9
20 9 A PHYSIOLOGICAL EVALUATION O F PROFESSIONAL SOCCER PLAYERS P . B . RAVEN, Ph.D., L . R . GETTMAN, Ph.D., M . L. POLLOCK, Ph.D., a n d K . H . COOPER, M.D. Institute f o r Aerobics Research, 11811 Preston Road, Dallas, Texas 75230 ABSTRACT Th e purpose of this study w as t o evaluate t h e physiological functions o f a professional soccer team i n t h e North American Soccer League (NASL). Eighteen players were evaluated o n cardiorespiratory function, endurance performance, body composition, blood chemistry, and motor fitness measures near t h e e n d o f their competitive season. Th e following means were observed: age, 2 6 yrs; height, 1 7 6 cm; weight 75.5 k g ; resting heart rate, 5 0 beats/min; maximum heart rate (MHR), 18 8 beats/min; maximum oxygen intake (V02 max), 58.4 ml/kg.min-1; maximum ventilation (VEmax BTPS), 15 4 L/min; body fat, 9.59%; 12-min run, 1.86 miles; a n d Illinois agility run, 15.6 secs. Results o n resting blood pressure, serum lipids, vital capacity, flexibility, upper body strength, a n d vertical jump tests were comparable t o found f o r t h e sedentary population. Comparing t h e results with previously collected data o n professional American football backs indicated that t h e soccer players were shorter; lighter i n body weight; higher i n V 0 2 m a x ( 4 ml/kg-min-1) and body f at (1.8%); a n d similar i n MHR, V E max, an d V C . T h e 12-min r u n scores were similar t o th e initial values observed f or t h e 1970 Brazilian World C u p Team. T h e agility r un results were superior t o data collected from other groups. Their endurance capabilities, agility, and low percent o f body f a t clearly differentiate them from t h e sedentary population a nd show them t o b e similar t o that of professional American football backs. INTRODUCTION Despite t h e world-wide popularity of t h e game o f association football (soccer), comparatively little scientific information i s available concerning the physio- logical characteristics of the professional participant; although, some information is available concerning t h e amateur player (Bell and Rhodes, 1975; Caru e t al., 1970; Fardy, 1969). Soccer players must combine speed, strength, agility, power, and endurance a s basic qualities before the individual skills inherent t o the playing o f soccer ca n be utilized. Th e understanding of the physical a nd t h e mental demands o f t h e sport will enable a more scientific approach t o t h e training o f soccer players than h a s been prevalent heretofore. This study represents a n initial attempt t o define t h e physical a n d physiological characteristics o f soccer players performing a t t h e professional level, thereby establishing a base line t o which future investigations c a n b e compared. METHODS Th e subjects consisted o f 1 8 professional soccer players from t h e Dallas Tornado Soccer Club a n d repre- sented 1 0 0 percent o f t h e playing staff. Th e Dallas club i s one o f t h e founder members of t h e North American Soccer League (NASL). Th e Dallas club failed t o reach t h e championship play-offs during t h e 1975 season; yet, i t performed moderately well throughout t h e league. Th e playing staff consisted o f 1 3 English league soccer players a nd 5 United States trained players. A l l posi- tions, offensive, midfield, a nd defensive, were repre- sented i n this sample. T h e head coach designated each positional classification regardless o f t h e numbered posi- tion fo r that player on t h e field o f play. Each player w a s scheduled f or four days o f testing during the latter half of the 1975 season. O n d a y o n e o f testing, following a 14-hour fast, each player underwent a preliminary screening examination which consisted o f a resting 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), a medical examination, a review o f a medical history questionnaire with a physician. Following t h e examination, each player w a s informed o f t h e purposes a n d t h e risks o f th e study a n d was requested o sign t h e informed consent form. Before beginning t h e testing o n d a y one, a 1 5 m l blood sample was taken from t h e antecubital vein, a n d resting heart rate a n d blood pressure were determined. These preliminaries were performed after a five-minute sitting rest a n d i n t h e post-absorptive state. Then t h e player w as tested f or body composition, pulmonary function, a n d endurance capacity. A second 1 5 m l blood sample w as taken o n d a y t wo after another 14-hour fast. This second sample w a s used t o verify t h e values o b - tained o n t h e first test. Days three a n d four o f testing were utilized t o deter- mine values o f strength, agility, power, a n d endurance. Maximum aerobic capacity w a s determined o n a motor- driven treadmill utilizing a modified Astrand running test (Pollock e t al. 1976). This protocol included a five-minute warmup walk a t 3 . 5 mph, 2 . 5 percent grade followed by a continuous, multi-stage, voluntary r u n t o exhaustion followed b y a five-minute seated recovery.  group.bmj.com on July 7, 2013 - Published by bjsm.bmj.com Downloaded from

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2 0 9

A PHYSIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF PROFESSIONAL SOCCER PLAYERS

P . B . RAVEN, P h . D . , L . R . GETTMAN, P h . D . ,

M . L . POLLOCK, P h . D . , a n d K . H . COOPER, M . D .

I n s t i t u t e f o r A e r o b i c s R e s e a r c h , 1 1 8 1 1 P r e s t o n R o a d ,

D a l l a s , T e x a s 7 5 2 3 0

ABSTRACT

T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s s t u d y w a s t o e v a l u a t e t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l f u n c t i o n s o f a p r o f e s s i o n a l s o c c e r t e a m i n t h e N o r t

A m e r i c a n S o c c e r L e a g u e ( N A S L ) . E i g h t e e n p l a y e r s w e r e e v a l u a t e d o n c a r d i o r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n , e n d u r a n c

p e r f o r m a n c e , b o d y c o m p o s i t i o n , b l o o d c h e m i s t r y , a n d m o t o r f i t n e s s m e a s u r e s n e a r t h e e n d o f t h e i r c o m p e t i t i v e s e a s o nT h e f o l l o w i n g m e a n s w e r e o b s e r v e d : a g e , 2 6 y r s ; h e i g h t , 1 7 6 c m ; w e i g h t 7 5 . 5 k g ; r e s t i n g h e a r t r a t e , 5 0 b e a t s / m i n

maximum h e a r t r a t e ( M H R ) , 1 8 8 b e a t s / m i n ; maximum o x y g e n i n t a k e ( V 0 2 m a x ) , 5 8 . 4 m l / k g . m i n - 1 ; maximum

v e n t i l a t i o n ( V E m a x B T P S ) , 1 5 4 L / m i n ; b o d y f a t , 9 . 5 9 % ; 1 2 - m i n r u n , 1 . 8 6 m i l e s ; a n d I l l i n o i s a g i l i t y r u n , 1 5 . 6 s e c s

