Boas Práticas em Microfinança - Ethical Savings

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Niht Z~èdpcdht ko

Zh~h {oh dimtp~{åäi

`k Tctpkoht Acmhmdkc~it

Cmdg{tcqit





Niht Z~èdpcdht koOcd~iacmhmåht<

Zh~h {oh dimtp~{åäi `k

Tctpkoht Acmhmdkc~it Cmdg{tcqit

Ktpk p~hnhgfi ~kz~ktkmph hzkmht i zimpi ̀ k qctph ̀ it tk{t h{pi~kt

k mäi zi`k' ko x{hgx{k~ dc~d{mtpîmdch' tk~ dimtc`k~hì h zitcåäi idchg

i{ {o dioz~ioctti ai~ohg zi~ zh~pk `h Diocttäi K{~izãch-



>

Ïm`cdk

8- Cmp~i`{åäi

8-8 Zk~acg k Pkm`ìmdch `h Ocd~iacmhmåh

8-8 -8 [oh n~kqk fctpô~ch `h Ocd~iacmhmåh8-8-> H Ocd~iacmhmåh mh Hdp{hgc`h`k

>- Kmx{h`~hokmpi ì Tctpkoh Acmhmdkc~i Cmdg{tcqi

>-8 - Dgckmpkt Zin~kt dio Nhcvit ^km`cokmpit>-8 -8 Dh~hdpk~ïtpcdht ̀ it Dgckmpkt ̀ h Ocd~iacmhmåh>-8 -> Dioi ã x{k ht Zkttiht Zin~kt [pcgc|ho it Tk~qcåit Acmhmdkc~it

>-> - Ai~mkdkì~kt ̀ k Tk~qcåit Acmhmdkc~it< I Mïqkg Ocd~i>->-8 H Zhctheko ìt Ai~mkdkì~kt `k Tk~qcåit Acmhmdkc~it

>-4 Cma~h/ktp~{p{~h Acmhmdkc~h< Niht Z~èdpcdht hi Mïqkg Okti>-4 -8- Tctpkoht `k Zhehokmpi>-4-> P~hmtzh~ìmdch k Cma~h/ktp~{p{~h `k Cmai~ohåäi>-4-4 Ai~ohåäi>-4 -0 ^k`kt k Httidchåûkt

>-0 Eiqk~mi< I Mïqkg Ohd~i

4- Acmhmdchì~kt

4-8 Heìmdcht k A{m`håûkt Cmpk~mhdcimhct ̀ k @ihì~kt

4-> Cmqktpcì~kt Cmpk~mhdcimhct4-4 Ok~dhìt Mhdcimhct ̀ k Acmhmdchokmpi

0- Dimdg{täi

0-8 È z~i d{~h `k {o tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i cmdg{tcqi0-> Niht Z~èpcdht zh~h ̀ ihì~kt x{k hzicko h ocd~iacmhmåh

0-> -8 I zhzkg ̀ it ̀ ihì~kt mh dimtp~{åäi ̀ k tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it cmdg{tcqit0-> -> Httke{~h~ h Kacdcìmdch ìt ìhì~kt

Gctph `k X{h`~it<

X{h`~i 8< Z~ôt k Dimp~ht ìt @cak~kmpkt Ai~mkdkì~kt `k Tk~qcåit Acmhmdkc~it



4

8- CMPÎ@[ÅÄI

Ohct `k 4 ocg ocgfûkt `k zkttiht zin~kt x{k qcqko dio okmit `k > `ôgh~kt zi~ `ch' z~id{~ho hdk`k~ h

tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it nètcdit x{k zi`ko tk~ {o kgkokmpi a{m`hokmphg zh~h i hgïqci `h zin~k|h- H ohci~ch

`ht zkttiht mi o{mì ko `ktkmqigqcokmpi' ctpi ã' h ohci~ch `h ziz{ghåäi o{m`chg' mäi pko hdktti h

tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it ai~ohct- O{cpi zi{dht nkmkacdcho `k dimpht `k zi{zhmåh' koz~ãtpcoit i{ ai~oht

z~èpcdht `k p~hmtak~c~ `cmfkc~i- It x{k dimtke{ko hn~c~ {oh dimph nhmdè~ch täi o{cpht qk|kt dima~imphìt

dio tk~qcåit ̀ k zi{dh x{hgc`h̀ k-

H ocd~iacmhmåh pi~mi{/tk z~ie~kttcqhokmpk ohct ziz{gh~ dioi {oh ~ktzitph dimd~kph êt mkdkttc`h`kt

`ktpht zkttiht- Oitp~i{ x{k ht zkttiht zin~kt täi dgckmpkt qcèqkct' d~ci{ {o diml{mpi `k cmtpcp{cåûkt ai~pkt

x{k zhtth~ho h dimdkmp~h~ it tk{t cmpk~kttkt tin~k ht kdimiocht `ktpht zkttiht k diokåi{ h hp~hc~ i

cmpk~kttk `k cmqktpcì~kt z~cqhìt- Ktph z{ngcdhåäi mäi pko dioi inlkdpcqi oitp~h~ miqit ~kt{gphìt i{

`ktdink~pht tin~k h ocd~iacmhmåh- I tk{ z~cmdczhg inlkdpcqi ã i `k `cttkocmh~ it a{m`hokmpit dfhqk zh~h h

dimtp~{åäi `k tctpkoht kdimôocdit cmdg{tcqit' nko dioi i ktphì `h h~pk k ht niht z~èpcdht ~kghdcimh`ht

dio it cmtp~{okmpit acmhmdkc~it `ctzimïqkct zh~h hx{kgkt dc`h`äit x{k `ktklho digidh~ ht t{ht zi{zhmåht

k cmqktpcok mpit mh cm`ütp~ch ̀ h ocd~iacmhmåh-

Ktpht zi{zhmåht ãpcdht k cmqktpcokmpit hcm`h tk kmdimp~ho m{oh ahtk cmcdchg- Dimp{ì' zi`ko dimp~cn{c~

zh~h hge{mt ìt z~cmdczhct `kthacit kma~kmphìt zkgit tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it `ktpcmhìt hit ohct

`ktahqi~kdcìt<

8- O{gpczgcdhåäi ìt tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it `k x{hgc`h`k zh~h dfkeh~ko h {o ohci~ müok~i `k

zkttiht &ktdhgh#2

>- Dfkeh~ h zkttiht ohct `ktahqi~kdc`ht k ohct `ctphmpkt &z~ia{ m`c`h̀ k#2 k

4- Nhcvh~ it d{tpit phmpi zh~h it dgckmpkt dioi zh~h it ai~mkdkì~kt ìt tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it

&d{tpi#-

H z{ngcdhåäi hz~ktkmph it kgko kmpit dfhqk zh~h {o tct pkoh acmhmdkc~i cmdg{tcqi-



0



;

8-8 Zk~acg k Pkm`ìmdcht `h Ocd~iacmhmåh

Ohct `k 4 ncgcûkt `k zkttiht zin~kt x{k qcqko dio okmit `k > `ôgh~kt zi~ `ch' z~id{~ho hdk`k~ h tk~qcåit

nètcdit x{k zi`ko tk~ {o kgkok mpi a{m`hokmphg zh~h i hgïqci h̀ zin~k|h- H ohci~ch `ht zkttiht mi o {mì

ko `ktk mqigqcokmpi — ctpi' h ohci~ch `h ziz{ghåäi o{m`chg — mäi pko hdktti h tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it ai~ohct-O{cpi zi{dht nkmkacdcho `k dimpht `k zi{zhmåh' koz~ãtpcoit i{ ai~oht dimqkmckmpkt `k p~hmtak~c~

`cmfkc~i- It x{k dimt ke{ko hn~c~ {oh dimph nhmdè~ch täi o{cpht qk|kt dima~imphìt dio tk~qcåit `k zi{dh

x{hgc`h`k-

H ahgph `k hdktti h tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it cozk`k ht zkttiht zin~kt k dio nhcvit ~km`cokmpit `k pioh~ko

dk~pht `kdctûkt x{ipc`chmht x{k h ohci~ch `ht zkttiht pìo dioi eh~hmpc`ht- Dio nhtk m{oh z{ngcdhåäi

~kdkmpk8 ì DEHZ — Dimt{gphpcqk E~i{z pi Httctp pfk Zii~>' c~koit ~kt{oc~ i zk~acg k ht pkm`ìmdcht hdp{hct

`h cm`ütp~ch `h ocd~iacmhmåh-

8-8-8 [oh n~kqk fctpô~ch `h Ocd~iacmhmåh

Hi gimei `h ügpcoh `ãdh`h' h ocd~iacmhmåh kqig{c{ k kvzhm`c{/tk ~hzc`hokmpk ì dhozi ~kghpcqhokmpk

~ktp~cpi ì ocd~id~ã`cpi zh~h i dimdkcpi ohct ghpi `k ocd~iacmhmåht &x{k cmdg{c {o diml{mpi `k tk~qcåit

acmhmdkc~it zh~h ht zkttiht zin~kt' cmdg{cmì zi{zhmåht' p~hmak~ìmdcht `k `cmfkc~i k tke{~it# zh~h i kmi~ok

`kthaci `h dimtp~{åäi `k tctpk oht acmhmdkc~it cmdg{tcqit-

Ht c`kcht k ht htzc~håûkt zi~ `kp~èt `h ocd~iacmhmåh mäi täi miqht- @{~hmpk tãd{git kvctpc~ho zi{zhmåht

cmai~ohct k e~{zit `k d~ã`cpi ko piì i o{mì' `kt`k i Ehmh hi Oãvcdi' ê Ïm`ch k {o zi{di zi~ piì i

o{mì- Mh K{~izh' `kt`k i tãd{gi VQ' h Ce~klh Dhpôgcdh a{mì{ ht dhtht `k zkmfi~kt dioi {o tctpkoh

hgpk~mhpcqi hit {t{~è~cit- Hi gimei ì tãd{gi VQ ktpht gilht `k zkmfi~kt ktzhgfh~ho/tk zi~ pi`ht ht è~kht

{~nhmht `h K{~izh- Ht cmtpcp{cåûkt ai~ohct `k d~ã`cpi k `k zi{zhmåht zh~h it zin~kt phonão kvctpc~ho

`{~hmpk tãd{git' iak~kdkmì tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it h dgckmpkt h x{ko p~h`cdcimhgokmpk k~ho mkehìt zkgit

nhmdit diok~dchct-

I tctpkoh c~ghm`ìt Gihm A{m` x{k diokåi{ mi cmïdci `k 85::' ã {o ìt z~cokc~it kvkozgit- Ko pi~mi `k

860:' ktpk tctpkoh pcmfh dk~dh `k 4:: a{mìt ko pi`h h C~ghm`h- Ko 86::' h K{~izh httctpc{ ê kok~eìmdch `k

{o ohci~ müok~i `k zi{zhmåht k `k cmtpcp{cåûkt `k d~ã`cpi ai~ohct x{k p~hnhgfhqho' tin~kp{ì' dio it

he~cd{gpi~kt ohct `kt ahqi~kdcìt k dio it zin~kt `ht dc`h`kt-

Ht diizk~hpcqht acmhmdkc~ht `ktkmqigqk~ho/tk mh Hgkohmfh- Pcmfho dioi inlkdpcqi hl{`h~ h ziz{ghåäi ~{~hg

h gcnk~ph~/tk `h `kzkm`ìmdch ìt {t{~è~cit k h okgfi~h~ko i tk{ nko/k tph~- I oiqcokmpi t{~ec{ ko A~hmåh

ko 861; k mi X{knkd ko 83::- O{cpht `ht hdp{hct diizk~hpcqht acmhmdkc~ht ko Èa~cdh' Hoã~cdh Ghpcmh k Ètch

kmdimp~ho ht t{ht ~hï|kt mktpk oiqcokmpi K{~izk{- I{p~i ìt kvkozgit ohct hmpceit ã ì Cmìmktchm

Zkizgk–t D~k`cp Nhmbt &NZ^t# x{k diokåi{ ko 863; k tk pi~mi{ mi ohci~ tctpkoh `k ocd~iacmhmåh mh

Cmìmãtch dio x{htk 3-::: acgchct-

Mi cmïdci ì tãd{gi VV' diokåh~ho h t{~ec~ qh~chmpkt tin~k i pkoh `ht zi{zhmåht k ì d~ã`cpi mh Hoã~cdh

Ghpcmh k ko i{p~it gidhct- Ktpht cmpk~qkmåûkt acmhmdkc~ht mi o{mì ~{~hg pcmfho dioi inlkdpcqi oi`k~mc|h~

i tkdpi~ he~ïdigh' oincgc|h~ko zi{zhmåht x{k ktphqho ‗zh~h`ht‟' h{okmph~ko i cmqktpcokmpi hp~hqãt ì

8 DEHZ &>::1#' Hddktt ai~ Hgg- N{cg`cme Cmdg{tcqk Acmhmdchg Tstpkot- > DEHZ ã {o dimtô~dci `k o{gpcìhì~kt `k`cdhì hi hqhmåi `h ocd~iacmhmåh- H t{h zèecmh ukn zi`k tk~

kmdimp~h`h ko fppz<))uuu-dehz-i~e



1

d~ã`cpi k ~k`{|c~ko ht ~kghåûkt ak{`hct iz~kttcqht x{k k~ho ~kai~åh`ht hp~hqãt ì km`cqc`hokmpi- Mh

ohci~ch ìt dhtit' ktpkt miqit nhmdit zh~h it zin~kt mäi k~ho z~iz~ck`h`k ìt z~ôz~cit zin~kt' dioi

hdimpkdch mh K{~izh' oht `ht heìmdcht ì eiqk~mi i{ `k nhmdit z~cqhìt- Hi gimei ìt hmit' ktpht

cmtpcp{cåûkt pi~mh~ho/tk cmkacdckmpkt k' ko hge{mt dhtit' di~~{zpht-

Kmp~k 83;: k 8 35:' it eiqk~mit k it ìhì~kt dimdkmp~h~ho/tk mh hp~cn{cåäi `k d~ã`cpi he~ïdigh h zkx{kmit

he~cd{gpi~kt k h he~cd{gpi~kt oh~ecmhgc|hìt mh ktzk~hmåh `k h{okmph~ko h t{h z~i`{pcqc`h`k k it tk{t

~km`cokmpit- Ktpkt ktai~åit zh~h h{okmph~ko i hdktti hi d~ã`cpi he~ïdigh {pcgc|hqho cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht

zh~h i `ktkmqigqcokmpi `h z~iz~ck`h`k ì ktphì i{ diizk~hpcqht `k he~cd{gpi~kt ko hge{mt dhtit' zh~h

ah|k~ko koz~ãtpcoit h dgckmpkt dio phvht `k l{~i ohct nhcvht ì x{k ht z~hpcdh`ht mit ok~dhìt

acmhmdkc~it ai~ohct- Ktpkt ktx{koht t{ntc`chìt ~h~hokmpk k~ho nko t{dk`cìt- It nhmdit `k

`ktkmqigqcokmpi he~ïdigh mäi k~ho dhzh|kt `k din~c~ it tk{t d {tpit dio ht phvht `k l{~i x{k z~hpcdhqho- It

dgckmpkt pcmfho zi{dh `ctdczgcmh mi zhehokmpi ìt tk{t koz~ãtpcoit zi~x{k it qcho dioi iak~pht hi

eiqk~mi-

Dimtkx{kmpkokmpk' i dhzcphg `k nhtk `ktpht cmtpcp{cåûkt aic tkmì `kghzc`hì k' ko hge{mt dhtit'

`kthzh~kdk{- Zci~ `k p{ì' ktpkt a{mìt mko tkoz~k dfkehqho hit zin~kt hdhnhmì' o{cpht qk|kt' mht

oäit `k he~cd{gpi~kt ohct cmag{kmpkt i{ okgfi~ zitcdcimhìt-

Kmp~kphmpi' it hmit 5: qc~ho i mhtdcokmpi ì ocd~id~ã`cpi- Z~ie~hoht mi Nhmegh`ktf' N~htcg k ko hge{mt

i{p~it zhïtkt diokåh~ho h koz~ktph~ `cmfkc~i h o{gfk~kt kdimiocdhokmpk ohct `ktahqi~kdc`ht x{k

x{k~cho cmcdch~ h t{h z~ôz~ch koz~kth- Ht z~cokc~ht kvzk~cìmdcht `k ocd~id~ã`cpi zh~h koz~ktht nhtkh~ho/

tk ko koz~ãtpcoit z~ktphìt zi~ e~{zit `k tigc`h~ck`h`k' mit x{hct dh`h okon~i ì e~{zi eh~hmpch i

zhehokmpi h piìt it okon~it- Kvkozgit ìt z~cokc~it zcimkc~it cmdg{ïho i E~hokkm Nhmb mi

Nhmegh`ktf' x{k dio kåi{ dioi {oh kvzk~cìmdch dio i Z~ia- O{fhooh` S{m{t2 HDDCIM Cmpk~mhpcimhg' x{kdiokåi{ mh Hoã~cdh Ghpcmh k x{k `kzict tk ktpkm`k{ hit Ktphìt [mcìt `h Hoã~cdh k h Èa~cdh2 k h Tkga/

Kozgisk` Uiokm–t Httidchpcim Nhmb mh Ïm`ch' nhmdi `h z~iz~ck`h`k ì tcm`cdhpi `ht o{gfk~kt- Ktpht

cmtpcp{cåûkt dimpcm{ho h pk~ t{dktti hcm`h filk k pìo tcì aimpk `k cmtzc~håäi zh~h h d~chåäi `k o{cpht

i{p~ht-

Mit hmit 6:' it z~ie~hoht `k ocd~id~ã`cpi hp~hqãt ì o{mì okgfi~h~ho ht t{ht okpiìgiecht cmcdchct k

`kthach~ho i dimfkdcokmpi dimqkmdcimhg tin~k i acmhmdchokmpi hit zin~kt- Ko z~cokc~i g{eh~' it

z~ie~hoht nko ek~cìt oitp~h~ho x{k ht zkttiht zin~kt' ko zh~pcd{gh~ ht o{gfk~kt' zhehqho it tk{t

koz~ãtpcoit ohct hpkozh`hokmpk ì x{k ht zkttiht dio ohct zittkt i ah|cho hit nhmdit diok~dchct- Ko

tke{mì g{eh~' `koimtp~h~ho x{k ht zkttiht zin~kt x{k~ko k dimtke{ko zheh~ ht phvht `k l{~i x{k

zk~ocpko êt cmtpcp{cåûkt `k ocd~iacmhmåh &COA# din~c~ it tk{t d{tpit- Ht COA x{k dimtke{ko din~c~ it tk{t

d{tpit zi`ko qc~ h pi~mh~/tk mkeôdcit qcèqkct x{k hp~hko `kzôtcpit' koz~ãtpcoit diok~dchct k

cmqktpcokmpi `k dhzcphg- Zi`ko dimtke{c~ dfkeh~ h {o e~hm`k müok~i `k dgckmpkt zin~kt t ko tk gcocph~ko

h zkx{kmit k cmdimtphmpkt a{mìt t{nqkmdcimhìt zkgit eiqk~mit k heìmdcht `k ìhì~kt- I Nhmb ^hbhshp

Cmìmktch &N^C# ã {o ôzpcoi kvkozgi ì x{k zi`k hdimpkdk~ x{hmì ht COA tk dimdkmp~ho mh ~kdigfh `k

koz~ãtpcoit k mh dink~p{~h `k d{tpit- Ht acgchct ghmåh`ht zkgi N^C ko hg`kcht httctpk ohct `k 4: ocgfûkt `k

dgckmpkt dio nhcvit ~km`cokmpit-

It hmit 3: httctpc~ho hi d~ktdkmpk kmp{tchtoi kmp~k ht heìmdcht `k `ktkmqigqcokmpi cmpk~mhdcimhct k ht

~k`kt mh z~ioiåäi `h ocd~iacmhmåh dioi {oh ktp~hpãech zh~h hgcqch~ h zin~k|h- H ocd~iacmhmåh agi~ktdk{ ko



5

o{cpit zhïtkt im`k o{cpht COA dimtke{c~ho ~ktzim`k~ êt mkdkttc`h`kt `k ocd~i/koz~ktè~cit k ìt

he~kehìt ahocgch~kt ohct zin~kt- Dimp{ì' ktp kt ehmfit pkm`k~ho h dimdkmp~h~/tk ko |imht {~nhmht k k o

è~kht ~{~hct ̀ kmthokm pk ziqih`ht-

Mi cmïdci ìt hmit 3:' i pk~oi ‗ocd~iacmhmåh‟ diokåi{ h t{ntpcp{c~ i pk~oi ‗ocd~id~ã`cpi‟' ~kak~cmì/tk h

{o diml{mpi `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it zh~h it zin~kt' cmdg{cmì i d~ã`cpi' zi{zhmåht' tke{~it k p~hmtak~ìmdcht

oimkpè~cht- Zh~h dimtke{c~ko dfkeh~ h {o ohci~ müok~i `k dgckmpkt zin~kt' ht COA k ht t{ht ~k`kt

diokåh~ho h zk~tke{c~ {oh ktp~hpãech `k diok~dchgc|håäi' p~hmtai~ohmì/tk ko koz~ktht dio acmt

g{d~hpcqit x{k dimtke{cho hp~hc~ ohct dhzcphg k pi~mh~ko/tk ko hdpi~kt zk~ohmkmpkt ì tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i-

I kgkokmpi dkmp~hg mh fctpô~ch ~kdkmpk `h ocd~iacmhmåh ã h ìmahtk digidh`h mh d~chåäi k mi d~ktdcokmpi `k

cmtpcp{cåûkt ai~pkt &dimp~h~chmì h pkm`ìmdch zh~h h dhmhgc|håäi `k d~ã`cpi zh~h e~{zit ktzkdïacdit#-

8-8-> H Ocd~iacmhmåh mh hdp{hgc`h`k

H ocd~iacmhmåh dimtke{c{ akcpit kvp~hi~`cmè~cit mit ügpcoit 4: hmit- Oitp~i{ x{k ht zkttiht zin~kt täi

dgckmpkt qcèqkct' d~ci{ {o diml{mpi ai~pk `k cmtpcp{cåûkt x{k dimdkmp~ho it tk{t tk~qcåit tin~k ht

kdimiocht `ht zkttiht zin~kt k diokåi{ h hp~hc~ i cmpk~kttk `k cmqktpcì~kt z~cqhìt- Oht hzkth~ ì x{k

aic dimtke{cì' hcm`h kvctpk {o gimei dhocmfi h zk~di~~k~ zh~h hgh~eh~ i hdktti h ktpk tctpkoh `k

acmhmdchokmpi h piìt it x{k z~kdctho `kgk- Täi p~ìt it z~cmdczhct `kthacit x{k `kacmko h a~impkc~h ìt

tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it `ktpcmhìt hit zin~kt<

8- O{gpczgcdh~ it Tdhggcme {z it tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it `k x{hgc`h`k zh~h dfkeh~ko h {o ohci~ müok~i

`k zttiht &ktdhgh#2

>- Dfkeh~ h zkttiht ohct `ktahqi~kdc`ht k ohct `ctphmpkt &z~ia{ m`c`h̀ k#2 k4- Nhcvh~ it d{tpit phmpi zh~h it dgckmpkt dioi zh~h it ai~mkdkì~kt ìt tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it

&d{tpi#-

H x{ktpäi ã< Dioi t{zk~hoit ktpkt `kthacit9 H ~ktzitph< Ah|kmì dio x{k it tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it zh~h it

zin~kt ahåho zh~pk ì tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i ìocmhmpk `k dh`h zhït-

Dio i cmp{cpi `k dimfkdk~ h `cokmtäi ì ok~dhì' h DEHZ hmhgcti{ ~kdkmpkokmpk {o qhtpi e~{zi `k

cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht dio i inlkdpcqi `k dfkeh~ h dgckmpkt ai~h ì îoncpi `k hdp{håäi ìt nhmdit

diok~dchct p~h`cdcimhct- Ktpht cmtpcp{cåûkt — ktphphct zh~h i `ktkmqigqcokmpi' he~ïdight k dhcvht kdimôocdht

zitphct2 o{p{hgc`h`kt2 i{p~it nhmdit `k zi{zhmåh2 nhmdit dio{mcpè~cit `k nhcvi dhzcphg k)i{ nhmdit

he~ïdight2 k ktzkdchgc|h`ht ko COA `k piìt it pczit — zh~pcgfho h dh~hdpk~ïtpcdh dio{o `h ì{ngk nippio

gcmk- Pìo dioi inlkdpcqi tk~qc~ it ok~dhìt ohct zin~kt' oht phonão din~c~ it tk{t d{tpit k pi~mè/git ko

g{d~i- I ktp{ì dim`{|cì zkgh DEHZ oitp~i{ {o müok~i t{~z~kkm`kmpk `k 5;: ocgfûkt `k dimpht `k

zi{zhmåh k `k koz~ãtpcoit m i piphg-

Ktpk e~hm`k müok~i `k dimpht mäi ã tcmômcoi `k x{k i p~hnhgfi ktpè dimdg{ïì k `k x{k it tctpkoht

acmhmdkc~it lè täi kacdh|kt dio it zin~kt- Zkgi dimp~è~ci' hl{tphìt hi müok~i `k dimpht cmhdpcqht k hi

müok~i `k zkttiht dio oügpczght dimpht' it 5;: ocgfûkt `k dimpht zi`ko tk~ p~h`{|cìt ko' mi oèvcoi'

dk~dh `k ;: : ocgfûkt `k dgckmpkt hdpcqit x{k dimtpcp{ko hzkmht {oh a~hdåäi ì ok~dhì zipkmdchg `k 4 ocg

ocgfûkt `k zkttiht zin~kt-



6

Zh~h hgão `ctti' h x{hgc`h`k ìt tk~qcåit ko hge{oht `ktpht cmtpcp{cåûkt mäi ã i okgfi~' tin~kp{ì x{hmì

pidh h dfkeh~ êt mkdkttc`h`kt ìt dgckmpkt zin~kt k `k nhcvit ~km`cokmpit- X{hmì ahghoit `k hdktti mäi

tk p~hph hzkmht `k pk~ {oh dimph mi nhmdi- P~hph/tk phonão `ht qhmphekmt k `h tke{~hmåh `h dimph k tk

ktpkt tk~qcåit täi phvhìt `k ai~oh l{tph' ~ktzim`ko êt mkdkttc`h`kt ìt dgckmpkt k täi iak~kdcìt zi~

{oh cmtpcp{cåäi tôgc`h x{k dimpcm{h~è h hdiozhmfh~ it tk{t dgckmpkt k h hl{`è/git h ek~c~ko ht t{ht qc`htacmhmdkc~ht- O{cpht `ktpht cmtpcp{cåûkt mäi dimtke{ko z~ktph~ tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it `k x{hgc`h`k h piìt' oht

~kz~ktkmpho {oh izi~p{mc`h`k zipkmdchg zh~h dfkeh~ko h {o e~hm`k müok~i `k dgckmpkt zin~kt- [o

e~hm`k müok~i `k dimpht

[o e~hm`k müok~i `k dimpht ktpäi o{cpi dimdkmp~h`ht' phmpi ekie~hacdhokmpk dioi mi pczi `k

cmtpcp{cåûkt x{k ht iak~kdk- It nhmdit `h z~iz~ck`h`k ì Ktphì' cmdg{cmì it nhmdit zitphct' täi

~ktzimtèqkct zi~ x{htk p~ìt x{h~pit `k pi`ht ht dimpht- Kmp~kphmpi' 60 zi~ dkmpi `k pi`ht ht dimpht ktpäi

dimdkmp~h h̀t mh Ètch k ohct `k o kph`k `ktpht dimpht ktpäi ko ìct zhïtkt — h Dfcmh k h Ïm`ch-

Mi ek~hg' ht COA' ht diizk~hpcqht acmhmdkc~ht' it nhmdit he~ïdight täi ht cmtpcp{cåûkt x{k tk pìo `k`cdhì h

tk~qc~ it dgckmpkt ohct zin~kt k `k nhcvit ~km`cokmpit dio tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it `k kgkqh`h x{hgc`h`k k

hdkttïqkct-

> Kmx{h`~hokmpi ìt Tctpkoht Acmhmdkc~it Cmdg{tcqit

Zh~h h digcehåäi `h DEHZ' i e~hm`k müok~i `k zkttiht kvdg{ï`ht hzkmht dimtke{c~è pk~ hdktti h tk~qcåit

acmhmdkc~it hzkmht tk ktpkt tk~qcåit `ktpcmhìt hit zin~kt tk cmpke~h~ko mit p~ìt mïqkct ì tctpkoh

acmhmdkc~i< ocd~i' okti k ohd~i- Ko ügpcoh hmègctk' h cmpke~håäi mi tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i zi`k~ch hn~c~

ok~dhìt acmhmdkc~it zh~h h ohci~ch `ht zkttiht h qcqk~ ko zhïtkt ko `ktkmqigqcokmpi' cmdg{cmì it

dgckmpkt zin~kt k ekie~hacdhokmpk ohct `ctphmpkt-

Dgckmpkt- Zin~kt k dgckmpkt dio nhcvit ~km`cokmpit ktpäi mi dkmp~i ì tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i- H t{h z~id{~h `k

tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it i~ckmph ht hdåûkt ìt x{k tk kmdimp~ho ko piìt it i{p~it mïqkct-

Ocd~i- H ktzcmfh ì~thg ìt tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it dimpcm{h h tk~ it ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it h

~kphgfi x{k iak~kdko tk~qcåit `c~kdphokmpk hit zin~kt k hit dgckmpkt dio nhcvit ~km`cokmpit- Ktpkt

ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit x{k tk kmdimp~ho mi mïqkg ocd~i ì tctpkoh qäi `kt`k it koz~ktphì~kt `k

`cmfkc~i cmai~ohct i{ dg{nkt `k zi{zhmåht hit nhmdit diok~dchct k cmdg{ko pi`ht ht kmpc`h`kt x{k tk

kmdimp~ho mktpk tctpkoh-

Okti- Ktpk mïqkg cmdg{c h cma~h/ktp~{p{~h k i diml{mpi `k tk~qcåit mkdkttè~cit zh~h ~k`{|c~ko it d{tpit `k

p~hmthdåûkt' h{okmph~ i tk{ hgdhmdk' dimtp~{c~ diozkpìmdcht k z~ioiqk~ h p~hmtzh~ìmdch kmp~k it

ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it- Cmdg{c {o qhtpi diml{mpi `k hdpi~kt k `k hdpcqc`h`kt' dioi it

h{`cpi~kt' heìmdcht `k ~hpcme' ~k`kt `k z~iacttcimhct' tcm`cdhpit' heìmdcht `k d~ã`cpi' tctpkoht `k

p~hmtak~ìmdcht k `k zhehokmpit' ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit pãdmcdit k ai~ohì~kt- Ktpht kmpc`h`kt zi`ko

p~hmtdkm`k~ ht a~impkc~ht mhdcimhct k cmdg{ko i~ehmc|håûkt ~kecimhct i{ eginhct-



3

Ohd~i- Ã mkdkttè~ci {o kmx{h`~hokmpi gkectghpcqi k zigïpcdi hz~iz~chì zh~h zk~ocpc~ i agi~ktdcokmpi `k

