A record of the Southern OceanGasterochisma melampus (Teleostei:Scombridae) in the tropical south-westernAtlantic, with comments on previous recordssergio ricardo santos1 and gustavo wilson nunan21Laboratorio de Biologia e Tecnologia Pesqueira, Depatamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal doRio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Ilha do Fundao, Cidade Universitaria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,2Departamento de Vertebrados (Ictiologia), Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista s/n8,20940-040, Sao Cristovao, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Deceased

Amale specimen of Gasterochisma melampus of 1,310 mm fork length, was accidentally captured with a fence trap at the bayof Ilha Grande, in south-eastern Brazil (23809S 44819W) in August 2003. The specimen was captured alive and reported tobe in good health at the time of capture. Posterior examination revealed that it had fed recently on cephalopods. The occur-rence of cold waters from the south that reach the area of capture during the winter months may explain the presence of thespecies at such low latitude. The specimen represents the northernmost record of the species in the western Atlantic and thethird record of G. melampus for Brazilian waters. Morphometric and meristic data are provided for the specimen, and pre-vious records of the species in the Atlantic Ocean are discussed.

Keywords: buttery kingsh, scaly tuna, scombrids, geographical distribution, new record, Brazil

Submitted 25 May 2014; accepted 21 September 2014

I NTRODUCT ION

Gasterochismatinae is a monotypic subfamily of the Scombridae(Teleostei, Perciformes) that includes Gasterochisma melampusRichardson, 1845; (Nelson, 2006). The species can be distin-guished from all other scombrids by the presence of largecycloid scales covering the body. Juveniles of the species areeasily identied by their large pelvic ns, which are longerthan the head in young sh (Nelson, 2006). These pelvic ns,however, are proportionally reduced in size with growth andare depressible into a deep ventral groove in both juvenile andadult animals (Ito et al., 1994). The biology of the speciesremains poorly known (Collette & Nauen, 1983); however,molecular systematics and osteological analysis places thespecies as basal within the Scombridae (Graham & Dickson,2004; Orrell et al., 2006). The species can grow up to 195 cmin fork length (Collette, 2010).

The known geographical distribution of G. melampus islimited to austral latitudes between 358S and 508S, mostlywithin the limits of the Southern Ocean, and is common inthe epipelagic zone in waters from 88C to 108C. The abundanceof adults decreases in waters above 11.58C (Collette & Nauen,1983). Only two other scombrids show similar geographicaldistributions centred in the Southern Ocean: Allothunnusfallai Serventy, 1948 and Thunnus maccoyii Castelnau, 1872(Collette & Nauen, 1983; Collette & Daz de Astarloa, 2008).

Gasterochisma melampus is recorded from the south-western Atlantic in oceanic waters off Uruguay andArgentina (i.e. below 358S) (Lahille, 1905, 1913; Cousseau,1970). Voucher specimens conrm these records. Its occur-rence in Brazil (i.e. north of 33845S) is rare, with only threepreviously recorded specimens, all of which were found offsouthern Brazil in subtropical waters (e.g. 34818S) (Coelhoet al., 1990; Lima et al., 2002). The species is not exploitedby international commercial shing and is regarded as anoccasional by-catch of tuna and swordsh sheries (Colletteet al., 2011). The conservation status for this species, basedon the classication of the IUCN Red List, is considered asLeast Concern (Collette et al., 2011).

Endothermy in teleosts is a rare specialization, restricted tothe Xiphiidae (swordsh), the Istiophoridae (billsh) and theScombridae (mackerels, bonitos and tunas) (Block, 1994). Theorigin and extension of endothermy shows two distinctmechanisms. Scombrids of the tribe Thunnini, except for A.fallai, are systemic endotherms that have the ability to raisethe temperature of their brain tissue, viscera, and locomotormuscles above that of the surrounding water. This is possibledue to a vascular system of counter-current heat exchangersknown as retia mirabilia (Block, 1994; Collette, 2003;Graham & Dickson, 2004). The conjugation of systemic endo-thermy, the efciency of thunniniform locomotion and an ele-vated aerobic capacity allowed these scombrids to successfullyinhabit cold waters and thus expand their latitudinal and ver-tical distributions (Graham & Dickson, 2004).