R e s u l t s o n r e s t i n g b l o o d p r e s s u r e , s e r u m l i p i d s , v i t a l c a p a c i t y , f l e x i b i l i t y , u p p e r b o d y s t r e n g t h , a n d v e r t i c a l j u m p t e s t

w e r e c o m p a r a b l e t o v a l u e s f o u n d f o r t h e s e d e n t a r y p o p u l a t i o n . C o m p a r i n g t h e r e s u l t s w i t h p r e v i o u s l y c o l l e c t e d d a t a o

p r o f e s s i o n a l A m e r i c a n f o o t b a l l b a c k s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e s o c c e r p l a y e r s w e r e s h o r t e r ; l i g h t e r i n b o d y w e i g h t ; h i g h e r i

V 0 2 m a x ( 4 m l / k g - m i n - 1 ) a n d b o d y f a t ( 1 . 8 % ) ; a n d s i m i l a r i n M H R , VE m a x , a n d V C . T h e 1 2 - m i n run s c o r e s wer

s i m i l a r t o t h e i n i t i a l v a l u e s o b s e r v e d f o r t h e 1 9 7 0 B r a z i l i a n W o r l d Cup T e a m . T h e a g i l i t y r u n r e s u l t s w e r e s u p e r i o r t

d a t a c o l l e c t e d f r o m o t h e r g r o u p s . T h e i r e n d u r a n c e c a p a b i l i t i e s , a g i l i t y , a n d l o w p e r c e n t o f b o d y f a t c l e a r l y d i f f e r e n t i a tt h e m f r o m t h e s e d e n t a r y p o p u l a t i o n a n d s h o w t h e m t o b e s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f p r o f e s s i o n a l A m e r i c a n f o o t b a l l b a c k s .

INTRODUCTION

D e s p i t e t h e w o r l d - w i d e p o p u l a r i t y o f t h e game o f

a s s o c i a t i o n f o o t b a l l ( s o c c e r ) , c o m p a r a t i v e l y l i t t l es c i e n t i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e c o n c e r n i n g t h e p h y s i o -

l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l p a r t i c i p a n t ;a l t h o u g h , some i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e c o n c e r n i n g t h e

amateur p l a y e r ( B e l l a n d R h o d e s , 1 9 7 5 ; C a r u e t al.,

1 9 7 0 ; F a r d y , 1 96 9) . S o c c e r p l a y e r s must c o m b i n e s p e e d ,

s t r e n g t h , a g i l i t y , power, a n d e n d u r a n c ea s

b a s i c q u a l i t i e sb e f o r e t h e i n d i v i d u a l s k i l l s i n h e r e n t t o t h e p l ay i n g o f

soccer c an b e u t i l i z e d . Th e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e p h y s i c a la n d t h e m e n t a l demands o f t h e s p o r t w i l l e n a b l e a more

s c i e n t i f i c a p p r o a c h t o t h e t r a i n i n g o f soccer p l a y e r s t h a n

h a s b e e n p r e v a l e n t h e r e t o f o r e .

T h i s s t u d y r e p r e s e n t s a n i n i t i a l attempt t o d e f i n e t h e

p h y s i c a l a n d p h y s i o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f soccer

p l a y e r s p e r f o r m i n g a t t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l l e v e l , t h e r e b y

e s t a b l i s h i n g a b a s e l i n e t o w h i c h f u t u r e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s c an

b e c o m p a r e d .

METHOD S

Th e s u b j e c t s c o n s i s t e d o f 1 8 p r o f e s s i o n a l soccer

p l a y e r s f r o m t h e D a l l a s T o r n a d o S o c c e r C l u b a n d r e p r e -

s e n t e d 1 0 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e p l a y i n g s t a f f . Th e D a l l a s c l u b

i s one o f t h e f o u n d e r members o f t h e N o r t h A m e r i c a n

S o c c e r L e a g u e ( N A S L ) . Th e D a l l a s c l u b f a i l e d t o r e a c h

t h e c h a m p i o n s h i p p l a y - o f f s d u r i n g t h e 1 9 7 5 season; y e t ,

i t p e r f o r m e d m o d e r a t e l y w e l l t h r o u g h o u t t h e l e a g u e .Th e p l a y i n g s t a f f c o n s i s t e d o f 1 3 E n g l i s h l e a g u e soccer

p l a y e r s a n d 5 U n i t e d S t a t e s t r a i n e d p l a y e r s . A l l p o s i -

t i o n s , o f f e n s i v e , m i d f i e l d , a n d d e f e n s i v e , w e r e r e p r e -s e n t e d i n t h i s s a m p l e . T h e h e a d c o a c h d e s i g n a t e d e a c h

p o s i t i o n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e n u m b e r e d p o s it i o n f o r t h a t p l a y e r o n t h e f i e l d o f p l a y .

E a c h p l a y e r w a s s c h e d u l e d f o r f o u r d a y s o f t e s t i n gd u r i n g t h e l a t t e r h a l f o f t h e 1 9 7 5 s e a s o n . On d a y o n e o f

t e s t i n g , f o l l o w i n g a 1 4 - h o u r f a s t , e a c h p l a y e r u n d e r w e n t

a p r e l i m i n a r y s c r e e n i n g e x a m i n a t i o n w h i c h c o n s i s t e d o f

a r e s t i n g 1 2 - l e a d e l e c t r o c a r d i o g r a m ( E C G ) , am e d i c a l

e x a m i n a t i o n , a r e v i e w o f a m e d i c a l h i s t o r y q u e s t i o n n a i r ew i t h a p h y s i c i a n . F o l l o w i n g t h e e x a m i n a t i o n , e a c h

p l a y e r w a s i n f o r m e d o f t h e p u r p o s e s a n d t h e r i s k s o f t h e

s t u d y a n d w a s r e q u e s t e d t o s i g n t h e i n f o r m e d c o n s e n t

f o r m . B e f o r e b e g i n n i n g t h e t e s t i n g o n d a y o n e , a 1 5 m l

b l o o d s a m p l e w a s t a k e n f r o m t h e a n t e c u b i t a l v e i n , a n d

r e s t i n g h e a r t r a t e a n d b l o o d p r e s s u r e w e r e d e t e r m i n e d .

