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Roles and Functions of theCorrectional System

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Correctional Careers

Probation Officers

Parole Officers

Jailers or Detention Officers

Correctional Officers

Juvenile Detention Officers Federal Correctional Officers

2Copyright Texas Education Agency (TEA)

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Probation Officers

Work under county, state, or federal agencies

Make reports to court on offender behavior

Conduct pre-trial investigations for the court

Monitor compliance with court-ordered

conditions of release

Complete offender risk assessments

Report non-compliance to the court


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Parole Officers

Supervise previously incarcerated offenders

in the community

Monitor compliance with special conditionsof release

Report non-compliance to the paroling

authority

Conduct home, work, and officer visits with

offenders4Copyright Texas Education Agency (TEA)

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Parole Officers (continued)

District Parole Officers supervise offenders who have

been released on parole, or mandatory supervision, to

complete their sentences while living in Texas

communities.

Institutional Parole Officers are physically assigned to

TDCJ units. They interview incarcerated offenders at

TDCJ Units, federal correctional institutions, contracted

facilities, and county jails statewide to prepare ParoleCase Summaries.


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Jailers and Detention Officers

Supervise inmates in correctional facilities

(generally county or local level)

Work with adults or juveniles

Fingerprint, photograph, and book offenders

upon intake

Manage offenders in correctional facilities


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Average Correctional Salaries

Probation: $31,292$47,489

Parole: $32,459$44,709

Correctional Officer: $28,241$45,579

Jailer: $28,24$41,383

Federal Probation Officer: $21,083

$112,800


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Correctional Officer Duties

Supervise offenders

Maintain the security of the facility

Transport offenders

Conduct searches of offenders and their

property

Respond to emergencies

Read, review, and properly apply information


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Prison Administration

Correctional Officer Uniformed jail or

prison employees

whose primary job isthe security andmovement of inmates

Warden: The chief administrator

of a prison


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Your local Bed and Breakfast:

Well even leave the light on!


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Early Jail Conditions

16 people ina 12 x 12 cell Prisonersprovided

their own

food and

medical needs

Could buy:alcohol, food,

privileges,

and cell

space

Indigentshad to work

for their keep

Men, women,

and children

were all

housedtogether

Sick and

healthy

housed

together

No heat, no

plumbing, no

adequate

sleeping orliving space

Many deaths

from sickness

and

starvation


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Reforms:

The Walnut Street Jail 1790 law passed by the Pennsylvania

legislature

Humane physical facilities

Adequate food and water at public expense

Separation of men, women, and children

Prohibited buying better treatment

Debtors and the mentally ill separated from thecriminal population

Orphans were moved to separate buildings


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Reforms:

Prison Life at Walnut Street Prisoners worked, but were paid for labor

Earned early release for good behavior

Attempted to rehabilitate prisoners

Became overcrowded

Conditions deteriorated and costsskyrocketed

Prison failed at rehabilitation


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Reforms:

Eastern State Penitentiary Built in 1892

Cost $500,000 to house250 prisoners

Most expensive buildingin the new world

First in the country tohave flushing toilets and

hot-air heating Designed as a

penitentiary, not a jail orprison


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Reforms:

Eastern State Penitentiary (continued) Penitentiarya correctional institution

based on the concept that inmates can

change their criminality through reflectionand penitence

Individual cells

Must become proficient at a skill for use afterrelease

Copyright Texas Education Agency (TEA)

15

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Reforms:

Eastern State Penitentiary (continued) Expected to read the Bible when not working

or exercising

Use of the silent system

Maximum security, walled, and self-contained

Cells 12 x 7.5 and had a window

Working, exercising, eating, and sleeping all

performed in the prisoners cell


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Reforms:

The Auburn System Built in 1816walled,

maximum security

Cells 7x 4, 7 high, back

to back, 5 tiers located inthe center of the building

inside cell blocks

Cells poorly lit, no fresh

air

Inmates moved to other

locations in the unit for

work, exercise, and eating


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Reforms:

The Auburn System (continued) The silent system was used, but hard to enforce Corporal punishment used for violations

Marched from place to place

Short haircuts Distinctive uniforms

First use of solitary confinement

Prison industries (the prison was self-sufficient)

The Prototype American Prison


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Reforms:

Southern Penal Systems Convict lease system was implemented after

the end of slavery

Construction work, factory work,agricultural work

Very poor work and living conditions

Worked 12-15 hours a day Often lived in cages, and discipline was

brutal


19

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Reforms:

Southern Penal Systems (continued) The origin of chain gangs

The 1930 Prison Farm System replaced the lease system

Inmate labor used to sustain prisons and other profit industries

Used prisoners as guards and supervisors to cut costs Arkansas and Texas brought about U.S. Supreme Court decisions

on the 8thamendment


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Prison Reforms

1930s laws prohibited the sale of inmategoods

Prisons began supplying products to the

government (license plates)

Between 1950 and 1966, over 100 riots

In September 1971, 43 inmates died in the

Attica State Prison riot In February 1980, 36 died in New Mexico

riots


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Prison Reforms (continued)