{o tctpkoh `k ocd~iacmhmåh t{tpkmpèqkg- It nhmdit dkmp~hct' it ocmctpã~cit' ht acmhmåht k i{p~ht kmpc`h`kt

eiqk~mhokmphct mhdcimhct' täi it z~cmdczhct zh~pcdczhmpkt mktpk mïqkg ohd~i-

Hzkth~ `k' hpã hi oiokmpi' h ocd~iacmhmåh `kzkm`k~ o{cpi ìt a{mìt cmpk~mhdcimhct `k ìhåäi' i ìmahtk

ìt tctpk oht acmhmdkc~it x{k p~hnhgfho zh~h it zin~kt ã i `k dimtp~{ï~ko o k~dhìt mhdcimhct' im`k o{cpit

ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it &ai~pkt k qcèqkct# diozkpko zkgi mkeôdci ìt dgckmpkt zin~kt k `k

nhcvit ~km`cokmpit- Ktpkt ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it inpk~cho c`khgokmpk acmhmdchokmpi `k

aimpkt `k acmhmdchokmpi mhdcimhct' dioi h zh~pc~ `k `kzôtcpit züngcdit i{ `k cmqktpcokmpit hp~hqãt ì

ok~dhì `k dhzcphct- Kmx{hmpi o{cpit ai~ho nko t{dk`cìt ko dimtke{c~ko ~kd{~tit mhdcimhct' kvctpc{ k

dimpcm{h~è h kvctpc~ {o zhzkg zh~h it a{mìt cmpk~mhdcimhct zh~h hgh~eh~ko i hdktti hit tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it-

@k ahdpi' it a{mìt cmpk~mhdcimhct zi`ko hl{`h~ hi h~~hmx{k k hi hdkgk~h~ ì z~idktti `k dimtp~{åäi ìt

tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it mhdcimhct ko piìt it mïqkct ì tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i — ocd~i' okti k ohd~i —-

>-8 Dgckmpkt Zin~kt k dio Nhcvit ^km`cokmpit

Zh~h x{k {o tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i tklh kakdpcqhokmpk cmdg{tcqi `kqk~è ~ktzim`k~ h pi`ht ht mkdkttc`h`kt `k

x{ko {pcgc|h it tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it `k ai~oh a~{pïak~h' cmdg{cmì it zin~kt- Ht zkttiht zin~kt mit zhïtkt

ko `ktkmqigqcokmpi' dioi x{hgx{k~ zkttih' z~kdctho `k pk~ hdktti h {o diml{mpi `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it

x{k tklho z~èpcdit' agkvïqkct k dio z~kåit ~h|ièqkct- Ktph tcozgkt dimtphphåäi p~hmtai~oi{ i zkmthokmpi k

h z~èpcdh h̀ ocd~iacmhmåh mit ügpcoit `k| hmit- [o o kgfi~ dimfkdcokmpi `ht mkdkttc`h`kt ì dgckmpk & k ì

dgckmpk zipkmdchg# i~cecmi{ h o{`hmåh ì ocd~id~ã`cpi zh~h h ocd~iacmhmåh k' ohct ~kdkmpkokmpk' zh~h it

tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it cmdg{tcqit-

Mi zhtthì' k~ho `{ht ht dh~hdpk~ïtpcdht `h ocd~iacmhmåh< &8# {o kmaix{k mi d~ã`cpi êt ocd~i koz~k tht

&zkx{kmit koz~ãtpcoit x{k cho `k kmdimp~i êt mkdkttc`h`kt `k dhzcphg ìt koz~ktè~cit#2 k &># {oh

hni~`heko x{k tk dimdkmp~hqh ohct mh hp~cn{cåäi `k d~ã`cpi x{k k~h' ko o{cpi' `c~cec`h hit ai~mkdkì~kt-

Httco' {o ~k`{|cì gkx{k `k tk~qcåit' hp~hïh {o ~k`{|cì müok~i `k dgckmpkt- Filk' kvctpk {o d~ktdkmpk

~kdimfkdcokmpi `k x{k mko pi`ht ht zkttiht zin~kt täi mkdktth~chokmpk koz~kkm`kì~kt' oht pi`ht ht

zkttiht zin~kt mkdkttcpho k {pcgc|ho {o diml{mpi `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it- I `kthaci ã i `k dimfkdk~ k

dfkeh~ h ktph z~id{~h kmp~k ht ziz{ghåûkt ohct zin~kt k `ctphmpkt-

^kdimfkdk~ h `cqk~tc`h`k `k zkttiht x{k täi kvdg{ï`ht ìt tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it &mäi hzkmht it ocd~i

koz~ktè~cit# pko e~hm`kt cozgcdhåûkt mh dimtp~{åäi `k {o tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i cmdg{tcqi- It he~cd{gpi~kt

zi`ko z~kdcth~ `k {o d~ã`cpi zh~h cmqktpc~ mht t{ht zghmphåûkt' oht phonão z~kdctho `k {o gidhg tke{~i

im`k zittho `kzitcph~ ht t{ht zi{zhmåht ~kt{gphmpkt `ht digfkcpht zh~h {pcgc|h~ko x{hmì dfkeho it

pkozit ohct `caïdkct- It ~kai~ohìt z~kdctho `k {o tctpkoh `k dimachmåh zh~h ~kdknk~ko ht t{ht zkmtûkt-

It izk~è~cit z~kdctho `k hl{`h zh~h ek~c~ko it tk{t thgè~cit piìt it oktkt- Ko ~kt{oi' h `cak~kmpkt

dgckmpkt kvceko `cak~kmpkt tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it- Ktpkt tk~qcåit qäi `kt`k koz~ãtpcoit zh~h ~ktzim`k~ h

{oh kok~eìmdch i{ ê fczipkdh ̀ k {oh dhth' hi d~ã`cpi zkttihg' hit tk~qcåit `k `kzôtcpi `k piìt it pczit'

oãpiìt `k p~hmtak~ìmdch `k `cmfkc~i k tke{~it-



8:

>-8-8 Dh~hdpk~ïtpcdht ìt dgck mpkt `h Ocd~iacmhmåh

It zipkmdchct dgckmpkt ìt z~i`{pit `h ocd~iacmhmåh qäi o{cpi zh~h hgão ìt ocd~i/koz~kkm`kì~kt'

cmdg{cmì x{hgx{k~ zkttih x{k ktpklh kvdg{ï`h ì hdktti hit tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it ai~ohct — zi~ qk|kt

okmdcimhìt dioi ktphmì ai~h ì tctpkoh nhmdè~ci k acmhmdkc~i- Ktpkt dgckmpkt zipkmdchct cmdg{ko' zi~

kvkozgi' he~cd{gpi~kt' izk~è~cit ahn~ct k ~kai~ohìt' kmp~k i{p~it- Ktpäi kmp~k ht zkttiht o{cpi zin~kt k ht

x{k täi q{gmk~èqkct k okmit zin~kt- Hzkth~ `k zi{di tk dimfkdk~ tin~k ktpk zipkmdchg {mcqk~ti `k

dgckmpkt' i müok~i `k he~kehìt ahocgch~kt kvdg{ïìt ã' tke{~hokmpk' kmi~ok' oktoi mit zhïtkt

`ktkmqigqcìt-

Hzkth~ `k p{ì' kvctpk ohct cmai~ohåäi tin~k it hdp{hct dgckmpkt `h ocd~iacmhmåh- It dgckmpkt pïzcdit `h

ocd~iacmhmåh täi p~hnhgfhì~kt cm`kzkm`kmpkt' o{cpht qk|kt dio koz~ktht z~ôz~cht- Mht |imht ~{~hct' täi

zkx{kmit he~cd{gpi~kt k i{p~ht zkttiht kmqigqc`ht ko hdpcqc`h`kt `k zkx{kmh z~i`{åäi' dioi mh

p~hmtai~ohåäi `k hgcokmpit k zkx{kmi dioã~dci- Ko è~kht {~nhmht' h ziz{ghåäi hgdhmåh`h ã' o{cpht qk|kt'

`cak~kmpk k cmdg{c mäi hzkmht qkm`kì~kt `k ~{h' dioi koz~kehìt `k gilht' ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit'

h~pktäit' kpd- Ko hge{mt dhtit' kvctpko `cak~kmåht ~kecimhct kmp~k it dgckmpkt- Mh Hoã~cdh Ghpcmh k mh Èa~cdh

`k Gktpk' i kmaix{k `h ocd~iacmhmåh p~h`cdcimhg ktpè ko z~cokc~i g{eh~' mit koz~ktè~cit &koz~kkm`kì~kt#

{~nhmit k z~ôvcoit `ht dc`h`kt' mh t{h ohci~ch diok~dchmpkt- Mi T{g `h Ètch' o{cpit z~ie~hoht

dimdkmp~ho/tk tin~k ht o{gfk~kt mht |imht ~{~hct' x{k diokåho h p~hnhgfh~ mh d~chåäi ìt tk{t z~ôz~cit

okcit `k t{ntctpìmdch-

Ko hmit ~kdkmpkt' pko kvctpcì o{cpi `knhpk tin~k i mïqkg `k zin~k|h ìt dgckmpkt `h ocd~iacmhmåh'

miokh`hokmpk tin~k ht ok`c`ht zh`~äi ~kghpcqht ê zin~k|h' dioi h gcmfh `k zin~k|h i{ tin~k x{ko qcqk

dio okmit `k {o h ìct `ôgh~kt zi~ `ch- Ktpk `knhpk pioi{ qè~cht ai~oht-

Ko z~cokc~i g{eh~' kvctpk h x{ktpäi oi~hg tin~k dioi dfkeh~ hit ohct zin~kt — mäi `kqk~ch h ocd~iacmhmåh

tk~ qctph dioi {oh hdpcqc`h`k qidhdcimh`h zh~h i hgïqci `h zin~k|h' d{li züngcdi hgqi tk~cho it ohct zin~kt9

O{cpit ìt hdpcqctpht k i~ehmc|håûkt mäi eiqk~mhokmphct &IME# mi T{g `h Ètch pìo ktph hni~`heko- H

tke{m`h `cokmtäi ã h x{ktpäi `ht zigïpcdht züngcdht- [oh qk| x{k it t{ntï`cit ìt ìhì~kt pì o { o zhzkg

cozi~phmpk mi acmhmdchokmpi `h ocd~iacmhmåh' mäi `kqk~cho ht h{pi~c`h`kt kvcec~ x{k it a{mìt züngcdit tk

`ktpcmhttko h x{ko ohct `kgkt mkdkttcph9 H ohci~ch ìt dgckmpkt `h ocd~iacmhmåh zh~kdk ktph~ kmp~k ht

zkttiht x{k qcqko hnhcvi `h gcmfh ì gcoch~ `h zin~k|h- It dgckmpkt ì ocd~id~ã`cpi mäi täi ht zkttiht x{k

pìo zi{dit ~kd{~tit i{ it he~kehìt ahocgch~kt' x{k dimtpcp{ko it 8: zi~ dkmpi ìt he~kehìt ohct

zin~kt' oht phonão mäi täi it x{k ktpäi ko okgfi~ tcp{håäi acmhmdkc~h- H ohci~ch ìt dgckmpkt kmdimp~h/

tk mh dhpkei~ch ìt ‗oi`k~h`hokmpk zin~kt‟ &it x{k tk ktpäi kmp~k it ;: zi~ dkmpi ìt he~kehìt

ahocgch~kt hnhcvi `h gcmfh `h zin~k|h#- Dimp{ì' hge{mt he~kehìt ahocgch~kt kvp~kohokmpk zin~kt' nko

dioi it q{gmk~èqkct' x{k mäi täi dimtc`k~hìt zin~kt &it x{k tk kmdimp~ho hzkmht {o zi{di hdcoh `h

gcmfh ì gcoch~ `h zin~k|h' di~~kmì i ~ctdi `k h zhtth~ko#- It kvp~kohokmpk zin~kt täi `kacmcìt dioi

tkmì it he~kehìt ahocgch~kt x{k tk kmdimp~ho kmp~k it 8: k it ;: zi~ dkmpi ìt he~kehìt hnhcvi `h

gcmfh ì gcoch~ `h zin~k|h k it q{gmk~èqkct' oht mäi zin~kt' täi it x{k ktpäi hdcoh `h gcmfh `h zin~k|h oht

ko ~ctdi `k tk pi~mh~ko zin~kt-

Ah|k~ dfkeh~ it tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it h {o ohci~ müok~i `k zkttiht zin~kt k x{k qcqko ko |imht ~koipht

ì zghmkph' ̀ i x{k ht x{k lè täi hdp{hgokmpk hn~hmec h̀t' ~kz~kt kmph {o ̀ k thaci zh~h h dio{mc`h`k ̀ h

ocd~iacmhmåh- Dfkeh~ hit o{cpi zin~kt mko tkoz~k ã aèdcg — k ã zh~pcd{gh~okmpk `caïdcg `k i ah|k~ `k oiì



88

t{tpkm pèqkg- H d imdkmp~håäi ìt hdp{hct dgckmpkt ko pi~mi `h gcmfh ì gcoch~ `h zin~k|h' t{ek~k x{k ã

mkdkttè~ci cmp~i`{|c~ cmiqhåûkt zh~h x{k it tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it ~ktzim`ho okgfi~ êt mkdkttc`h`kt `k {oh

gkx{k ohct qhtpi `k zipkmdchct dgckmpkt' x{k qäi ìt ohct zin~kt hit dimtc`k~hìt q{gmk~èqkct mäi zin~kt-

>-8-> Dioi ã x{k ht Zkttiht Zin~kt [pcgc|ho it Tk~qcåit Acmhmdkc~it

Ht zkttiht zin~kt z~kdctho `k {o diml{mpi `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it' o{cpit ìt x{hct dimtke{ko hp~hqãt

`k aimpkt cmai~ohct- Z~kdctho `k o{cpit pczit `k tk~qcåit zh~h dimtke{c~ko ~ktigqk~ {o qhtpi diml{mpi `k

z~ingkoht kdimôocdit ko `cak~kmpkt oiokmpit- H z{ngcdhåäi `h DEHZ dcph i gcq~i `k Tp{h~p ^{pfk~ai~`'

Pfk Zii~ hm` Pfkc~ Oimks ' x{k hzimph p~ìt z~cmdczhct dhpkei~cht `k hdimpkdcokmpit x{k kvceko {oh ohci~

x{hmpc̀ h`k `k `cmfkc~i ì x{k i `ctzimïqkg ko dhth i{ mi nigti< kqkmpit `k dcdgit `k qc`h' mkdkttc`h`kt `k

kok~eìmdch k izi~p{mc`h`kt `k cmqktpcokmpi-

Kqkmpit `k dcdgi `k qc`h cmdg{ko hx{kgkt x{k idi~~ko mi~ohgokmpk {oh qk| mh qc`h &mhtdcokmpi'

dhthokmpi' oi~pk# i{ hdc`kmpkt ~kdi~~kmpkt &okmthgc`h`kt `h ktdigh' aã~cht dioi i Mhphg' pkozit `k

digfkcpht# x{k piìt it he~kehìt kma~kmpho-

Kok~eìmdcht cmdg{ko d~ctkt zkttihct dioi h ìkmåh i{ `hmit' h oi~pk `k {o dfkak `k ahoïgch i{ h zk~`h

`k koz~kei k i ~i{ni- O{cpht kok~eìmdcht ktpäi diozgkphokmpk ai~h ì dimp~igk ì he~kehì ahocgch~'

dioi h e{k~~h' ht dfkcht' it aieit' it dcdgimkt k' mi dhti ìt fhncphmpkt `k nhc~~it dghm`ktpcmit' h `ktp~{cåäi

`ht t{ht dhtht zi~ zh~pk `ht h{pi~c`h`kt- Pi`ht ktpht kok~eìmdcht d~cho {oh mkdkttc`h`k tüncph `k

`cmfkc~i-

Izi~p{mc`h`kt `k cmqktpc~ ko mkeôdcit' pk~~ht i{ ktzôgci ì he~kehì ahocgch~ phonão t{~eko

idhtcimhgokmpk- It cmqktpcokmpit ko mkeôdcit täi hzkmht {o ìt o{cpit cmqktpcokmpit `ht zkttiht

zin~kt- Phonão x{k~ko cmqktpc~ ko h~pceit `ctzkm`citit x{k pi~mho h t{h qc`h ohct dimai~pèqkg —

okgfi~kt pkgfhìt' okgfi~ oinïgch' {o qkmpcghì~' {oh pkgkqctäi- Dgh~i x{k ktpkt cmqktpcokmpit kmqigqko

`cmfkc~i-

It dgckmpkt zin~kt z~kdctho ohct ì x{k d~ã`cpi- Filk' i d~ã`cpi `h ocd~iacmhmåh &i d~ã`cpi mkdkttè~ci zh~h

`h~ ~ktzitph hit d{tpit di~~kmpkt `k {o zkx{kmi mkeôdci# ã i z~cmdczhg z~i`{pi iak~kdcì zkght COA ohct

ktzkdchgc|h`ht- Zh~h dimtke{c~ko `h~ ~ktzitph êt t{ht qè~cht mkdkttc`h`kt' it dgckmpkt h`hzpho i ocd~i/

d~ã`cpi h o{cpht {pcgc|håûkt- Mh ohci~ch `ht qk|kt ktph h`hzphåäi ktpè gimek `k tk~ zk~akcph- Httco' zh~h

~ktzim`k~ êt mkdkttc`h`kt acmhmdkc~ht kvcec`ht zkgit kqkmpit ìt dcdgit `k qc`h' kok~eìmdcht k

izi~p{mc`h`kt' ã mkdkttè~ci ohct ì x{k i ocd~i/d~ã`cpi- Ht zkttiht zin~kt z~kdctho `k {o diml{mpi `k

izåûkt' ì d~ã`cpi &zh~h hgão ì acmhmdchokmpi êt koz~ktht#' êt zi{zhmåht' h tk~qcåit `k p~hmtak~ìmdcht

oimkpè~cht k h tke{~it tin qè~cht ai~oht-

>-> Ai~mkdkì~kt `k Tk~qcåit Acmhmdkc~it< I Mïqkg Ocd~i

M{o tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i cmdg{tcqi' täi mkdkttè~cit qè~cit ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it zh~h c~ko hi

kmdimp~i `ht `cak~kmpkt mkdkttc`h`kt ìt dgckmpkt zin~kt- Mkmf{o pczi `k ai~mkdkì~ `k tk~qcåit

acmhmdkc~it dimtke{k ah|ì/gi cm`cqc`{hgokmpk2 ã mkdkttè~ci {o diml{mpi `k ai~mkdkì~kt- Cmakgc|okmpk' h

h{tìmdch `k cmtpcp{cåûkt ~kphgfctpht ai~pkt k diozkpkmpkt dimpcm{h h ~kz~ktkmph~ i ohci~ kmp~hqk zh~h hgh~eh~

it tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it h {o ohci~ müok~i `k zkttiht zin~kt-



8>

It zipkmdchct ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit ktpäi kmp~k it cmai~ohct k it ai~ohct- I tk{ e~h{ `k ai~ohgc`h`k

`kzkm`k `h tiactpcdhåäi `h t{h ktp~{p{~h i~ehmc|hdcimhg k `h t{h eiqk~mhmåh' nko dioi ì e~h{ `k

t{zk~qctäi zi~ zh~pk ìt eiqk~mit- Zi~ kvkozgi' it ai~mkdkì~kt o{cpi cmai~ohct pìo i~ehmc|håûkt ohct

tcozgkt &tk ã x{k ht pìo# k mäi täi t{zk~qctcimhìt zi~ {oh kmpc`h`k ì eiqk~mi k ht cmtpcp{cåûkt ai~ohct

täi h coheko ktzkgfh`h- Mi aco ì mïqkg cmai~ohg ì tzkdp~{o' kvctpko hecipht' dg{nkt dio{mcpè~cit `kzi{zhmåht' digkdpi~kt `k `kzôtcpit' diok~dchmpkt kmp~k i{p~it- It nhmdit z~cqhìt k züngcdit täi it ohct

ai~ohct- I mïqkg cmpk~oã`ci ã fhncphì zkght cmtpcp{cåûkt o{p{hgctpht' i~ehmc|håûkt mäi eiqk~mhokmphct

&IME# k cmtpcp{cåûkt mäi/nhmdè~cht- @k miph~ x{k mko pi`ht ht cmtpcp{cåûkt hgcmfho zk~akcphokmpk hi gimei

ì dimpcm{{o- Hge{oht diizk~hpcqht ohci~kt ko Èa~cdh k mi{p~it gidhct a{mdcimho dioi cmtpcp{cåûkt

acmhmdkc~ht ~ke{ghokmph`ht' IME ecehmpkt mi Nhmegh`ktf tk~qko ocgfûkt `k dgckmpkt k täi ~kghpcqhokmpk

ai~ohct k hge{mt nhmdit he~ïdight ko zhïtkt dioi i Ehmh i{ ht Acgczcmht täi zkx{kmit k `k hge{oh ohmkc~h

cmai~ohct' hzkth~ `k zi`k~ko tk~ ~ke{ghokmphìt mh pki~ch &tk mäi mh z~èpcdh#

Mit ügpcoit >; hmit' h ocd~iacmhmåh kmqigqk{ {o kmi~ok oiqcokmpi' `k ai~mkdkì~kt cmai~ohct h ai~ohct-

COA ktzkdchgc|h`ht dimtke{c~ho oitp~h~ x{k it zin~kt zi`ko ah|k~ zh~pk ì tctpkoh nhmdè~ci- Filk' ht

cmtpcp{cåûkt ai~ohct ktpäi h hnti~qk~ ~hzc`hokmpk ht gcåûkt tin~k dioi ah|k~ko zkx{kmht p~hmthdåûkt

nhmdè~cht- O{cpit ìt miqit hekmpkt `h ocd~iacmhmåh' dioi it nhmdit diok~dchct' pìo e~hm`kt ~k`kt `k

acgchct' `ctp~cn{cåäi `k tk~qcåit hp~hqãt `k oèx{cmht `k o{gpcnhmdi k h dhzhdc`h`k `k ah|k~ko cmqktpcokmpit

tcemcacdhpcqit ko pkdmigiecht x{k zi`k~cho hz~ivcoh~ it tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it ìt dgckmpkt zin~kt- Dh`h qk|

ohct' ktpäi h t{~ec~ gcehåûkt kmp~k it `cak~kmpkt pczit `k ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit' iak~kdkmì {o diml{mpi

dimtc`k~èqkg `k izi~p{mc`h`kt zh~h hgh~eh~ i hdktti hit tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it-

>->-8 H Zhctheko ìt Ai~mkdkì~kt `k Tk~qcåit Acmhmdkc~it4

Mi tk{ ktp{ì tin~k i ai~mkdcokmpi `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it ai~ohct êt zkttiht zin~kt' h DEHZ c`kmpcacdi{

it tke{cmpkt pczit `k cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht x{k p~hnhgfhqho dio dgckmpkt `k nhcvit ~km`cokmpit< Ktpht

cmtpcp{cåûkt — ktphphct' `k `ktkmqigqcokmpi k he~ïdight' k dhcvht kdimôocdht zitphct2 o{p{hgc`h`kt2 i{p~it

nhmdit `k zi{zhmåh2 nhmdit dio{mcpè~cit `k nhcvi dhzcphg k)i{ nhmdit he~ïdight2 k ktzkdchgc|h`ht ko COA `k

piìt it pczit — zh~pcgfho h dh~hdpk~ïtpcdh dio{o ̀ h ì{ngk nippio gcmk-

COA ktzkdchgc|h`ht — cmdg{cmì IME' cmtpcp{pcåûkt mäi/nhmdè~cht' nhmdit diok~dchct ktzkdchgc|hìt ko

ocd~iacmhmåh k z~ie~hoht `k ocd~iacmhmåh `k nhmdit diok~dchct — täi ~ktzimtèqkct zi~ dk~dh `k 86 zi~

dkmpi ìt 5;: ocgfûkt `k dimpht `k zi{zhmåh k koz~ãtpcoi- Ht diizk~hpcqht acmhmdkc~ht täi ~ktzimtèqkct

zi~ ; zi~ dkmpi- Cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht ktphphct' cmdg{cmì dhcvht kdimôocdht zitphct `k zi{zhmåh' ìocmho

i dkmè~ci' dio dk~dh `k p~ìt x{h~pit `ht dimpht- Intk~qhmì hzkmht i d~ã`cpi' ht COA täi ~ktzimtèqkct zi~

44 zi~ dkmpi ìt koz~ãtpcoit &;5 zi~ dkmpi tk kvdg{c~oit h Dfcmh k h Ïm`ch#-

It ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit phonão qh~cho dimtihmpk h ~kecäi i{ i zhït- Zi~ kvkozgi' it nhmdit k ht

cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht mäi/nhmdè~cht pìo ohci~ hgdhmdk mh Hoã~cdh Ghpcmh ì x{k ko i{p~ht ~kecûkt2 ht

diizk~hpcqht `k d~ã`cpi k `k zi{zhmåh ìocmho h Èa~cdh Idc`kmphg k Dkmp~hg2 k it nhmdit dio{mcpè~cit &ko

zh~pcd{gh~ it nhmdit he~ïdight# täi ìocmhmpkt ko hge{mt zhïtkt dioi i Ehmh' h Cmìmãtch k ht Acgczcmht-

4 Ktph tkdåäi aic ~kpc~h`h ì dhzïp{gi `h h{pi~ch `k Df~ctpkm' îtkmnk~e k Lhsh`kqh' ‗Acmhmdchg Cmtpcp{pcimt ucpf h

‖@i{ngk Nippio Gcmk–< Cozgcdhpcimt ai~ pfk A{p{~k ia Ocd~iacmhmdk-‟ H cmai~ohåäi aic ~kdigfc`h mh z{ngcdhåäi ì DEHZ‗Hddktt ai~ Hgg- N{cg`cme Cmdg{tcqk Acmhmdchg Tstpkot‟' lè dcph`h-



84

Tke{mì h cmqktpcehåäi `h DEHZ' i pczi `k cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht &dioi ht IME' it nhmdit he~ïdight i{ ht

diizk~hpcqht acmhmdkc~ht# ã okmit cozi~phmpk zh~h dfkeh~ hit dgckmpkt ohct zin~kt k `ctphmpkt ì x{k

i{p~it ahdpi~kt' dioi h gidhgc|håäi ekie~èacdh `ht acgchct k h t{h octtäi cmtpcp{dcimhg-

Mkmf{o ai~mkdkì~ `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it dimtke{k ~ktzim`k~ cm`cqc`{hgokmpk h pi`ht ht mkdkttc`h`kt

`k piìt hx{kgkt x{k tk kmdimp~ho kvdg{ïìt ì tctpkoh `k acmhmdchokmpi p~h`cdcimhg- I x{h`~i > oitp~h

x{k dh`h pczi `k ai~mkdkì~ `k tk~qcåit pko zimpit ai~pkt k a~hdit x{hmì zkmthoit ko dimtp~{c~ {o

tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i cmdg{tcqi-

It tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it hi mïqkg ì ~kphgfi täi it ngidit tin~k it x{hct zi`k~è tk~ dimtp~{ïì i ~ktpi ì

tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i- P~hnhgfhmì cm`cqc`{hgokmpk k ko zh~dk~ch' ã zittïqkg x{k d impcm{ko h cmiqh~ hi oktoi

pkozi x{k iak~kdko êt zkttiht zin~kt tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it x{k täi dh`h qk| ohct kdimôocdit' z~èpcdit k

tke{~it-

X{h`~i 8 Z~ôt k Dimp~ht ̀ it @cak~kmpkt Ai~mkdkì~kt ̀ k Tk~qcåit Acmhmdkc~it

Ai~mkdkì~ `k Tk~qcåit Kvkozgit Zimpit Ai~pkt Zimpit A~hdit

Cmai~ohg Koz~ktphì~kt

ÎTDHt

HTDHt

Z~èpcdi k ~èzcì

Z~ôvcoi ìt dgckmpkt

Izk~håûkt `k nhcvi d{tpi

&ÎTDHt k HTDHt#

Hdkttïqkg hit zin~kt k êt

zkttiht ohct `ctphmpkt

Hge{mt täi cmtke{~it k cmtpèqkct

Hgdhmdk gcocphì `ht izk~håûkt

^ïecìt &dg{nkt#

Dh~it &koz~ktphì~kt#

Okonk~/iumk` TFEt

ATHt

DQKDHtDiizk~hpcqht

Acmhmdkc~ht

Gidhct

Izk~håûkt `k nhcvi d{tpi

Hdkttïqkg hit zin~kt k êt

zkttiht ohct `ctphmpkt

It g{d~it täi {pcgc|hìt

zh~h i nkmkaïdci ìt

z~ôz~cit okon~it

@kthacit `h eiqk~mhmåh &~ctdi `k

dhzp{~h zkght ~k`kt `k

koz~ktphì~kt' ìocmhåäi zkgitektpi~kt#

Ko o{cpit zhïtkt' ahgph `k

t{zk~qctäi acmhmdkc~h kakdpcqh

Izk~håûkt gcocph`ht hit okon~it

Iak~ph gcocph`h `k z~i`{pit

IME ^k`kt `k Acgchåûkt

Cmpk~mhpcimhct

IME mhdcimhct

Dimfkdcokmpi ìt

dgckmpkt zin~kt

@c~kddcimhìt zh~h ht

octtûkt tidchct

Ohct `ctzimïqkct k

dhzh|kt zh~h pioh~ko

~ctdit k zh~h p~hnhgfh~ko

mh a~impkc~h

O{cpi `kzkm`kmpk ìt ìhì~kt

Hgdhmdk gcocphì ìt tk~qcåit<

gcocphì i{ zi{zhmåht mäi/

qig{mpè~cht

Zkx{kmh ktdhgh &ê kvdkzåäi ì T{g

`h Ètch# Izk~håûkt `k kgkqhì d{tpi ko

o{cpit dhtit &dio cozi~phmpkt

kvdkzåûkt#

Cmtpcp{cåûkt Acmhmdkc~ht

Ai~ohct

Qhtpi diml{mpi `k

tk~qcåit

E~hm`k cma~h/ktp~{p{~h `k

cma~hktp~{p{~ht `k acgchct k

zimpit `k qkm`h

Dhzcphg z~ôz~ci

^kd{~tit zh~h cmqktpc~ko

ko pkdmigiech k cmiqhåäi

H oipcqhåäi ì g{d~i zi`k `cg{c~ h

octtäi tidchg

@cacd{g`h`k ko dfkeh~ h dgckmpkt

o{cpi zin~kt k ~koipit

O{cpht qk|kt it z~i`{pit mäi qäi hi

kmdimp~i `ht mkdkttc`h`kt ìt

zin~kt



80

Miph< ÎTDHt ? Zi{zhmåht ~iphpcqht k httidchåûkt `k d~ã`cpi&~iphpcme thqcmet hm` d~k`cp httidchpcimt#2 HTDHt ? Httidchåûkt

