3. RuiP-Apresentação Symposium 3

7/30/2019 3. RuiP-Apresentao Symposium 3

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Simpsio

Internacional

1

Renovvele

Competitividade

EconmicaMindelo, 20.05.2010


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Good morning everybodyGood morning everybodyGood morning everybodyGood morning everybody

My name is:Rui Paisana

I am a member of NER directorate

In Uni-CV/DECM, I teach, since 2004, thedisciplines :

Generation and Transmission of Electricity

Power Systems Analysis 2


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What is NER?

NER is a very recent, non profitable organization, integrating 37members with different knowledge and specialties, most of us,teaching in Uni-CV/DECM, but also people teaching in other

. . . .

We are engineers, lawyers, economists, architects, biologists butalso people without an academic degree, but with an high practicalinvolvement in the solution of technologic problems.

NER is mainly concerned in developing and promoting the use ofthe renewable energies in Cape Verde, promoting the efficiency of

the use of the energetic resources, contributing to a sustainabledevelopment and to the protection of the environment.

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We split our presentation in four parties:

The energy panorama of Cabo Verde in 2008The renewable energy potential in Cabo Verde namely in thefollowing areas:

Wind power Solar powerBiodiesel from Jatropha Curkas (Purgueira)

Energy efficiency: Action is essential for the sustainability of

the energy sectorTechnical Rules and Economic Regulation diplomas areessential for getting energy efficient systems and thedevelopment of the renewable energies

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5

of Cabo Verde in 2008


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Primary Energy Consumption

Final Energy ConsumptionWe would like to start our presentation showing data aboutthe primary and final energy consumption in 2008.

. ,

use the data collected and e treated by an IST team,coordinated by Prof. Graa Carvalho in 2002 in a studywhich objective was to bridge the gap for a National Energy

Plan, which has never seen official commitment.

We know that the such data is obsolete in 2010 and itsevolution is clearly favorable but, we used such information

as a reference, mainly because we dont want to feed theidea, very expanded in Cabo Verde, that energy is electricity.

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Primary energy (toe) in 2000

Gross internal consumption, Net internal consumption, Re-exportation

80000

90000

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

Consumo interno bruto

Consumo interno lquido

Reexportao

7


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Consumo interno bruto (Tep)

Butano GasolinaLenha

Elica

0.6%

Primary energy consumption, in %, in 2000

(toe basis)

8.5%

uper

6.1%

Gasleo

47.6%

Jet A1

6.0%

.

Fuel

7.9%

Petrleo

1.0%

About 25,7 % of the primary consumption, in 2000, has been used to generate electricity8


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Consumo Interno Lquido (Tep)

Electricidad

e Butano

10.4%

Final energy consumption, in %, in 2000

(toe basis)

Lenha

27.2%

Petrleo1.3%

Fuel

5.6%

Gasleo

31.1%

Jet A1

7.4%

GasolinaSuper

7.4%

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Concerning 2004 to 2008, we got some data about primary energy consumption, but JET A1

internally consumed is missing, as well as wood fuel.

The quantities are in the metric tones. The conversion to toe had not been made because

we could not reach the Net Heat Value of the imported fuels.

37.346,58 49.549120.000,00

140.000,00

160.000,00

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58.823,84

64.084,4171.473,39

83.532,2277.112

38.692,4836.040,12

38.301,26

0,00

20.000,00

40.000,00

60.000,00

80.000,00

100.000,00

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Fuel

Gasleo

Petrleo

Gasolina

Butano


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Fossil fuels consumption in 2008 in % of total mass, excluding Jet A1.

For obtaining the Primary Energy framework , wood fuel and wind energy

are also missing.

Consumo interno combustveis fsseis 2008

11

Butano8%

Gasolina5%

Petrleo

0%

Gasleo53%

Fuel34%


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160.000,00

In the data obtained from ARE, Jet A1 internally consumed is together with Jet A1re-exported.We are not sure but the item Marinha Internacional includes diesel oil and

heavy fuel oil, both including some volumes used locally in non regulated sectors.The quantities are also metric tones

0,00

20.000,00

40.000,00

60.000,00

80.000,00

100.000,00

120.000,00

140.000,00

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

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60.000

70.000

Diesel Oil and Heavy Fuel Oil used for

electricity generation between 2004 and 2008

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7.926 8.176 7.067 8.326 8.502