T h e s e p r e l i m i n a r i e s w e r e p e r f o r m e d a f t e r a f i v e - m i n u t e

s i t t i n g r e s t a n d i n t h e p o s t - a b s o r p t i v e s t a t e . T h e n t h ep l a y e r w a s t e s t e d f o r b o d y c o m p o s i t i o n , p u l m o n a r y

f u n c t i o n , a n d e n d u r a n c e c a p a c i t y . A s e c o n d 1 5 m l b l o o d

s a m p l e w a s t a k e n o n d a y two a f t e r a n o t h e r 1 4 - h o u r f a s t .T h i s s e c o n d s a m p l e w a s u s e d t o v e r i f y t h e v a l u e s o b -

t a i n e d o n t h e f i r s t t e s t .

D a y s t h r e e a n d f o u r o f t e s t i n g w e r e u t i l i z e d t o d e t e r -m i n e v a l u e s o f s t r e n g t h , a g i l i t y , p o w e r , a n d e n d u r a n c e .

Maximum a e ro b i c c a p a c i t y w a s d e t e r m i n e d o n a m o t o r -

d r i v e n t r e a d m i l l u t i l i z i n g a m o d i f i e d A s t r a n d r u n n i n g

t e s t ( P o l l o c k e t a l . 1 9 7 6 ) . T h i s p r o t o c o l i n c l u d e d

f i v e - m i n u t e warmup w a l k a t 3 . 5 m p h , 2 . 5 p e r c e n t g r a d e

f o l l o w e d b y a c o n t i n u o u s , m u l t i - s t a g e , v o l u n t a r y r u n t o

e x h a u s t i o n f o l l o w e d b y a f i v e - m i n u t e s e a t e d r e c o v e r y .

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2 1 0

T r e a d m i l l s p e e d w a s a d j u s t e d t o e x h a u s t e a c h i n d i v i d u a ls u b j e c t w i t h i n a s e v e n t o t e n m i n u t e t i m e p e r i o d . ECG

a n d h e a r t r a t e s w e r e m o n i t o r e d c o n t i n u o u s l y v i a t h e

H e w l e t t - P a c k a r d d i r e c t - l e a d ECG r e c o r d i n g s y s t e m a n d

c a r d i o t a c h o m e t e r ( Q u i n t o n I n s t r u m e n t s , M o d e l 6 1 1 ) .

T h e V5 l e a d w a s m o n i t o r e d d u r i n g e x e r c i s e ; l e a d s I I , I I I ,

AVL, AVF, a n d V 5 , i m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g , a n d d u r i n g

1 , 3 , a n d 5 m i n u t e s o f r e c o v e r y . B l o o d p r e s s u r e w a sd e t e r m i n e d b y a u s c u l t a t i o n p r i o r t o e x e r c i s e , i m -m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g , a n d a t 1 , 3 , a n d 5 m i n u t e s o f

r e c o v e r y . D u r i n g t h e t h i r d m i n u t e o f r e c o v e r y , a 3 m l

v e n o u s b l o o d s a m p l e w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e a n t e c u b i t a lv e i n f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f b l o o d l a c t a t e .

E x p i r e d a i r s a m p l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d c o n t i n u o u s l y e a c h

m i n u t e , b e g i n n i n g w i t h t h e t h i r d m i n u t e , u n t i l t h e e n d

o f t h e t e s t . A l i q u o t s w e r e a n a l y z e d f o r 0 2 a n d CO2

c o n t e n t u s i n g a Beckman p o l a r o g r a p h i c 0 2 ( O M - 1 1 ) a n d

i n f r a r e d C O 2 ( L B - 2 ) a n a l y z e r s . C a l i b r a t i o n g a s e s a n d

a n a l y z e r s w e r e c h e c k e d b y a m o d i f i e d L l o y d H a l d a n e g a s

a n a l y z e r . P u l m o n a r y v e n t i l a t i o n ( V E ) w a s d e t e r m i n e d b y

m e a n s o f a P a r k i n s o n - C o w a n g a s m e t e r ( M o d e l C D 4 )c o n n e c t e d o n t h e i n s p i r e d s i d e , w h i c h w a s p r e v i o u s l y

c a l i b r a t e d b y a C o l l i n s 1 5 0 L T i s s o t g a s o m e t e r . T h em e t a b o l i c t e c h n i q u e s a n d p r o c e d u r e s o f C o n s o l a z i o e t a l .

1 9 6 3 w e r e f o l l o w e d .

T h e s u b j e c t s w e r e m e a s u r e d f o r s t a n d i n g h e i g h t t o t h e

n e a r e s t 0 . 2 5 i n c h o n a s t a n d a r d p h y s i c i a n ' s s c a l e a n d f o rb o d y w e i g h t t o t h e n e a r e s t 1 0 g o n a n Acme S c a l e( M o d e l A C S M I N ) . A n t h r o p o m e t r i c d e t e r m i n a t i o n s i n -

c l u d e d 7 s k i n f o l d ( S ) , 1 1 g i r t h ( G ) , a n d 7 d i a m e t e r ( D )m e a s u r e s . T h e n v i t a l c a p a c i t y ( V C ) , r e s i d u a l v o l u m e

( R V ) , a n d b o d y d e n s i t y ( B D ) b y h y d r o s t a t i c w e i g h i n g

w e r e d e t e r m i n e d . E x p e r i e n c e d t e c h n i c i a n s a d m i n i s t e r e da l l t e s t s . S e s s i o n s w e r e o r g a n i z e d s o t h a t t h e s a m e i n -v e s t i g a t o r m e a s u r e d a l l s u b j e c t s o n t h e s a m e t e s t s ; i . e . ,

o n e i n v e s t i g a t o r a l w a y s w a s a s s i g n e d t o e a c h o f t h e

f o l l o w i n g t h r e e s t a t i o n s : a n t h r o p o m e t r y , s p i r o m e t r y ,a n d h y d r o s t a t i c w e i g h i n g .