`k hd{o{ghåäi `k zi{zhmåht k httidchåûkt `k d~ã`cpi &hdd{o{ghpcme thqcmet hm` d~k`cp httidchpcimt#2

DQKDHt ? Dhcvht `k Zi{zhmåht k `k D~ã`cpi H{pi/ek~c`ht2 ATHt ? Httidchåûkt `k Tk~qcåit Acmhmdkc~it2 TFEt ? e~{zit `k

h{pi/hl{`h2 IME ? i~ehmc|håûkt mäi/eiqk~mhokmphct2 MNACt ? cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht mäi/nhmdè~cht

Aimpk< DEHZ &>::1#' Hddktt ai~ Hgg-

>-4 Cma~h/ktp~{p{~h Acmhmdkc~h< Niht Z~èpcdht hi Mïqkg Okti

It tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it cmdg{tcqit cmdg{ko ohct ì x{k hzkmht it dgckmpkt k it x{k it tk~qko

`c~kdphokmpk- Ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht mäi dimtke{ko izk~h~ m{o qhd{{o- Httkmpho m{oh cma~h/

ktp~{p{~h acmhmdkc~h nko igkh`h' i{ ‗h~x{cpkdp{~h‟' k m{oh ~k`k `k i{p~it ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit- Ktpk ã

dfhohì i mïqkg okti k ã' phgqk|' h diozimkmpk okmit kmpkm`c`h ì tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i mi tkci `h

dio{mc`h`k `h ocd~iacmhmåh- Qhc `kt`k it tctpkoht `k cma~h/ktp~{p{~ht acmhmdkc~ht hit tctpkoht x{k

z~ioiqko h p~hmtzh~ìmdch tin~k i `ktkozkmfi `ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht' ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit

pãdmcdit x{k iak~kdko tk~qcåit `k ai~ohåäi k dimt{gpi~ch k httidchåûkt `k z~iacttcimhct k ~k`kt- Zh~h i

a{mdcimhokmpi ì tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i dioi {o piì k ko zh~pcd{gh~ zh~h i hgh~ehokmpi ì hdktti hit

tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it êt zkttiht zin~kt ã `kdctcqh h kvctpìmdch `k {o mïqkg ok ti ka kdpcqi-

H cma~h/ktp~{p{~h acmhmdkc~h `c| ~ktzkcpi hit zhehokmpit k tctpkoht `k qk~cacdhåäi k oimcpi~c|håäi

x{k zk~ocpko hit a{mìt ag{ï~ko kmp~k ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht k x{k ahdcgcpho z~idkttit `k

p~hmthdåäi ~èzcìt' z~kdctit k tke{~it- Ht cmtpcp{cåûkt x{k p~hnhgfho dio dgckmpkt zin~kt

z~kdctho `k dfkeh~ h ktpkt tctpkoht zh~h x{k it tk{t dgckmpkt zittho oiqcokmph~ i tk{ `cmfkc~i

mi zhït k)i{ ai~h ì zhït-

It tctpkoht `k cmai~ohåäi zh~h h p~hmtzh~ìmdch tk~qko qè~cit z~izôtcpit- H cmai~ohåäi `kphgfh`h

tin~k i tk{ `ktkozkmfi zk~ocpk hit ektpi~kt pioh~ko `kdctûkt tin~k dioi okgfi~h~ko ht

t{ht izk~håûkt- Ktph cmai~ohåäi phonão hl{`h it cmqktpcì~kt h zkth~ko it ~ctdit k it ~kpi~mit

mht t{ht `kdctûkt `k acmhmdchokmpi- Zi~ ac o' h cmai~ohåäi tin~k it dgckmpkt ~k `{| i ~ctdi k nhcvh it

d{tpit-

It tk~qcåit pãdmcdit `k hzici' x{hmì `ctzimïqkct hp~hqãt `k dimt{gpi~kt cmpk~mhdcimhct i{ gidhct k

dkmp~it `k ai~ohåäi' iak~kdko dimt{gpi~ch' ai~ohåäi k tctpkoht `k hzici x{k diozgkokmpho k

okgfi~ho it dimfkdcokmpit `ht cmtpcp{cåûkt `k acmhmdchokmpi tin~k z~ingkoht pãdmcdit

ktzkdïacdit k dimtp~ôcko dimfkdcokmpi hi mïqkg ì zhït' ~kecäi i{ egini- Ktpkt ai~mkdkì~kt `k

tk~qcåit phonão `äi d~k`cncgc`h`k hit tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it `c~kddcimhìt zh~h ht zkttiht zin~kt

hi h{okmph~ko i z~iacttcimhgctoi mi dhozi `k cmpk~qkmåäi-

Httidchåûkt `k mkeôdcit k ~k`kt zk~ocpko êt cmtpcp{cåûkt `kakm`k~ko digkdpcqhokmpk o{`hmåht

zigïpcdht k zh~pcgfh~ d{tpit ̀ h ktp~{p{~h acmhmdkc~h k ìt tk~qcåit-

>-4-8 Tctpkoht ̀ k Zhehokmpi

Tctpkoht `k zhehokmpi tke{~it' kacdckmpkt k `k dimachmåh täi `kdctcqit zh~h {o a{mdcimhokmpi kakdpcqi ì

tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i- It tctpkoht `k zhehokmpit zk~ocpko h p~hmtak~ìmdch `k `cmfkc~i kmp~k ht cmtpcp{cåûkt



8;

acmhmdkc~ht x{k zh~pcdczho mktpk z~idktti' mi~ohgokmpk it nhmdit- It cmtp~{okmpit `k zhehokmpi

cmdg{ko `cmfkc~i' dfkx{kt' p~hqkgk~ dfkdbt' qhgkt zitphct' dh~pûkt `k `ãncpi k `k d~ã`cpi' p~hmtak~ìmdcht im/

gcmk k dhcvht `k o{gpcnhmdi — ko ~kt{oi' h ohci~ch ì pczi `k cmtp~{okmpit x{k x{ko qcqk mit zhïtkt

cm`{tp~chgc|hìt pko dioi eh~hmpcìt-

Ko o{cpit zhïtkt' i tctpkoh `k zhehokmpit zk~pkmdk hit nhmdit `k pizi' ~ktp~cmecmì i hdktti h nhmdit

ohct zkx{kmit k i{p~it hdpi~kt- @k ahdpi' ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht x{k ktpäi z~ôvcoht ìt zin~kt &dioi

it nhmdit dio{mcpè~cit k he~ïdight' diizk~hpcqht `k d~ã`cpi k `k zi{zhmåh# k i~ehmc|håûkt mäi

eiqk~mhokmphct &IME#' mko tkoz~k pìo hdktti hit tctpkoht `k zhehokmpi ìt tk{t zhïtkt- Oht ht

ahoïgcht zin~kt täi' o{cpht qk|kt' oôqkct- [o z~iaktti~ x{k ~kdknk i tk{ dfkx{k m{oh |imh ~{~hg zi`k

x{k~k~ gkqhmph~ ht t{ht zi{zhmåht x{hmì qchlh zh~h h dhzcphg- [o ocd~i koz~ktè~ci zi`k z~kak~c~ ah|k~ i

zhehokmpi `k {o koz~ãtpcoi m{oh gidhgc`h`k `cak~kmpk `h `k im`k ak| i~cecmhgokmpk i koz~ãtpcoi- Ht

cmtpcp{cåûkt x{k hzkmht zi`ko iak~ kdk~ p~hmthdåûkt m{o gidhg acvi ktpäi ko `ktqhmpheko-

Zi~x{k ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht x{k tk~qko it zin~kt pìo o{cpht qk|kt ahgph `k hdktti h tctpkoht `k

zhehokmpi `c~kdpit' z~kdctho `k izk~h~ hp~hqãt `k nhmdit züngcdit k z~cqhìt- Dh`h qk| ohct ht COA ktpäi h

kmdimp~h~ miqht ai~oht `k hgchmåht zh~h gkqh~ko it tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it ohct zk~pi ìt he~kehìt ahocgch~kt

zin~kt-

>-4-> P~hmtzh~ìmdch k Cma~h/ktp~{p{~h `k Cmai~ohåäi

X{hmì ahghoit `k p~hmtzh~ìmdch acmhmdkc~h' ahghoit `h z~i`{åäi' pktpk' `cttkocmhåäi k {pcgc|håäi `h

cmai~ohåäi ~kghdcimh`h dio h zk~ai~ohmdk acmhmdkc~h `ht COA- Diokåhmì zkgh ~kdigfh k p~hmtocttäi `k

cmai~ohåäi zi~ zh~pk `ht COA' h tkx{ìmdch ktpkm`k/tk ê qk~cacdhåäi `h cmai~ohåäi' ê t{h hmègctk' diozh~håäi

k hqhgchåäi `h zk~ai~ohmdk `ktd~cph zi~ hx{kgh cmai~ohåäi k acmhgokmpk ê t{zk~qctäi `h COA zh~h httke{~h~

x{k ktpè `k hdi~ì dio it zh`~ûkt hzgcdèqkct- It z~cokc~it zhttit< ektpäi ìt tctpkoht `k cmai~ohåäi &ETC#

k dimp~igk cmpk~mi täi `h ~ktzimthncgc`h`k `h z~ôz~ch COA2 it ~ktphmpkt ktpäi h dh~ei `k kmpc`h`kt kvpk~mht-

It h{`cpi~kt kvpk~mit hzkmht qk~cacdho h cmai~ohåäi hz~ktkmph`h zkgit ~kghpô~cit acmhmdkc~it z~i`{|cìt

zkght COA- It tk~qcåit `k hqhgchåäi hmhgctho k hqhgcho i{ ok`ko hx{kgk `ktkozkmfi {pcgc|hmì' zi~ qk|kt'

ht nhtkt `k `hìt `h cm`ütp~ch zh~h diozh~h~ ht COA dio cmtpcp{cåûkt tkokgfhmpkt- It t{zk~qcti~kt täi ht

h{pi~c`h`kt' mi~ohgokmpk eiqk~mhokmphct' ~ktzimtèqkct zkgi httke{~h~ `k {o `ktk ozkmfi hdkcpèqkg-

Tctpkoht `k cmai~ohåäi &zi~ qk|kt ~kak~cìt dioi tctpkoht `k ektpäi `k cmai~ohåäi i{ TEC#

hl{`ho ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht h ~k{mc~ko k h p~hmtocpc~ko' `k pkozit h pkozit' cmai~ohåäiz~kdcth k üpcg- I TEC ktpè mh nhtk ì tzkdp~{o `h p~hmtzh~ìmdch k h x{hgc`h`k `k cmai~ohåäi' mktph

ahtk &mïqkg#' hakdph piìt it i{p~it mïqkct-

Dimp~igk cmpk~mi k h{`cpi~cht kvpk~mht hl{`ho h qk~cacdh~ h x{hgc`h`k' cmpke~c`h`k k z~kdctäi `h

cmai~ohåäi p~hmtocpc`h zkght cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht-

Ok`cåäi `h Zk~ai~ohmdk zittcncgcph hit ektpi~kt k hit hdpi~kt kvpk~mit' dioi it t{zk~qcti~kt

ìt nhmdit' cmqktpcì~kt i{ dgckmpkt' oimcpi~c|h~ h zk~ai~ohmdk `ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht hp~hqãt

ì pkozi-

Nkmdfoh~bcme diozh~h it ~kt{gphìt `h zk~ai~ohmdk dio it `k cmtpcp{cåûkt tkokgfhmpkt' zi~

kvkozgi' diozh~hmì h zk~ai~ohmdk kmp~k ht cmtpcp{cåûkt ko `cak~kmpkt ~kecûkt i{ ko



81

`cak~kmpkt mïqkct `k `ktkmqigqcokmpi' `k ohmkc~h h x{k it ektpi~kt k i{p~it zittho thnk~ x{hg i

mïqkg `k {oh cmtpcp{cåäi ko ~kghåäi hit tk {t zh~kt-

Tphm`h~`t `k `ktkozkmfi täi mi~oht hntig{pht h x{k ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht z~id{~ho

dfkeh~- Ktpkt tphm`h~`t zi`ko kqig{c~ ì nkmdfoh~bcme' oht täi `cak~kmpkt ì nkmdfoh~bcme

zi~x{k tk ~kak~ko h {o hgqi hntig{pi-

^hpcmet ~kz~ktkmph h dghttcacdhåäi `k {oh cmtpcp{cåäi `k hdi~ì dio i ~ctdi- Ktph dghttcacdhåäi

nhtkch/tk m{oh okpiìgiech ktphm`h~pc|h`h' cmdg{cmì {oh hmègctk x{hmpcphpcqh k x{hgcphpcqh- Ktpht

dghttcacdhåûkt täi mi~ohgokmpk {pcgc|h`ht zi~ cmqktpcì~kt ~kghpcqhokmpk zi{di cmai~ohìt ko

`kdctûkt tin~k tk a cmhmdch~ko i{ mäi {oh cmtpcp{cåäi acmhmdkc~h-

It di~zit t{zk~qcti~kt k it cmqktpcì~kt {pcgc|ho pi`h h cmai~ohåäi cmdg{c`h mi tzkdp~{o' zh~h

`kpk~ocmh~ i e~h{ `k ~ctdi x{k {oh cmtpcp{cåäi acmhmdkc~h hz~ktkmph hit hai~~hì~kt k hi tctpkoh

acmhmdkc~i dioi {o piì-

Ai~mkdkì~kt ~kghdcimhìt hit tk~qcåit `k p~hmtzh~ìmdch- H p~hmtzh~ìmdch k it tk{t nkmkaïdcit

`kzkm`ko `h `ctzimcncgc`h`k `k {o diml{mpi `k tk~qcåit k ak~~hokmpht ~kghdcimh`ht' x{k qäi ì

tiapuh~k `k cm ai~ohåäi ̀ k dimachmåh hit h{`cpi~kt `k e~hm`k x{hgc`h`k k êt heìmdcht ̀ k ~hpcme' hit

ehncmkpkt `k d~ã`cpi' x{k ~kdigfko i fctpô~cdi ì d~ã`cpi ìt dgckmpkt- Cmakgc|okmpk' ktpkt tk~qcåit

mäi ktpäi {mcai~okokmpk `ctzimïqkct zh~h o{cpht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht mit zhïtkt ko

`ktkmqigqcokmpi-

Okpiìgiecht ̀ k Hqhgchåäi ̀ h P~hmtzh~ìmdch Acmhmdkc~h k `h Ocd~iacmhmåh0

H p~hmtzh~ìmdch ã a{m`hokmphg zh~h dimtp~{c~ tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it cmpke~hìt x{k hpcmlho {oh ktdhgh

tcemcacdhpcqh- Zi`k o kgfi~h~ i `ktkozkmfi `ht cmtpcp{cåûkt a cmhmdkc~ht- H cmai~ohåäi dk~ph hl{`h it ektpi~kt

h c`kmpcacdh~ ht è~kht x{k `kqk o tk~ o kgfi~h h̀t k h pioh~ko `kdctûkt zh~h okgfi~h~ko ht t {ht cmtpcp{cåûkt-

H cmai~ohåäi `ctzimcncgc|h`h e~hp{cphokmpk phonão hl{`h it ektpi~kt h diozh~h~ko/tk dio it tk{t zh~kt'

`hmì/gfkt ai~pkt cmdkm pcqit zh~h kmdi~hlh~ i tk{ `k tkozkmfi-

H p~hmtzh~ìmdch phonão hp~hc it acmhmdchì~kt- Cmai~ohåäi z~kdcth k zh`~imc|h`h zk~ocpk hit cmqktpcì~kt

z~cqhìt k hit ìhì~kt züngcdit pioh~ko `kdctûkt cmai~oh`ht tin~k it a{mìt- Zi~ t{h qk|' h ohci~

zh~pcdczhåäi `k cmqktpcì~kt `è it ~kd{~tit zh~h acmhmdch~ {o d~ktdcokmpi ohct ~èzcì ìt tk~qcåit

acmhmdkc~it zh~h ht dhoh`ht ziz{ghdcimhct ohct zin~kt-

Mktpk tkmpcì' h hqhgchåäi ì `ktkozkmfi `ht cmtpcp{cåûkt x{k p~hnhgfho ko ocd~iacmhmåh' hmpkt `h pioh`h

`k `kdctäi `k {o cmqktpcokmpi' ã dimtc`k~h`h {oh nih z~èpcdh' phmpi mi dhti ìt ìhì~kt züngcdit dioi

mi dhti ̀ it cmqktpcì~kt z~cqhìt-

Ht hqhgchåûkt täi hqhgchåûkt figïtpcdht ì `ktkozkmfi acmhmdkc~i k eginhg `ht COA- Ht ~k`kt `k ocd~iacmhmåh

iak~kdko ht hqhgchåûkt dioi {oh ak~~hokmph `k ektpäi zh~h it tk{t acgchìt- @h oktoh ohmkc~h' it

ìhì~kt k it cmqktpcì~kt {pcgc|ho ktpht hqhgchåûkt zh~h pioh~ko ht t{ht `kdctûkt tin~k tk acmhmdch~ko

{oh COA- Zi~ qk|kt' ht hqhgchåûkt cmdg{ko nkmdfoh~bcme — diozh~håûkt ì `ktkozkmfi `ht cmtpcp{cåûkt

0 Ktph tkdåäi cmtzc~h/tk mh miph ì ~kghpô~ci ì DEHZ tin~k ‗Aid{t im Acmhmdchg P~hmtzh~kmds‟- @ctzimïqkg ko<

fppz<))uuu-dehz-i~e)ìdt)Aid{tMipkY>>-fpog



85

dio ht t{ht zh~kt' `kacmc`ht zkgh t{h `cokmtäi' c`h`k' okpiìgiech' dgckmpkgh i{ ~kecäi `k cmpk~qkmåäi k

zi`ko kocpc~ {oh dghttcacdhåäi x{hmpcphpcqh-

It tk~qcåit `k ~hpcme x{k din~ko i d~ã`cpit züngcdit `k ~ctdi' dioi h Tphm`h~` hm` Zii~%t i{ h Oii`s%t

Cmqktpi~ Tk~qcdkt' hqhgcho k z{ngcdho h z~inhncgc`h`k `h x{hmpc`h`k `k pkozi mkdkttè~ch zh~h h hoi~pc|håäi —

i{ tklh' h dhzhdc`h`k k h qimph`k `k {o koz~ktphì~ zheh~ i tk{ koz~ãtpcoi- Ht t{ht okpiìgiecht pìo

ko dimph i ~ctdi `k d~ã`cpi' kqc`kmdchmì h h`kx{hncgc`h`k ì dhzcphg' h ktp~{p{~h ì zhttcqi' h gcx{c`k|' h

x{hgc`h`k `h dh~pkc~h `k pïp{git k i{p~it ahdpi~kt kvpk~mit x{k hakdpho h dhzhdc`h`k `k km`cqc`hokmpi- Ktpht

heìmdcht `k ~hpcme dimdk`ko ~hpcmet `k ~ctdi ko pk~oit `k d~ã`cpi mäi hit x{k zk`ko koz~ãtpcoit oht

tco h cmtp~{okmpit `k `ïqc`h züngcdh i{ z~cqh`h k `kacmko ~hpcmet `cak~kmpkt dimtihmpk tk p~hpk `k `ïqc`h h

d{~pi i{ h gimei z~h|i-

Ht heìmdcht `k ~hpcme `h ocd~iacmhmåh mäi a{mdcimho mkdktth~chokmpk `ktpk oiì- Zi`ko `kpk~ocmh~

{oh ktdhgh `k hqhgchåäi i{ `k e~h`håäi zh~h cm`cdh~ko h x{hgc`h`k acmhmdkc~h i{ ek~hg `k {oh cmtpcp{cåäi-

Dimp{ì' it hqhgchì~kt `h ocd~iacmhmåh mäi `äi hqhgchåûkt ì ~ctdi `k d~ã`cpi x{k qäi zh~h hgão `k {oh

hqhgchåäi ek~hg tin~k h dhzhdc`h`k `k hoi~pc|håäi `k {oh COA k mko tkoz~k pi~mho züngcdht ht t{ht

hqhgchåûkt' dio i{ tk o dimtkmpcokmpi `ht COA' zh~h tk~k o {pcgc|hìt zkgit cmqktpcì~kt-

I zhmi~hoh ì ~hpcme k `h hqhgchåäi `h ocd~iacmhmåh ktpè h o{`h~ o{cpi ~hzc`hokmpk- [o diml{mpi `k

heìmdcht `k hqhgchåäi `k COA ktpäi h ai~oh~ hgchmåht dio heìmdcht diok~dchct `k ~hpcme dio i inlkdpcqi `k

iak~kdk~ko z~i`{pit `k hqhgchåäi ì ~ctdi `k d~ã`cpi- H ZghMkp Acmhmdk ktpè hdp{hgokmpk h d~ch~ {o z~i`{pi

`k hqhgchåäi ì ~ctdi `k d~ã`cpi zh~h ht COA dio h hl{`h `h Acpdf' {oh heìmdch `k ~hpcme cmpk~mhdcimhg- H

Ocd~i^hpk ktpè d~ch~ {oh licmp qkmp{~k dio h E^D' {oh heìmdch `k ~hpcme t{g/ ha~cdhmh' x{k zi`k~è pk~ dioi

~kt{gphì {o miqi z~i`{pi mktph è~kh-

Ht heìmdcht `k ~hpcme diok~dchct p~h`cdcimhct phonão tk ktpäi h ghmåh~ mktpk ok~dhì- H Zhdcacd D~k`cp

^hpcme' mi Zhmhoè' `ktkmqigqk{ {oh ktdhgh `k ~hpcme zh~h ht OAC- H Hzisi Httidchìt `ctzimcncgc|h {oh

dghttcacdhåäi ì ~ctdi `k d~ã`cpi `ht COA x{k hdp{ho mi Zk~{- H D^CTCG' h z~cokc~h heìmdch `k ~hpcme mh Ïm`ch' lè

dghttcacdi{ qè~cht COA-

Diozh~håäi `ht Okpiìgiecht `k Hq hgchåäi `h Ocd~iacmhmåh

Hge{oht `ht ohct dimfkdc`ht okpiìgiecht `k hqhgchåäi `h ocd~iacmhmåh ai~ho `ktkmqigqc`ht zi~

cmtpcp{cåûkt z~cqh`ht zh~h hqhgch~ko x{hgx{k~ pczi `k COA ko miok `k {o x{hgx{k~ pczi `k dgckmpk- I{p~ht

okpiìgiecht ai~ho `ktkmqigqc`ht dio z~izôtcpit cmpk~mit' zh~h tk~ko {pcgc|h`ht mh z~ôz~ch cmtpcp{cåäi i{

mh t{h ~k`k- Ktph tkdåäi `ktd~kqk dcmdi `ht ohct dimfkdc`ht okpiìgiecht< DHOKG &HDDCIM#' ZKH^GT

&UIDD[#' EC^HAK &Zghmkp ^hpcme# k ht okpiìgiecht `h Ocd~i/^hpk k O/D^CG-

HDDCIM DHOKG- A{m`h`h ko 8318' h HDDCIM Cmpk~mhpcimhg pko dioi inlkdpcqi ~k`{|c~ h zin~k|h mh

Hoã~cdh ì Mi~pk k ì T{g hp~cn{cmì zkx{kmit koz~ãtpcoit hp~hqãt `ht t{ht acgchct ko 8; zhïtkt `h

Hoã~cdh Ghpcmh' 0 zhïtkt ha~cdhmit k ko >3 dc`h`kt ìt K[H- H HDDCIM hdimtkgfh ht t{ht acgchct ko è~kht

dioi h okpiìgiech ì d~ã`cpi' zghmkhokmpi `k mkeôdcit' ektpäi acmhmdkc~h k oh~bkpcme- H t{h tk`k tcp{h/

tk mi Ohtthdf{tkppt-

It ~ke{ghì~kt nhmdè~cit `h Hoã~cdh ì Mi~pk hìzph~ho h okpiìgiech DHOKG i~cecmhg zh~h hqhgch~ko ht

cmtpcp{cåûkt diok~dchct `k koz~ãtpcoi mi~pk/hok~cdhmht- Dio nhtk mktth okpiìgiech' h HDDCIM`ktkmqigqk{ i t k{ z~ôz~ci cmtp~{okmpi ko 8334 zh~h hqhgch~ i `ktkozkmfi `h COA- H HDDCIM {pcgc|i{ h t{h



86

qk~täi ì DHOKG dio COA x{k täi' i{ zghmkcho tk~' zh~pk `h t{h ~k`k- Ohct ~kdkmpkokmpk' h HDDCIM

kmtcmi{ h t{h qk~täi ì DHOKG hit t{zk~qcti~kt nhmdè~cit k ê nhmdh `k `ktkmqigqcokmpi- Hpã hei~h' h

HDDCIM {pcgc|i{ h DHOKG tin~kp{ì dioi {oh ak~~hokmph `k hqhgchåäi k ektpäi cmpk~mh- H DHOKG ã

dimtc`k~h`h dioi {o ohzh zh~h ht COA x{k z~kpkm`ko inpk~ {oh gcdkmåh dioi cmpk~ok`cè~cit acmhmdkc~it

ai~ohct- H HDDCIM {pcgc|i{ i tk{ DHOKG hz~ivcoh`hokmpk `{~hmpk ;: hmit ko pi`h h Hoã~cdh Ghpcmh êkvdkzåäi `k kvk~dïdcit ctighìt ko Èa~cdh k mh Ïm`ch-

H HDDCIM DHOKG `ctzimcncgc|h {o e{ch pãdmcdi ko &fppz<))uuu-hddcim-i~e)z{nt)ohcm-htz # k hzh~pc~ ì

Z~ilkdpi tin~k ht Niht Z~èpcdht ko Ocd~ikoz~ktht' mi tcpk `h [THC@

&fppz<))uuu-ocz-i~e)z{nt)onz)dhokg-fpo#-

UIDD[ ZKH^GT- Pfk Ui~g` Di{mdcg ia D~k`cp [mcimt &UIDD[#' dio tk`k ko Oh`ctim' mi Uctdimtcm' ã {oh

i~ehmc|håäi tko acmt g{d~hpcqit x{k z~ioiqk i `ktkmqigqcokmpi `k diizk~hpcqht acmhmdkc~ht- Pko ohct `k

41'::: diizk~hpcqht `k d~ã`cpi &i{ {mcûkt `k d~ã`cpi# x{k tk~qko 8:6 ocgfûkt `k okon~it ko 38 zhïtkt-

Hzkth~ `k h UIDD[ mäi gc`h~ kvdg{tcqhokmpk dio h ocd~iacmhmåh' p~ìt x{cmpit `ht t{ht {mcûkt `k d~ã`cpi

kmdimp~ho/tk ko zhïtkt ko `ktkmqigqcokmpi k o{cpht `ktpht ktpäi tk~qcåi `k müok~it dimtc`k~èqkct `k

dgckmpkt zin~kt-

H UIDD[ `ctzimcncgc|h {o e{ch pãdmcdi mh t{h zèecmh ukn' fppz<))uuu-uidd-i~e-

EC^HAK `h ZghMkp ^hpcme- ZghMkp ^hpcme ã {oh acgchg `h ZghMkp Acmhmdk' {oh i~ehmc|håäi tko acmt g{d~hpcqit

cmpk~mhdcimhg dio tk`k ko Zh~ct d{li inlkdpcqi ã i `k {pcgc|h~ i zipkmdchg `h Cmpk~mkp zh~h z~ioiqk~ h

ocd~iacmhmåh- H ZghMkp Acmhmdk {pcgc|h h Cmpk~mkp phmpi dioi zghphai~oh zh~h iak~kdk~ it tk{t tk~qcåit êt COA'

IME k i{p~it hddcimctpht' dioi {oh ak~~hokmph x{k zk~ocpk ê t{h ~k`k `k ktzkdchgctpht p~hnhgfh~ko ko

diml{mpi ko piì i o{mì-

H ZghMkp ^hpcme iak~kdk x{hp~i tk~qcåit `k nhtk< ~hpcmet &hp~hqãt `h okpiìgiech `k hqhgchåäi k `k

dghttcacdhåäi `h EC^HAK#' `cttkocmhåäi `k ~hpcmet mh Cmpk~mkp &dhti h COA k i ìhì~ ktpcqk~ko `k hdi~ì#'

ai~ohåäi mh okpiìgiech k nkmdfoh~bt ̀ h EC^HAK k dimt{gphì~ch zh~h ht cmtpcp{cåûkt HZKV &e~itti#-

Hzkth~ ì tk{ miok' h ZghMkp ^hpcme mäi hqhgch' hdp{hgokmpk' i ~ctdi `k d~ã`cpi `ht COA' oht hzkmht

`ctzimcncgc|h ktph cmai~ohåäi hit cmqktpcì~kt- ^kdkmpkokmpk cmcdci{' dimp{ì' {o z~ilkdpi zcgipi zh~h

hgcmfh~ h t{h okpiìgiech dio h `h Acpdf' {oh `ht z~cmdczhct heìmdcht cmpk~mhdcimhct `k ~hpcme-

Hpã ê `hph h ZghMkp ^hpcme ~khgc|i{ ohct 4: ~hpcmet ko 8: zhïtkt- It tk{t z~cmdczhct dgckmpkt täi ìhì~kt &h

heìmdch ktphphg zh~h i `ktkmqigqcokmpi a~hmdkth' i Nhmdi Mhdcimhg zh~h i @ktkmqigqcokmpi ì N~htcg#'

cmqktpcì~kt z~cqhìt &Ng{k I~dfh~`' Acmhmdchg Nhmb#' IME cmpk~mhdcimhct &tin~kp{ì h DH^K k h QCPH# k ht

z~ôz~cht COA-

H ZghMkp ^hpcmt `ctzimcncgc|h mi tk{ tcpk {o ~kt{oi `h okpiìgiech EC^HAK <

fppz<))uuu-zghmkpacmhmdk-i~e)a~)~hpcme)cm`kv-fpo -

Ocd~i^hpk- H Ocd~i^hpk' {oh tidck`h`k hmômcoh `k ~ktzimthncgc`h`k gcocph`h' ã h i~ehmc|håäi ohct hmpceh

x{k aic ai~oh`h dio i inlkdpcqi ktzkdïacdi `k hqhgch~ i `ktkozkmfi `ht COA- Tk`ch`h ko Uhtfcmepim @-D-'

aic ai~oh`h ko 8331 dio a{mìt `h Tuctt Cmpk~mhpcimhg @kqkgizokmp Hekmds- It tk{t z~cmdczhct dgckmpkt

täi ht heìmdcht `k ìhì~kt' ht COA k it cmqktpcì~kt z~cqhìt- H ohci~ch `ht t{ht hqhgchåûkt ai~ho

