IIIMusic
Time : 1 Hrs Maximum -40 Scores.12
A\p-_‘w ˛ 3
103
A\p-_‘w ˛ 3
At°m-Un-b≥ t_kv Kn‰m¿
kwKo-tXm-]-I-c-W-߃
t_mt¶mUw _pƒ_pƒXmc
sN≠ ¢mcn-s\‰vtNßne
tUmeIv Z vUwkv
104
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
CS° Ce-Ømfw
K©nd FkvcmPv LSw
tKm´p-hmZyw AIz-Ãn°v Kn‰m¿
lm¿tΩm-Wnbw Pe-X-cwKw Pm¬d
A\p-_‘w ˛ 3
105
a±fw aKpUn am≥U-en≥
angmhv taml-\-hoW apJ¿iwJv
auØv Hm¿K¨ \mK-kzcw
]Jm-hPv ]nbmt\m
106
XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw
]pf-fp-hhoW cpZ-hoW
kzc-a-fiew Xhn¬ Xnane
ktcmZv sil-\mbn
k¥q¿ kmcwKn kmIvtkm-t^m¨
A\p-_‘w ˛ 3
107
Sw]‰v Xqw_
DSp°v ssht_m-t^m¨
hb-en≥
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