S k i n f o l d f a t w a s m e a s u r e d a t t h e c h e s t , a x i l l a , t r i c e p s ,s u b s c a p u l a , a b d o m e n , s u p r a i l i u m , a n d t h i g h w i t h a

L a n g e s k i n f o l d f a t c a l l i p e r . T h e c a l l i p e r h a d a c o n s t a n t

p r e s s u r e o f 1 0 g / m m 2 , a n d m e a s u r e s w e r e t a k e n on t h e

r i g h t s i d e . R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s p u b l i s h e d b y t h e C o m m i t -

t e e o n N u t r i t i o n a l A n t h r o p o m e t r y o f t h e F o o d a n d

N u t r i t i o n B o a r d o f t h e N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l w e r e

f o l l o w e di n

o b t a i n i n g s k i n f o l df a t d a t a

( K e y s , 1 9 5 6 ) .G i r t h m e a s u r e s w e r e t a k e n w i t h a L u f k i n s t e e l t a p e a tt h e f o l l o w i n g 1 1 s i t e s : s h o u l d e r , c h e s t ( n o r m a l ) , a b d o -

m e n , w a i s t , g l u t e u s , t h i g h , c a l f , a n k l e , a r m , f o r e a r m , a n d

w r i s t . B o d y d i a m e t e r s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d w i t h a GPMS w i s s - m a d e a n t h r o p o me t e r a n d i n c l u d e d t h e f o l l o w i n gm e a s u r e s : b i d e l t o i d , b i a c r o m i o n , c h e s t w i d t h , b i - i l i u m ,b i t r o c h a n t e r , k n e e a n d w r i s t . S k i n f o l d f a t d a t a w e r e

m e a s u r e d a n d r e c o r d e d t o t h e n e a r e s t 0 . 5 mm; a n d G

a n d D m e a s u r e s , t o t h e n e a r e s t 0 . 1 c m . T h e l o c a t i o n a n d

p r o c e d u r e s o f a n t h r o p o m e t r i c s i t e s m e a s u r e d w e

s h o w n a n d d e s c r i b e d r e s p e c t i v e l y b y H e r t z b e r g e t

( 1 9 6 3 ) a n d b y B e h n k e a n d W i l m o r e ( 1 9 7 4 ) .

V i t a l c a p a c i t y w a s d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g a r o l l i n g ss p i r o m e t e r ( O h i o M e d i c a l M o d e l 8 4 2 ) a c c o r d i n g t o

p r o c e d u r e s o u t l i n e d b y K o r y e t a L ( 1 9 6 1 ) . R e s i d u

v o l u m ew a s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e n i t r o g e n w a s h o u t t e

n i q u e d e s c r i b e d b y W i l m o r e ( 1 9 6 4 ) u s i n g a n i t r o

a n a l y z e r ( O h i o M e d i c a l M o d e l 7 0 0 ) . A l t h o u g h RV a

h y d r o s t a t i c w e i g h i n g d e t e r m i n a t i o n s w e r e a d m i n i s t e r

s e p a r a t e l y , t h e s a m e p o s t u r a l p o s i t i o n s ( s i t t i n g ) w e

u s e d f o r b o t h .

H y d r o s t a t i c w e i g h i n g w a s c o n d u c t e d i n a 4 x 6 x

f i b r e g l a s s t a n k i n w h i c h a c h a i r s e a t w a s s u s p e n d e d f

a C h a t i l l o n 1 5 k g s c a l e . T h e h y d r o s t a t i c w e i g h i n g p

c e d u r e w a s r e p e a t e d s i x t o t e n t i m e s u n t i l t h r e e s i mr e a d i n g s t o t h e n e a r e s t 2 0 g w e r e o b t a i n e d ( K a t1 9 6 8 ) . W a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e w a s r e c o r d e d a f t e r e a c h t r

T h e t e c h n i q u e f o r d e t e r m i n i n g BD f o l l o w e d t h e m e t

o u t l i n e d b y G o l d m a n a n d B u s k i r k ( 1 9 6 1 ) ; a n d t h ec u l a t i o n o f B D , f r o m t h e f o r m u l a o f B r o z e k e t

( 1 9 6 3 ) . T h e p e r c e n t f a t w a s c a l c u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o

S i r i f o r m u l a , 1 9 6 1 .

T h e r e s t i n g b l o o d s a m p l e s w e r e a n a l y z e d 'S M A - 1 2 o n a T e c h n i c o n 1 2 - 60 a u t o a n a l y z e r ( M o1 3 3 - A 0 1 4 - 0 1 ) . T h e d a t a r e p o r t e d h e r e a r e t h o s e

s e r v e d f o r s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o l , g l u c o s e , a n d t o t a l p r o t eA s e p a r a t e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s e r u m t r i g l y c e r i d e sm a d e . I n a d d i t i o n , a c o m p l e t e b l o o d c o u n t ( C B C )r u n o n a C o u l t e r C o u n t e r ( M o d e l S ) . T h e r e c o v e r y b l

s a m p l e w a s a n a l y z e d f o r b l o o d l a c t a t e a c c o r d i n g t o

e n z y m a t i c m e t h o d o f S i g m a C h e m i c a l C o . 2

T h e f i e l d t e s t e v a l u a t i o n s c o n s i s t e d o f a n e n d u r a

r u n , t h e C o o p e r 1 2 - m i n r u n - w a l k t e s t f o r d i s t( 1 9 6 8 ) , I l l i n o i s a g i l i t y r u n ( C u r e t o n , 1 9 7 0 ) , S a r gJump f o r p o w e r ( A d a m s e t a l . 1 9 6 3 ; C u r e t o n , 1 9

J o h n s o n a n d N e l s o n 1 9 7 1 ) , s i t a n d r e a c h t e s t o f f lb i l i t y , a n d o n e r e p e t i t i o n maximum b e n c h p r e s ss t r e n g t h ( D e L o r m e a n d W a t s o n - 1 9 4 8 ) . T h e e n d u r a

r u n w a s c o n d u c t e d o u t d o o r s o n a t a r t a n - s u r f a c e d , o

h a l f m i l e t r a c k w h i l e t h e o t h e r t e s t s w e r e c o n d u c t e

t h e a i r - c o n d i t i o n e d e n v i r o n m e n t o f t h e A e r o b

A c t i v i t y C e n t e r .

M e a n s a n d s t a n d a r d e r r o r s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d f o r e

s u b g r o u p a n d f o r t h e t o t a l g r o u p o f p l a y e r s . F u r

s u b g r o u p a n a l y s i s w a s n o t a t t e m p t e d b e c a u s e o f

s m a l l n u m b e r s i n two o f t h e g r o u p s : m i d f i e l d p l a y e r

1 . B l o o d a n a l y s i s w a s c a r r i e d o u t e a c h d a y o f c o l l e c t it h e F o r d , Lynn a n d A s s o c i a t e s , A n a t o m i c a n d C l i n i c a l P a t h oL a b o r a t o r y , D e n t o n , T e x a s 7 6 2 0 1 .

2 L a c t i c a c i d e n z y m e a n a l y s i s k i t s a r e o b t a i n a b l e f r o m SC h e m i c a l C o . , P . O . Box 1 4 5 0 8 , S a i n t L o u i s , M i s s o u r i 6 3 1 7 8 .

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= 2 ) , g o a l k e e p e r s ( n = 2 ) , d e f e n s i v e p l a y e r s ( n = 9 ) , a n d

a t t a c k i n g p l a y e r s ( n = 5 ) .