~kx{ctcph`ht zi~ heìmdcht `k ìhì~kt dioi zh~pk `ht `{ht `kdctûkt `k acmhmdchokmpi' hzkth~ ì müok~i

d~ktdkmpk `k COA x{k pìo `koimtp~hì cmpk~kttk ko zheh~' kght z~ôz~cht' zi~ {oh hqhgchåäi — {o ai~pk tcmhg



83

`k x{k hd~k`cpho x{k h hqhgchåäi ã {o cmtp~{okmpi üpcg zh~h okgfi~h~ ht t{ht cmpk~qkmåûkt i{ zh~h

ai~phgkdk~ h t{h hp~hdpcqc`h`k hit acmhmdchì~kt kvpk~mit- H Ocd~i^hpk ak| ohct `k 5: hqhgchåûkt hpã hi

oiokmpi' h ohci~ch `kght mh Hoã~cdh Ghpcmh-

Hzkth~ ì tk{ miok h Ocd~i^hpk mäi iak~kdk ~hpcmet ~khct' oht `ctzimcncgc|h it h~e{okmpit zh~h {oh

izcmcäi tin~k h d~k`cncgc`h`k `ht COA- H Ocd~i^hpk phonão iak~kdk diozh~håûkt kmp~k it zh~kt cm`{tp~chct

dio nhtk ko `hìt `k nkmdfoh~b ~k{mcìt zh~h 4: `ht z~cmdczhct COA `h Hoã~cdh Ghpcmh- Ktpkt `hìt

~kzi~pho hit ügpcoit dcmdi hmit k täi tkoktp~hct- Dioi z~id{~h i ~kdimfkdcokmpi gkehg mht ~kecûkt im`k

hdp{h' h Ocd~i^hpk dighni~h dio h heìmdch cmpk~mhdcimhg `k ~hpcme' h ED^' mi `ktkmqigqcokmpi `k {o tctpkoh

`k dghttcacdhåäi zh~h ht COA-

H ̀ ktd~cåäi ̀ ht t{ht è~kht ̀ k cmpk~qkmåäi ktpè ̀ ctzimïqkg mh t{h zèecmh ukn k o fppz<))uuu-ocd~i~hpk-dio-

O/D^CG- H Ocd~i/D~k`cp ^hpcmet hm` E{h~hmpkkt Cm`ch Gp` &O/D^CG# ã {oh tidck`h`k hmômcoh `k

~ktzimthncgc`h`k gcocph`h k {oh acgchg `h K@H ^{~hg Tstpkot' {oh dimt{gpi~h ko `ktkmqigqcokmpi tk`ch`h

ko E{~ehim' Ïm`ch- Ktphnkgkdc`h ko 8336' O/D^CG `ktkmqigqk COA ~hpcmet' nko dioi ktp{ìt hmhgïpcditktzkdchgc|hìt mi tkdpi~ ̀ h ocd~iacmhmåh k ã h ümcdh heìmdch ̀ k ~hpcme ko ocd~iacmhmåh x{k kvctpk mh Ètch- It

tk{t z~cmdczhct dgckmpkt täi COA' koz~ktht `k cmqktpcokmpi z~cqh̀ i k ìhì~kt-

H A{m`håäi Ai~` hzici{ i `ktkmqigqcokmpi cmcdchg k h pktpheko `h okpiìgiech O/D^CG- Zh~h hgão ìt 80

ktp{ìt ko COA zh~h `ktkmqigqk~ko h t{h okpiìgiech' h O/D^CG hqhgci{ dk~dh `k 3: COA hpã ê `hph'

tin~kp{ì h T{g `h Ètch- Ktpht COA cmdg{ko IME' cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht mäi/nhmdè~cht' diizk~hpcqht nhmdè~cht

{~nhmht k tidck`h`kt diizk~hpcqht- H O/D^CG ~k{mc{ h cmai~ohåäi tin~k ktpht hqhgchåûkt m{oh nhtk ̀ k ̀ hìt

x{k ã {pcgc|h`h zh~h hmhgcth~ i `ktkozkmfi `h ocd~iacmhmåh h T{g `h Ètch mi ^kghpô~ci O/D^CG' >:::-

H `ktd~cåäi ìt tïonigit `k ~hpcme k {oh hoitp~h ìt ~kghpô~cit `k ~hpcme `ht COA ktpè `ctzimïqkg mh zèecmh

ukn `h O/D^CG fppz<))uuu-k`h~{~hg-dio)o/d~cg-fpog-

@kthacit Dfhqk Kma~kmphìt zkght Hqhgchåûkt ko Ocd~iacmhmåh

Ht hqhgchåûkt ko ocd~iacmhmåh zi`ko dimp~cn{c~ zh~h h{okmph~ h p~hmtzh~ìmdch mh ocd~iacmhmåh- Dimp{ì'

qè~cit täi it `kthacit x{k ok~kdko hpkmåäi< okgfi~h~ h cmai~ohåäi' zh`~imc|h~ it cm`cdhì~kt k ht

`kacmcåûkt' h{okmph~ h a~kx{ìmdch `ht hqhgchåûkt k ~k`{|c~ it tk{t d{tpit-

• Okgfi~h~ h cmai~ohåäi- Ht hqhgchåûkt ko ocd~iacmhmåh diokåho dio h cmai~ohåäi ai~mkdc`h zkght COA

mit tk{t ~kghpô~cit acmhmdkc~it k ~kectpit izk~hpcqit- Dimp{ì' ktph cmai~ohåäi mko tkoz~k ã di~~kdph

i{ diozgkph- H cm`ütp~ch pko o{cpi p~hnhgfi zkgh a~kmpk mi `ktkmqigqcokmpi `k tctpkoht `k

cmai~ohåäi hz~iz~chìt k `k dimachmåh' nko dioi mi ~kai~åi ì dimp~igi k `ht h{`cpi~cht cmpk~mht- Ht

h{`cpi~cht kvpk~mht `ht COA mkdkttcpho `k okgfi~cht `~ètpcdht< täi zi{dht ht h{`cpi~cht `k COA x{k

cmdg{ko pktp kt t {acdckmpkt zh~h httke{~h~ko x{k h cmai~ohåäi z{ngcdh`h mit ~kghpô~cit k tpè di~~kdph-

• Zh`~imc|håäi ìt cm`cdhì~kt k `ht t{ht `kacmcåûkt- Hdp{hgokmpk icpi i~ehmc|håûkt `k hqhgchåäi

{pcgc|ho ohct `k 85: cm`cdhì~kt zh~h hqhgch~ko ht COA- Kmp~k 4> cm`cdhì~kt dio `kacmcåûkt x{k täi

zh~pcgfh`ht zi~ ohct `k {oh heìmdch `k hqhgchåäi' hzkmht dcmdi täi `kacmcìt `h oktoh ai~oh zi~ ohct

ì x{k {oh heìmdch `k hqhgchåäi' hzkmht dcmdi täi `kacmcìt `h oktoh ohmkc~h zi~ ohct ì x{k ìct

hqhgchì~kt- Hzkmht kvctpko `kacmcåûkt {mcai~oc|h`ht zh~h i nhghmåi oã`ci ìt koz~ãtpcoit'



>:

kacdcìmdch izk~hpcqh' ~kdkcpht hl{tph`ht tin~k it hdpcqit' ~kdkcpht hl{tph`ht tin~k i zhp~coômci gïx{cì k

~kdkcpht tin~k it hdpcqit oã`cit-

• H{okmph~ h a~kx{ìmdch ìt ~kghpô~cit- It hdpcqit `ht COA pkm`ko h tk~ `k d{~pi z~h|i' dio

koz~ãtpcoit h p~ìt oktkt- Zi~x{k it ocd~i koz~ãtpcoit mäi täi' pczcdhokmpk' tke{~hìt' it

zhehokmpit `ktpkt koz~ãtpcoit zi`ko tk~ o{cpi ohct qigèpkct mht COA ì x{k mit nhmdit

diok~dchct- Httco' h zitcåäi acmhmdkc~h `ht COA zi`k `kpk~ci~h~/tk tk~chokmpk mi ktzhåi `k {o i{ ìct

oktkt- Ê g{| `ktpkt ahdpit' it cmpk~qhgit `k pkozi ko x{k täi hz~ktkmphìt it ~kghpô~cit `ht COA —

p~coktp~hct' tkoktp~hct i{ oktoi m{o ktzhåi `k {o hmi' mäi täi t{acdckmpkt- Ktph dh~hdpk~ïtpcdh

`cacd{gph h oimcpi~c|håäi kakdpcqh `ht COA- Dimp{ì' ktph tcp{håäi ktpè h o{`h~ gkmphokmpk- H Ds~hmi/

GHDCA' {o a{mì `k cmqktpcokmpit z~cqhì zh~h ht COA `h Hoã~cdh Ghpcmh k h @kvch Httkp Ohmhekokmp

&@kvcho#' {oh koz~kth k{~izkch `k ektpäi' ah|ko `h z~i`{åäi `k ~kghpô~cit okmthct tin~k

cm`cdhì~kt acmhmdkc~it dfhqk {oh `ht dim`cåûkt a{m`hokmphct zh~h h hp~cn{cåäi `k a{mìt- Hi oktoi

pkozi' hge{oht ~k`kt dioi h HDDCIM k h Tohgg Kmpk~z~ctk K`{dhpcim Z~ioipcim &TKKZ# cmp~i`{|c~ho

tctpkoht `k z~i`{åäi ̀ k ~kghpô~cit ̀ k nhcvi d{tpi zh~h diozgkokmph~ko ht hqhgchåûkt zk~cô`cdht-

• ^k`{åäi ìt d{tpit `k hqhgchåäi- Ht hqhgchåûkt `ht COA täi o{cpi `ctzkm`citht- I d{tpi `k hqhgch~ i

~ctdi `k {oh COA `k hdi~ì dio it okgfi~kt zh`~ûkt' ã ktpcohì' zkgh HDDCIM' Ocd~i^hpk k ZghMkp

Acmhmdk' kmp~k it ;'::: k it >;': :: `ôgh~kt hok~cdhmit &i qhgi~ ohct nhcvi ~kz~ktk mph i d{tpi z~hpcdh h̀

zh~h {oh ~k/hqhgchåäi ì ~ctdi `h koz~kth k i qhgi~ ohct kgkqhì ã i z~hpcdhì m{oh z~cokc~h hqhgchåäi

ko Èa~cdh#- I d{tpi din~k h kx{czh `k hqhgchåäi' cmdg{cmì it thgè~cit' ht `ktzktht `k qchekmt' h ektpäi'

hzici hòcmctp~hpcqi' kpd- I `kthaci zh~h ht heìmdcht ã i `k ~kzkmth~ it tk{t tctpkoht `k hqhgchåäi'

~k`{|cmì it d{tpit tko x{k phg tklh kx{cqhgkmpk h ~k`{|c~ it zh`~ûkt `k x{hgc`h`k- Hge{oht `ht miqht

ak~~hokmpht `ctzimïqkct zh~h ktpk z~idktti zi`k~äi ~k`{|c~ it tk{t d{tpit< ht zghphai~oht `h Cmpk~mkp

zi`ko ~k`{|c~ it d{tpit zk~ocpcmì êt COA hz~ktkmph~ko it tk{t ~kghpô~cit k hit hmhgctpht

dio{mcdh~ko ohct a~kx{kmpk k ohct ahdcgokmpk- Hdp{hgokmpk' it tcpkt `k dghttcacdhåäi ì ~ctdi ko

ocd~iacmhmåh a{mdcimho ohct dioi zghphai~oht z~ioidcimhct ì x{k dioi ak~~hokmpht izk~hpcqht- Ht

hgchmåht ktp~hpãecdht zi`k~cho ~k`{|c~ it d{tpit `k hqhgchåäi mh ok`c`h ko x{k ht heìmdcht dighni~ko

kmp~k tc i{ tk a{m`ho dio i{p~ht- H dighni~håäi dio ht koz~ktht `k h{`cpi~ch gidhct phonão zi`ko

nhcvh~ it d{tpit' `kt`k x{k h x{hgc`h`k `h hqhgchåäi zitth tk~ z~ipkec`h- H dimtp~{åäi `h dhzhdcphåäi

~kecimhg ã {oh i{p~h izåäi cozi~phmpk-

>-4-4 Ai~ohåäi

H ai~ohåäi pãdmcdh k dhzhdcphåäi dimpcm{ho h tk~ it t k~qcåit ohct mkdk ttè~cit mi mïqkg ok ti mh ohci~ch ìt

ok~dhìt `h ocd~iacmhmåh- Ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht httkmpho m{o diml{mpi `k ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit

pãdmcdit x{k iak~kdko ai~ohåäi ktzkdchgc|h`h cmai~ohåäi k dimt{gphì~cht mi gidhg êt kx{czht' ko è~kht

dioi i zghmkhokmpi ktp~hpãecdi k dioi h cozgkokmphåäi `k tctpkoht `k cmdkmpcqi zh~h it koz~kehìt-

Ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht x{k z~kdctho `ktpk hzici zi`ko tk~ `cqc`c`ht ko `{ht dhpkei~cht' dh`h {oh `ht

x{hct dio ht t{ht mkdkttc`h`kt pãdmcdht< COA ktzkdchgc|h`ht' o{cpht qk|kt IME' x{k zi`ko z~kdcth~ `k

kmdi~hlh~ h t{h ektpäi acmhmdkc~h k i{p~ht diozkpìmdcht izk~hpcqht2 k nhmdit kvctpkmpkt &diok~dchct' dhcvht

kdimôocdht zitphct' kpd-# x{k pczcdhokmpk pìo x{k hl{tph~ it tk{t tctpkoht' z~idk`cokmpit k

diozkpìmdcht ̀ ht kx{czht zh~h cmp~i`{|c~ko z~i`{pit zh~h dgckmpkt zin~kt-

It tk~qcåit pãdmcdit `k hzici kmqigqko { o diml{mpi `k pôzcdit' cmdg{cmì i tke{cmpk<



>8

Ektpäi Acmhmdkc~h

Zghmkhokmpi Ktp~hpãecdi ̀ k Mkeôdcit

Ai~ohåäi `k Zkttihg `k Pk~~kmi k

Z~ilkdåäi

Ocd~iacmhmåh Ktzkdchgc|h`h

Zktx{cth `k Ok~dhì

Pkdmigiech `k D~ã`cpi

@ktkmqigqcokmpi `k Miqit Z~i`{pit

P~hmtai~ohåäi `ht IME

Ektpäi ì ^ctdi

Cmtpcp{cåûkt ̂ ke{ghokmph`ht

Ohzkhokmpi ì Z~idktti `k Mkeôdcit

Tig{åûkt ̀ k Pkdmigiecht ̀ k Cmai~ohåäi

N~hm`cme)Oh~bkpcme

Ai~ohåäi)Ektpäi `k ^kd{~tit

F{ohmit

D{tpit k Z~kåit

Tctpkoht ̀ k Cmdkmpcqi hi Koz~kei



>>

>-4-0 ^k`kt k Httidchåûkt

Mht ügpcoht `ãdh`ht t{~ec{ {o diml{mpi `k diml{mpi `k ~k`kt k httidchåûkt cmpk~mhdcimhct' ~kecimhct k mhdcimhct

ktzkdchgc|h h̀t mi o{mì `h ocd~iacmhmåh- Ktpht ~k`kt k httidchåûkt ~kz~ktkmpho {o dimp~cn{pi cozi~phmpk zh~h

i mïqkg okti' hi ai~mkdk~ko tk~qcåit `c~kdphokmpk hit tk{t okon~it i{ ahdcgcph~ko/gfkt i hdktti h ktpkt

tk~qcåit- Phonão `äi {oh qi| digkdpcqh hit ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it x{k tk~qko it zin~kt- Mh

ekmk~hgc`h`k' ht ‗~k`kt‟ i{ ‗i~ehmc|håûkt `k tk~qcåit ko ~k`k‟ `c|ko ~ktzkcpi h i~ehmc|håûkt eginhct i{

~kecimhct qig{mpè~cht `k cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht hacgch`ht-

I pk~oi ‗httidchåäi‟ ã tcmômcoi `k {oh i~ehmc|håäi okon~i `k nhtk' h ohci~ch `ht qk|kt h mïqkg mhdcimhg' oht

phonão kvctpko httidchåûkt ~kecimhct k eginhct- Ktpht ~k`kt k httidchåûkt iak~kdko o{cpit nkmkaïdcit hit

tk{t acgchìt k)i{ okon~it< `kt`k i iak~kdk~ko {oh zghphai~oh diml{mph `k `kakth `k {oh dh{th dio{o' ê

hp~cn{cåäi `k izi~p{mc`h`kt `k hz~km`c|heko' ê z~ioiåäi `k tphm`h~`t-

Ai~ho c`kmpcacdh`ht dcmdi dhpkei~cht z~cmdczhct `k ~k`kt `k tk~qcåit x{k zi`ko tk~ iak~kdcìt zkght ~k`kt

cmpk~mhdcimhct i{ ~kecimhct i{ zkght httidchåûkt `k îoncpi mhdcimhg<

Zigïpcdh `k `kakth' ê tkokgfhmåh ì ginnscme zigïpcdi k ì `cègiei zigïpcdi dio it eiqk~mit i{ dio it

di~zit cmpk~mhdcimhct — ktph a{måäi zi`k dhphgc|h~ {oh ~k`k `k îoncpi mhdcimhg2

@cttkocmhåäi `k cmai~ohåäi' cmdg{cmì cmqktpcehåäi' p~hnhgfi ko ~k`k k z{ngcdhåûkt ) ìd{okmphåäi2

Dhzhdcphåäi' iak~ph `k tk~qcåit pãdmcdit' cmdg{cmì d{~tit `k ai~ohåäi k httctpìmdch pãdmcdh2

Oimcpi~c|håäi ì `ktkozkmfi' dioi h ~kdigfh `k `hìt tin~k h cm`ütp~ch' h{pi/~ke{ghåäi k i

`ktkmqigqcokmpi ̀ k nkmdfoh~bt k zh`~ûkt mhdcimhct `k `ktkozkmfi2 k

Cmpk~ok`chåäi acmhmdkc~h' cmdg{cmì i zhzkg cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht `k tke{mì e~h{ &tk~qcåit h

e~itti# k `k `ctp~cn{cåäi `k t{ntï`cit-

>-0 Eiqk~mit< I Mïqkg Ohd~i

I zhzkg ì eiqk~mi mh dimtp~{åäi `k tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it cmpke~hìt ã {oh x{ktpäi dimp~iqk~th- Tin~k ktpk

pkoh dikvctpk o qè~cht zk~tzkdpcqht k o{cpht `kght ko ~èzc h̀ kqig{åäi- @kqk~cho it eiqk~mit tk~k o k mqigqcìtmh ocd~iacmhmåh9 @kqk~cho it z~ôz~cit eiqk~mit hp~cn{c~ d~ã`cpi `c~kdpi h x{ko `kgk mk dkttcph9 I{ `kqk~cho it

eiqk~mit hahtph~ko/tk i ohct zittïqkg `h hp~cn{cåäi `k ocd~id~ã`cpit' `kcvhmì ktpk pk~~kmi hi d{c`hì ì

tkdpi~ z~cqhì — dioi pk o idi~~cì' dio t{dkt ti' mit ok~dhìt `h ocd~iacmhmåh mh Nigïqch k mi Nhmegh`ktf9

[o dimtkmti kok~ekmpk `kakm`k x{k' `k ahdpi' it eiqk~mit pìo {o zhzkg cozi~phmpk ko httke{~h~ zigïpcdht

ahqi~èqkct mht x{hct h ocd~iacmhmåh zitth agi~ktdk~- [o nio honckmpk zigïpcdi zittcncgcph h dikvctpìmdch k h

dimdi~~ìmdch `k {o diml{mpi `k ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it zkgh iak~ph `k tk~qcåit `k ohci~ x{hgc`h`k

k dio d{tpit ohct nhcvit k h {o ohci~ müok~i `k dgckmpkt zin~kt-



>4

Mit ügpcoit hmit' it eiqk~mit pìo/tk cmpk~ktthì dh`h qk| ohct zkgi pkoh `h ocd~iacmhmåh `c~cec`h hit ohct

zin~kt- I ohci~ cmpk~kttk zi~ zh~pk ìt eiqk~mit mh ocd~iacmhmåh p~h| izi~p{mc`h`kt k ~ctdit- Zi~ {o ghì' it

eiqk~mit nko cmai~ohìt zi`ko cozgkokmph~ zigïpcdht x{k kmdi~hlko h ko k~eìmdch `k cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht

zk~ohmkmpkt k t{tpkmpèqkct zh~h tk~qc~ko it zin~kt- Hi gcocpk' zi`k~cho' cmdg{tcqhokmpk' kgcocmh~ ht zigïpcdht

x{k ngix{kcho i `ktkmqigqcokmpi `h ocd~iacmhmåh- Zi~ i{p~i ghì' h d~ktdkmpk hpkmåäi tin~k ktpk pkohphonão h{okmph it ~ctdit ̀ h t{h zigcpc|håäi-

O{cpit eiqk~mit zkmtho x{k i ocd~id~ã`cpi ã tcmômcoi `k `h~ `cmfkc~i êt zkttiht zin~kt- I zk~cei `k {o

kvdkttcqi kmqigqcokmpi zi~ zh~pk ìt eiqk~mit mht x{ktpûkt `h ocd~iacmhmåh ã i `k x{k it d~cpã~cit zigïpcdit'

ko qk| `k d~cpã~cit ~cei~itit hòcmctp~hpcqit' zi`k~cho `h~ g{eh~ h `kdctûkt tin~k x{k o ~kdknk i d~ã`cpi k

im`k tk `kqko gidhgc|h~ ht acgchct `ktpht izk~håûkt- K i dk~mk `h hpkmåäi zigïpcdh dimpcm{h h tk~' ko e~hm`k zh~pk'

it kmoz~ãtpcoit' ko qk| `k tk dimdkmp~h~ tin~k i diml{mpi `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it x{k ht ziz{ghåûkt ohct

zin~kt mkdkttcpho-

It eiqk~mit kmqigqko/tk pczcdhokmpk mit tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it ko' zkgi okmit' p~ìt ohmkc~ht<

@Ctp~cn{ko tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it `c~kdph i{ cm`c~kdphokmpk' o{cpht qk|kt hi hp~cn{c~ko d~ã`cpi h e~{zit

z~kak~kmdchct i{ dhmhgc|hmì ~kd{~tit zh~h ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht' o{cpht qk|kt hp~hqãt `k hdi~ìt &ko

x{hgx{k~ ìt dhtit ' h ohci~ch `ktpkt a{mìt dfkeh hp~hqãt `k ìhì~kt cmpk~mhdcimhct#- It eiqk~mit mäi täi

i okgfi~ kvkozgi mh hp~cn{cåäi `c~kdph `k d~ã`cpi' hzkth~ `k it nhmdit `h z~iz~ck`h`k ì eiqk~mi &zi~

kvkozgi' ht dhcvht kdimôocdht zitphct# tk~ko nko t{dk`cìt mh oincgc|håäi `ht zi{zhmåht i{ mh

p~hmtak~ìmdch ̀ k `cmfkc~i-

It eiqk~mit `kacmko zigïpcdht x{k hakdpho i tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i- Ktpht zigïpcdht cmdg{ko i httke{~h~ `h

ktphncgc`h`k ohd~i/kdimôocdh' h gcnk~hgc|håäi `ht phvht `k l{~i k i ktphnkgkdcokmpi `h ~ke{ghokmphåäi k

t{zk~qctäi nhmdè~ch x{k pi~mho h ocd~iacmhmåh zittïqkg-

It eiqk~mit pìo {o zhzkg cozi~phmpk mh `kacmcåäi `k zigïpcdht x{k zk~ocpho i hzh~kdcokmpi k agi~ktdcokmpi

`k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it t{tp kmpèqkct zh~h it zin~kt- Kvctpko' zkgi okmit' p~ìt pczit `k zigïpcdht x{k it eiqk~mit

z~kdctho `k httke{~h~<

i H ktphncgc`h`k ohd~i/kdimôocdh'

i Phvht `k l{~i gcnk~hgc|h`ht' k

i Z~èpcdht hz~iz~ch`ht `k ~ke{ghokmphåäi k `k t{zk~qctäi ìt nhmdit-

Zi`ko z~ioiqk~ `k ai~oh z~ô/hdpcqh h cmpke~håäi iak~kdkmì cmdkmpcqit actdhct i{ kvcecmì x{k ht

cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht tc~qho it dgckmpkt ohct zin~kt i{ dio nhcvit ~km`cokmpit- Kvctpko o{cpi okmit

kvzk~cìmdcht dimdg{tcqht mktph pk~dkc~h `cokmtäi' tin~kp{ì mit zhïtkt k o `kt kmqigqcokmpi-

Tke{mì h cmqktpcehåäi `h DEHZ' mit ügpcoit `k| hmit' {oh `ht x{ktpûkt ohct cozi~phmpkt tin~k ht zigïpcdht

~kghdcimh`ht dio h ocd~iacmhmåh' pko tcì h `ctd{ttäi ko pi~mi `k dioi p~hph~ `h okgfi~ ai~oh h

~ke{ghokmphåäi k t{zk~qctäi `h ocd~iacmhmåh- È ok`c`h x{k h ocd~iacmhmåh hoh`{~kdk c~è' o{cpi



>0

z~iqhqkgokmpk' oce~h~ zh~h cmtpcp{cåûkt x{k täi gcdkmdch`ht k t{zk~qctcimh`ht zkgit nhmdit dkmp~hct k zi~ i{p~ht

h{pi~c`h`kt acmhmdkc~ht- Mh ohci~ch ìt zhïtkt' ktph o{`hmåh ~kx{k~ i hl{tpk `ht ~ke{ghokmphåûkt nhmdè~cht

kvctpkmpkt-

H ohci~ch `ht zkttiht zkmtho ko ‗~ke{ghokmphåûkt z~{`kmdchct‟ x{hmì &k tk# zkmth~ko tin~k h

~ke{ghokmphåäi `ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht- H ~ke{ghåäi z~{`kmdchg pko dioi inlkdpcqi httke{~h~ h tigc`k|

acmhmdkc~h `ht cmtpcp{cåûkt ~ke{ghokmph`ht zh~h z~kqkmc~ h cmtphncgc`h`k ek~hg ì tctpkoh k z~ipkek~ dgckmpkt x{k

hï `kzitcpho i tk{ `cmfkc~i `k i zk~`k~ko- X{hmì {oh cmtpcp{cåäi x{k hdkcph `kzôtcpit dighzth' mäi zi`kmì

zheh~ h x{ko hï `kzitcph i tk{ `cmfkc~i' h dimachmåh züngcdh zi`k tk~ hakdph`h k `ktkmdh`kh~ i gkqhmphokmpi ì

`cmfkc~i `kzitcphì- Kvkozgit `k ~ke{ghåäi z~{`kmdchg cmdg{ko mi~oht `k h`kx{håäi ì dhzcphg &ko dhti `k

d~ctk' tk~è x{k h cmtpcp{cåäi acmhmdkc~h pko zhp~coômci gcx{cì t{acdckmpk9# k ht ~ktk~qht k gcx{c`k| &tk~è x{k pko

`cmfkc~i t{acdckmpk ko dhcvh zh~h zi`k~ ~ktzim`k~ h {o gkqhmphokmpi ko ohtth zi~ zh~pk ìt tk{t dgckmpkt9#-

Dimp{ì' h ~ke{ghåäi z~{`kmdchg zi{di tcemcacdh tko {oh t{zk~qctäi kakdpcqh ce{hgokmpk z~{`kmdchg-

H t{zk~qctäi kmqigqk h oimcpi~c|håäi dio i inlkdpcqi `k qk~cacdh~ h dimai~oc`h`k dio ht ~ke{ghåûkt z~{`kmdchct

k pioh~ ht ok`c`ht mkdkttè~cht zh~h hzich~ h tigqìmdch `k {oh cmtpcp{cåäi ~ke{ghokmph`h x{hmì h dimai~oc`h`k

êx{kght ~ke{ghåûkt tk pi~mh `{qcìth- H ~ke{ghåäi z~{`kmdchg k h t{zk~qctäi täi' ek~hgokmpk' diozgkvht' `cacdkct'

`ctzkm`citht k cmqhtcqht- Kvceko {oh h{pi~c`h`k acmhmdkc~h ktzkdchgc|h`h zh~h h cozgkokmph~ko-

Zh~h ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht x{k ~kdigfko `kzôtcpit hi züngcdi &ktphmì httco' ek~hgokmpk' t{lkcpht ê

~ke{ghåäi z~{`kmdchg#' kvctpk h mkdkttc`h`k `k h`hzph~ hge{oht ~ke{ghokmphåûkt nhmdè~cht zh`~äi zh~h x{k tk

hzgcx{ko ê ocd~iacmhmåh-

It eiqk~mit `kqk~cho hzgcdh~ ~ke{ghåûkt z~{`kmdchct ohct zkth`ht hzkmht x{hmì i tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i k i

`cmfkc~i ìt `kzitcphmpkt tk kmdimp~h zipkmdchgokmpk ko ~ctdi- Dhti dimp~è~ci' ht mi~oht mäi z~c`kmdchct k ht

hni~`hekmt ~ke{ghì~ht `kqk~cho tk~ t{acdckmpkt-

Ht ~ke{ghåûkt mäi z~{`kmdchct cmdg{ko ok`c`ht dioi i ~kectpi dio hge{oh h{pi~c`h`k dio z~izôtcpit `k

p~hmtzh~ìmdch' ohmpk~ dimpht h`kx{h`ht' z~kqkmc~ h a~h{`k k it d~cokt acmhmdkc~it k it qè~cit pczit `k ok`c`ht

`k z~ipkdåäi ìt dimt{ocì~kt-

Ht cmtpcp{cåûkt ktzkdchgc|h`ht ko ocd~i/d~ã`cpi x{k mäi hdkcpho `kzôtcpit &~kphgfi# mäi `kqk~cho ktph~ t{lkcpht