23.561 25.041 26.166 22.381

34.702

14.869

18.00922.217 26.899

17.852

0

10.000

20.000

30.000

40.000

50.000

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Gasleo

Fuel 180 cSt

Fuel 380 cSt


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Fuel 380 cSt ;8.502; 14%

Diesel Oil and Heavy Fuel Oil used for

electricity generation in 2008

(ELECTRA data)

(metric tones)

14

Fuel 180 cSt;

34.702; 57%

17.852; 29%


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The conversion to electricity sector in 2008

In 2008 the electricity sector was constituted, at least, by:

The (14+3) power systems managed by ELECTRA in the 9 inhabited islands;Some mini and micro ower s stems mana ed b the Munici alities;

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One independent power system in Sal, managed by guas de Ponta Preta; An enormous (not quantifiable) quantity of engine/generator sets from 2 kVA to400 kVA, used as back-up power in residences and commercial and industrialpremises.70 photovoltaic isolated systems, supplying lighthouses, 68 of them of 20 Wp, and

two of 40 Wp, presently under rehabilitation; 28 photovoltaic systems, with a capacity between 700 and 3800 Wp, supplyingelectrical pumps for water extraction from sub-soil, some of them (16) now underrehabilitation. (PRS1)

Very few residential solar photovoltaic's and wind power isolated systems


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ELECTRA Power Systems in 2008

Power Systems Peakdemand

(kW)

Thermal

power

generation

(kWh)

Wind

power

generation

(kWh)

Total power

generation

(kWh)

Transmission,

Distribution

and

commercial

Power

losses in %

of

generation

Power losses

in % of

power

supplied to

Total

interruption

time

(minutes)

Number of

black-outs

ELECTRA Power Systems, 2008

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Losses

(kWh)

grid

Sto Anto / Porto Novo 955 3.945.542 0 3.945.542 1.005.603 25,49 25,55 6.502 62

Sto Anto / Ribeira Grande-Paul 1.705 7.547.257 0 7.547.257 2.198.672 29,13 29,16 1.620 9

S. Vicente 10.000 55.840.497 4.407.061 60.247.558 11.312.893 18,78 22,33 377 18

S.Nicolau 1.007 4.743.813 0 4.743.813 707.957 14,92 14,97 424 16

Sal 6.700 38.408.202 462.500 38.870.702 1.574.507 4,05 5,00 1.541 14

Boavista 1.216 5.953.466 0 5.953.466 781.513 13,13 16,42 808 12

Maio 520 2.318.881 0 2.318.881 578.493 24,95 24,95 887 19

Santiago / Praia-S.Domingos 21.700 131.218.467 640.132 131.858.599 47.299.047 35,87 40,14 1.290 31

Santiago / Sta Cruz-Calheta 1.492 5.397.670 0 5.397.670 1.936.200 35,87 40,14 89.414 208

Santiago / Sta Catarina 2.114 8.996.722 0 8.996.722 3.732.423 41,49 41,56 23.605 77

Santiago / Tarrafal 1.243 5.004.894 0 5.004.894 2.256.128 45,08 45,15 13.295 37

Fogo/ S.Filipe 1.492 7.186.141 0 7.186.141 2.245.906 31,25 31,28 453 12

Fogo / Mosteiros 410 1.442.378 0 1.442.378 371.198 25,74 25,89 3.492 23

Brava 580 2.089.634 0 2.089.634 532.866 25,50 25,64 5.844 52


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100.000.000

120.000.000

140.000.000

Electricity generation in each Power System, in 2008. (kWh)

18

0

20.000.000

40.000.000

60.000.000

80.000.000

Produo elica

Produo trmica


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120.000.000

140.000.000

Thermal , Wind, Total generation & Losses, in

2008(kWh)

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0

20.000.000

40.000.000

60.000.000

80.000.000

100.000.000

Produo trmica

Produo elica

Produo total

Perdas


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30.000

Diesel Oil and Heavy Fuel Oil used for power

generation, in 2008, in each power system

(metric tones)

20

0

5.000

10.000

15.000

20.000

25.000

Gasleo Fuel 180 cSt Fuel 380 cSt


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Drinking WaterIn Cabo Verde, drinking water, under the production costs view point,

is basically energy.