RESULTS

T a b l e I s u m m a r i z e s t h e g r o u p m e a n s a n d v a r i a b i l i t yo f s e l e c t e d r e s t i n g p h y s i o l o g i c a l p a r a m e t e r s a n d d e m o n -s t r a t e s t h e a b s e n c e o f a n y m a n i f e s t c l i n i c a l p r o b l e m s . I na d d i t i o n , t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e SMA-12 s c r e e n i n g v e r i f i e d

t h e n o r m a l i t y o f t h e s u b j e c t p o p u l a t i o n . T h e r e s t i n gh e a r t r a t e s w e r e m a r k e d l y l o w e r t h a n t h o s e o b s e r v e d f o rh e a l t h y s e d e n t a r y p o p u l a t i o n s , a n d s e r u m t r i g l y c e r i d e sa n d c h o l e s t e r o l w e r e b e l o w n o r m a l f o r t h e a g e g r o u p

( C o o p e r e t a l . 1 9 7 6 ) .

T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e e n d u r a n c e c a p a c i t y t e s t s , a sm e a s u r e d b y V 0 2 max a n d t h e 1 2 - m i n r u n f o r d i s t a n c e ,

2 1 1

a r e o u t l i n e d i n T a b l e 1 1 . D e s i g n a t i o n o f t h e p l a y e r s i n t oa t t a c k i n g , m i d f i e l d , a n d d e f e n s i v e p l a y e r s a l o n g w i t h

g o a l k e e p e r s a s s u b g r o u p s w i t h i n t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o ns u g g e s t e d t h a t b o t h a t t a c k i n g a n d d e f e n s i v e p l a y e r s h a d

a g r e a t e r e n d u r a n c e c a p a c i t y t h a n t h e m i d f i e l d p l a y e r sa n d g o a l k e e p e r s a n d t h a t t h e two m i d f i e l d p l a y e r s h a d

g r e a t e r e n d u r a n c e t h a n t h e t w o g o a l k e e p e r s .

A n t h r o p o m e t r i c d i f f e r e n c e s a m o n g t h e p o s i t i o n a lg r o u p i n g s c a n b e o b s e r v e d i n T a b l e 1 1 1 . T h e a t t a c k i n ga n d d e f e n s i v e p l a y e r s w e r e l i g h t e r t h a n t h e m i d f i e l dp l a y e r s a n d g o a l k e e p e r s , b u t t h e g o a l k e e p e r s w e r e a p p r o -

x i m a t e l y 1 0 k g h e a v i e r t h a n t h e m i d f i e l d p l a y e r s . Many

o f t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e r e f l e c t e d i n t e r m s o f b o d yc o m p o s i t i o n a s m e a s u r e d b y p e r c e n t b o d y f a t a n d t h e

s u m o f s i x s k i n f o l d m e a s u r e s . H o w e v e r , b o t h t h e m i d -

TABLE IR e s t i n g P h y s i o l o g i c a l P a r a m e t e r s o f P r o f e s s i o n a l S o c c e r P l a y e r s ( N - 1 8 )

S i t t i n g S i t t i n gH e a r t R a t e B l o o d P r e s s u r e

T o t a l

( b e a t s / S y s t o l i c D i a s t o l i c P r o t e i nm i n ) ( m m / H g ) ( m m / H g ) ( g m % )

5 0 ± 1 1 2 1 ± 1 * 7 7 ± 2

1 4 H o u r s P o s t A b s o r p t i v e B l o o d P a r a m e t e r s

H e m o -g l o b i n( g m % )

H e m a t o -c r i t( % )

T r i g l y -G l u c o s e c e r i d e s( m g % ) ( m g % )

C h o l e s t e r o l( m g % )

7 . 1 5 ± . 0 8 1 4 . 6 ± 0 . 2 4 1 . 9 ± 0 . 5 9 4 . 5 ± 1 . 2 9 0 . 8 ± 5 . 3 1 7 4 . 8 ± 6 . 9

TABLE 1 1

E n d u r a n c e C a p a c i t y o f P r o f e s s i o n a l S o c c e r P l a y e r s *

S u b j e c t s( S o c c e r P l a y e r s )

N V 0 2 max( m l 0 2 / k g -m i n - 1 )

VE max( I / m i n -B T P S )

max HR( b e a t s /m i n )

3 m i n P o s t - M a xL a c t a t e

( m g m % )

D i s t a n c e i n 1 2 m i

( m i )

A t t a c k i n g P l a y e r s( F o r w a r d s )

M i d f i e l d P l a y e r s( P l a y m a k e r s )

D e f e n s i v e P l a y e r s( B a c k s )

G o a l k e e p e r s

5 5 9 . 6 ± 1 . 2( 6 3 . 1 - 5 7 . 2 )

2 5 6 . 1 ± 1 . 4( 5 7 . 1 - 5 5 . 1 )

9 5 9 . 3 ± 1 . 3( 6 6 . 7 - 5 5 . 0 )

2 5 3 . 7 ± 1

( 5 4 . 4-

5 3 . 0 )

1 5 3 . 1 ± 9 . 5( 1 7 0 . 7 - 1 2 5 . 5 )

1 5 2 . 0 ± 1 6 . 0

( 1 6 2 . 7 - 1 4 0 . 3 1 )

1 5 4 . 0 ± 6 . 0

( 1 7 3 . 4 - 1 3 6 . 3 5 )

1 5 4 . 0 ± 2 7 . 0

( 1 7 2 . 6-

1 3 4 . 8 )

1 8 6 ± 3 1 2 7 ± 1 0 1 . 9 0 ± 0 . 0 8

( 1 9 4 - 1 8 0 ) ( 1 5 8 - 1 0 8 ) ( 2 . 0 3 - 1 . 7 7 )

1 8 2 ± 1 1 113±23( 1 9 0 - 1 7 5 ) ( 1 2 9 - 9 7 )

1 9 0 ± 3( 2 0 3 - 1 7 3 )

1 9 4 ± 1

( 1 9 4-

1 9 3 )

1 2 3 ± 5 . 7( 1 3 8 - - 8 8 )

8 8 ± 1 3

( 9 7-

7 9 )

1 . 7 6 ± 0 . 0 6

( 1 . 8 1 - 1 . 8 5 )

1 . 9 5 ± 0 . 0 4 -( 2 . 0 2 - 1 . 8 5 )

1 . 6 4 ± 0 . 0 3

( 1 . 6 7-

1 . 6 2 )1 8 5 8 . 4 ±0 . 8 3

( 6 6 . 7 -3 . 0 )

1 5 3 . 6 ± 4 . 1( 1 7 3 . 4-2 5 . 5 )

1 8 8 ± 2 1 1 9 . 3 ± 4 . 9 1 . 8 6 ± 0 . 0 4( 2 0 3 - 1 7 3 ) ( 1 5 8 - 7 9 ) ( 2 . 0 3 - 1 . 6 2 )

* V a l u e s are means ± S . E . Th e range i s b r a c k e t e d .**Due t o i n j u r i e s and t i m e s c h e d u l e s , o n l y 4 f o r w a r d s and 5 b a c k s were a b l e t o p e r f o r m t h e 1 2 - m i n r u n f o r d i s t a n c e d u r i n g t h e t e s t i n

p e r i o d . A l l N ' s were a d j u s t e d a c c o r d i n g l y .