In turn, Xiphiidae, Istiophoridae and the scombridsA. fallaiand G. melampus evolved minimum endothermy due to a

Corresponding author:S.R. SantosEmail: srbs@ufrj.br

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Marine Biodiversity Records, page 1 of 7. # Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2015doi:10.1017/S1755267214001158; Vol. 8; e27; 2015 Published online

heater organ located beneath the brain (Block, 1994). Thisorgan, modied from the eye muscle, warms the centralnervous system (Block, 1994). While phylogenetic relation-ships establish a common ancestry for the heater organ of bill-sh and the swordsh, G. melampus is considered to havedeveloped the mechanism independently (Block, 1994). Thespecies also bears a layer of fat under the scales, which mayprevent loss of body heat (Collette & Daz de Astarloa, 2008).

As in the Thunnini, the heater organ of swordsh, billshand G. melampus allows these species to inhabit broaderthermal ranges (Block, 1994). Biochemical data for G. melam-pus, a species from one of the coldest thermal environments,demonstrate a higher aerobic capacity in its heater cells whencompared to the cold water species Xiphias gladius and thewarm water species Makaira nigricans. Higher aerobic capacityin the heater cells leads to more heat production for its brain andeyes (Block, 1994). In M. nigricans, previous work implied thatthe amount of tissue modied into a heater organ may beresponsible for the wider vertical distribution of the swordsh.

The present study reports the northernmost record ofG.mel-ampus in Brazil and provides meristic and morphometric data.In addition, previous records for the species are discussed, withemphasis on specimens from the Atlantic Ocean. A probablecause for this unusual occurrence is also given.

MATER IALS AND METHODS

An adult specimen of Gasterochisma melampus was capturedin August 2003 in a fence trap at Aracatiba beach, Ilha

Grande, a continental island located off the coast of south-eastern Brazil at 23809S 44819W (Figure 1). The specimen,measuring 1,310 mm fork length (Figure 2A), was capturedalive by local artisanal shermen, who reported that it wasin perfect condition. The specimen was donated to theMuseu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro(MNRJ).

The specimen was examined and photographed onarrival at the laboratory, where meristic and morphometricdata were recorded. Gut contents were examined andpreserved in ethanol 708 GL. Posteriorly, the specimen wasxed in 10% formaldehyde and later transferred to ethanol708 GL for preservation. The specimen is deposited at theichthyological collection of the MNRJ under cataloguenumber MNRJ 37577. Abbreviations utilized in this paperare the following: total length (TL); fork length (FL); headlength (HL); Brazilian National Museum (MNRJ); UnitedStates National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA); sea surface temperature (SST); South AtlanticCentral Water (SACW); advanced very high resolutionradiometer (AVHRR); high resolution infrared radiationsounder (HIRS).

RESULTS

DescriptionThe head prole is strongly convex, ending at a terminalmouth. The head is scaleless, except for the area between the

Fig. 1. South Atlantic distribution of Gasterochisma melampus, with indications of previous records (black squares) and the specimen presented in this paper(white square) (based on Collette & Nauen, 1983).

2 se rgio ricardo santos and gustavo wilson nunan

posterior margin of the eye and the margin of preopercle, whichis covered by cycloid scales. The anterior nasal pore is situated58.5 mm from the anterior margin of the eye and 86.0 mmfrom the tip of the upper jaw. The posterior slit-like nasalpore is 11.9 mm in length and is located 9.8 mm in front ofthe eye anterior margin (Figure 2B). The rst branchial archhas a total of 25 tubercle-shaped gill rakers covered with villi-form expansions. There is a single series of small conic teethin both jaws47 on the lower and 58 on the upperdecreasingin size posteriorly; the lower jaw teeth are slightly longer thanthose of the upper jaw and are up to 4.9 mm in length; theupper jaw teeth are up to 3.1 mm in length; and the roof ofthe mouth bears a vomerine patch of villiform teeth and twoseries of small conic teeth on the palatines (Figure 2C). Aninterpelvic process between the pelvic ns is small and bid;a ventral groove 488.0 mm in length extends from the originof the pelvic ns to the origin of the anal n. The rst dorsaln is continuous with the second. The caudal peduncle hastwo eshy keels as well as a dorsal and anal groove. Thecolour pattern does not have identiable markings, and thebody is dark bluish grey on its upper third and becomes silver-ish on the lower two-thirds. The caudal n is darkish overall;the anal n is silverish; the soft portion of the dorsal n darkis bluish grey, turning lighter towards the apex; the spinousportion of the dorsal n has translucent interspinal membranes;and the pelvic rays are white, with dark-coloured interadialmembranes (Figure 2A). Measurements and counts of the spe-cimen of Gasterochisma melampus are presented in Tables 1and 2, respectively.