The existing desalination technologies have the following specific

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RO, Reverse Osmosis: 4 to 5,5 kWh /m3MVC, Mechanical Vapor Compression : 11 kWh/m3MED, Multi Effect Distillation: 8 to 9,7 kg fuel 380 cSt

The amount of desalinated waterproduced by ELECTRA, in 2008 andthe inherent electricity consumption

had been;

Produogua

(m3)

Energiaconsumida

(kWh)

Energia em % da

produo local

de energia

S. Vicente 1.213.090 5.567.938 9%

Sal 728.054 3.691.686 9%

Boavista 47.043 1.122.342 18%

Praia 1.988.187 8.469.200 6%


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The renewable energy

potential in Cabo Verde

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Wind Energy

Cabo Verde have a long time relationship with wind power.

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Wind was the energy used to move the boats transporting the ancestors ofthe present generations for these uninhabited islands.

More recently wind pumps for water capture were, and still are, veryimportant in agriculture, mainly in Barlavento islands. Here in S. Vicente, Valedo Calhau gives an significant example. Ten (10) years after the electrificationof the area, the existing wind pumps are still operating and some of themwere recently rehabilitated.


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Much more recently the wind energy for electricity generation wasintroduced. Wind Power projects have some successful cases (ELECTRA,Step 1 (10 x 30 kW) and 2 projects (8 x300 kW), but in the case of somesmall projects most have them have failed, after a short life time duration,mainly due to the insufficient support to projects after erection, but alsobecause the existence of electricity attracted more population and the

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. , ,

Cho Bom (90 kW), Ponta de gua (60 kW) in Santiago island, Brava (150kW), and Maio (160 kW) are examples of the last group.

The wind power potential of Cabo Verde is enormous, even

in Sotavento islands were the average wind speed is lowerthan in Barlavento islands.


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S. Vicente is the most significant example of Cabo Verde wind energy potential. Theannual energy registered in Step 2 (where the installed capacity is 3 x 300 kW) havesince 1995 to 2008 an annual average electricity conversion of 3 912 071 kWh, what

means, the utilization of the installed capacity is about 4 340 h/year. In 1997 thisindicator roses 5500 h. Further more, the wind direction dominant is almost constant.

Energia Eletrica Produzida-So VicentekWh

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0

500.000

1.000.000

1.500.000

2.000.000

2.500.000

3.000.000

3.500.000

4.000.000

4.500.000

5.000.000

Parque II (kWh)

Parque I (kWh)


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Solar energyThe potential of solar energy in Cabo Verde is almost infinite.

The following graphics, taken from EU/Joint ResearchCenter/Institute for Energy/Renewable Energy Unit site, give us

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- y ,

global clear-sky irradiance in W/m2 in a fixed plan oriented to anazimuth of 0 and an inclination to horizontal of 16 degrees, thelongitude of one place in S. Vicente.

The graphics are taken for the twelve months of the year and itcan be seen that, at noon, the real-sky irradiance (blue curve)never comes down 800 W/m2.


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January February March

April May June


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July August September

October November December


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However this potential has been used moderately.

The use of photovoltaic systems in isolated areas are basically thosewe referred before, in lighthouses and water pumping ,and also aspower supply sources for antennas.

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Solar thermal for water heating purposes are very few but it isincreasing. Between 2005 and two 2008, both included, 722 unitswere imported in whole country and some local makers have alsoinstalled some panels, basically in

residential sector.

Almost all hotels use electric water heaters in the rooms with a dailyenergy consuming heating/cooling cycle very expensive for the guests

and for the country.

Alfandega 2005 2006 2007 2008 Totais

S.Vicente 26 36 4 51 117

S.Nicolau 0 0 33 1 34

Sal 14 501 5 12 532Praia 0 6 23 2 31

Brava 0 0 0 8 8

Totais 40 543 65 74 722


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Biodiesel from Jatropha Curkas (Purgueira)Purgueira has been in second half of XIX and first half of XX

centuries an important basis of the economy of Cabo Verde, andthe Jatropha Curkas variety, most defunded in Africa and Asia forbiodiesel production, is still called Jatropha Cabo Verde.

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In last two years we could hear and read about external financingfor the expansion of purgueira cultivation.

Some companies already installed export the seeds, other are

foreseeing to export the oil extracted from seeds.

Till now, no one project has been announced to produce biodiesel

in Cabo Verde in order to reduce, at least in 5%, the 80 000tones/year of imported diesel oil, in the middle term.


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Like in other developing countries, appropriate land could beallocated for more intensive purgueira plantation, small farmers

could be involved and all or, at least, a substantial portion of thevalue chain could be national.

ec no ogy o pro uce o ese rom o s qu e s mp e an no

expensive.

Biodiesel in excess, could also be exported but the capital gains

would be national.