ê ~ke{ghåäi z~{`kmdchg- Hge{mt zhïtkt' zh~pcd{gh~ mit zhïtkt ì hmpcei ~kecok dio{mctph' z~icnko ht cmtpcp{cåûkt

mäi nhmdè~cht mäi h{pi~c|h`ht' `k koz~ktph~ko `cmfkc~i- Ktph ~ktp~cåäi ã `ktmkdkttè~ch' zi`kmì ngix{kh~ h

kvzk~cìmdch dio i ocd~id~ã`cpi- Mktpkt dhtit' ht ~kai~oht x{k t{lkcpho x{ko iak~kdk ocd~id~k`cpi ê ~ke{ghåäi

mäi z~{`kmdchg' zi`k tk~ {o okci ~kghpcqhokmpk tcozgkt k kacdh| `k gcnk~ph~ i `ktkmqigqcokmpi ì ocd~i

koz~ãtpcoi ko gh~eh ktdhgh' dioi tk intk~qh mh Nôtmch k ko Oh~~idit-

I d{tpi k h `cacd{g`h`k {oh t{zk~qctäi z~{`kmdchg kakdpcqh' ko zh~pcd{gh~ mht cmtpcp{cåûkt ohct zkx{kmht' ã {o

htt{mpi zigcpcdi zh~pcd{gh~okmpk ktzcmfiti- Ht h{pi~c`h k̀t t{zk~qcti~ht pìo' pczcdhokmpk' zi{dit ~kd{~tit ê t{h

`ctzitcåäi- Ht h{pi~c`h`kt {pcgc|ho i dhzcphg ocmcoi kvcecì— i dhzcphg ohct nhcvi zh~h inpk~ h h{pi~c|håäi — zh~h

~hdcimhgc|h~ i müok~i `k cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht x{k kvceko t{zk~qctäi-

O{cpit ìt z~izimkmpkt ê ocd~iacmhmåh täi `h izcmcäi x{k i dhzcphg ocmcoi mkdkttè~ci `kqk~ch tk~ o{cpi ohct



>;

nhcvi mi dhti `ht cmtpcp{cåûkt x{k hl{`ho it zin~kt- I{p~it täi `h izcmcäi x{k i dhzcphg ocmcoi `kqk~ch gcocph~

ht cmtpcp{cåûkt h{pi~c|h`ht h {o diml{mpi x{k it t{zk~qcti~kt zi`k~cho oimcpi~c|h~ `k ai~oh ~khgctph- [oh

t{kz~qctäi zi{di kacdh| zi`k tk~ zci~ ì x{k mkmf{oh t{zk~qctäi' zi~x{k it dgckmpkt zin~kt &k mäi tô#

zi`k~äi tk~ cm`{|cìt m{o ahgti tkmpcokmpi `k tke{~hmåh-

4 Acmhmdchì~kt

H dimtp~{åäi `k tctpk oht acmhmdkc~it cmdg{tcqit mäi idi~~k~è h{piohpcdhokmpk- I `cmfkc~i k i hzici pãdmcdi täi

cme~k`ckmpkt dfhqk' hzkth~ `k h ~kdkcph kvcec~ okmit `cmfkc~i k o{cpi ohct hzici pãdmcdi ì x{k tk ditp{oh

hd~k`cph~-

It ügpcoit hmit pìo qctpi {oh kvzgitäi ì müok~i k ì pczi `k aimpkt `k acmhmdchokmpi cmpk~mhdcimhg zh~h h

ocd~iacmhmåh- Zh~h hgão `h dio{mc`h`k `k ìhì~kt p~h`cdcimhg' {o diml{mpi `k cmqktpcì~kt tidchgokmpk

oipcqhìt kmp~i{ mi ok~dhì `h ocd~iacmhmåh- Phonão pko qcmì h tk~ `h`h ohct hpkmåäi êt aimpkt `k

acmhmdchokmpi mhdcimhct-

M{o o{mì c`khg dio tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it cmdg{tcqit' it ok~dhìt acmhmdkc~it mhdcimhct ai~mkdk~ch i ohci~

zh~pk ìt a{mìt zh~h h ocd~iacmhmåh- It ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it hzich~/tk/cho ko zi{zhmåht ì

züngcdi' koz~ãtpcoi t ì t kdpi~ ìt nhmdit diok~dchct' kocttäi `k in~cehåûkt' k ok~dhìt mhdcimhct `k hdåûkt-

X{hmpc`h`kt gcocph`ht `k acmhmåh cmpk~mhdcimhg diozgkokmph~cho i ok~dhì mhdcimhg `k a{m`cme-

Mi o{mì ~khg' ht COA ohct ktzkdchgc|h`ht hcm`h ktpäi gimek `k tk cmpke~h~ko mit ok~dhìt mhdcimhct- Hge{mt

ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it dioi ht dhcvht kdimôocdht zitphct lè hdp{ho mit ok~dhìt acmhmdkc~it

mhdcimhct &ko ktzkdchg mi dhti `ht zi{zhmåht#' dioi i ah|ko phonão hge{mt ìt z~cmdczhct ai~mkdkì~kt

ktzkdchgc|hìt ko ocd~iacmhmåh- Oht hpã hi oiokmpi' it t{ntï`cit cmpk~mhdcimhct pìo `ktkozkmfhì {okmi~ok zhzkg mi h~~hmx{k k mi ai~phgkdcokmpi ̀ h ocd~iacmhmåh-

Ht heìmdcht cmpk~mhdcimhct `k ìhì~kt cmlkdph~ho nigtht k t{ntc`ch~ho koz~ãtpcoit zh~h cozgkokmph~ko i

`ktkmqigqcokmpi k i d~ktdcokmpi `h ocd~iacmhmåh‐`hmì cozi~phmpkt dimp~cn{cåûkt k o piìt it p~ìt mïqkct

ì tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i< ocd~i' okti k ohd~i-

Ê ok`c`h x{k h ocd~iacmhmåh kqig{c{ ì ktphì ko x{k x{htk tô dimdk`ch d~ã`cpi zh~h h ai~ohåäi `k ocd~i/

koz~ktht' zh~h tk dimdkmp~h~ ko pi~mh~ it tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it ohct cmdg{tcqit' it ìhì~kt züngcdit z~kdctho

`k tk ~k /kcmqkmph~ h tc z~ôz~cit ê ok`c`h x{k `kacmk o zh~h tc {o zhzkg ohct dimtp~{pcqi- H x{ktpäi a{m`hokmphg

ã dioi {pcgc|h~ okgfi~ it t{ntï`cit zh~h ktpco{gh~' tin~kp{ì' ht kmpc`h`kt z~cqh`ht zh~h tk~qc~ko ht zkttiht

zin~kt dio tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it ̀ k x{hgc h̀`k' ohct ~hzc h̀okmpk ̀ i x{k i ah~cho zi~ tc z~ôz~cht-

I zhmi~hoh `ht izåûkt `k acmhmdchokmpi ko ocd~iacmhmåh ã o{cpi `cmîocdi k diozgkvi- It acmhmdchì~kt

kvctpkmpkt ktpäi kmp~k it x{k pìo dioi octtäi z~cmdczhg {oh octtäi tidchg zh~h hgcqch~ h zin~k|h &heìmdcht

cmpk~mhdcimhct `k ìhì~kt k a{m`håûkt#' k kmp~k it x{k pìo oipcqhåûkt ohct diok~dchct &cmqktpcì~kt

diok~dchct k o k~dhìt mhdcimhct `k dhzcphg#' kmp~k i{p~it- Kvctpko cozi~phmpkt `cak~kmåht ko dh`h dhpkei~ch- Zi~

kvkozgi' hge{mt cmqktpcì~kt tidchgokmpk ~ktzimtèqkct täi ohct ‗tidchct‟ k i{p~it ohct ‗diok~dchct-‟



>1

I ohci~ `kthaci zh~h x{k it acmhmdchì~kt hqhmdko mit tk{t cmqktpcokmpit ã i `k c`kmpcacdh~ ht t{ht ai~åht zi~

ai~oh h dimdkmp~h~ko/tk mit tkeokmpit ko x{k ktpäi okgfi~ zitcdcimhìt zh~h hdp{h~ko — nhtkhì mit tk{t

inlkdpcqit' it pczit `k cmtp~{okmpit acmhmdkc~it x{k iak~kdko' h t{h ktp~{p{~h `k d{tpit' ht t{ht ai~åht pãdmcdht

cmpk~mht k h t{h qimph`k `k h~~ctdh~-

4-8 Heìmdcht k A{m`håûkt Cmpk~mhdcimhct `k @ihì~kt

Mktpk dhzïp{gi' i pk~oi ‗ìhì~‟ kmqigqk {o diml{mpi `k heìmdcht cmpk~mhdcimhct `k `ktkmqigqcokmpi &zi~

qk|kt phonão `kmiocmh`ht dioi zh~dkc~it cmpk~mhdcimhct `k `ktkmqigqcokmpi# x{k cmdg{ko it t ke{cmpkt<

@ihì~kt ncghpk~hct — ht heìmdcht ̀ k hl{`h eiqk~mhokmphct ̀ it zhïtkt cm`{tp~chct

Nhmdit k i~ehmc|håûkt `k `ktkmqigqcokmpi o{gpcghpk~hct — heìmdcht `h z~iz~ck`h`k ìt eiqk~mit ì

o{mì cm`{tp~chg k ko `ktk mqigqcokmpi' dioi i Nhmdi O{m`chg' it nhmdit ~kecimhct `k `ktkmqigqcokmpi k

ht heìmdcht `ht Mhåûkt [mc`ht dioi i Z~ie~hoh `k @ktkmqigqcokmpi `ht Mhåûkt [mc`ht &ZM[@# i{ i

A{mì Cmpk~mhdcimhg zh~h i @ktkmqigqcokmpi He~ïdigh &CAH@#-

A{m`håûkt — cmtpcp{cåûkt z~cqh`ht tko acmt g{d~hpcqit hp~hqãt `ht x{hct ã cmqktpc`h k `ctp~cn{ï`h h ~cx{k|h

z~cqh`h zh~h acmt züngcdit k)i{ `k dh~c`h`k' dioi h A{m`håäi Ai~`' H~ec`c{t i{ i Izkm Tidckps Cmtpcp{pk &ITC#-

Ktpcoh/tk x{k ktpkt ìhì~kt ehtpko kmp~k 6:: ocgfûkt h ocg ocgfûkt `k `ôgh~kt zi~ hmi ko ocd~iacmhmåh k

z~ilkdpit `k d~ã`cpi- Tke{mì {o ktp{ì ~kdkmpk `h DEHZ tin~k okon~it ìhì~kt' i Nhmdi O{m`chg' i Nhmdi

Htcèpcdi zh~h i @ktkmqigqcokmpi' Nhmdi Cmpk~/Hok~cdhmi zh~h i @ktkmqigqcokmpi k h Diocttäi K{~izkch' ktpäi

kmp~k it ohci~kt acmhmdchì~kt züngcdit `h ocd~iacmhmåh- Tke{mì h cmai~ohåäi dimpc`h mkttk ~kghpô~ci' tô ktpkt

x{hp~i ìhì~kt pìo {oh dh~pkc~h `k pïp{git &zi~paigci# ko ocd~iacmhmåh &qhgi~ hd{o{ghì# mi qhgi `k 8-6 ocgocgfûkt `k `ôgh~kt mi acmhg `k >::4-

Ht heìmdcht `k ìhì~kt hzicho h ocd~iacmhmåh {pcgc|hmì {o diml{mpi `k cmtp~{okmpit- It cmtp~{okmpit h

`ctzitcåäi ìt ìhì~kt cmdg{ko i hzici zigcpcdi' h httctpìmdch pãdmcdh &hzici `k ktzkdchgctpht x{k iak~kdko

dimt{gpi~ch pãdmcdh#' nigtht' koz~ãtpcoit &x{k zi`ko tk~ iak~kdcìt dio phvht `k l{~i t{nqkmdcimh`ht i{

diok~dchct' x{htc/hdåäi &{t{hgokmpk koz~ãtpcoit h nhcvi l{~i x{k zi`ko tk~ dimqk~pcìt ko zh~pcdczhåûkt

hddcimctpht#' cmqktpcokmpit hddcimctpht ko cmtpcp{cåûkt x{k zi`ko qkm`k~ hdåûkt k eh~hmpcht- Täi {pcgc|h`ht

`cak~kmpkt dioncmhåûkt `ktpkt cmtp~{okmpit zh~h {o diml{mpi `k `cak~kmpkt z~ilkdpit' cmdg{cmì it tke{cmpkt<

Acmhmdch~ h dh~pkc~h ̀ k pïp{git ̀ k koz~ãtpcoi ̀ ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht2

`h~ hzici pãdmcdi êt cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht k hit eiqk~mit & o{cpit qk|k t ̀ kmiocmhì dhzhdcphåäi#2

okgfi~h~ h dhzhdc`h`k `ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht zh~h hdk`k~ko hit ok~dhìt `k dhzcphg mhdcimhg

hp~hqãt `h hl{`h mi ktphnkgkdcokmpi `k zh~dk~cht k `k eh~hmpcht2

dimtp~{c~ i diml{mpi `k diozkpìmdcht ìt ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit pãdmcdit' dioi ht koz~ktht `k

dimt{gpi~ch gidhct i{ ai~ohåäi2 k

hzici `ht izk~håûkt `ht ~k`kt k httidchåûkt-



>5

It ìhì~kt ohct kakdpcqit ko ocd~iacmhmåh täi it x{k zi`ko acmhmdch~ `c~kdphokmpk ht i~ehmc|håûkt z~cqh`ht

mit zhïtkt ko `ktkmqigqcokmpi- Cmakgc|okmpk' o{cpit ìhì~kt' ko zh~pcd{gh~ it nhmdit `k `k

`ktkmqigqcokmpi o{gpcghpk~hg' täi dhzh|kt `k p~hnhgfh~ hzkmht dio it eiqk~mit' o{cpht qk|kt dio zkx{kmit

koz~ãtpcoit- Ktpk cmtp~{okmpi zi`k tk~ qègcì zh~h ht p~h`cdcimhct hdpcqc`h`kt `k hl{`h' dioi h dimtp~{åäi `k

ktp~h`ht' fitzcphct k ktdight' oht ã okmit h`kx{hì zh~h hzich~ i tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i mi ìoïmci ì tkdpi~z~cqhì- H ohci~ch ìt eiqk~mit mäi pìo {o nio fctpi~chg x{hmì tk p~hph `k iak~k dk~ tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it-

COA mh è~kh ì ~kphgfi &mïqkg ocd~i# zi`ko tk~ acmhmdch`ht `c~kdph i{ cm`c~kdphokmpk zkgit ìhì~kt i{ hp~hqãt

`k cmtpcp{cåûkt `k acmhmdchokmpi h e~itti &hzkv#- Ktpkt dhmhct cm`c~kdpit täi o{cpht qk|kt oimphìt dio h

cmpkmåäi `k dhmhgc|h~ko `k ai~oh ohct kacdckmpk it a{mìt k' zi~ qk|kt' i hzici pãdmcdi h oügpczght cmtpcp{cåûkt

acmhmdkc~ht- I{p~it dhmhct dio{ookmpk {pcgc|hìt zh~h it a{mìt täi ht diozimkmpkt `k d~ã`cpi `k z~ilkdpit

o{gpctkdpi~chct-

Pi~mh~ h hl{`h ohct kakdpcqh- Ht niht mipïdcht ã x{k i cmpk~kttk ìt ìhì~kt ko dimtp~{c~ tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it

cmdg{tcqit pìo p~hnhgfhì o{cpi zh~h pk~ko {oh zitcåäi dio{o tin~k dioi ah|k~ h dicth dk~ph- Ko 833;' ht

heìmdcht `k ìmi~ di`cacdh~ho i~ckmphåûkt `k niht z~èpcdht zh~h i hzici êt COA- Ktpht heìmdcht z~i`{|c~ho

~kdkmpkokmpk i~ckmphåûkt hdp{hgc|h h̀t tin i pïp{gi N{cg`cme Cmdg{tcqk Acmhmdchg Tstpkot< @imi~ E{c`kgcmkt im Ei i`

Z~hdpcdk cm Ocd~iacmhmdk-; Ktpk ìd{okmpi' `ctzimcncgc|hì k di/z~i`{|cì zkgi DEHZ' dimpão gcåûkt hz~km`c`ht

k i~ckmphåûkt izk~hdcimhct zh~h it ìhì~kt k zh~h i{p~it x{k ktpäi h p~hnhgfh~ hi mïqkg `h ocd~iacmhmåh-

H oè mipïdch ã h `k x{k it ìhì~kt mäi hzgcdho `k ai~oh dimtctpkmpk ktpkt z~cmdïzcit `k niht z~èpcdht- [oh

e~hm`k zh~pk ì `cmfkc~i x{k ehtpho mäi ã kakdpcqh' phmpi zi~x{k hdhnh zi~ acdh~ z~kti h okdhmctoit `k

acmhmdchokmpi zh{phìt zkgi cmt{dkt ti k o{cpht qk|kt diozgcdhìt' i{ zi~x{k qhc zh~h zh~dkc~it x{k ~h~hokmpk

täi in~ceh̀ it h `koimtp~h~ h t{h zk~ai~ohmdk- Ko hge{mt dhtit' z~ie~hoht zin~kokmpk dimdkncìt hp~hth~ho

i `ktkmqigqcokmpi ìt tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it cmdg{tcqit hi `ctpi~dk~ko it ok~dhìt k hi `ktgidh~ko htcmcdchpcqht diok~dchct mhdcimhct dio `cmfkc~i nh~hpi i{ e~hp{cpi- O{cpht qk|kt it ìhì~kt kmdimp~ho

`cacd{g`h`kt ko h`k~c~ êt niht z~èpcdht zkgi oiì dioi a{mdcimho- Ht heìmdcht `k `ktkmqigqcokmpi zi`k~cho

pk~ {o cozhdpi o{cpi ohci~ &oktoi dio it hdp{hct mïqkct `k d{tpit# hgcmfhmì ht t{ht izk~håûkt dio ht niht

z~èpcdht k gcocphmì h t{h cmpk~qkmåäi êt è~kht ko x{k täi ktzkdchgc|hìt cm`cqc`{hgokmpk k dioi e~{zi-

Zitcdcimhmì i acmhmdchokmpi ìt ìhì~kt- I zhzkg ìt ìhì~kt mi a{p{~i c~è o{`h~ ê ok`c`h x{k i

z~ie~ktti ko `c~kdåäi hit tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it cmdg{tcqit ehmfh coz{gti- H `kzkm`ìmdch ì acmhmdchokmpi ìt

ìhì~kt c~è `cocm{c~ ko pk~oit ~kghpcqit ê ok`c`h x{k it ok~dhìt hoh`{~kdko- It ìhì~kt z~kdcth~äi `k

kmdimp~h~ oiìt `k diozgko kmph~ — k mäi `k t{ntpcp{c~ / i dhzcphg z~cqhì mhdcimhg k ìoã tpcdi-

It t{ntï`cit ìt ìhì~kt tk~äi mkdkttè~cit h piìt it mïqkct ì tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i- I tkdpi~ z~cqhì zi~ tc mäi

dimtke{c~è ~ktzim`k~ hit `kthacit digidhìt zkgh kvzhmtäi k zkgi hz~ia{m`hokmpi ì tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i i{'

zkgi okmit' mäi i ah~è päi ~hzc`hokmpk x{hmpi i mkdkttè~ci zh~h hgdhmåh~ it nkmkaïdcit `k `ktkmqigqcokmpi

{~ekmpkokmpk mkdkttè~cit- M{o d{~pi ktzhåi `k pkozi' it cmqktpcì~kt z{~hokmpk diok~dchct zi`k~äi hdfh~ i

; DEHZ' N{cg`cme Cmdg{tcqk Acmhmdchg Tstpkot< @imi~ E{c`kgcmkt im Eii` Z~hdpcdk cm Ocd~iacmhmdk2

@ctzimïqkg ko< fppz<))uuu-dehz-i~e)ìdt)ìmi~e{c`kgcmkt-zà



>6

d{tpi `k ai~mkdcokmpi `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it `kohtchì kgkqhì i{ h phvh `k ~kpi~mi `kohtchì nhcvh' i{ i

~ctdi `kohtchì kgkqhì- It ìhì~kt täi mkdkttè~cit zh~h z~ioiqk~ko h cmiqhåäi h cmqktpcehåäi k i

`ktkmqigqcokmpi `k miqit z~i`{pit i{ pkdmigiecht2 okgfi~h~ h cma~h/ktp~{p{~h acmhmdkc~h2 kmdi~hlh~ i h{okmpi

`h p~hmtzh~ìmdch tin~k i `ktkozkmfi k h diozkpcåäi kmp~k it ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit ~kphgfi2 k h dimtp~{åäi

`k diozkpìmdcht acmhmdkc~ht h piìt it mïqkct- It ìhì~kt phonão zi`ko cmag{kmdch~ ht zigïpcdht acmhmdkc~htmhdcimhct k cmpk~mhdcimhct x{k zittcncgcph' tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it cmdg{tcqit ko k~ec~ k tk~k o nko t{dk`cìt-

Acmhgokmpk it ìhì~kt `kqk~cho ktph~ z~kzh~hìt zh~h pk~ko ohct ~ctdit ì x{k it hdpi~kt z~cqhìt' zi~x{k

zi`ko hnti~qk~ ohct ahdcgokmpk ht zk~`ht x{k zi`ko idi~~k~- [o hzkpcpk ohci~ zkgi ~ctdi tcemcacdh x{k it

ìhì~kt `kqk~cho dimdkmp~h~/tk mht cmtpcp{cåûkt `k acmhmdchokmpi x{k it cmqktpcì~kt diok~dchct i{

tidchgokmpk ~ktzimtèqkct ̀ kqk~cho kqcph~-

^KT[OI @IT Z^CMDÏZCIT DFHQK @H OCDÎACMHMÅHKtpkt z~cmdïzcit ai~ho `ktkmqigqcìt k hzich` it zkgh DEHZ k zkgit tk{t >6 okon~it ìm i~t' k

zitpk~ci~okmpk `kakm`cìt zkgit ~kz~ktkmphmpkt ì E~{zi ìt Icpi' mi Kmdimp~i ì E6' ko 8: `k L{mfi `k

>::0' ko Tkh Ctghm`' Eki~ech'K[H-

8- Ht zkttiht zin~kt z~kdctho `k {oh qh~ck`h`k `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it' mäi hzkmhtkoz~ãtpcoit-

Zh~h hgão ì d~ã`cpi' x{k~ko zi{zhmåht' tke{~it k t k~qcåit `k p~hmtak~ìmdch `k `cmfkc~i->- H ocd~iacmhmåh ã {oh ak~~hokmph zi`k~ith zh~h g{ph~ dimp~h h zin~k|h- It he~kehìt zin~kt {pcgc|ho it tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it zh~h h{okmph~ko it tk{t ~km`cokmpitokmthct' dimtp~{c~ i tk{ ktzôgci k z~ipkek~ko/tk dimp~h dfix{kt kvpk~ci~kt-4- H ocd~iacmhmåh tcemcacdh dimtp~{c~ tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it zh~h t k~qc~ it zin~kt-H ocd~iacmhmåh hzkmht dimtke{c~è i tk{ zipkmdchg diozgkpi t k~ a i~ cmpke~h`h mi tctpkoh acmhmdkc~iìocmhmpk ì zhït-0- H ocd~iacmhmåh zi`k zheh~/tk h tc z~ôz~ch k pk~è x{k i a h|k~ tk x{ctk~ dfkeh~ h {o qhtpi

müok~i `k zkttiht- H mäi tk~ x{k it ai~mkdkì~kt `h ocd~iacmhmåh din~ko i t{acdckmpk zh~h din~c~ it tk{t d{tpit'ktph~äi tkoz~k gcocphìt zkgi zh~di k cmdk~pi ai~mkdcokmpi `k t{ntï`cit zi~ zh~pk ìt ìhì~kt kìt eiqk~mit-;- H ocd~iacmhmåh ã tin~k dimtp~{c~ cmtpcp{cåûkt gidhct zk~ohmkmpkt x{k zi`ko hp~hc~ `kzôtcpit

mhdcimhct' ~kdcdgè/git ko koz~ãtpcoit k ai~mkdk~ i{p~it tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it-1- I ocd~id~ã̀ cpi mko tkoz~k ã h ~ktzitph- I{p~i pczi `k hzicit zi`k~äi a{mdcimh~ okgfi~ zh~h ht zkttiht x{k täi päi zin~kt x{k mäi pìox{hgx{k~ ~km`cokmpi i{ ai~oht `k zheh~ it tk{t koz~ãtpcoit-5- It pkdpit `k phvht `k l{~i hakdpho ht zkttiht zin~kt hi pi~mh~/gfkt ohct `caïdcg i hdktti hi

d~ã`cpi- Ah|k~ o{cpit koz~ãtpcoit zkx{kmit d{tph ohct ì x{k ah|k~ e~hm`kt koz~ãtpcoit-It pkdpit ìt l{~it cozk`k ht COA `k din~c~ko it tk{t d{tpit' k `ktph ai~oh cozk`k/ht `kai~mkdk~ d~ã`cpi hit zin~kt-

6- I p~hnhgfi ̀ i eiqk~mi ã i zk~ocpc~ h kvctpìmdch ̀ k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it k mäi i `k hp~cn{ï/git`c~kdphokmpk-

It eiqk~mit x{htk m{mdh zi`ko ah|k~ {o nio p~hnhgfi hi ko z~ktph~ `cmfkc~i' oht zi`kodimtp~{c~ {o h onckmpk zigïpcdi ̀ k hzici-3- It a{mìt `k ìhì~kt `kqk~cho diozgkokmph~ i dhzcphg z~cqhì k mäi diozkpc~ dio kgk-It t{ntï`cit `k ìhì~kt `kqk~cho hzich~ h cozgkokmphåäi `k {oh cmtpcp{cåäi k hzicè/gh hpã hizimpi im`k zitth ~kdi~~k~ h aimpkt `k acmhmdchokmpi z~cqh`ht' dioi it `kzôtcpit-8:- I kmp~hqk z~cmdczhg ã h ahgph ̀ k cmtpcp{cåûkt ai~pkt k ̀ k ektpi~kt-It ìhì~kt `kqk~cho dimdkmp~h~ i tk{ hzici mh dimtp~{åäi `k diozkpìmdcht-88- H ocd~iacmhmåh a{mdcimh okgfi~ x{hmì ok`k — k oitp~h — i tk{ `ktkozkmfi-It ~kghpô~cit mäi hzkmht hl{ h̀o it hddcimctpht h hqhgch~ko it tk {t d{tpit k nkmk aïdcit' ohtphonão h okgfi~h~ i tk{ `ktkmqigqcokmpi- Ht COA z~kdctho `k z~i`{|c~ ~kghpô~cit z~kdctit kdiozh~èqkct x{k ~kghpko i tk{ `ktkozkmfi acmhmdkc~i &zi~ kvkozgi' i zhehokmpi `kkoz~ãtpcoit k h ~kd{zk~håäi ìt d{tpit# nko dioi i tk{ `ktkozkmfi tidchg &zi~ kvkozgi'müok~i k e~h{ `k zin~k|h ìt dgckmpkt h tk~ko tk~qcìt#-

Ti{~dk< fppz<))uuu-dehz-i~e)ìdt)ìmi~e{c`kgcmkt-zà



>3

4-> Cmqktpcì~kt Cmpk~mhdcimhct

I cmqktpcokmpi cmpk~mhdcimhg ko ocd~iacmhmåh ktpè h h{okmph~- It cmqktpcì~kt cmpk~mhdcimhct tidchgokmpk

i~ckmphìt cmdg{ko it cmqktpcì~kt züngcdit &it n~håit acmhmdkc~it `ht heìmdcht `k `ktkmqigqcokmpi ncghpk~hg k

o{gpcghpk~hg' mi~ohgokmpk dimfkdc`ht dioi cmtpcp{cåûkt cmpk~mhdcimhct `k acmhmdchokmpi i{ CCA#' x{k pìo {oh

hni~`heko ohct diok~dchg ì x{k it ìhì~kt' k it a{mìt z~cqhìt `k o{cpit pczit- Ktpkt a{mìt zi`k~cho

h{okmph~ zipkmdchgokmpk h hp~cn{cåäi `k acmhmdchokmpit im`k i ìhì~ lè mäi ã mkdkttè~ci' oht ko x{k it

acmhmdchokmpit diok~dchct hcm`h mäi ktpäi `ctzimïqkct- Ko diml{mpi' it a{mìt z~cqhìt k CCA digidh~ho 8-> ocg

ocgfûkt `k `ôgh~kt ko pïp{git `k `ïqc`h' zhp~coômci gïx{cì k eh~hmpcht ko dk~dh `k ;:: COA ktzkdchgc|h`ht k

diizk~hpcqht- Ã z~iqèqkg x{k' h d{~pi z~h|i' it cmqktpcì~kt cmpk~mhdcimhct zi`k~äi tioh~ h ktpk m üok~i dk~dh `k1;: ocgfûkt `k `ôgh~kt1-

H d~chåäi `k ohct `k ;: a{mìt hi gimei ìt ügpcoit hmit dhzpi{ h hpkmåäi `h dio{mc`h`k `h ocd~iacmhmåh k

~kagkdpk i hzh~kdcokmpi ì kmp{tchtoi zh~h h ocd~iacmhmåh- It cmqktpcì~kt z~cqhìt dfkeho/mit tin qè~cht

ai~oht k `cokmtûkt<

• A{mìt ̀ k cmqktpcokmpit cm`kzkm`kmpkt ktzkdchgc|hìt ko ocd~iacmhmåh< Z~ia{m`' H a~cDhz-

• A{mìt httidchìt k d~chìt zi~ ~k`kt `k ocd~iacmhmåh < HDDCIM Cmqktpokmpt &HDDCIM Eginhg

N~cèk A{m`' HDDCIM Ghpcm Hok~cdh N~cèk A{m`' HDDCIM Ehpkuhs A{m`#' Izzi~p{mcps Cmpk~mhpcimhg'

@ãqkgizzkokmp Cmpk~mhpcimhg @ktlh~`cmt &Cmqktpokmp A{m` ai~ Cmpk~mhpcimhg @kqkgizokmp

RAIMC@C_' pfk Zh~pmk~tfcz A{m`' hm` pfk E{h~hmpkk A{m`# k Cmpk~mhpcimhgk Ocd~i Cmqktpcpcimkm

Hbpckmektkggtdfhap &COC/HE#-

• A{mìt d~chìt zi~ cmqktpcì~kt z~cqhìt tidchgokmpk ~ktzimtèqkct < E~hs Efitp' [mcp{t'

Hm`~iok`h' P~ciìt' Icbid~k`cp' ~ktzimtcncgcps k Tidcãpã `–Cmqktpcttkokmp kp `k @ãqkgizzkokmp