D ISCUSS ION

The buttery kingsh Gasterochisma melampus is a knownby-catch of sheries for the southern bluen tuna, Thunnusmaccoyii Castelnau, 1872, with which it shares a geographicaldistribution (Collette & Nauen, 1983; Ward et al., 2004). Thereported distribution of the species and its previous knownrecord in waters off of the coast of southern Brazil (Collette& Nauen, 1983; Coelho et al., 1990; Lima et al., 2002) makethe present specimen the northernmost record for thespecies in the western Atlantic Ocean. According to Collette& Nauen (1983), large specimens of 1,100 mm FL or abovedominate the landings of longline shing vessels in thewestern parts of the Atlantic, Pacic and Indian Oceans,while smaller individuals are more frequent in easternshing grounds. The large size of the present specimen coin-cides with this pattern.

Despite the suggested scarcity of adult individuals in watertemperatures higher than 11.58C (Collette & Nauen, 1983),Cousseau (1970) and Coelho et al. (1990) have registeredthe presence of G. melampus in warmer waters. Previousstudies on the hydrology of the bay of Ilha Grandea tropicalcoastal environmentindicated water temperatures rangingfrom 21.28C to 22.08C near Aracatiba beach (Miranda et al.,1977), the locality where the specimen was caught. The ceph-alopod remains found in the gut contents of the specimenindicate that it had recently fed. Although such an observationdoes not conrm an extension of the known distributionrange of the species, the present record attests to the ability

Fig. 2. (A) Male specimen of Gasterochisma melampus, 1,310.0 mm fork length, from south-eastern Brazil (23809S 44819W) (MNRJ 37,577); (B) head ofspecimen, showing the anterior nasal pore, the slit-like posterior nasal pore (red arrows), and the area covered by cycloid scales from behind the eye to the marginof preopercle; (C) inside view of mouth, showing uniserial teeth on both jaws and the vomerine and palatine dentition.

new record of g. melampus from the western atlantic 3

of G. melampus to inhabit waters with higher temperaturesthan those typical of its preferred habitat.

In Signorini (1980), hydrological studies on the bay of IlhaGrande indicate the presence of mixed water masses formedby coastal waters and the SACW at depths higher than15 m. In addition, a seasonal pycnocline starts to develop inthe spring, reaching its maximum during summer. TheSACW is characterized by cold waters of 68C to 188C and sal-inity between 34 and 36%, which ows underneath and in theopposite direction of the tropical Brazilian Current (Vianaet al., 1998). The SACW is normally located at depths of300 to 500 m along the Brazilian continental slope, but is

found over the shelf in shallower areas in the Ilha Grandesbay area (Signorini, 1980). Seasonal coastal upwelling of theSACW occasionally brings cold water 300400 km from itsorigin toward Sao Sebastiao Island, about 115 km south ofthe bay of Ilha Grande (Lorenzzetti & Gaeta, 1996). Duringthe winter in the southern hemisphere, larger horizontal gra-dients found on the continental shelf of south-eastern Brazilare located in its southern portion, where cold waters below188C advance from the south between 50 and 100 m indepth, reaching close to Sao Sebastiao Island. This is thesame water mass that becomes the SACW in the subtropicalconvergence of the south-western Atlantic Ocean (Castro

Table 1. Morphometric measurements of a male adult specimen of Gasterochisma melampus captured in south-eastern Brazil (23809S 44819W) inAugust 2003. The following data are presented for comparative purposes, organized by size. 1, Specimen from the northern coast of the State of RioGrande do Sul (Lima et al., 2002); 2, three specimens captured in Argentina (39810S 54805W) (Cousseau, 1970); 3, specimen from the entrance of La

Plata River, in front of Montevideo, Uruguay (358S) (Lahille, 1905).