1980sthe US

Supreme Court

decided that inmatescould sue over

Living conditions

Medical treatment Inmates rights

Prison policies


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Jails

Jailashort-term, multipurpose holdingfacility that serves as a gateway for the

criminal justice system Jails hold

Defendants awaiting trial

Defendants convicted of misdemeanorsThe mentally ill pending movement to a health

facility


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Jails (continued) Jails hold

Local, state, federal, and

military prisoners

Adults of both genders Juveniles

Convicted prisoners

Absconders

Witnesses

Most awaiting trial or

transport


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Punishment Range for Jail

Class C Misdemeanor

a fine up to $500 (ticket)

cannot be arrested speeding or open container

Class B Misdemeanor

up to 180 days in jail, and a $2,000 fine

Class A Misdemeanor

up to 2 years in jail, and a $4,000 fine


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County Jails

Over 3,300 local and county jails

Vary in size from less than 50 tomore than 7,000

Population has more than doubled

since 1983

Very few municipal jails


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State Prisons

Prisonscorrectionalinstitutions for prisoners

convicted of felonies

Extended sentences

Separated inmates by sex

Architecture reflective of

gender bias


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Prisons

Top 10 Highest Incarceration Rates1. California 163,001

2. Texas 157,997

3. Federal 145,416

4. Florida 71,319

5. New York 70,198

6. Michigan 47,718

7. Ohio 45,833

8. Illinois 45,281

9. Georgia 44,232

10. Pennsylvania 36,847


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Punishment Levels for Prison

State Jail Felony (SJF) 180 days to 2 years, and a $10,000 fine

3rd Degree 2-10 years, and a $10,000 fine

2nd Degree 2-20 years, and a $10,000 fine

1st Degree 2-99 (life), and a $10,000 fine

Capital

Death Life without Parole


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State Prison Security Levels

Minimum Security

Have few physical barriers to escape, and many

programs for inmates

Medium Security

Fortress-like, walled, self-contained institutionsthat offer inmates education, vocation, and

rehabilitation


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State PrisonSecurity Levels (continued) Maximum Security

prisons for inmates at high risk of escape, orwho are dangerously violent to other inmates or

staff

Administrative Segregation

solitary confinement

inmates are kept in single cells 23 hrs a day.They are allowed a shower and one hour ofrecreation per day.


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Private Jails and Prisons

For-profit facilities run by private security

companies

Contracted by counties at lower cost

Less programs

Less training, lower pay, and conditions

often below state standards

Escapes and assaults carry smaller penalties


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Constitutional Rights

Retain all the rights of free citizens

Three government interests, however,

justify curtailing offenders rights:Maintaining internal order and discipline

Securing the institution against unauthorized

access or escapeRehabilitating offenders


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Habeas Corpus

The primary purpose is to seek release from

prison or jail for unlawful confinement

Exhaust state judicial remedies before goingto federal court

Filed in state or federal court

Filed by one offender

Affects only that offender


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Section 1983

The purpose is to address prison conditions

or obtain monetary damages from prison

officials

Filed directly in federal court

Affects all offenders

May be filed as class action suit


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First Amendment

Freedom of

Religion

Speech

Press

Assembly

Petitioning the government for redress ofgrievances


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Fourth Amendment

Prohibition against

unreasonable searches

and seizures


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Fifth Amendment

The right to jury for capital crimes

Protects against double jeopardy

The right against self-incrimination

Prohibits taking life, liberty, or property

without due process

Protects against taking private property

without just compensation


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Sixth Amendment

The right to a public and speedy trial

Impartial jury

Informed of the nature and cause ofaccusations

Confront witnesses

Compulsory process for obtainingwitnesses

Right to an attorney


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Eighth Amendment

Prohibits excessive bail

Protects against crueland unusual punishment

40


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Fourteenth Amendment

The right to the privileges and immunities

of citizens

The right to due process

The right to equal protection under the law

41


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Case Law

Impingment on an offenders constitutional

rights is valid if it is reasonably related to

legitimate penological interests

Turner v. Safely, 482 U.S. 78 (1987)

42

http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=482&invol=78http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=482&invol=78

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Resources

020547893X, Fagin, James.Criminal Justice:Prentice Hall, 2007.

1593455747, del Carmen, Rolando v. Susan E. Ritter, Betsy A. Witt.

Briefs of Leading Cases in Corrections: Anderson, 2008.

0314264159, OBrien, Edward; Fisher, Margaret; Austern, David T.

Practical Law for Jail and Prison Personnel: West Group, 1987.

http://nicic.gov/pubs/2001/017068.pdf

http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=482&i

nvol=78

http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos156.htm

http://supreme.justia.com/us/482/78/

http://nicic.gov/pubs/2001/017068.pdfhttp://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=482&invol=78http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=482&invol=78http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos156.htmhttp://supreme.justia.com/us/482/78/http://supreme.justia.com/us/482/78/http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos156.htmhttp://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=482&invol=78http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=482&invol=78http://nicic.gov/pubs/2001/017068.pdfhttp://nicic.gov/pubs/2001/017068.pdf

Documents

04 Roles Cor