V a r i -a b l e

X , S E

T o t a l M e a n

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2 1 2

TABLE I I I

B o d y C o m p o s i t i o n o f P r o f e s s i o n a l S o c c e r P l a y e r s *

S u b j e c t s( S o c c e r P l a y e r s )

Age

N ( y r s )

H e i g h t

( c m )

W e i g h t

( k g )Body F a t L e a n Body W t . Sum o f 6 S k i n f

( % ) ( k g ) ( m m )

A t t a c k i n g P l a y e r s( F o r w a r d s )

M i d f i e l d P l a y e r s( P l a y m a k e r s )

D e f e n s i v e P l a y e r s( B a c k s )

G o a l k e e p e r s

T o t a l Mean

5 2 5 . 6 ± 1 . 7

( 3 1 - 2 3 )

2 2 6 . 5 ± 7 . 8

( 3 2 - 2 1 )

1 7 6 . 3 ± 2 . 9 7 4 . 5 ± 5 . 5

( 1 8 2 . 9 - 1 7 0 . 2 ) ( 9 1 . 6 - 6 5 . 4 )

1 7 5 . 0 ± 2 . 9 7 7 . 3 ± 3 . 6

( 1 7 7 . 8 - 1 7 2 . 1 ) ( 7 9 . 7 - 7 4 . 7 )

9 2 5 . 5 ± 1 . 5 1 7 6 . 0 ± 1 . 9 7 3 . 6 ± 1 . 8

( 3 1 - 1 9 ) ( 1 8 4 . 2 - 1 6 8 . 3 ) ( 8 2 . 4 - 6 3 . 3 )

2 2 5 . 5 ± 4 . 9 1 7 8 . 0 ± 2 . 2 8 6 . 4 ± 4 . 5

( 2 9 - 2 2 ) ( 1 8 0 . 3 - 1 7 5 . 9 ) ( 8 9 . 7 - 8 3 . 5 )

1 8 2 5 . 6 ± 1 . 0 1 7 6 . 3 ± 1 . 2 7 5 . 7 ± 1 . 9

( 3 2 - 1 9 ) ( 1 8 4 . 2 - 1 6 8 . 3 ) ( 9 1 . 5 - 6 3 . 3 )

1 0 . 7 ± 0 . 8 5 6 6 . 7 ± 4 . 5 5 5 . 0 ± 7 . 0

( 1 2 . 5 - 7 . 7 8 ) ( 8 0 . 1 - 6 0 . 3 ) ( 7 0 - 3 7 )

1 0 . 6 ± 2 . 3 6 9 . 1 ± 4 . 9 5 8 . 0 ± 1 . 0

( 1 2 . 3 - 9 . 0 ) ( 7 2 . 5 - 6 5 . 5 ) ( 5 8 . 5 - 5 6 . 6 )

8 . 1 ± 1 . 1 6 6 7 . 5 ± 1 . 7 5 2 . 0 ± 3 . 8 9( 1 2 . 5 - 2 . 4 4 ) ( 7 4 . 3 - 5 8 . 7 ) ( 6 7 . 5 - 3 6 . 5 )

1 3 . 3 ± 0 7 5 . 1 ± 3 . 8 8 2 . 0 ± 1 7 . 0

( 1 3 . 2 - 1 3 . 3 ) ( 7 7 . 8 - 7 2 . 4 ) ( 9 4 . 5 - 8 0 )

9 . 5 9 ± 0 . 7 3 6 8 . 3 ± 1 . 5 5 6 . 6 ± 3 . 5 8

( 1 3 . 2 6 - 2 . 4 4 ) ( 8 0 . 1 - 6 0 . 3 ) ( 9 4 . 5 - 3 6 . 5 )

* V a l u e s a r e m e a n s ± S . E . T h e r a n g e i s b r a c k e t e d .

TABLE I V

L u n g C a p a c i t i e s o f P r o f e s s i o n a l S o c c e r P l a y e r s *

S u b j e c t s( S o c c e r P l a y e r s )

A t t a c k i n g P l a y e r s( F o r w a r d s )

M i d f i e l d P l a y e r s

( P l a y m a k e r s )

D e f e n s i v e P l a y e r s( B a c k s )

G o a l k e e p e r s

T o t a l M e a n

N V i t a l C a p a c i t y( L i t r e s - B T P S )

5 5 . 4 7 ± 0 . 2 5

( 5 . 8 8 - 4 . 6 8 )

2 5 . 3 8 ± 0 . 8 0( 5 . 9 5 - 4 . 0 8 )

9 5 . 1 6 ± 0 . 3 2( 6 . 5 8 - 3 . 8 0 )

2 5 . 4 0 ± 0 . 4 9

( 5 . 7 4 - 5 . 0 5 )

1 8 5 . 2 9 ± 0 . 1 7 4( 6 . 5 8 - 3 . 8 0 )

R e s i d u a l V o l u m e( L i t r e s - B T P S )

1 . 4 2 2 ± 0 . 0 6 7

( 1 . 5 8 7 - 1 . 2 9 6 )

1 . 5 5 4 ± 0 . 9 4 0( 2 . 2 1 7 - 1 . 8 9 1 )

1 . 3 4 1 ± 0 . 0 9 7

( 1 . 8 9 8 - 1 . 0 1 8 )

1 . 8 2 2 ± 0 . 5 3 0

( 2 . 1 9 7 - 1 . 4 4 7 )

1 . 3 8 5 ± 0 . 1 1 7

( 2 . 2 1 7 - 0 . 8 9 1 )

T o t a l L u n g C a p a

( L i t r e s - B T P S )

6 . 8 9 0 ± 0 . 2 2 9

( 7 . 4 1 9 - 6 . 2 6 7 )

6 . 9 3 4 ± 1 . 7 5 1( 8 . 1 6 7 - 5 . 6 9 1 )

6 . 5 0 1 ± 0 . 3 8 3( 7 . 9 0 3 - 4 . 8 1 8 )

7 . 2 2 0 ± 0 . 0 4 0( 7 . 2 4 7 - 7 . 1 8 7 )

6 . 7 3 5 ± 0 . 2 2 4

( 8 . 1 6 7 - 4 . 8 1 8 )

* V a l u e s a r e means ± S . E . T h e r a n g e i s b r a c k e t e d .

f i e l d p l a y e r s a n d g o a l k e e p e r s a p p e a r e d t o h a v e a g r e a t e rl e a n b o d y m a s s t h a n t h e a t t a c k i n g a n d d e f e n s i v e p l a y e r s .