Morphometrics (body) Sample specimen (mm) % fork length 1 (mm) 2 (mm) 3 (mm)

Total length 1,440.0 1,260.0 1,325.01,360.0 1,550.0Fork length 1,310.0 1,140.0 1,100.01,213.0 Pre-dorsal length 354.0 27.0 303.0 310.0347.0 400.0Pre-anal length 820.0 62.6 705.0 757.0824.0 900.0Pre-pelvic length 344.0 26.3 295.0308.0 360.0Pre-pectoral length 344.0 26.3 307.0310.0 355.0Body width 135.0 10.3 140.0 200.0 Body depth 298.0 22.7 280.0 345.0360.0 330.0Height of anal n 82.1 6.2 Height of dorsal n 84.5 6.4 68.098.0 75.0Length of pectoral n 243.0 18.5 192.0 214.0243.0 250.0Length of pelvic n 172.0 13.1 190.0 203.0 170.0Length of longest dorsal n spine 73.5 5.6 Caudal peduncle depth 44.3 3.4 40.0 Length of 1st dorsal n base 420.0 32.1 363.0 393.0410.0 430.0Length of 2nd dorsal n base 100.2 7.6 107.0 92.0105.0 110.0Length of dorsal n base 520.2 39.7 Length of anal n base 91.2 7.0 90.0 87.092.0 100.0Head length 298.2 285.0 282.0290.0 340.0Head width 101.0 33.9 Snout length 101.0 33.9 115.0136.0 154.0Eye diameter 33.2 11.1 29.0 31.033.0 33.0Upper jaw length 126.4 42.4

Table 2. Meristic counts of Gasterochisma melampus reported in the literature, ordered chronologically: (A) Specimen collected at the entrance of LaPlata River, in front of Montevideo (358S) (Lahille, 1905); (B) specimen from Mar del Plata (388S) (Lahille, 1913); (C) specimen from Table Bay,

South Africa (338S 188E) (Barnard, 1927); (D) three specimens captured in Argentina (39810S 54805W) (Cousseau, 1970); (E) data provided by Collette& Nauen (1983); (F) two specimens caught off the coast of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (34818S 49858W) (Coelho et al., 1990); (G) specimen from thenorthern coast of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Lima et al., 2002); (H) specimen captured in south-eastern Brazil (23809S 44819W) in August 2003,

presented in this paper.

Meristics A B C D E F G H

Dorsal n spines 17 18 17 17 17 1718 17 18Dorsal n rays 11 10 1011 9 10 1011 10 9 8Dorsal nlets 6 6 67 7 67 8 8 8Anal n rays 11 11 10 10 12 12 12 10Anal nlets 6 6 67 7 67 7 8 8Total gill rakers 24 25 25Pectoral rays 20 20 2122 1922 21 21 21Pelvic rays 6 6 6 5 6Lateral line scales 7074 87 80 86 78Scales above lateral line 45 5 89 5Scales below lateral line 1617 16 1516 16Scales around caudal peduncle 19

4 se rgio ricardo santos and gustavo wilson nunan

et al., 2006). It is remarkably important to note that SaoSebastiao Island is situated approximately 125 km fromwhere the specimen was found during the winter of 2003.

Daily satellite imagery of SST from August 2003 for theBrazilian coast between 208S and 368S, provided by NOAAand measured with an AVHRR and a HIRS, indicates amean temperature of 22.38C for an area 75 km south ofGrande Island. This pattern was broken only, on the 20 and21 August 2003, where temperatures dropped to aminimum of 20.48C. The decrease of SST is identiablealong the coast of Brazil between 238S and 298S, with thenorthward advection of colder waters starting on 19 August2003, receding after reaching a maximum on the 21 August2003. The local shermen reported the capture of G. melam-pus in the following week.

Analysis of AVHRR imagery on the south-easternBrazilian continental shelf during the winter of 1993 identiedthe same intrusion of cold waters (Campos et al., 1996).Campos et al. (1996) suggest that these low temperature andlow salinity waters (T 188C, S 34) are an intrusion fromthe coastal branch of the northward-owing Malvinas(Falklands) Current between the coast and the southwardBrazilian Current during wintertime. While making compar-isons between the distributions of foraminifera, ostracoda andmicrobivalves, Stevenson et al. (1998) recognized the samecold water intrusion through satellite images and drifters.They identied a clear relationship between the limits ofand the region covered by the northward advection of coldwaters and the presence of species from temperate oceanicwaters more typically found on the Argentine continentalplatform. The northern reach of this phenomenon was veri-ed to be in the Ilha Grande and Sepetiba bays (Stevensonet al., 1998), where the present specimen of G. melampuswas captured. Furthermore, Stevenson et al. (1998) concludedthat the passage of meteorological fronts might be the mech-anism responsible for the sporadic entry of advected coldwaters inside the Ilha Grande and Sepetiba bays.