The University should be involved to guarantee the bestproductivity of seeds and a standard quality of final product.

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Even without experimental field work done, but based in all theinformation collected it is quite sure, that 1 ha of planted purgueira,

can give 3,5 to 3,7 m3/year, that means 10 000 ha could give, at least,35 000 m3 or 30 800 tones of biodiesel.

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Other renewable energies

There are some investigation in other renewable energies but, tillnow, there are not practical application.

,

University should be involved too, is in the characterization of ofMunicipal Solid Wastes, in each island, in order to obtain data topermit decisions about the best solution for its valuation, eventuallyto generate electricity, if economically feasible.

To implement new fuels and to check the conformity of the importedfuels with specifications, it is essential to install a laboratory for fuels

characterization (physical, chemical and energetic properties) andthe University is the best institution to manage such laboratory.33


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Energy e c ency

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How we read the concept of energy efficiency

Energy efficiency is essential to reduce final costs (users costs) of thedifferent energy products (fuels, electricity) and the national

importation bill of fossil fuels. To increase competition in tourism and

.

To act in this field is essential to act, for each product, both in:Demand sideSupply side

In demand side is essential:

Impose different steps for the importation taxes, benefiting themost efficient consuming equipments (cars, boats, owens,refrigerators, fans, air -conditioning systems, lamps etc.);

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In demand side is essential, too:

In the electricity sector, to have electrical installations ofresidences, schools, industries, etc., duly performed in accordancewith mandatory technical rules.

In electricity sector, MV consumers, can not have excess oftransformer installed capacity, as usually it succeeds (example: 250kVA transformer for a peak demand of 50 kW);

In electricity sector, to implement a binomial tariff for LV and tointroduce circuit breakers for peak demand control in eachconsumer installation.

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In demand side is essential, too:

To create incentives for the use of solar thermal equipment forwater heating in existing residential, touristic and industrialinstallations and impose it for the new touristic and industrial

.

To impose rules for new buildings design and construction in orderto minimize the energy necessary to obtain thermal and lightingcomfort for the users, whenever possible without need of air-

conditioning equipment.

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In supply side, in electricity sector, is essential, too:

To reduce for an acceptable % the transmission, distributionand commercial losses before mentioned.

o ncrease e ec n ca qua y serv ce, ower ng e

interruption time and the number of blackouts beforementioned.

To size the new investments both in thermal and in renewableenergies generation in a sustainable way, that means, withoutexcessive capacity face to real forecasted demand.

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Technical Rules

Economic Regulation

Diplomas

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At present, there are no technical safety rules in the energy sector.

Its common to say that, when national rules doesn't exist, we can usethe Portuguese or the European rules. However those rules are nottransposable without adaptations. So, each designer do its ownada tation and the final ualit and the cost of ro ects can be

Technical Rules

affected.

Without rules it is impossible to supervise without discrimination, thedesign and construction of an installation and guarantee the quality, the

final users would desire.

There is no rules about the academic qualifications and, or , professionalexperience, each designer or construction or operating technicianshould have for each type of intervention in an installation project. 41


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In what concerns Economic Regulation the inexistence of essentialrules are determinant of several conflicts more or less publicsbetween the actors in the energy sector (distributors, customers,investment promoters);

Economical Regulation

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Our electricity tariff system comes from 1983, and the recent tariffadjustment have some imprecisions in its wording, generatingconflicts between distributor and customers.

There is no Quality Service rule. Even the voltage and frequencythat a final user shall have guaranteed at its reception point is notdefined in any document . The practice of ELECTRA since 1983 isto guarantee 50 Hz 0,5 % and 380V 5% at LV, but nothing is

ruled.


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To finalize our presentation we would like to say:

Increasing energy efficiency, increasing renewableenergies at sustainable competitive costs, reducing fossilfuels importation and costs, establishing technical rules

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and economic regulation diplomas are essential tasks fora sustainable energy future.

The university shall be a part of such process.

NER is fully available to cooperate, too.


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ateno


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A informao transmitida nesta apresentao foi compilada de:

Projecto de PEN elaborado pelo IST em 2002Informao da ARE sobre combustveis;Relatrios Anuais da ELECTRA;Trabalho do Eng Marco Cruz sobre importao de painis solar trmicos;

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. .

Dados de insolao retirados do site da Renewable Energy Unit do Instituto daEnergia da Unio Europeia.

Documents

3. RuiP-Apresentação Symposium 3