Cmpk~mhpcimhg &TC@C#-

I d~ktdcokmpi t{ntphmdchg `k cmqktpcokmpit cmpk~mhdcimhct ko ocd~iacmhmåh pko tcì tcmômcoi phmpi `k

nkmkaïdcit' dioi `k zk~p{~nhåûkt- Ko z~cokc~i g{eh~ ktpkt a{mìt `äi/mit {o qhtpi diml{mpi `k cmtp~{okmpit

acmhmdkc~it dhzh|kt `k c~ko hi kmdimp~i `ht mkdkttc`h`kt acmhmdkc~ht tin~k COA- Hzkth~ `k pk~ tcì~kghpcqhokmpk `caïdcg zh~h ht COA inpk~ mi zhtthì zh~pcdczhåûkt hddcimctpht' hge{mt a{mìt diokåho h

z~iqc`kmdch~ hdåûkt- Ctpi ã cozi~phmpk' zi~x{k it cmqktpcì~kt cmpk~mhdcimhct zi`ko pk~ {o cozhdpi zitcpcqi mh

eiqk~mhmåh k mh ektpäi `ht COA x{hmì tk pi~mho zh~dchgokmpk z~iz~ckpè~cit `kttkt a{mìt- Zh~h hgão `k `ïqc`h

k zh~pcdczhåûkt hddcimctpht' i{p~it cmtp~{okmpit iak~kdcìt zi~ ktpkt cmqktpcì~kt cmdg{ko x{htc/hdåûkt

1 Cqhp{~s k Hn~hot' ‗Pfk Oh~bkp ai~ Ocd~iacmhmdk Ai~kcem Cmqktpokmp< Izzi~p{mcpckt hm`

Dfhggkmekt'‟ dcphì zi~ DEHZ &>::1#' Hd dktt ai~ Hgg-



4:

&koz~ãtpcoit dio phvht `k l{~i nhcvht h oã`ci k gimei z~h|i `ktpcmhìt h tk~ko zheit hp~hqãt ìt g{d~it' k

x{k zi`ko kqkmp{hgokmpk tk~ko p~hmtai~ohìt ko zh~pcdczhåûkt hddcimctpht#2 dioz~h `k pïp{git' dk~pcacdhìt

`k `kzôtcpi k i{p~it cmtp~{okmpit2 k eh~hmpcht `k oiì h x{k ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht zittho inpk~

koz~ãtpcoit l{mpi ìt nhmdit mhdcimhct' kocpc~ pïp{git i{ ag{p{h~ hdåûkt mh nigth-

H ohci~ch ì cmqktpcokmpi cmpk~mhdcimhg &ko pi~mi ìt 3: zi~ dkmpi# dfkeh `c~kdph i{ cm`c~kdphokmpk ìt

a{mìt züngcdit- O{cpit ìt a{mìt z~cqhìt inpão i tk{ acmhmdchokmpi hp~hqãt ìt CCAt- Oht h hni~`heko phmpi

ìt CCAt dioi ìt a{mìt z~cqhìt ã o{cpi h`qk~th hi ~ctdi- Phg ~kagkdpk/t k mi kgkqhì mïqkg `k dimdkmp~håäi ìt

cmqktpcokmpit' phmpi ekie~hacdhokmpk dioi mi pczi `k cmtp~{okmpit iak~kdcìt &qk~ ace{~h 88#- Dk~dh `k 65 zi~

dkmpi ìt a{mìt qäi zh~h `{ht ~kecûkt' h K{~izh k h Ètch Dkmp~hg &CCA# k h Hoã~cdh Ghpcmh &a{mìt z~cqhìt#- H

dimdkmp~håäi zi`k tk~ hcm`h ohci~' mh ok`c`h ko x{k it a{mìt z~cqhìt k it CCA diozkpko zi~ {o zkx{kmi

e~{zi `k cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht ai~pkt k ~ke{ghokmph h̀t-

Zi~ kvkozgi' dk~dh `k {o pk~åi `k piìt it a{mìt z~cqhìt acmhmdch~ho i Nhmdi Tigc`h~ci mi Kx{hì~ k i

Dimachm|h mi Zk~{' k {o pk~åi ìt CCA cmqktpc~ho `ïqc`h k hdåûkt m{o diml{mpi `k cmtpcp{cåûkt Z~iD~k`cp mh

K{~izh `k Gktpk' mit Nhgdä k mh Ètch Dkmp~hg-

H kgkqh`h dimdkmp~håäi `k acmhmdchokmpi gkqhmph `üqc`ht tin~k tk kvctpko izi~p{mc`h`kt `k ok~dhì

t{acdckmpkt zh~h hzich~ phmpit a{mìt zkx{kmit- Hge{mt intk~qhì~kt z~kqìo {o h{okmpi `h dimtigc`håäi ê

ok`c`h x{k it ok~dhìt ìt a{mìt hoh`{~kdk k it t{ntï`cit zh~h i ktphnkgkdcokmpi `k a{mìt tkdh-

I{p~i mïqkg `k dimdkmp~håäi ã h ìt cmtp~{okmpit {pcgc|hìt- H ohci~ch ì `cmfkc~i ã iak~kdcì dioi {o

koz~ãtpcoi ko oik`h ktp~hmekc~h' i x{k zi`k~ch digidh~ z~ingkoht êt cmtpcp{cåûkt x{k zi`k~cho mäi thnk~

dioi ek~c~ it ~ctdit httidchìt hi dîonci `h oik`h ktp~hmekc~h- @ict kvkozgit `k kmpc`h`kt koz~ktphì~ht

cmpk~mhdcimhct x{k `ktkmqigqk~ho it tk{t z~ôz~cit okdhmctoit zh~h ocpceh~ko ktpkt ~ctdit' täi it ì P~ciìt

Nhmb k ì Icbid~k`cp- I P~ciìt dioncmh koz~ãtpcoit ko oik`h gidhg dio tuhz `k `cqctht h phvh acvh tkoz~k

x{k ktpht ktpäi `ctzimïqkct &zi~ kvkozgi' h Cmìmãtch' h Ïm c̀h' Èa~cdh ì T{g' N~htcg k Oãvcdi# k' x{hmì mäi ktpäi

`ctzimïqkct cmdi~zi~ho hx{kgk ~ctdi mi z~kåi ì koz~ãtpcoi- Icbid~k`cp oimpi{ {o Gidhg D{~~kmds ^ctb A{m`

&GDÂ#' x{k ã dio i i tke{~i x{k z~ipkek it tk{t k oz~ãtpcoit dimp~h ag{p{håûkt mht phvht dhonchct- GDÂ {pcgc|h

nigtht `k ìhì~kt zh~h httke{~h~ hit koz~ktphì~kt x{k i ~kpi~mi tin~k it koz~ãtpcoit ko oik`h ai~pk

mäi dhch zh~h hgão `k {o gcocpk z~ã/`kacmcì-

Piìt it cmqktpcì~kt cmpk~mhdcimhct ko ocd~iacmhmåh pìo {oh dicth ko dio{o< ktpäi `ctzitpit h hdkcph~ko

{o ~kpi~mi ohct oi`ktpi tin~k it tk{t cmqktpcokmpit ko p~idh ìt ~kpi~mit tidchct ek~hìt zkgh ocd~iacmhmåh-

Hcm`h x{k it tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it `ktpcmhìt hit zin~kt tklho hp~hdpcqit zh~h it cmqktpcì~kt dio octtûkt

tidchct' i oktoi zi`k mäi hdimpkdk~ dio it dfhohìt cmqktpcì~kt z{~hokmpk diok~dchct' hzkmht

cmpk~ktthìt mit g{d~it- X{hmpi ohci~ ai~ i ìmahtk mit ~kpi~mit tidchct' ohci~ tk~è i ~ctdi acmhmdkc~i x{k it

cmqktpcì~kt `kqko ktph~ `ctzitpit h htt{oc~- It ìhì~kt `kqko ~k`{|c~ h t{h gcehåäi dio hx{kght COA x{k

acmhmdch~ko mit ügpcoit hmit k kmdi~hlè/ght h `ktkmqigqk~ ghåit dio it ok~dhìt `k dhzcphg ìoãtpcdit- Ctpi

tcemcacdh x{k `kqko `h~ z~ci~c`h`k ê z~ôvcoh ek~håäi `k cmtpcp{cåûkt ai~pkt' iak~kdkmì dhzcphg cmcdchg k hzici mi

`ktkmqigqcokmpi i{ p~hmtai~ohåäi `ktpht miqht ktp~kght-



48

4-4 Ok~dhìt Mhdcimhct `k Acmhmdchokmpi

Cmpke~h~ h ocd~iacmhmåh mit ok~dhìt mhdcimhct ã i inlkdpcqi ügpcoi zh~h h dimtp~{åäi `k {o tctpkoht

acmhmdkc~it cmdg{tcqit- I acmhmdchokmpi mhdcimhg pìo' zkgi okmit' p~ìt qhmphekmt- Ko z~cokc~i g{eh~ h

`ctzimcncgc`h`k `k tk~qcåit `k `kzôtcpit acmhmdkc~it &{oh aimpk `k acmhmdchokmpi mhdcimhg# ã o{cpi qhgi~c|h`h

zkght zkttiht zin~kt i{ dio nhcvit ~km`cokmpit- Ko tke{mì g{eh~' i acmhmdchokmpi mhdcimhg hl{`h ht

cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht h kqcph~ i ~ctdi `ht izk~håûkt dhonchct- Ko pk~dkc~i' ã ohct z~iqèqkg x{k tklh z~iqkmckmpk

`k aimpkt diok~dchgokmpk oipcqh`ht' i{ tklh' mäi tk~è `cmfkc~i x{k pk~ch tcì {pcgc|hì dio i{p~it z~izôtcpit

tidchct i{ ̀ k ̀ ktkmqigqcokmpi tk h cmtpcp{cåäi acmhmdkc~h mäi i pcqkttk dhzphì-

H ohci~ch ìt tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it mhdcimhct pìo kvdktti `k gcx{c`k| — it nhmdit pìo tcì t{acdckmpkokmpk

~h|ièqkct mh oincgc|håäi `k aimpkt' mh ohci~ch `k dgckmpkt di~zi~hpcqit' cmtpcp{dcimhct i{ hnhtphìt- @k ahdpi'

o{cpht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht x{k tk~qko ht zkttiht zin~kt k dio nhcvit ~kd{~tit' dioi it e~hm`kt nhmdit

`k zi{zhmåh' i{' dhcvht kdimôocdht zitphct' k i{p~it nhmdit dio{mcpè~cit k diizk~hpcqht lè tk hzicho mit

ok~dhìt mhdcimhct' ko zh~pcd{gh~ mi x{k `c| ~k tzkcpi hit `kzôtcpit-

I e~hm`k müok~i `k dimpht `k zi{zhmåh kmp~k ktpht cmtpcp{cåûkt' hg{`k hi zipkmdchg zh~h h oincgc|håäi ìt

`kzôtcpit ko e~hm`k ktdhgh kmp~k it dgckmpkt zin~kt k dio nhcvit ~km`cokmpit- Zh~h hgão `ht zi{zhmåht'

i{p~ht aimpkt zipkmdchct `k acmhmdcme mhdcimhg zh~h h ocd~iacmhmåh cmdg{ko `ïqc`h ìt nhmdit diok~dchct'

dk~pcacdhìt `k hai~~i k pïp{git' nko dioi hdåûkt `k cm`ïqc`{it i{ a{mìt h mïqkg ìoãtpcdi' k h ag{p{håäi `k

hdåûkt mi ok~dhì `k qhgi~kt &k oni~h ktpht aimpkt ìoãtpcdht `k hdåûkt hcm`h mäi tk pkmfh ohpk~chgc|h̀ i#-

H ohci~ch `ht COA ktzkdchgc|h`ht mäi tk hz~iqkcph~ho' phmpi x{hmì zi`cho' `h e~hm`k izi~p{mc`h`k

hz~ktkmph`h zkgit ok~dhìt mhdcimhct `k acmhmdchokmpi- O{cpht z~kak~ko it cmqktpcì~kt ktp~hmekc~it- M{o

ktp{ì ~kdkmpk `h DEHZ)OCV' ht COA k ht diizk~hpcqht dcphqho okgfi~kt pk~oit k dim`cåûkt' ko zh~pcd{gh~ phvht

`k l{~i miocmhg hzh~kmpkokmpk ohct nh~hpht' dioi ht z~cmdczhct ~h|ûkt zh~h z~kak~c~ko i cmqktpcokmpi

ktp~hmekc~i êt aimpkt mhdcimhct- Mh ok`c`h ko x{k o{cpit ìt cmqktpcì~kt cmpk~mhdcimhct cmdi~zi~ho t{ntï`cit

`k hge{o pczi mi tk{ a{m`cme' ktph z~kak~ìmdch mäi ã t{z~kkm`kmpk- O{cpht qk|kt' ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht

tin~k/ktpcoho i qhgi~ ~kghpcqhokmpk nhcvi `h `ïqc`h kvpk~mh' dimp{ì' zi~x{k hdhnho zi~ mäi pk~ ko dimph i

~ctdi `ht izk~håûkt dhonchct- I{p~i z~ingkoh dio h `ïqc`h cmpk~mhdcimhg' ko zh~pcd{gh~ x{hmì ã t{ntc`ch`h' ã i

`k x{k zi`k nhcvh~ it cmdkmpcqit zh~h h oincgc|håäi `k `kzôtcpit-

Täi qè~cht ht COA x{k diokåho h hdk`k~ êt aimpkt `k acmhmdchokmpi mhdcimhct- Ht COA ~ke{ghokmph`ht

diokåh~ho h aidh~/tk mit ~kd{~tit mhdcimhct `k a{mìt k a{mdcimho dioi qk~`h`kc~it cmpk~ok`cè~cit

acmhmdkc~it- O{cpht qc~h~ho/tk zh~h h oincgc|håäi zh~h it `kzôtcpit' i x{k pko o{cpit nkmkaïdcit- Ko z~cokc~i

g{eh~' zk~ocpk êt cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht c~ okgfi~ hi kmdimp~i `ht mkdkttc`h`kt ìt dgckmpkt zin~kt &k i{p~it#

hi iak~kdk~ {o diml{mpi ohct qhtpi `k tk~qcåit- Phonão zi`k nhcvh~ it d{tpit eginhct ia acmhmdchokmpi k

`cqk~tcacdh~ ht aimpkt ìt a{mìt- Ht zi{zhmåht' oktoi ht zkx{kmht zi{zhmåht' täi mi~ohgokmpk

~kghpcqhokmpk ohct ktpèqkct hi gimei ì pkozi k zi`ko tk~ `k ohci~ dimachmåh ì x{k it ìhì~kt i{ ì x{k

i{p~it acmhmdch̀ i~kt x{k zi`ko o{`h~ ht t{ht ktp~hpãecht i{ `kdc`c~ mäi acmhmdch~ it z~ilkdpit-

Mi Zk~{' ê ok`c`h x{k it nhmdit diok~dchct kmp~h~ho mi ok~dhì' ht COA ~ke{ghokmph`ht z~id{~h~ho oiìt

`k ~k`{|c~ it t k{t d{tpit zh~h tk~ko dimdi~~kmdchct- Zh~h i ah|k~ko ' qc~h~ho/tk e~h`{hgokmpk zh~h it `kzôtcpit'



4>

ko qk| `k zk`c~ko koz~ktphì zh~h acmhmdch~ i tk{ d~ktdcokmpi- Kmp~k 8335 k >::4' it `kzôtcpit dioi {oh

zk~dkmpheko ìt hdpcqit piphct h{okmpi{ `k 0: zi~ dkmpi zh~h 1> zi~ dkmpi kmp~k 88 COA Zk~{hmht-5

Dimp{ì' o{cpht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht `ktdin~c~ho x{k h oincgc|håäi `ht zi{zhmåht mko tkoz~k ã aèdcg'

zh~pcd{gh~okmpk kmp~k it dgckmpkt zin~kt- It d{tpit kgkqhìt &ko ktzkdchg zh~h ht dimpht zkx{kmht#' ht

diozkpìmdcht ktzkdchgc|h`ht mkdkttè~cht' ~ctdit `k gcx{c`k| k `k kvzitcåäi ko pkozi `k d~ctk' x{hmì it

dgckmpkt zi`k~cho hdi~~k~ ko ohtth hi nhmdi zh~h gkqhmph~ko ht t{ht zi{zhmåht' ai~ho o{cpht qk|kt

~ktzimtèqkct zkgh x{kn~h ìt kmp{tchtoi mh oincgc|håäi ìt dgckmpkt zh~h it `kzôtcpit- It nhmdit hdfh~ho

`caïdcg kx{cgcn~h~ ht mkdkttc`h`kt ìt dgckmpt ko pk~oit `k g{eh~kt tke{~it' dimqkmckmpkt k hddkttïqkct zh~h

ohmpk~ i tk{ `cmfkc~i dio it tk{t z~ôz~cit ~kx{ctcpit ko pk~oit `k qchncgc h̀`k acmhmdkc~h- @h̀ ht ht izåûkt

ai~ohct kvctpkmpkt mh ohci~ch ìt zhïtkt ko `ktkmqigqcokmpi' it dgckmpkt ohit zin~kt zi`ko nko z~kak~c~

ktdim`k~ i tk{ `cmfkc~i `knhcvi ì digdfäi ì x{k `kzitcpè/gi m{oh dimph nhmdè~ch- I `kthaci zh~h ht

cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht ~ke{ghokmph`ht x{k tk~qko it dgckmpkt zin~kt ã i `k dimtp~{c~ {o ‗n{tcmktt dhtk‟ zh~h

it `kzôtcpit- Ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht z~kdctho `k qk~ o{cpit nkmkaïdcit mi tk{ cmqktpcokmpi mi

dimfkdcokmpi ì ok~dhì' z~i`{dp ocv' tctpkoht k oh~bkpcme mkdkttè~ci' zh~h iak~kdk~ko tk~qcåit `k

`kzôtcpit hit dgckmpkt zin~kt k dio nhcvit ~km`cokmpit-

Ht COA tko ~ke{ghokmphåäi täi ohct m{ok~itht ì x{k ht x{k täi ~ke{ghokmph`ht- Pìo zi{dht izåûkt zh~h

hgão `h `ïqc`h kvpk~mh zi~x{k mäi ktpäi gkehgokmpk h{pi~c|h`ht h oincgc|h~ko zi{zhmåht- O{cpht qk|kt phonão

pìo ktp~{p{~ht `k z~iz~ck`h`k zi{di dgh~ht i x{k gkqhmph x{ktpûkt tin~k x{ko ã hddi{mphngk zh~h i nhmdi mi

dhti ̀ k cmtigqìmdch- It nhmdit mhdcimhct mäi ktpäi' ek ~hgokmpk ̀ ctzitpit h koz~ktph~/gfkt zh~h hgão ̀ k {o ~hpci

`k 8 zh~h 8 ko pk~oit `k `ïqc`h)hdåäi' k o{cpht qk|kt kvceko {oh eh~hmpch ai~ohg dioi {oh fczipkdh tin~k

{oh z~iz~ck`h`k-6

H dh~pkc~h `k pïp{git `k koz~ãtpcoi ã i ümcdi hdpcqi `k o{cpht COA dimqkdcimhct- Hge{mt nhmdit hdkcph~ho ktpktdh~pkc~h `k pïp{git dioi eh~hmpcht' i x{k zi`k~ch tk~ {o tcmhg `k hnk~p{~h hit koz~ãtpcoit mhdcimhct zh~h

hge{oht COA- H qk~`h`k ã x{k h x{hgc h̀`k `h dh~pkc~h `k pïp{git mh ocd~iacmhmåh ã nhtphmpk nih k zi`k tk~

t{acdckmpk zh~h httke{~h~ {oh eh~hmpch-3 It zh~dkc~it cmpk~mhdcimhct zi`k~cho hl{`h~ hi ~kai~åh~ ht diozkpkmdckt

`ht m{ok~itht zkx{kmht COA' hz~ktkmphì/ht hit nhmdit mhdcimhct' h{okmphmì h d~k`cncgc`h`k ìt tk{t

zh~dkc~it ̀ io ãtpcdit' h{okmphmì h eiqk~mhmåh k ia k~kdkmì eh~hmpcht-

Hge{oht `ht z~cmdczhct COA &mh t{h ohci~ch ~ke{ghokmph`ht' oht mko pi`ht# {pcgc|h~ho cmtp~{okmpit `k `ïïqc`h

mit ok~dhìt `k dhzcphg gidhct- Zi~ kvkozgi' h Diozh~phoit mi Oãvcdi' i Ocnhmdi mi Zk~{ k i Uiokm–t Ui~g`

Nhmbcme &UUN# Dhgc' mh Digionch' digidh~ho hdåûkt mit tk{t ok~dhìt mhdcimhct' nhtkh`ht' ko zh~pk' mht

hqhgchåûkt kocpc`ht zi~ e~hm`kt heìmdcht `k ~hpcme' dioi h Tphm`h~` ! Zii~–t' Acpdf k h Oii`s–t- NhmdiTig' i

zcimkc~i `h ocd~iacmhmåh h p~hmtai~oh~/tk m{o nhmdi' cmtd~kqk{/t k mh nigth `h Nigïqch k kocpc{ i k x{cqhgkmpk h 4

ocgfûkt `k `ôgh~kt ko hdåûkt `kt`k 8335- Mh K{~izh `k Gktpk' it nhmdit `k ocd~iacmhmåh Z~iD~k`cp phonão

ktpäi h d~ktdk~ mi o k~dhì mhdcimhg ̀ k dhzcphct-

5 Cqhp{~s k Hn~hot' ‗Pfk Oh~bkp ai~ Ocd~iacmhmdk Ai~kcem Cmqktpokmp< Izzi~p{mcpckt hm` Dfhggkmekt'‟ dcphì zi~ DEHZ &>::1#'

Hddktt ai~ Hgg- 6 Cnc`ko- 3 Ecnnimt k Okkfhm' ‗Acmhmdcme Ocd~iacmhmdk ai~ Ziqk~ps ^k`{dpcim'‟ dcphì zi~ DEHZ &>::1#' Hddktt ai~ Hgg-



44

Mi ghì `ht hdåûkt' täi zi{dht ht COA dghttcacdh`ht mit tk{t ok~dhìt mhdcimhct- K it ~kt{gphìt pìo tcì octpit-

Hge{oht kqc`ìmdcht ì NhmdiTig mh Nigïqch' oitp~ho x{k ktpht hdåûkt zi`ko tk~ qkm`c`ht h `ktdimpi tk

diozh~h`ht dio hx{kght ìt nhmdit nigcqchmit ohcmtp~kho ' i x{k tk tcemcacdh x{k i ok~dhì ìoãtpcdi zi`k

mäi qhgi~c|h~ h ocd~iacmhmåh tk~chokmpk- Tco{gphmkhokmpk' it z~cokc~it cmqktpcì~kt ko ocd~iacmhmåh oitp~ho

z~kid{zhåäi tin~k h zittïqkg `cg{cåäi `h octtäi tidchg' mi dhti `k tk~ zk~ocpcì {oh ohci~ z~iz~ck`h`k `k dh~c|diok~dchg mktpk pczi `k ok~dhì acmhmdkc~i-

Zi~x{k ã x{k' hpã hi oiokmpi' täi zi{dht ht COA ktzkdchgc|h`ht h kocpc~ko pïp{git k h dimtke{c~ko zhp~coômci

gïx{cì mht t{ht nigtht mhdcimhct9 K zi~x{k ã x{k hcm`h täi ko okmi~ müok~i ht x{k i ac|k~ho m{oh nhtk

z{~hokmpk diok~dchg' tko i nkmkaïdci `k {oh eh~hmpch zi~ zh~pk `k {oh CAC9 Tk~è x{k hzh~kdk~o o{cpht i{p~ht

x{k dimtke{c~äi ~ktzim`k~ h ktph zipkmdchg aimpk `k a{mìt9 Hcm`h kvctpko hge{oht `cacd{g`h`kkt' oktoi mh

Hoã~cdh Ghpcmh' {oh `ht ~kecûkt ohct hqhmåh`ht ko pk~oit `h kocttäi `k pïpügit `k ocd~iacmhmåh- Ko z~cokc~i

g{eh~' it intpèd{git ~ke{ghokmph~kt ko hge{mt zhïtkt' dioi i Zk~{' cozk`ko i hdktti zi~ zh~pk `k hge{mt

pczit `k cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht- Ko tke{mì g{eh~' it ok~dhìt `k dhzcphct mko tkoz~k ktpäi ahocgch~c|hìt

dio h ocd~iacmhmåh k it cmqktpcì~kt zi`ko hdfè/git `kohtchì h~~ctdhìt- Ko pk~dkc~i g{eh~ it d{tpit `k

kocttäi `k {o pïp{gi täi ~kghpcqhokmpk kgkqhìt k ht zkx{kmht kvceìmdcht acmhmdkc~ht `k o{cpht kmpc`h`kt

ktzkdchgc|h h̀t ko ocd~iacmhmåh zi`ko mäi l{tpcacdh~ ktpkt d{tpit- 8:

Mh ohci~ch ìt zhïtkt ko `ktkmqigqcokmpi' it ok~dhìt `k dhzcphct ktpäi päi zi{di `ktkmqigqcìt x{k mäi

dimtke{ko hzich~ e~hm`kt acmhmdchokmpit zh~h hgão `h oincgc|håäi zh~h i `kzôtcpi `k `cmfkc~i- H ahgph `k

dimdi~~ìmdch k h cmkacdcìmdch mi tkdpi~ `h nhmdh ã tcmômcoi `k x{k it a{mìt täi dh~it x{hmì ktpäi `ctzimïqkct-

H ohci~ch `ktpkt a{mìt ã `k d{~pi z~h|i k zi{dit ok~dhìt zi`ko kocpc~ phg acmhmdchokmpi `k gimei z~h|i-

O{cpi p~hnhgfi dimpcm{h zi~ tk~ akcpi zh~h dimtp~{c~ k tk`cokmph~ {o ok~dhì `k acmhmdchokmpi mhdcimhg k d~ch~

{o tctpk oh acmhmdkc~i ~khgokmpk cmdg{tcqi-

0- Dimdg{tûkt k @kthacit zh~h i A{p{~i

0-8 Ê z~id{~h `k {o tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i cmdg{tcqi

Ohct `k 4 ocg ocgfûkt `k zkt tiht zin~kt x{k qcqko dio okmit `k > `ôgh~kt zi~ `ch' z~id{~ho hdk`k~ h tk~qcåit

acmhmdkc~it nètcdit x{k zi`k o t k~ {o kgko kmpi a{m`hokmphg zh~h i hgïqci `h zin~k|h- H ohci~ch h̀t zkttiht m i

o{mì ko `ktkmqigqcokmpi' ctpi ã ' h ohci~ch `h ziz{ghåäi o{m`chg' mäi pko hdktti h tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~itai~ohct- O{cpi zi{dht nkmkacdcho `k dimpht `k zi{zhmåh' koz~ãtpcoit i{ ai~oht z~èpcdht `k p~hmtak~c~ `cmfkc~i-

H ahgph `k hdktti h tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it cozk`k it zin~kt k ht zkttiht dio okmit ~kd{~tit kdimôocdit `k

pioh~ko `kdctûkt `cè~cht x{k h ohci~ch `ht zkttiht pko dioi eh~hmpc h̀t-

8: Zi~pidh~~k~i Ohctdf k Ti~ch' Dôoi ̀ knk~ïhm acmhmdch~tk ght COA';0- Dcphì zi~ DEHZ &>::1#' Hddktt ai~ Hgg-



40

H ocd~iacmhmåh inpkqk ~kt{gphìt kvp~hi~`cmè~cit mit ügpcoit 4: hmit' dimtke{cmì oitp~h~ x{k ht zkttiht

zin~kt täi dgckmpkt qcèqkct- Tco{gphmkhokmpk d~ci{ {o müok~i `k cmtpcp{cåûkt x{k tk ktzkdchgc|h~ho ko

tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it zh~h ht zkttiht zin~kt k diokåi{ h hp~hc~ i cmpk~kttk `k cmqktpcì~kt z~cqhìt- Oht hzkth~

`ktpkt ~kt{gphìt' hcm`h kvctpk {o gimei dhocmfi h zk~di~~k~ zh~h ah|k~ dfkeh~ ktpkt tk~qcåit h piìt it x{k

`kgkt mkdkttcpho- Täi p~ìt it ohci~kt `kthacit x{k `kacmko ht a~impkc~ht ìt tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it zh~h it ohctzin~kt<

8- O{gpczgcdhåäi ìt tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it `k x{hgc`h`k zh~h dfkeh~ko h {o ohci~ müok~i `k zkttiht

&ktdhgh#2

>- Dfkeh~ h zkttiht ohct `ktahqi~kdc`ht k ohct `ctphmpkt &z~ia{ m`c`h̀ k#2 k

4- Nhcvh~ it d{tpit phmpi zh~h it dgckmpkt dioi zh~h it ai~mkdkì~kt ìt tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it &d{tpi#-

H x{ktpäi x{k tk digidh ã h tke{cmpk< Dioi t{zk~h~ ktpkt `kthacit9 H ~ktzitph< Ah|kmì ìt tk~qcåit

acmhmdkc~it zh~h it zin~kt zh~pk ì tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i ìocmhmpk - Ktpk kmi~ok müok~i `k zkttiht x{k tk

kmdimp~ho kvdg{ï`ht ì tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i p~h`cdcimhg' hzkmht dimtke{c~è ah|k~ zh~pk `kgk dhti it tk~qcåit

acmhmdkc~it x{k gfk täi `ktpcmhìt tklho cmpke~hìt ko piìt it p~ìt mïqkct ì tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i< ocd~i' okti

k ohd~i-

Ocd~i- H ktzcmfh ì~thg ìt tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it dimpcm{h h tk~ it ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it

h ~kphgfi x{k iak~kdko tk~qcåit `c~kdphokmpk hit zin~kt k hit dgckmpkt dio nhcvit ~km`cokmpit- Ktpkt

ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit x{k tk kmdimp~ho mi mïqkg ocd~i ì tctpkoh qäi `kt`k it koz~ktphì~kt `k

`cmfkc~i cmai~ohct i{ dg{nkt `k zi{zhmåht hit nhmdit diok~dchct k cmdg{ko pi`ht ht kmpc`h`kt x{k tk

kmdimp~ho mktpk tctpkoh-

Okti- Ktpk mïqkg cmdg{c h cma~h/ktp~{p{~h k i diml{mpi `k tk~qcåit mkdkttè~cit zh~h ~k`{|c~ko it d{tpit

`k p~hmthdåûkt' h{okmph~ i tk{ hgdhmdk' dimtp~{c~ diozkpìmdcht k z~ioiqk~ h p~hmtzh~ìmdch kmp~k it

ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it- Cmdg{c {o qhtpi diml{mpi `k hdpi~kt k `k hdpcqc`h`kt' dioi it

h{`cpi~kt' heìmdcht `k ~hpcme' ~k`kt `k z~iacttcimhct' tcm`cdhpit' heìmdcht `k d~ã`cpi' tctpkoht `k

p~hmtak~ìmdcht k `k zhehokmpit' ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit pãdmcdit k ai~ohì~kt- Ktpht kmpc`h`kt

zi`ko p~hmtdkm`k~ ht a~impkc~ht mhdcimhct k cmdg{ko i~ehmc|håûkt ~kecimhct i{ eginhct-