Cold water upwellings, which are from the same watermass found on the northward advection of the Malvinas(Falklands) Current, are the main factor of fertilization forwaters in the euphotic zone. They promote an increase inprimary production that is essential for the maintenance ofpelagic and demersal populations, including exploited stocks(Gaeta & Brandini, 2006).

In addition to the presence of cold water species of ostra-coda, foraminifera and microbivalves (Stevenson et al.,1998), the coastal cephalopod fauna investigated between238S and 348S indicates a greater diversity in its northernportion, with both warm and cold water species. Specieswith great bathymetric and geographical distribution, likeIllex argentinus (Castellanos, 1960), which occurs in watersthat G. melampus inhabits, may reach 208S (Haimovici &Perez, 1991).

The presence of cold water species at lower latitudes canalso be visualized with the two other scombrid species withwhich G. melampus shares its geographical distribution. Theslender tuna Allothunnus fallai is found between 208S and508S, with specimens captured off the south-eastern andsouthern coasts of Brazil (Collette & Nauen, 1983; Collette,2003). This epipelagic species is known to feed mainly onkrill (euphasids) but is also known to feed on squids andsmall sh. Juveniles are primarily encountered between 208Sand 358S and at a SST range of 19 to 248C, moving to

higher latitudes and colder waters with maturity growth(Collette & Nauen, 1983). A pattern of juveniles at warmertemperatures than adults is also indicated for G. melampus(Collette & Nauen, 1983). The southern bluen tunaThunnus maccoyii is a highly migratory species and opportun-istic feeder and is conned in cold waters at temperaturesbetween 58C and 208C south of 308S for most of its life.Nevertheless, it does engage in seasonal migrations to aspawning ground between Java and the north-western coastof Australia, an area that reaches 108S and warmer waters(20308C) (Collette & Nauen, 1983). Therefore, both A.fallai and T. maccoyii are known to occur in latitudes abovethe Southern Ocean, reaching as far as 208S for the slendertuna or even 108S for the southern bluen tuna.

In conclusion, the presence of cold waters, from coastalupwelling or the seasonal intrusion of waters from the sub-tropical convergence of the south-western Atlantic Ocean iscommon on the continental shelf of south-eastern and south-ern Brazil. The cold water promotes areas of lower tempera-tures across the coast that reaches tropical regions, such aswhere the specimen was found. The same phenomenonplays a role in the presence of cold water species in thesame area of the Brazilian coast, some of which are knownprey items of G. melampus. Thus, as evidenced by theAVHRR imagery from the period when the specimen was cap-tured, the advection of the coastal branch of the cold watermass from the Malvinas (Falklands) Current may have trans-ported the individual studied in this paper adrift into a trop-ical area, explaining the anomalous occurrence of G.melampus so far north.

Commentary on previous records ofGasterochisma melampusThe species was rst described at Wellington Harbour, for-merly known as Port Nicholson, in New Zealand. The descrip-tion was based on a juvenile specimen that was 203.2 mm inTL (Richardson, 1845). Another individual of Gasterochismamelampus of 1,663.7 mm TL, this time an adult, was reportedas being driven on shore at Lyttelton Harbour, New Zealand,in 1887 and was described by Gunther (1889) asLepidothynnus huttonii.

In 1920, a specimen measuring 1,092.2 mm SL was cap-tured in Table Bay, South Africa (338S 188E) and was therst recorded specimen in the eastern Atlantic Ocean(Barnard, 1927). Barnard (1927) also recognized that the spe-cimens described from both the South Pacic and westernAtlantic were a single species, which was supported by otherstudies (Barnard, 1927; Collette & Nauen, 1983; Collette,2003). A second individual was reported by Collette (1986)south of Cape Town, South Africa. Another specimen,carried onto land by water, was captured in 1986 fromWalvis Bay, Namibia (22853S 14827E) (OBIS, 2014). Thisis the northernmost record for the species in the easternAtlantic Ocean. More recently, another individual of G. mel-ampus was captured off the coast of Namibia in 2004(25850S 10830E) (OBIS, 2014).