C o m p a r i s o n o f l u n g c a p a c i t i e s ( T a b l e I V ) i n d i c a t e dn o o b v i o u s d i f f e r e n c e s . T h e f i e l d t e s t s c o r e s ( T a b l e V )i n d i c a t e d a t r e n d t o w a r d s t h e m i d f i e l d p l a y e r s a n d g o a l -k e e p e r s h a v i n g g r e a t e r f l e x i b i l i t y a n d s t r e n g t h t h a n t h e

d e f e n s i v e a n d a t t a c k i n g p l a y e r s w i t h l i t t l e o r n o d i f f e r -

e n c e b e t w e e n t h e g r o u p s f o r a g i l i t y a n d p o w e r .

DISCUSSION

T h e a v e r a g e V 0 2 max o f t h i s g r o u p o f s o c c e r p lw a s 5 8 . 4 m l O 2 / k g m i n - 1 w h i c h w a s a b o v e t h o s e vr e p o r t e d f o r s e d e n t a r y p o p u l a t i o n s o f a s i m i l a r( S h e p h a r d 1 9 6 6 ; T a g u c h i , e t a l . 1 9 7 5 ) . C o m p a r i s o

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2 1 3

TABLE V

F i e l d T e s t S c o r e s o f P r o f e s s i o n a l S o c c e r P l a y e r s *

S u b j e c t s( S o c c e r P l a y e r s )

N F l e x i b i l i t yR e a c h

( i n )

H a n d G r i p

S t r e n g t h

( l b )

B e n c h P r e s sMaximum( l b )

V e r t i c a l JumpH e i g h t

( i n )

A t t a c k i n g P l a y e r s( F o r w a r d s )

M i d f i e l d P l a y e r s( P l a y m a k e r s )

D e f e n s i v e P l a y e r s( B a c k s )

G o a l k e e p e r s

T o t a l Mean

4 1 8 . 4 ± 2 . 6

( 2 2 - 1 2 )

2 2 2 . 2 ± 1 . 1

( 2 3 - 2 1 )

9 1 9 . 9 ± 0 . 6 7( 2 3 - 1 7 )

2 2 2 . 9 ± 1 . 2

( 2 3 - 2 2 )

1 7 2 0 . 2 ± 0 . 7

( 2 3 - 1 2 )

1 0 3 ± 4( 1 1 2 - 9 7 )

1 0 8 ± 6( 1 1 2 - 1 0 3 )

1 0 0 ± 5( 1 1 2 - 7 3 )

1 0 7 ± 2 4( 1 2 4 - 9 0 )

1 0 2 ± 3

( 1 2 4 - 7 3 )

1 4 8 ± 1 3 2 1 . 6 ± 3

( 1 8 0 - 1 3 0 ) ( 2 6 - 1 6 )

1 6 5 w( 1 6 5 )

1 6 . 0 * *( 1 6 )

1 6 3 ± 1 4 2 1 . 1 ± 1

( 2 2 5 - 1 2 0 ) ( 2 5 - 1 7 )

1 8 0 ± 2 1 2 0 . 2 ± 1

( 1 9 5 - 1 6 5 ) ( 2 1 - 1 9 )

1 6 1 ± 9 2 0 . 8 ± 1

( 2 2 4 - 1 2 0 ) ( 2 6 - 1 6 )

* V a l u e s ar e m e a n s ± S . E . Th e range i s b r a c k e t e d .

* One p l a y e r wa s u n a b l e t o p e r f o r m t h e f i e l d t e s t , t h e r e b y r e d u c i n g group N and t o t a l Nb y 1 .

t h e V 0 2 max d a t a f o r t h e soccer p l a y e r s w i t h t h o s e f o ra t h l e t e s i n o t h e r s p e c i a l i z e d s p o r t s s h o w e d them t o h a v e

a r e l a t i v e l y m o d e r a t e l e v e l o f e n d u r a n c e c a p a c i t y . S a l t i na n d A s t r a n d ( 1 9 6 7 ) r e p o r t e d V02 max v a l u e s r a n g i n g

f r o m 5 7 m l O 2 / k g - m i n - 1 f o r w e i g h t l i f t e r s t o 8 2 m l

0 2 / k g - m i n - 1 f o r cross c o u n t r y s k i e r s . M o r e r e c e n t l y ,P o l l o c k e t a l . ( 1 9 7 5 ) d e s c r i b e d t h e c a p a c i t i e s o f e l i t e -d i s t a n c e runners t o average 7 8 . 5 m l 02 / k g - m i n - 1 f o r

m i d d l e d i s t a n c e runners a n d 7 4 . 4 m l 0 2 / k g m i n - 1 f o rm a r a t h o n runners. I n a d d i t i o n , N o v a k e t a l . ( 1 9 6 9 ) as

w e l l a s W i l m o r e a n d H a s k e l l ( 1 9 7 2 ) r e p o r t e d 5 1 . 3 m l

0 2 / k g - m i n - 1 a n d 5 0 . 1 m l 0 2 / k g m i n - 1 r e s p e c t i v e l y f o rp r o f e s s i o n a l A m e r i c a n f o o t b a l l p l a y e r s . C o m p a r i n g t h e i rv a l u e s w i t h t h o s e f o r t h e soccer p l ay e rs s u gg e s t e d t h a t

t h e l a t t e r , on t h e average, h a d g r e a t e r c a r d i o r e s p i r a t o r y

c a p a c i t y . F a r d y ( 1 9 6 9 ) s h o w e d , i n amateur p l a y e r s , t h a t

f i v e w e e k s o f soccer t r a i n i n g was c a p a b l e o f i n c r e a s i n gV02max f r o m 2 . 9 0 1 0 2 / m i n b y 1 4 . 6 % i n U . S . c o l l e g ep l a y e r s . H e n c e , i t was n o t s u r p r i s i n g t o f i n d a r e l a t i v e l yh i g h l e v e l o f c a r d i o r e s p i r a t o r y f i t n e s s i n t h i s g r o u p o f

p r o f e s s i o n a l soccer p l a y e r s , most o f whom are i n v o l v e d

i n p l a y i n g a l l ye a r i n t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d s e m i -

p r o f e s s i o n a l l e a g u e s o f t h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m .