Ohd~i- Ã mkdkttè~ci {o kmx{h`~hokmpi gkectghpcqi k zigïpcdi hz~iz~chì zh~h zk~ocpc~ i agi~ktdcokmpi

`k {o tctpkoh `k ocd~iacmhmåh t{tpkmpèqkg- It nhmdit dkmp~hct' it ocmctpã~cit' ht acmhmåht k i{p~ht

kmpc`h`kt eiqk~mhokmphct mhdcimhct' täi it z~cmdczhct zh~pcdczhmpkt mktpk mïqkg ohd~i-

Mi x{h`~i `k tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i cmpke~hì k cmdg{tcqi' h x{hgc`h`k k h p~hmtzh~ìmdch h`x{c~ko {oh e~hm`k

cozi~pîmdch- H p~hmtzh~ìmdch ã a{m`hokmphg zh~h h dimtp~{åäi `k tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it cmdg{tcqit x{k hpcmlho {oh

`cokmtäi tcemcacdhpcqh- Zi`k z~ioiqk~ i `ktkozkmfi `ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht- H cmai~ohåäi di~~kdph hl{`h

it ektpi~kt h c`kmpcacdh~ ht è~kht x{k z~kdctho `k tk~ okgfi~h`ht k h pioh~ko okgfi~kt `kdctûkt zh~h

okgfi~h~ko ht t{ht cmtpcp{cåûkt- H cmai~ohåäi x{k ã `ctzimcncgc|h`h e~hp{cphokmpk phonão zittcncgcph hit



4;

ektpi~kt diozh~h~ko/tk kmp~k tc' `hmì/gfkt ai~pk cmdkmpcqit zh~h `ktkmqigqk~ h t{h hdp{håäi- H p~hmtzh~ìmdch

phonão hp~hc acmhmdchì~kt- H cmai~ohåäi z~kdcth k zh`~imc|h`h zittcncgcph hit cmqktpcì~kt z~cqhìt k hit

ìhì~kt züngcdit pioh~ko `kdctûkt cmai~oh`ht- H ohci~ zh~pcdczhåäi ìt cmqktpcì~kt' zi~ t{h qk|' `è it

~kd{~tit zh~h acmhmdch~ i ohci~ k ohct ~èzc̀ i d~ktdcokm pi ìt t k~qcåit acmhmdkc~it `ktpcmhìt hit ohct zin~kt-

Ht niht z~èpcdht hzgcdho tctpkohpcdhokmpk i `kmiocmhì ‗ktzkdp~i `h p~hmtzh~ìmdch‟' h cmpke~håäi z~ie~kttcqh

ìt tke{cmpkt kgkokmpit<

Tctpkoht `k cmai~ohåäi &phonão dimfkdcìt dioi tctpkoht `k ektpäi `k cmai~ohåäi i{ TEC# hl{`ho

ht cmtpcp{cåûkt h ~k{mc~ k h ~kghph~ zk~ci`cdhokmpk' `hìt z~kdctit k üpk ct- I TEC ã h nhtk zh~h i ktzkdp~i

`h p~hmtzh~ìmdch k h x{hgc`h̀ k ̀ k cmai~ohåäi mktpk mïqkg hakdph piìt it ~ktphmpkt-

Dimp~igk cmpk~mi k h{`cpi~cht kvpk~mht hl{`ho h qk~cacdh~ h x{hgc`h`k k h z~kdctäi `h cmai~ohåäi

ai~mkdc`h zkght cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht-

Hqhgchåäi ì `ktkozkmfi zk~ocpk hit ektpi~kt k hit hdpi~kt kvpk~mit' dioi it t{zk~qcti~kt

nhmdè~cit' cmqktpcì~kt i{ dgckmpkt' oimcpi~c|h~ko i `kt kozkmfi `ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht hi gimei

ì pkozi-

Nkmdfoh~bcme diozh~h it ~kt{gphìt ì `ktkozkmfi kmp~k cmtpcp{cåûkt' zi~ kvkozgi' diozh~hmì i

`ktkozkmfi kmp~k ht cmtpcp{cåûkt `k `cak~kmpkt ~kecûkt i{ dio mïqkct `k `ktkmqigqcokmpi

`cak~kmdchìt' zi~ ai~oh h x{k it ektpi~kt k i{p~it zittho thnk~ ko x{k zimpi ã x{k {oh cmtpcp{cåäi

tk kmdimp~h ~kghpcqhokmpk hit tk{t zh~kt-

Zh`~ûkt `k `ktkozkmfi täi mi~oht hntig{pht x{k ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht z~id{~ho hpcmec~- Ktpkt

zh ~̀ûkt zi`ko `k~cqh~ ì nkmdfoh~bcme' oht täi `cak~kmpkt zi~x{k tk ~kak~k o h {o ph~ekp hntig{pi-

^hpcmet täi hqhgchåûkt cm`kzkm`kmpkt `k d~ã`cpi i{ ~ctdi cmtpcp{dcimhg `k {oh cmtpcp{cåäi acmhmdkc~h

nhtkh`h m{oh okpiìgiech tphm`h~pc|h`h' cmdg{cmì hmègctk x{hmpcphpcqh k x{hgcphpcqh- Täi o{cpht qk|kt

{pcgc|hìt zi~ cmqktpcì~kt zi{di cmai~ohìt ko `kdctûkt tin~k t k acmhmdch~ {oh cmtpcp{cåäi acmhmdkc~h-

Di~zit T{zk~qcti~kt k cmqktpcì~kt {pcgc|ho pi`h h cmai~ohåäi dimpc`h mi ktzkdp~i zh~h `kpk~ocmh~ i

e~h{ `k ~ctdi x{k {oh cmtpcp{cåäi acmhmdkc~h hz~ktkmph zh~h x{ko mkgh `ktklh `kzitcph~ i tk{ `cmfkc~i k

zh~h i tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i dioi {o piì-

Ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit ~kghdcimhìt dio h p~hmtzh~ìmdch- H p~hmtzh~ìmdch k it tk{t nkmkaïdcit

`kzkm`ko `h `ctzimcncgc`h`k `k {o diml{mpi `k tk~qcåit k ak~~hokmpht ~kghdcimhìt' `kt`k i

tiapuh~k dio cmai~ohåäi `k dimachmåh hit h{`cpi~kt `k kgkqh`h x{hgc`h`k k êt heìmdcht `k ~hpcme' hit

n{~kh{t `k d~ã`cpi x{k dhzp{~ho ht fctpô~cht `k d~ã`cpi ìt dgckmpkt- Cmakgc|okmpk ktpkt tk~qcåit mäi

ktpäi `ctzimïqkct `k ai~oh {mcai~ok zh~h o{cpht `ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht ìt zhïtkt ko

`ktkmqigqcokmpi-

Ko diml{mpi dio h p~hmtzh~ìmdch' dioi {oh nih z~hpcdh qig{mpè~ch zi~ zh~pk ì tkdpi~' it eiqk~mit `kqk~cho

diozgkokmph~ k zittcncgcph~ i `ktkmqigqcokmpi ì zhzkg `h ocd~iacmhmåh- Pczcdhokmpk it eiqk~mit kmqigqko/

tk mit tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it `k p~ìt ohmkc~ht<



41

8# Hp~cn{ko tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it `c~kdph k cm`c~kdphokmpk ' o{cpht `ht qk|kt hi t{ntc`ch~ko e~{zit

z~kak~cìt i{ dhmhgc|hmì ~kd{~tit zh~h cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht hp~hqãt `k hdi~ìt &ko x{hgx{k~ ìt

dhtit' h ohci~ch `ktpkt a{mìt dfkeho hp~hqãt `k ìhì~kt cmpk~mhdcimhct#- It eiqk~mit mäi täi nimt

hi iak~kdk~ko d~ã`cpi `c~kdphokmpk êt zkttiht zin~kt' hzkth~ `k it nhmdit ktphphct' zi~ kvkozgi' ht

dhcvht zitphct' zi`k~ko pk~ nimt ~kt{gphìt mh oincgc|håäi `k zi{zhmåht i{ `k p~hmtak~ìmdch `k`cmfkc~i-

># @ktkmqigqko zigïpcdht x{k hakdpho i tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i- Ktpht zigïpcdht cmdg{ko h eh~hmpch `h

ktphncgc`h`k `h ohd~i/kdimioch' h gcnk~hgc|håäi `ht phvht `k l{~i k i ktphnkgkdcokmpi `k ~ke{ghåûkt

nhmdè~cht k i t{zk~qctcimhokmpi x{k pi~mho zittïqkct it z~ilkdpit `k ocd~iacmhmåh qcèqkct-

It eiqk~mit pìo {o cozi~phmpk zhzkg mi ktphnkgkdcokmpi `k zigcpcdht x{k zk~ocpho i

`ktkmqigqcokmpi `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it t{tpkmpèqkct `c~cecìt hit zin~kt- Kvctpko zkgi okmit p~ìt

pczit `k zigcpcdht x{k it eiqk~mit z~kdctho `k `ktkmqigqk~<

i Ktphncgc`h`k ohd~ikdimiocdh'

i Phvht `k l{~i gcnk~hgc|h`ht k

i ^ke{ghåûkt nhmdè~cht hz~iz~ch`ht k z~èpcdht `k t{zk~qctäi-

4# Zi`ko z~ioiqk~ `k ai~oh z~i/hdpcqh h cmdg{täi hi iak~kdk~ko cmdkmpcqit actdhct i{ hi kvcec~ko êt

cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht x{k tc~qho it zin~kt i{ ht zkttiht `k nhcvit ~kd{~tit kdimôocdit- Kvctpko

o{cpi okmit kvzk~cìmdcht dimdg{tcqht tin~k ktph pk~dkc~h `cokmtäi' ko zh~pcd{gh~ mit zhïtkt ko

`ktkmqigqcokmpi-

[oh `ht x{ktpûkt zigïpcdht ko ocd~iacmhmåh x{k pko tcì `ctd{pc`h mit ügpcoit `k| hmit pko tcì h `k dioi

okgfi~ hni~`h~ h ~ke{ghåäi k h t{zk~qctäi ko ocd~iacmhmåh- È ok`c`h x{k h ocd~iacmhmåh hoh`{~kdk' c~è

z~iqhqkgokmpk kqig{c~ zh~h cmtpcp{cåûkt x{k ktpäi gcdkmdch`ht k t{zk~qctcimh`ht zkgi nhmdi dkmp~hg k zi~ i{p~ht

h{pi~c`h`kt acmhmdkc~ht- Mh ohci~ch ìt zhïtkt ktph o{`hmåh zk`k hge{oht h`hzphåûkt ko ~kghåäi êt ~ke{ghåûkt

nhmdè~cht kvctpkmpkt -

H ohci~ch `ht zkttiht zkmtho ko ‗~ke{ghåäi z~{`kmdchg‟ hzkmht k x{hmì zkmtho tin~k h ~ke{ghåäi `ht

cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht- H ~ke{ghåäi z~{`kmdchg pko dioi inlkdpcqi httke{~h~ h tigc`k| acmhmdkc~h `ht cmtpcp{cåûkt

~ke{gh`ht zh~h cozk`c~ x{k {oh cmtphncgc`h`k ì tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i ko ek~hg k z~ipkek~ it hai~~hì~kt `k

x{hgx{k~ zk~`h ̀ it tk{ `cmfkc~i-

H t{zk~qctäi kmqigqk h oimcpi~c|håäi dio i inlkdpcqi `k qk~cacdh~ i d{oz~cokmpi `ht ~ke{ghåûkt z~{`kmdchct k

dio h pioh`h `k ok`c`ht zh~h eh~hmpc~ h tigqìmdch `k {oh cmtpcp{cåäi h{pi~c|h`h x{hmì tk qk~cacdh x{k hx{kgk

d{oz~cokmpi ã `{qcìti- H ~ke{ghåäi z~{`kmdchg k h t{zk~qctäi täi' ek~hgokmpk' diozgkvht' `caïdkct'

`ctzkm`citht k cmqhtcqht- Mkdkttcpho `k {oh h{pi~c`h`k acmhmdkc~h ktzkdchgc|h`h zh~h h t{h cozgkokmphåäi-

Ã mkdkttè~ci hl{tph~ hge{oht ~ke{ghåûkt nhmdè~cht zh~h hdioi`h~ h ocd~iacmhmåh- It eiqk~mit `kqk~cho hzgcdh~

~ke{ghåûkt z~{`kmdcht ohct `{~ht hzkmht x{hmì it tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it k it `kzitcphmpkt `k `cmfkc~i



45

kma~kmph~ko {o ~ctdi zipkmdchg- @k i{p~h ai~oh' ht mi~oht mäi z~{`kmdchct k ht hni~`hekmt ~ke{ghì~ht

`kqk~cho tk~ t{acdckmpkt-

Ht ~ke{ghåûkt mäi/z~{`kmdchct cmdg{ko ok`c`ht dioi i ~kectpi l{mpi `k hge{oh h{pi~c`h`k zi~ oipcqit `k

p~hmtzh~ìmdch' h ohm{pkmåäi `k dimpht h`kx{h`ht' h z~kqkmåäi `k a~h{`k k it d~cokt acmhmdkc~it k qè~cit pczit

`k ok`c`ht `k z~ipkdåäi `k dimt{ocì~kt-

Ht cmtpcp{cåûkt ktzkdchgc|h`ht ko ocd~i/d~ã`cpi x{k mäi hdkcpho `kzôtcpit h ~kphgfi mäi `kqk~cho ktph~ t{lkcpht

êt ~ke{ghåûkt z~{`kmdchct- Hge{mt zhïtkt &ko zh~pcd{gh~ it x{k zk~pkmdcho hit hmpceit ~kecokt dio{mctpht#

z~icnko it nhmdit tko gcdkmåh &cmdg{cmì hit IME# `k koz~ktph~ `cmfkc~i- Ktph ~ktp~cåäi ã `ktmkdkttè~ch k zi`k

`ktkmdi~hlh~ ht kvzk~cìmdch ko ocd~id~ã`cpi-

I d{tpi k h `cacd{g`h`k `k kakdp{h~ {oh t{zk~qctäi z~{`kmdchg kakdpcqh' ko zh~pcd{gh~ mht cmtpcp{cåûkt ohct

zkx{kmht' ã {o pkoh zigïpcdi zh~pcd{gh~okmpk `kgcdhì- Ht h{pi~c`h`kt t{zk~qcti~ht pìo zi{dit ~kd{~tit ê t{h

`ctzitcåäi- Ht h{pi~c`h`kt {pcgc|ho i oïmcoi `k dhzcphg mkdkttè~ci— i oïmcoi `k dhzcphg mkdkttè~ci zh~h h

inpkmåäi ̀ k {oh gcdkmåh — zh~h ~hdcimhgc|h~ i müok~i `k cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht x{k kvceko t{zk~qctäi-

O{cpit z~izimkmpkt `h ocd~iacmhmåh täi `h izcmcäi x{k i dhzcphg oïmcoi `kqk~ch tk~ o{cpi okmi~ zh~h ht

cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht x{k tk~qko it ohct zin~kt- I{p~it täi `h izcmcäi x{k i dhzcphg oïmcoi `kqk~ch gcocph~ ht

cmtpcp{cåûkt dio gcdkmåh h müok~i x{k it t{zk~qcti~kt z{`kttko kakdpcqhokmpk hdiozhmfh~- H t{zk~qctäi

cmkacdh| zi`k pk~ dimtkx{ìmdcht zci~kt ì x{k h h{tìmdch `k x{hgx{k~ t{zk~qctäi' zi~x{k it dgckmpkt zin~kt & k

i{p~it# zi`k~cho tk~ cm`{|cìt m{o ahgti tkmpcì `k tke{~hmåh-

H dimtp~{åäi `k tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it cmdg{tcqit mäi hdimpkdk~è h{piohpcdhokmpk- I `cmfkc~i k i hzici pãdmcdi

täi cme~k`ckmpkt dfhqk' hzkth~ `k h ~kdkcph zk`c~ o{cpi okmit `cmfkc~i k o{cpi ohct hzici pãdmcdi ì x{k tk

hd~k`cph-

It ügpcoit hmit z~ktkmdch~ho h kvzgitäi `k {o e~hm`k müok~i k `k qè~cit pczit `k aimpkt `k acmhmdchokmpi

zh~h h ocd~iacmhmåh- Zh~h hgão `h dio{mc`h`k p~h`cdcimhg `k ìhì~kt' t{~ec{ {o diml{mpi `k cmqktpcì~kt

tidchgokmpk oipcqhìt- Phonão tk pko qcmì h ̀ h~ ohct hpkmåäi êt aimpkt mhdcimhct ̀ k acmhmdchokmpi-

M{o o{mì c`khg dio {o tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i cmdg{tcqi' it ok~dhìt acmhmdkc~it mhdcimhct mit zhïtkt ko

`ktkmqigqcokmpi dimtke{c~cho t{z~c~ ht mkdkttc`h`kt ì acmhmdchokmpi mh ocd~iacmhmåh- It ai~mkdkì~kt `k

tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it hzich~/tk/cho mht zi{zhmåht züngcdht' mit koz~ãtpcoit ìt nhmdit diok~dchct' mit pïp{git k

mht nigtht mhdcimhct- X{hmpc`h`kt gcocph`ht `k acmhmdchokmpi cmpk~mhdcimhct diozgkokmph~cho i ok~dhì `k

acmhmdchokmpi mhdcimhg-

Mi o{mì ~khg' h ohci~ch `ht COA ktpäi gimek `k cmpke~h~ko it ok~dhìt mhdcimhct- Hge{mt ai~mkdkì~kt `k

tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it' dioi ht zi{zhmåht ktphphct k ht dhcvht zitphct lè kmp~h~ho lè ah|ko zh~pk ìt ok~dhìt

acmhmdkc~it mhdcimhct &ko ktzkdchg mi dhti `ht zi{zhmåht#' dioi phonão ah|ko hge{mt ai~mkdkì~kt

ktzkdchgc|hìt mi dhozi `h ocd~iacmhmåh- Oht hpã hei~h' it t{ntï`cit cmpk~mhdcimhct pcqk~ho {o e~hm`k zhzkg mh

cmp~i`{åäi k mi ~kai~åi `h ocd~iacmhmåh-



46

Ht heìmdcht cmpk~mhdcimhct `k ìhì~kt cmlkdph~ho t{ntï`cit k t{ntc`ch~ho koz~ãtpcoit zh~h hl{`h~ko hi

`ktkmqigqcokmpi k hi d~ktdcokmpi `h ocd~iacmhmåh — ah|kmì dimp~cn{cåûkt tcemcacdhpcqht ko piìt it mïqkct ì

tctpkoh acmhmdkc~i `ctd{pcì hpã hi oiokmpi< ocd~i' okti k ohd~i-

È ok`c`h x{k h ocd~iacmhmåh kqig{c{ `k {o ktpè`ci ko x{k hzkmht hp~cn{ïh d~ã`cpi êt ocd~i/koz~ktht zh~h {o

i{p~i ktpè`ci ko x{k tk zhtti{ h aidh~ tin~k it tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it ohct cmdg{tcqit' it ìhì~kt züngcdit

z~kdctho `k tk ~kcmqkmph~ h tc z~ôz~cit ê ok`c`h x{k `kacmko {o zhzkg ohct dimtp~{pcqi- H x{ktpäi

a{m`hokmphg ã h `k dioi {pcgc|h~ okgfi~ it t{ntï`cit zh~h ktpco{gh~ &tin~kp{ì# ht kmpc`h`kt z~cqh`ht h

tk~qc~ko ht zkttiht zin~kt dio tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it `k x{hgc`h`k ohct ~hzc`hokmpk ì x{k tk i ac|kttko zi~ tc

z~ôz~cit-

I zhmi~hoh `ht izåûkt `k acmhmdchokmpi ko ocd~iacmhmåh ã hgphokmpk `cmîocdi k diozgcdhì- It acmhmdchì~kt

kvctpkmpkt qäi ìt x{k pìo {oh octtäi tidchg' ko z~cokc~i g{eh~' zh~h hgcqch~ h zin~k|h &ht heìmdcht

cmpk~mhdcimhct `k ìhì~kt k a{m`håûkt# hit x{k pìo oipcqhåûkt ohct diok~dchct &it cmqktpcì~kt diok~dchct k

it ok~dhìt ìoãtpcdit mhdcimhct# k o{cpht izåûkt zkgi okci- Kvctpko cozi~phmpkt `cak~kmåht kmp~k dh`h

dhpkei~ch- Zi~ kvkozgi' hge{mt cmqktpcì~kt tidchgokmpk ~ktzimtèqkct täi ohct ‖tidchct– k i{p~it ohct

‖diok~dchct–-

I ohci~ `kthaci zh~h it acmhmdchì~kt `ktkmqigqk~ko i tk{ p~hnhgfi ã i `k c`kmpcacdh~ ht t{ht ai~åht ~kghpcqht zi~

ai~oh h tk aidh~ko mit tkeokmpit x{k zi`k~äi tk~qk~ okgfi~ — dio nhtk mit tk{t inlkdpcqit' mit pczit `k

cmtp~{okmpit `k acmhmdchokmpi x{k iak~kdko' mh t{h ktp~{p{~h `k d{tpit' mht t{ht ai~åht pãdmcdht cmpk~mht k mh

t{h qimph`k `k h~~ctdh~-

0-> Niht Z~èpcdht zh~h ìhì~kt x{k hzicho h Ocd~iacmhmåh

0->-8 I Zhzkg ìt @ihì~kt mh Dimtp~{åäi `k Tctpkoht Acmhmdkc~it Cmdg{tcqit

H dio{mc`h`k `k ìhì~kt `ctzkm`k dk~dh `k 6:: ocgfûkt `k `ôgh~kt h ocg ocgfûkt `k `ôgh~kt zi~ hmi ko

ocd~iacmhmåh- It ìhì~kt qhgi~c|ho h ocd~iacmhmåh tin~kp{ì zi~x{k i hdktti h tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it zkgit ohct

`ktahqi~kdcìt zi`k dimp~cn{c~ zh~h h ~k`{åäi `h zin~k|h k zh~h h dimd~kpc|håäi `ht Okpht zh~h i

@ktkmqigqcokmpi ì Ocgãmci &O@O#' mi hmi `k >:8;- Ht O@O ktphnkgkdko inlkdpcqit `k `ktkmqigqcokmpi

dimd~kpit' ~kghdcimhìt dio oügpczght `cokmtûkt `h zin~k|h' cmdg{cmì ~km`cokmpi' thü`k' k`{dhåäi' nko

dioi h okgfi~ch ì tctpk oh `k `k tkmqigqcokmpi cmpk~mhdcimhg-

I dioz~ioctti `h hzgcdhåäi `k niht z~èpcdht ko ocd~iacmhmåh ã htt{ocì zkgi ohct hgpi mïqkg `k zhïtkt k

heìmdcht ìhì~ht- Ko L{mfi `k >::0' i E~{zi ìt Icpi &E6# hz~iqi{ it ‗Z~cmdïzcit/Dfhqk `h Ocd~iacmhmåh‟

m{oh ~k{mcäi `k Dfkakt `k Ktphì ko Tkh Ctghm`' Ekô~ech &q- Zh~pk C#- Ktpkt z~cmdïzcit ai~ho `kgcmkhìt zkgh

DEHZ' {o dimtô~dci `k >6 ìhì~kt züngcdit k z~cqhìt' x{k ã {oh cmtpcp{cåäi `k diozkmthåäi zh~h h

ocd~iacmhmåh- Ko >::; aic phonão hz~iqhì {o diml{mpi `k ‗gcmfht `k i~ckmphåäi‟ `k ai~ oh h p~hmtak~c~ it

Z~cmdïzcit/Dfhqk zh~h {oh i~ckmphåäi izk~hdcimhg dimd~kph `ktpcmh`h hit a{mdcimè~cit ìt ìhì~kt- Ht Gcmfht `k

I~ckmphåäi zh~h ht Niht Z~èpcdht ko Ocd~iacmhmåh zh~h @ihì~kt dimtp~iko ktpk dioz~ioctti `k hgpi mïqkg dio

h nih z~èpcdh k h fh~oimc|håäi kmp~k ìhì~kt-



43

It ìhì~kt z~kdctho `k ~kdimfkdk~ x{k `ktkozkmfho hzkmht {o zhzkg `k t{zi~pk k x{k täi it tk{t

zh~dkc~it mi pk~~kmi x{k gkqho h dhni' `k ahdpi' it tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it- Mi oïmcoi' Ht Gcmfht `k I~ckmphåäi zh~h

@ihì~kt z~k pkm`ko diozkgc~ it ìhì~kt h {oh ktzãdck `k l{~hokmpi `k Fczôd~hpkt zh~h ‗mäi dh{th~ `hmi‟-

Ê ok`c`h x{k h ocd~iacmhmåh kqig{c k tk pi~mh ohct diozgkvh' it ìhì~kt kma~kmpho {o `kthaci hcm`h ohci~<

hpcmec~ i z~iacttcimhgctoi k hzgcdh~ ht niht z~èpcdht- Kgkt `kqko d~ch~ zh~dk~cht dio {o diml{mpi ohct hgh~ehì `k

hdpi~kt hit mïqkct ocd~i' okti k ohd~i' k zk~ocpc~ h zh~dkc~it züngcdit k z~cqhìt i `ktkozkmfi `ht t{ht

a{måûkt hz~iz~ch`ht-

Ocd~i/mïqkg< Z~ioiqk~ Cmtpcp{cåûkt E~ittctpht

It ìhì~kt pìo {oh gimeh fctpô~ch `k dimdkttäi `k d~ã`cpi h e~{zit ktzkdïacdit- Hl{`h~ho phonão ê d~chåäi

`k cmtpcp{cåûkt cm`cqc`{hct `k ocd~iacmhmåh' z~cmdczhgokmpk &oht mäi kvdg{tcqhokmpk#' I~ehmc|håûkt `k

Ocd~id~ã`cpi Mäi Eiqk~mhokmphct- Mi kmphmpi' i gkx{k `k cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht dio zipkmdchg zh~h hl{`h~ hit

ohct `ktahqi~kdcìt ã o{cpi ohct hn~hmekmpk x{k ht IME k cmdg{c nhmdit diok~dchct z~cqhìt k ktphphct k i{p~it

cmpk~ok`cè~cit mäi nhmdè~cit dioi ht diozhmfcht acmhmdkc~ht i{ `k tke{~it- Zh~h hgão ì ohct' ht cmtpcp{cåûkt

mäi acmhmdkc~ht täi' o{cpht qk|kt' cozi~phmpkt ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it-

Hzkth~ `k kvctpc~ {o hdi~ì ekmk~hgc|hì' kmp~k ìhì~kt' `k x{k `kqk~cho tk~ hzich`ht o{cpit ohct

cmtpcp{cåûkt' kvctpk hge{o `knhpk tin~k tk it ìhì~kt `kqko i{ mäi tkgkddcimh~ k hzich~ cmtpcp{cåûkt

z~ioctti~ht m{oh nhtk cm`cqc`{hg' i{ tk `kqko iak~kdk~ {oh ohct hgh~eh`h d~chåäi `k diozkpìmdcht k i{p~it

tk~qcåit `k ai~oh diozkpcpcqh h {oh tã~ck `k cmtpcp{cåûkt- Hge{mt ìhì~kt zk~tke{k o honit it inlkdpcqit- Ko

x{hgx{k~ ìt dhtit' it ìhì~kt mäi `kqko cm{m`h~ i ok~dhì- @kqk tk~ z~ioiqc`h h ktzkdchgc|håäi kmp~k

cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht k i hzici ê dighni~håäi' hi oktoi pkozi x{k h diozkpcåäi &i{ zkgi okmit `kqk tk~

kqcphì {o diozi~phokmpi hmpc/diozkpcqc`h`k#-

Gcmfht ̀ k I~ckmphåäi Izk~hdcimhct

C`kmpcacdh~ cmtpcp{cåûkt x{k zh~pcgfho h oktoi qctäi x{k i ìhì~2

H`hzph~ i acmhmdchokmpi ê ah tk `k ̀ ktkmqigqcokmpi cmtpcp{dcimhg ̀ k {oh cmtpcp{cåäi acmhmdkc~h

Mäi pioh~ `kdctûkt ktp~hpãecdht k izk~hdcimhct tin~k h hdpcqc`h`k `k ai~mkdk~ tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it-

I hzici h cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht `kqk tk~ i~ckmphì zkgh z~id{~h k `kqko tk~ it ektpi~kt `ht

cmtpcp{cåûkt ko dh{th h pioh~ h gc`k~hmåh' mäi it ìhì~kt-

Hzich~ z~ie~kttcqhokmpk cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht zh~h cmpk~ok`ch~ a{mìt diok~dchct k)i{ `kzôtcpit

&x{hmì zk~ocpcì zi~ gkc# tko t{ntpcp{c~ h zh~pcdczhåäi gidhg k it ok~dhìt `k koz~ãtpcoi- Mi

kmphmpi' `kqk tk~ kqcphì i kmdi~hlhokmpi êt IME zh~h tk p~hmtai~oh~ko ko cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht

ai~ohct' h mäi tk~ x{k pkmfho i zipkmdchg t{acdckmpk zh~h i ah|k~- It ìhì~kt `kqk o hmhgcth~ it d{tpit

k it nkmkaïdcit `ktth p~hmtai~ohåäi' `k ai~oh h `kpk~ocmh~ h hz~iz~chåäi ì hzici h ktpk z~idktti

gimei k è~`{i-

Mäi cmpk~qc~ mht zigïpcdht ̀ k z~kåit ̀ ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht-



0:

Hmhgcth~ d{c`hìthokmpk ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht' kvhocmhmì ahdpi~kt dioi h qctäi' h octtäi' h

ktp~hpãech' h ktp~{p{~h `k z~iz~ck`h`k' h hòcmctp~håäi' h dhzhdc`h`k `k ~kd{~tit f{ohmit' h x{hgc`h`k

ìt tk~qcåit' i hgdhmdk' i `kt kozkmfi acmhmdkc~i k h dh~pkc~h-

Z~ktph~ ktzkdchg hpkmåäi êt x{ktpûkt `k hòcmctp~håäi' phct dioi h diozitcåäi ì dimtkgfi `k

hòcmctp~håäi' ektpäi `k ~ctdi' ~ktzimthncgc`h`k ì ac`{dcè~ci' p~hmtzh~ìmdch k zittïqkct dimagcpit `k

cmpk~kttk- Httke{~h~ dimp~igit k kx{cgïn~cit hz~iz~chìt kmp~k h hòcmctp~håäi k i dimtkgfi `k

hòcmctp~håäi k dimac~oh~ h kvctpìmdch `k diocpãt dfhqk &h{ c̀pi~ch' diozkmthåäi' cmqktpcokmpi#-