The rst western Atlantic Ocean specimena female of1,550 mm TLwas found at the entrance of La Plata River infront of Montevideo, Uruguay (358S) (Lahille, 1903). Theauthor described this specimen as a new species, Chenogasterholmbergi, and later gave a detailed description (Lahille,

new record of g. melampus from the western atlantic 5

1905). The same author reported another specimen of 725 mmTL obtained in 1913 from La Plata (388S) as a new species,Gastrochisma boulengeri (Lahille, 1913; Cousseau, 1970).

Cousseau (1970) recorded three new specimens that werefound off the coast of Argentina (39810S 54805W) in April1969. Tuna shing gear captured the sh in oceanic watersat a depth of 545.5 m. The specimens ranged from 1,100 to1,213 mm FL, and two of them were identied as females.The sex of the third specimen was undetermined due toevisceration.

The rst record for the species in Brazilian waters, off thecoast of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (34818S 49858W),came from three specimens caught in July 1988. The indivi-duals of G. melampus were captured by a Brazilian longlinerbetween depths of 60 to 120 m in waters 3,000 m deep, witha SST of 17.18C. Two, a male and a female, were adults of1,226 and 1,270 mm TL, respectively. The third specimenwas eaten by scavengers, rendering further examinationimpossible (Coelho et al., 1990). A fourth specimen of1,140 mm FL was captured by a shing vessel in August2001, also from the northern coast of the State of RioGrande do Sul (Lima et al., 2002). The new record is approxi-mately 1,350 km further north from the rst record.

All reports are restricted to the southern hemisphereexcept for a female specimen that had 1,755 mm FL. Thisspecimen was captured 670 km north of the Hawaiian archi-pelago in 1993. It is the northernmost record for the speciesand is the only record in the northern hemisphere (Itoet al., 1994).

As mentioned before, all previous records refer to a singlespecies, recognized as G. melampus (Barnard, 1927).Nevertheless, the specimens described by Cousseau (1970)had two distinct head proles, while the body presented noother difference. One of the specimens had a stronglyconvex nape in the head, while the other specimen had aless rounded nape shape. The former is consistent with boththe description by Richardson (1845) and the specimendescribed by Gunther (1889), as well as the present specimenobtained from south-eastern Brazil.

Another feature discussed in Barnard (1927) andCousseau (1970) is related to a wide separation of the rstand second dorsal ns described by Gunther (1889), whichalso appears in the diagnosis provided by Collette & Nauen(1983). Barnard considered this feature to be erroneousand supported the original description, which indicatedthat the dorsal ns were continuous. Lahille (1913) describeda specimen with two separated dorsal ns, but he also foundtwo rudimentary rays imbedded in the tissue that suggested acontinuity that was lost with growth. The present specimenis an adult and possesses a continuous dorsal n, asdescribed originally by Richardson and agreed with theobservations provided by Barnard (1927) and Cousseau(1970). Gunther (1889) also noted the absence of vomerineteeth, which contradicts all other described specimens,including the present one.

Examination of the stomach contents from the individualpresented in this paper revealed the presence of undigestedbody tissue and beaks of cephalopods. These items in thediet composition is conrmed by Cousseau (1970), who alsoincluded sh as preys. Further work is required to examinethe ontogenetic development of the species as well as theoccurrence of sexual dimorphism. This may elucidate the dif-ferences in the head prole observed by Cousseau; as well as

the divergence between the original description byRichardson, based on a juvenile, and the description givenby Gunther from an adult of G. melampus.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank researchers Marcio L.V. Senna, GuilhermeM.T. Souza and Wagner D. Bandeira for their invaluableassistance with the examination of meristic and morphomet-ric data of the specimen and for the preservation procedure.This research received no specic grant from any fundingagency, commercial or not-for-prot sectors.

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Correspondence should be addressed to:Sergio Ricardo SantosLaboratorio de Biologia e Tecnologia PesqueiraDepatamento de Biologia MarinhaInstituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroAvenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902Ilha do Fundao, Cidade Universitaria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazilemail: srbs@ufrj.br

new record of g. melampus from the western atlantic 7

A record of the Southern Ocean Gasterochisma melampus (Teleostei: Scombridae) in the tropical south-western Atlantic, with comments on previous recordsINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDescription

DISCUSSION

Commentary on previous records of &emphasis type=Outline placeholderACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

References