[pcgc|h~ acmhmdchokmpi nhtkhì mi ̀ ktkozkmfi-

• Hzgcdh~ dimp~hpit nhtkhìt mi `ktkozkmfi dio okpht `k `ktkozkmfi hdi~`h`ht &cmdg{cmì ht

ktp~hpãecht `k thï`h ìt ìhì~kt#-

• Cmdg{c~ {o müdgki `k cm`cdhì~kt zh~h `kpk~ocmh~ i `ktkozkmfi &hgdhmdk ek~hg' hgdhmdk hit ohct

`ktahqi~kdcìt' x{hgc`h`k `h dh~pkc~h' z~i`{pcqc`h`k)t{tpkmphncgc`h`k' kacdcìmdch#- Kqcph~ tin~kdh~~keh~ ht

cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht dio ̀ k ohtchìt cm`cdhì~kt-

• Kvcec~ ~kghpô~cit acmhmdkc~it ~ke{gh~kt- Httke{~h~ x{k it ~kx{ctcpit `k ~kzi~pk tklho fh~oimc|hìt

dio it mkdkttè~cit zkgh hòcmctp~håäi k it ô~eäit `k ektpäi' i{p~it a{mìt k t{zk~qcti~kt-

• Gceh~ h ~kmiqhåäi i{ dimpcm{håäi ì hzici ê dimd~kpc|håäi `k okpht `k `ktkozkmfi tcemcacdhpcqht

k dgh~ht-

• Ktph~ z~kzh~hì zh~h thc~ `ht cmtpcp{cåûkt x{k mäi pkmfho i `ktk ozkmfi hdi~`hì-

• D{oz~c~ ht in~cehåûkt ì ìhì~ ktphnkgkdc`ht mi dimp~hpi &zh`~ûkt `k acmhmdchokmpi z~kqctïqkct'

`ktkonigti hpkozhì' ~ktzitpht ~èzc`ht hit ~kghpô~cit#-

Dimtp~{c~ ktp~hpãecht `k thï`h x{k `kacmho i zk~ïiì `h ~kghåäi' mit dimp~hpit' `kt`k i cmïdci `k {o

z~ilkdpi' cmdg{cmì h zk~ïiì `k pkozi zh~h hpcmec~ h t{tpkmphncgc`h`k acmhmdkc~h-

X{hmì it oãpiìt `k d{tpi/nkmkaïdci zh~h ok`c~ i `ktkozkmfi tidchg ktpcqk~ho ktphnkgkdcìt' k

x{hmì i `ktkozkmfi tidchg ã {o inlkdpcqi dfhqk zh~h i ìhì~ ko dh{th' `kqk cmdg{c~/tk h

oimcpi~c|håäi ì `ktkozkmfi tidchg mi tctpkoh `k hqhgchåäi ì `ktkozkmfi-

Hzich~ ht okgfi~cht mh kacdcìmdch &z~idk`cokmpit kacdckmpkt' cmp~i`{åäi `k miqht pkdmigiecht' kpd-#'

mht ktp~{p{~ht `k hòcmctp~håäi k hz~km`k~ h ~k`{|c~ it d{tpit zh~h it dgckmpkt ohct `ktahqi~kdcìt-

It ìhì~kt `kqko hzich~ i `ktkmqigqcokmpi `k ak~~hokmpht k cmtp~{okmpit zh`~imc|hìt zh~hz~ilkdåûkt acmhmdkc~ht k `ktk mqigqcokmpi `k z~i`{pit-

Htt{oc~ ~ctdit ktp{`hìt ko cmtpcp{cåûkt z~ioctti~ht oht x{k hcm`h mäi z~iqh~ho h t{h

dhzhdc`h`k' dio zipkmdchg zh~h hpcmec~ {o e~hm`k müok~i `k dgckmpkt hcm`h mäi hn~hmecìt- @kqk

zk~ocpc~/tk it acmhmdchì~kt diok~dchct k z~cqhìt hzich~ ht cmtpcp{cåûkt ohct ai~pkt dio dhzhdc`h`k

zh~h hnti~qk~ cmqktpcokmpit ê phvh `k ok~dhì-



08

^khgc|h~ koz~ãtpcoit h cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht h phvht diok~dchct i{ x{htk diok~dchct' zh~h kqcph~

kma~hx{kdk~ cmdkmpcqit ê oincgc|håäi `k `kzôtcpit i{ kvzgi~h~ i{p~ht aimpkt `k dhzcphg gidhg- It

koz~ãtpcoit `kqko tk~ phvhìt êt phvht ohct nhcvht zh~h hzich~ ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht h hl{`h~ ht

~kecûkt k tdhtthokmpk ziqih`ht i{ ziz{ghåûkt `k `caïdcg hdktti-

D~ch~ cmtp~{okmpit `k ktp~{p{~h `k eh~hmpch &eh~hmpcht h nhmdit mhdcimhct# dio cmdkmpcqit ê d~chåäi `k

gcehåûkt zk~ohmkmpkt kmp~k ht `{ht zh~pkt-

Ai~mkdk~ koz~ãtpcoit k eh~hmpcht hzkmht x{hmì ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht mäi täi dhzh|kt `k

hp~hc~ dhzcphg h`kx{hì k hz~iz~chì ìt ok~dhìt gidhct i{ cmpk~mhdcimhct' i{ zh~h z~kkmdfk~ ahgfht

mi acmhmdchokmpi h oã`ci k gimei z~h|i &zûk kvkozgi' x{hmì it acmhmdchokmpit h oã`ci k gimei

z~h|i mäi ktpäi `ctzimïqkct ì ok~dhì ìoãtpcdi#-

@cocm{c~ e~h {̀hgokmpk ht ìhåûkt k koz~ãtpcoit t{ntc`chìt ê ok`c`h x{k it ok~dhìt diok~dchct

mhdcimhct k)i{ cmpk~mhdcimhct k `kpkmpi~kt `k zi{zhmåh ìoãtpcdit tk pi~mko aimpkt qcèqkct `k dhzcphg

zh~h h cmtpcp{cåäi acmhmdkc~h-

Z~ioiqk~ gcehåûkt zipkmdchct kmp~k `cak~kmpkt pczit `k ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it zh~h

h{okmph~ i hgdhmdk-

Okti/mïqkg< Hzici h Cma~h/ktp~{p{~ht Cm`{tp~chct

I okti/mïqkg ~kak~k/tk ê cma~h/ktp~{p{~h eginhg ì tctpkoh acmhmdchokmpi- Ktph cma~h/ktp~{p{~h zi`k ahdcgcph~ i{

intp~{c~ h kok~eìmdch `k cmpk~ok`cè~cit acmhmdkc~it- H `ctzimcncgc`h`k gcocph`h i{ h ahgph `k dimfkdcokmpi

ktzkdchgc|hì kmp~k it `kzh~phokmpit `k d~ã`cpi' ht heìmdcht `k hqhgchåäi' it h{`cpi~kt' it tctpkoht `k

zhehokmpit k i{p~it tk~qcåit zi`ko dimtp~hmek~ tk~chokmpk h dhzhdc`h`k `ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht

e~ittctpht zh~h kvzhm`c~ko it tk{t tk~qcåit hit dgckmpkt ohct `ktahqi~kdcìt- [oh è~kh kok~ekmpk `h cma~h/

ktp~{p{~h ã i hdktti hit ok~dhìt acmhmdkc~it k `k dhzcphg cmpk~mhdcimhct k ìoãtpcdit' dioi zi~ kvkozgi'

a{mìt `k cmqktpcokmpi' kocttäi `k pïp{git' tkd{~cpc|håäi' kpd-

X{hgx{k~ x{k tklh h t{h cmpk~qkmåäi' i hzici ì ìhì~ `kqk kmahpc|h~ h z~iz~ck`h`k gidhg zh~h eh~hmpc~ h

kvctpìmdch dimpcm{h`h ì tk~qcåi' hzôt h ahtk `k hzici- I hzici ì ìhì~ hi mïqkg okti `kqk z~kpkm`k~ ktpkm`k~

ktpkt t k~qcåit hi tkdpi~ `k ocd~iacmhmåh' zh~h it cmdg{c~ mh di~~kmpk ek~hg' ko q k| `k it oh~ecmhgc|h~-


D{oz~c~ dio ht mi~oht zh~h tk~qcåit `k `ktkmqigqcokmpi `k mkeôdcit ì ‗Ng{k Niib‟' mi hzici hit

ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit z~cqhìt zh~h ktpco{gh~ h kqig{åäi ì ok~dhì' nko dioi dio ht Gcmfht `k

I~ckmphåäi zh~h h Ocd~iacmhmåh' ht @kacmcåûkt `k Pk~oit Acmhmdkc~it' ^èdcit k Hl{tphokmpit Tkgkddcimhìt'

hi z~ioiqk~ i h{okmpi `h p~hmtzh~ìmdch k ag{vit ̀ k cmai~ohåäi ̀ k okgfi~ x{hgc h̀`k-88-

88 It tk~qcåit `k `ktkmqigqcokmpi `k mkeôdcit ~kak~ko/tk h {o e~hm`k gkx{k `k tk~qcåit {pcgc|hìt zkgit koz~ktè~cit zh~h hl{`è/git h

hpcmec~ h kacdcìmdch k h kvzhm`c~ i tk{ mkeôdci- I ‗Ng{k Niib‟' N{tcmktt @kqkgizokmp Tk~qcdkt ai~ Tohgg Kmpk~z~ctkt< E{c`cme

Z~cmdczgkt ai~ @imi~ Cmpk~qkmpcim' aic kghni~hì ko >::8 zkgh Diocpã `k Heìmdcht `k @ihì~kt zh~h i @ktkmqigqcokmpi `k Zkx{kmht



0>

P~hnhgfh~ dio ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit kvctpkmpkt' cmdg{ïì ht i~ehmc|håûkt ì tctpkoh ek~hg' hit mïqkct

mhdcimhg' ~kecimhg k eginhg' zh~h dimtp~{c~ h dhzhdc`h`k zh~h iak~kdk~ tk~qcåit nhtkhìt mi ok~dhì k

i~ckmphìt zh~h h z~id{~h- @kqk kqcph~/tk d~ch~ ktp~{p{~ht `k hzici tkzh~h`ht x{k mäi di~~ktzim`ho hit

mïqkg `h hdpcqc`h`k e~ittctph-

A{m`h~ k d~ch~ cmtpcp{cåûkt hzkv in~ceh h {oh hmègctk acmhmdkc~h k izk~hdcimhg ~cei~ith `h hzkv k ìt

zipkmdchct ~kdkzpi~kt ìt a{mìt' {o aidi ktp~hpãecdi ~cei~iti' {oh z~kttäi `k `ktkonigti ocmcoc|h`h'

{o cm`kzkm`ìmdch zigïpcdh k {o `kt konigti nhtkhì mi `ktk ozkmfi-

Dimtc`k~h~ kmp~k it ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit hi okti/mïqkg' h httctpìmdch pãdmcdh hi `ktkmqigqcokmpi

i~ehmc|hdcimhg k cmtpcp{dcimhg' nko dioi hi ̀ ktkmqigqcokmpi hz~iz~chì ̀ i z~i`{pi-

Hzich~ h cmqktpcehåäi k `ktkmqigqcokmpi `k pkdmigiech zh~h zimpit `k tk~qcåi' okdhmctoit `k

p~hmtak~ìmdch k zhehokmpit' `kzh~phokmpit `k d~ã`cpi' kpd- @kqk pkmph~ kqcph~/tk `ktkmqigqk~ tiapuh~k x{k

lè kvctph- Ko qk| `ctti' `kqk dighni~h~/tk mh d~chåäi `k oi`kgit `k ektpäi `k cmai~ohåäi-

Z~kkmdfk~ cmt{acdcìmdcht mit ~kd{~tit f{ohmit hp~hqãt `k z~ie~hoht `k ai~ohåäi' `cttkocmhåäi `k

zh`~ûkt k zh~pcgfh `k pkdmigiech- Zh~h httke{~h~ h dhzhdc`h`k `k gimei pk~oi' it ìhì~kt `kqko

ce{hgokmpk z~ioiqk~ h cmpke~håäi `h ocd~iacmhmåh mit d{~~ïd{git `h k`{dhåäi p~h`cdcimhg-

Hzich~ ~k`kt `k httidchåûkt cmpk~mhdcimhct k mhdcimhct dioi okci `k d~chåäi `k diozkpìmdcht k `k

qctcncgc`h`k `k oügpczght cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht' nko dioi `k `cttkocmh~ i dimfkdcokmpi tin~k

ocd~iacmhmåh- Hzgcdh~ {oh hqhgchåäi ~cei~ith k {o acmhmdchokmpi nhtkhì mi `ktkozkmfi x{k täi hzgcdhìt

êt cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht e~ittctpht- @kqk cmtpcp{c~/tk' mi hzici ìt ìhì~kt' h `koimtp~håäi `k x{k it

okon~it qhgi~c|ho it tk~qcåit `k ~k`k &dioi zi~ kvkozgi' h zh~pcgfh `k d{tpit k i{p~it okcit `k tk~qcåit

`k hzici ko ~k`k#-

Ahdcgcph~ i acmhmdchokmpi `k ~k`kt eginhct i{ cmpk~/zhïtkt i{ `k z~ie~hoht x{k ~kagcdpho it `cak~kmpkt

mïqkct `k tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it &ocd~i' okti k ohd~i#- Z~id{~h~ gcehåûkt kmp~k kttht ~k`kt k i{p~ht

httidchåûkt h {o mïqkg mhdcimhg-

@ktkmqigqk~ cm`cdhì~kt `k `ktkozkmfi zh~h ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit hi mïqkg okti' zh~h ok`c~ i

t{dktti k i cozhdpi h ktpk mïqkg-

Kmdi~hlh~ zh`~ûkt `k acmhmdchokmpi' `ktkmqigqkmì ~kghpô~cit k h{`cpi~cht ktphm`h~`c|h`ht-

Ohd~i/mïqkg< Hìzph~ {o honckmpk pkm`kmpk ê d~chåäi `k zigïpcdht k httke{~h~ i zhzkg h`kx{hì ì eiqk~mi


Hzich~ h gcnk~hgc|håäi `h phvh `k l{~i hp~hqãt `h k`{dhåäi k h~e{okmphåäi' x{k~ `c~kdphokmpk dioi

p~hnhgfhmì dio ~k`kt `k cmag{ìmdch- Hzich~ oãpiìt hgpk~mhpcqit `k z~ipkdåäi hi dimt{oi' phct dioi

Koz~ktht ì Nhmdi O{m`chg' `ktpcmhì h ìhì~kt mi hzici hit ai~mkdkì~kt `k tk~qcåit z~cqhìt zh~h ktpco{gh~ i `ktkmqigqcokmpi

ì ok~dhì-



04

ok`c`ht `k z~ioiåäi `h p~hmtzh~ìmdch mit d{tpit `k koz~ãtpcoi din~hìt hi dgckmpk' k`{dhåäi zh~h i

dimt{oi k okdhmctoit `k ~kdghohåäi-

Okgfi~ch ìt x{h`~it `k zigïpcdht kvctpkmpkt k `chgieh~ &zi~ kvkozgi dio Z^TZt' ~kai~oht ì tkdpi~

acmhmdkc~i# zh~h z~ioiqk~ h gkecpcoc h̀`k ̀ k tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it cmdg{tcqit-

Mäi tk `kqk hzich~ `c~kdphokmpk i ai~mkdcokmpi `k tk~qcåit zi~ {o eiqk~mi ' dh~pkc~ht dio zh~pcdczhåäi

ohci~cpè~ch ì eiqk~mi' d~ã`cpi `c~kddcimhì' eh~hmpcht zh~h zk`cì `k koz~ãtpcoi' i{ t{ntï`cit

izk~hdcimhct- Mhge{mt dhtit' zi`k tk~ akcph {oh kvdkzåäi h eiqk~mit zh~h ai~mkdk~ acmhmdchokmpi' t{ntï`cit

i{ eh~hmpcht zh~h nih ektpäi `ht cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht x{k mäi tklho dhzh|kt `k inpk~ acmhmdchokmpi

t{acdckmpk mit ok~dhìt `k dhzcphct gidhct' ktzkdchgokmpk ht x{k täi `ktpcmh`ht h ziz{ghåûkt `k `caïdcg

hdktti-

Hzich~ cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht `c~kdphokmpk' k mäi hp~hqãt `k kmpc`h`kt eiqk~mhokmphct- X{hmì ctpi

mäi ai~ zittïqkg' dioi i dhti ìt nhmdit o{gpcghpk~hct zh~h i `ktkmqigqcokmpi' `kqk httke{~h~/tk it

z~idk`cokmpit di~~kdpit k ai~oht `k dimp~igi' zh~h ocmcoc|h~ h cmpk~ak~ìmdch zigïpcdh' nko dioi `kqkhttke{~h~/tk it z~cmdïzcit `h nih z~èpcdh dimpcìt mktpht gcmfht `k i~ckmphåäi-

Kmdi~hlh~ h h`hzphåäi ìt x{h`~it gkehct k `k zigïpcdht zh~h x{k ~k`{|ho ht nh~~kc~ht ê kmp~h`h mi

ok~dhì' mi tkmpcì `k h{okmph~ h diozkpcåäi k' ko ügpcoh hmègctk' `k okgfi~h~ h x{hgc`h`k ìt tk~qcåit

`ctzimïqkct êt zkt tiht ̀ ktahqi~kdc`ht-

Hl{`h~ it eiqk~mit h hl{tph~ it x{h`~it ~ke{ghpcqit k `k t{zk~qctäi tko z~kttcimh~ h {oh gkectghåäi

z~kohp{~h k ~ktp~cpcqh- &‗Mäi tk hz~kttko h gkectgh~‟#- Hmpkt `k ~kdiokm`h~ {oh ~ke{ghåäi hòcmctp~hpcqh'

`kqkoit httke{~h~oi/mit `k x{k ã oktoi mkdkttè~ci z~ipkek~ h tke{~hmåh `ht zi{zhmåht' `k x{k fè

{oh ohtth d~ïpcdh `k cmtpcp{cåûkt e~ittctpht hn~hmec`ht zi~ ktph ~ke{ghåäi' k `k x{k kvctpk dhzhdc`h`k `k

t{zk~qctäi-

Mit dhtit ko x{k ht cmtpcp{cåûkt mäi nhmdè~cht' dioi ht IME' mkdkttcpho `k h{pi~c|ho gkehg kvzgïdcph zh~h

ah|k~ koz~ãtpcoit' `kqko z~ioiqk~/tk hgpk~håûkt gkectghpcqht x{k zk~ocpho h cmtpcp{cåûkt `k d~ã`cpi h

koz~ktph~ tko gcdkmåht hòcmctp~hpcqht i{ t{z k~qctäi-

D~chåäi `k diozkpìmdcht ìt a{mdcimè~cit `h hòcmctp~håäi mit ocmctpã~cit `ht acmhmåht k nhmdit dkmp~hct

&cmdg{cmì diozkpìmdcht `k t{zk~qctäi#- @h oktoh ai~oh' `kqk dioz~iokpk~/tk it okon~it ì

zh~ghokmpi ko htt{mpit dfhqk &dioi zi~ kvkozgi' it z~kåit `k ~kd{zk~håäi `k d{tpit#' mi tkmpcì `k

cmag{kmdch~ h pioh`h `k `kdctäi zigïpcdh-

Hzich~ okgfi~cht mi x{h`~i gkehg x{k ~ke{gh ht eh~hmpcht' p~cn{phåäi k ~kectpi `k ai~oh p~hmtzh~kmpk k

in~cehpô~ch-

Z~ioiqk~ i `ktkmqigqcokmpi `k ktphpïtpcdht tidcikdimôocdht zkgi eiqk~mi i{ i{p~ht kmpc`h`kt ~kgkqhmpkt

zh~h ahdcgcph~ h kghni~håäi `k zktx{ctht `k ok~dhì zkght cmtpcp{cåûkt acmhmdkc~ht-



00

0->-> Httke{~h~ h Kacdcìmdch ìt @ihì~kt

H kacdcìmdch `kzkm`k' ko ügpcoh hmègctk' `h dhzhdc`h`k ìt ìhì~kt ko ~ktzim`k~ êt mkdkttc`h`kt ìt qè~cit

hdpi~kt mi tkci ì tkdpi~ acmhmdkc~i m{oh nhtk `k i~ckmphåäi zh~h h z~id{~h k `k ai~oh diizk~hmpk' kqcphmì' hi

oktoi pkozi' ht cmcdchpcqht `k tin~kacmhmdchokmpi ì tkdpi~ z~cqhì i{ `ctpi~dk~ it ok~dhìt- Ko x{hgx{k~

zhït' phg tcemcacdh x{k tk `kqk pk~ {oh qctäi ek~hg `ht cmctdchpcqht kvctpkmpkt hmpkt `k hqhmåh~ zh~h h `{zgcdhåäi'

p~hnhgfhmì dimp~h it cmpk~kttkt `k i{p~it- Tcemcacdh phonão c`kmpcacdh~ k ah|k~ okgfi~cht mh qhmpheko

diozh~hpcqh ̀ k dh`h heìmdch k dighni~h~ dio ht x{k pìo ai~åht diozgkokmph~kt-

H Ocd~iacmhmdk @imi~ Zkk~ ^kqckut' gkqh`h h dhni `k Ohci `k >::> h Miqkon~i `k >::4' kvhocmi{ i oi`{t

izk~hm`c `k 85 heìmdcht ncghpk~hct k o{gpcghpk~hct' tke{mì dcmdi kgkokmpit `h kacdcìmdch ìt ìhì~kt< &8#

dgh~k|h ktp~hpãecdh k dik~ìmdch' &># ai~pkt diozkpìmdcht ìt a{mdcimè~cit' &4# ~ktzimthncgc|håäi zkgit ~kt{gphìt'

&0# ektpäi `k dimfkdcokmpi ~kgkqhmpk' &;# cmtp~{okmpit h`kx{hìt-

Ktpkt kgkokmpit hl{`ho h `kgcmkh~ h dhzhdc`h`k cm`cqc`{hg `k {oh heìmdch zh~h hzgcdh~ h nih z~èpcdh êt t{ht

izk~håûkt `k ocd~iacmhmåh' nko dioi zh~h hpcmec~ {o ohci~ cozhdpi mht qc`ht `ht zkttiht `ktahqi~kdc`ht- Ãktt kmdchg zh~h h kacdcìmdch ì ìhì~ ko ocd~iacmhmåh' hpcmec~ {o oïmcoi `k `ktk ozkmfi ko dh`h {o ìt dcmdi

kgkokmpit' nko dioi' dk~phokmpk' zh~h i{p~ht è~kht `k `ktkmqigqcokmpi-

Dgh~k|h ktp~hpãecdh k dik~ìmdch- H dik~ìmdch `h qctäi tin~k ocd~iacmhmåh `k {oh heìmdch' k h ~kghåäi

kmp~k ktth qctäi k it zh`~ûkt hdkcpkt `k nih z~èpcdh' hakdph h x{hgc`h`k `h cozgkokmphåäi k it

~kt{gphìt- Ktp~hpãecht ai~pkt mäi täi t{acdckmpkt' tkmì x{k h hòcmctp~håäi k it a{mdcimè~cit pko x{k

cmpk~ci~c|h~ kttht ktp~hpãecht zh~h tk~ko kacdckmpkt-

Ai~pkt diozkpìmdcht ìt a{mdcimè~cit- Zkttihg dio dimfkdcokmpi pãdmcdi ko ocd~iacmhmåh tôgcì ã

{oh z~ã/dim`cåäi zh~h h x{hgc`h`k `ht izk~håûkt ko ocd~iacmhmåh- [oh ktp~hpãech kacdh| ã ktphnkgkdk~

zimpit pãdmcdit ai~pkt &cm`cqc`{hct i{ kx{czht `k pãdmcdit ktzkdchgctpht# x{k z~ci~c|ko h `cttkocmhåäi

`k niht z~èpcdht kmp~k digkeht x{k mäi tklho ktzkdchgctpht ko ocd~iacmhmåh' x{k~ mht tk`kt dioi mi

pk~~kmi- A{mdcimè~cit x{k gc`ko dio z~ie~hoht `k ocd~iacmhmåh k x{k mäi pkmfho dimfkdcokmpi

ktzkdïacdi mktph è~kh' `kqko pk~ {o dimfkdcokmpi pãdmcdi nètcdi-

^ktzimthncgc|håäi zkgit ~kt{gphìt- H p~hmtzh~ìmdch mi `ktkozkmfi ìt z~ie~hoht ko ocd~iacmhmåh

ã kttkmdchg zh~h h kacdcìmdch ì hzici- Ht heìmdcht tô zi`ko pioh~ `kdctûkt tk `kqko i{ mäi

dimpcm{h~' kvzhm`c~' pk~ocmh~ i{ ~kzgcdh~ {o z~ie~hoh' tk pcqk~ko mh zittk `k cmai~ohåäi z~kdcth-

@kzkm`kmì `h ktp~hpãech k octtäi k {oh heìmdch ìhì~h' h ~ktzimthncgc|håäi cmdg{c {oh hqhgchåäi

ek~hg ̀ i ̀ ktk ozkmfi acmhmdkc~i k tidchg ̀ h t{h dh~pkc~h ̀ k ocd~iacmhmåh' ̀ k ai~oh ~ke{gh~-

Ektpäi `k dimfkdcokmpi- X{hmì h ektpäi `k dimfkdcokmpi dhzhdcph ht heìmdcht h hz~km`k~ oh{t

tin~k tc z~ôz~cht k tin~k h kvzk~cìmdch `k i{p~it' dimp~cn{c ai~pkokmpk zh~h h t{h kacdcìmdch- [o

acmhmdchokmpi h`cdcimhg ê z~i`{åäi `k dimfkdcokmpi k t{h `cttkocmhåäi zi`k pk~ {o e~hm`k cozhdpi

mh kacdcìmdch ì hzici k `kqk tk~ cmdi~zi~hì mit z~ilkdpit k z~ie~hoht cm`cqc`{hct-

Cmtp~{okmpit h`kx{hìt- @kzkm`kmì ì dimfkdcokmpi k `h ktp~hpãech `k {oh heìmdch' it ìhì~kt

`kqko ek~c~ `k ai~oh agkvïqkg {o qhtpi diml{mpi `k cmtp~{okmpit `k acmhmdchokmpi k p~hnhgfh~



0;

`c~kdphokmpk dio hdpi~kt ì tkdpi~ z~cqhì k `h tidck`h`k dcqcg- it ìhì~kt `kqko dighni~h~ ko

hzich~ ht ktp~hpãecht eiqk~mhokmphct zh~h i `ktkmqigqcokmpi ì tkdpi~ acmhmdkc~i' pi~mhmì h hl{`h

ohct dik~kmpk k aèdcg k̀ ek~c~ zh~h ocmctpã~cit' `kzh~phokmpit' nhmdit k zh~h h tidck`h`k dcqcg-

Qhmpheko Diozh~hpcqh' Fh~oimc|håäi k Dighni~håäi

D~ch~ tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it x{k tk hzgcdho êt zkttiht ohct `ktahqi~kdc`ht — i{ tklh' h ohci~ zh~pk `h ziz{ghåäi

o{m`chg — ã {oh ph~kah `ktkmdi~hlhì~h- It dioz~iocttit `k ìhì~kt kttkmdchct cmdg{ko p~hnhgfh~ dio

`cqk~tit pczit `k cmpk~ok`cè~cit acmhmdkc~it hi ocd~i/mïqkg &nhmdit' diizk~hpcqht' tctpkoht zitphct#' hl{`hmì h

dimtp~{c~ h cma~h/ktp~{p{~h `h cm`ütp~ch mi okti/mïqkg k kmp~hmì mi `cègiei zigïpcdi dio it eiqk~mit k i{p~it

tphbkfig`k~t hi ohd~i/mïqkg- Mi kmphmpi' mko pi`ht ht heìmdcht zi`ko' i{ `kqko' p~hnhgfh~ h piìt it mïqkct-

It ìhì~kt `kqko c`kmpcacdh~ h qhmpheko diozh~hpcqh mh z~ioiåäi `k tk~qcåit acmhmdkc~it zh~h ht zkttiht

`ktahqi~kdc`ht- H zh~pc~ ì oiokmpi ko x{k ht heìmdcht ìhì~ht c`kmpcacdho h t{h ~ktzkdpcqh qhmpheko

diozh~hpcqh' zi`ko kqig{c~ h zh~pc~ `ht ai~åht `k {oht k i{p~ht k ai~oh~ hgchmåht zh~h fh~oimc|h~ h t{h

hni~`heko digkdpcqh- H dighni~håäi zk~ocpk {oh hzgcdhåäi ohct dimtctpkmpk ìt zh`~ûkt `k nih z~èpcdh' {o ohct

hgh~ehì diml{mpi `k cmtp~{okmpit `k acmhmdchokmpi k `k zh~dkc~it' k d{tpit `k p~hmthdåäi ~k`{|cìt zh~h

zh~dkc~it' ìhì~kt k eiqk~mi-

X{ktpûkt ̀ k A~impkc~h

H dio{mc`h`k `k ìhì~kt k i o{mì `h ocd~iacmhmåh ohct hgh~ehì hz~km`k~ho o{cpi hi gimei `ht ügpcoht

`ãdh`ht tin~k ht okgfi~kt ai~oht `k hzich~ h kok~eìmdch ìt tctpkoht acmhmdkc~it cmdg{tcqit- Mi kmphmpi'

kvctpko o{cpht x{ktpûkt `k a~impkc~h x{k dimpcm{ho zi~ ~ktigqk~<

Ktpkm`k~ it acmhmdchokmpit ~{~hct &ktzkdchgokmpk he~ïdigh# h è~kht ktdhttho kmpk ziqih`ht

Kvzhm`c~ tk~qcåit dioi ocd~itke{~it' gkhtcme k ~kokttht h dgckmpkt `ktahqi~kdcìt

Okgfi~h~ h ok`cåäi k oimcpi~c|håäi ̀ i ̀ ktkozk mfi tidchg

@kacmc~ it gcocpk t ohct nhcvit ̀ h ocd~iacmhmåh qcèqkg k koz~keh~ i{p~ht cmpk~qkmåûkt' cmdg{cmì ̀ ihåûkt'

tk ai~ko ohct h`kx{h`ht

@ktkmqigqk~ ktp~hpãecht ~kzgcdèqkct zh~h `ktngix{kh~ ok~dhìt `k dhzcphg mhdcimhct zh~h h ocd~iacmhmåh-

C`kmpcacdh~ i zhzkg ̀ it ̀ ihì~kt ~kghpcqhokmpk ê kx{c`h k̀ cmpk~mhdcimhg k hit a{mìt ̀ k koz~ãtpcoi

Kmdimp~h~ ai~oht kacdckmpkt k t{tpkmpèqkct `k dioncmh~ tk~qcåit `k `ktkmqigqcokmpi mäi acmhmdkc~it

dio tk ~qcåit acmhmdkc~it-



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