W i t h o u t s p e c i a l t r a i n i n g , i t a p p ears t h a t t h e a e r o b i c

c a p a c i t y o f p r o f e s s i o n a l soccer p l a y e r s averages a b o v e 5 6m l 0 2 / k g min1. C a r u e t a l . ( 1 9 7 0 ) i n t h e i r i n v e s t i g a t i o no f 9 5 I t a l i a n amateur soccer p l a y e r s , a g e d 1 4 - 1 8 years, i nt h e m i d s t o f a c o m p e t i t i v e season h a d s i m i l a r f i n d i n g s t o

t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n . T h e y o b s e r v e d t h a t a t t a c k i n g

a n d d e f e n s i v e p l a y e r s h a d t h e g r e a t e s t l e v e l o f a e r o b i c

power a n d t h a t g o a l k e e p e r s h a d t h e l o w e s t v a l u e s .

A group h a v i n g s i m i l a r t r a i n i n g f o r c o m p a r a t i v e p u r -

poses i s t h e B r a z i l i a n N a t i o n a l S o c c e r T e a m . I n 1 9 6 9 ,

C o o p e r 3 u s e d t h e 1 2 - m i n ru n f o r d i s t a n c e t o t e s t t h e

B r a z i l i a n team f o r e n d u r a n c e c a p a c i t y . Th e C o o p e r1 2 - m i n r u n - w a l k t e s t h a s b e e n shown t o b e a r e l i a b l emeasure o f e n d u r a n c e p e r f o r m a n c e f o r l a r g e p o p u l a t i o n s

( C o o p e r , 1 9 6 8 ; D o o l i t t l e a n d B i g b y 1 9 6 8 ; Maksud a n d

C o u l t s , 1 9 7 1 ) . Th e B r a z i l i a n N a t i o n a l S o c c e r Team

a v e r a g e d 1 . 8 6 m i l e s i n 1 9 6 9 , one year b e f o r e t h e 1970W o r l d Cup F i n a l s i n M e x i c o C i t y . T h e NASL p l a y e r s o f

t h i s s t u d y a l s o a v e r a g e d 1 . 8 6 m i l e s ( T a b l e I I ) . Th e a t -

t a c k i n g a n d d e f e n s i v e p l a y e r s i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y a t -

t a i n e d t h e g r e a t e s t d i s t a n c e , 1 . 9 6 m i l e s ; a n d a s e x p e c t e df r o m t h e V02 max r e s u l t s , t h e m i d f i e l d p l a y e r s a n d g o a l -k e e p e r s ran t h e l e a s t d i s t a n c e . I n t h e p r e - W o r l d Cup f i n a lyear o f 1 9 6 9 , t h e B r a z i l i a n s u n d e r w e n t a n a e r o b i c - t y p e

c o n d i t i o n i n g p r o g r a m m e i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e i r r e g u l a r i n -

t e n s i v e s o c c e r t r a i n i n g a n d r a i s e d t h e i r average d i s t a n c e

t o 2 . 2 0 m i l e s . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e l a c k o f k n o w l e d g e

c o n c e r n i n g t h e r o l e o f t h e e n d u r a n c e c a p a c i t y i n t h e

m a k e - u p o f a s u c c e s s f u l soccer team a n d t h e l a c k o f

c o m p a r a b l e V02 max or e n d u r a n c e c a p a c i t y d a t a f o r t h e

o t h e r teams i n t h e W o r l d Cup c o m p e t i t i o n o f 1 9 7 0p r e c l u d e s f u r t h e r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n .

Th e p r o f e s s i o n a l soccer p l a y e r s o f t h i s s t u d y h a d a

much g r e a t e r p e r c e n t o f b o d y f a t t h a n t h e e l i t e - d i s t a n c erunners ( P o l l o c k e t a l . 1 9 7 5 ) i n s p i t e o f t h e s u p p o s e d

t r a i n i n g e f f e c t f r o m t h e s p o r t . O b v i o u s l y t h e t r a i n i n g

3 . U n p u b l i s h e d d a t a c o l l e c t e d b y K . H . C o o p e r , M . D . , d u r i n g

p e r s o n a l t o u r s o f B r a z i l .

A g i l i t y Run

T i m e( s e c )

1 5 . 4 0 ± . 0 5( 1 6 . 1 - 1 4 . 2 )

1 6 . 0 0 * *( 1 6 . 0 )

1 5 . 5 0 ± 0 . 1 1

( 1 6 . 1 - 1 5 . 2 )

1 6 . 0 0 ± 0 . 8 5

( 1 6 . 6 - 1 5 . 4 )

1 5 . 5 6 ± 0 . 1 4

( 1 6 . 6 - 1 4 . 2 )

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2 1 4

d i s t a n c e s f o r t h e e l i t e r u n n e r s ( 7 5- 1 0 0 m i l e s / we e k ) e x -c e e d e d t h o s e o f t h e s o c c e r p l a y e r s a n d p r o b a b l y a c -c o u n t e d f o r t h e i r g r e a t e r d e g r e e o f l e a n n e s s . T h e g o a l -k e e p e r s w e r e h e a v i e r i n w h o l e b o d y w e i g h t a n d l e a nb o d y m a s s a n d h a d a g r e a t e r p e r c e n t o f b o d y w e i g h t a sf a t a n d f a t t h i c k n e s s t h a n t h e o t h e r p l a y e r s . I n a d d i t i o n ,t h e g o a l k e e p e r s w e r e t a l l e r t h a n t h e o t h e r p l a y e r s , w h i c h

p r o b a b l y a c c o u n t e d f o r t h e i r g r e a t e r r e s i d u a l v o l u m e sa n d t o t a l l u n g c a p a c i t y . D i v i d i n g t o t a l l u ng c a p a c i t y b yh e i g h t , t h e a v e r a g e r a t i o o f e a c h g r o u p w a s 3 9 . 1 m l / c m ,a n d o n l y t h e d e f e n s i v e p l a y e r s h a d a l o w e r r a t i o , 3 6 . 9m l / c m . T h e d e f e n s i v e a n d a t t a c k i n g p l a y e r s w e r e s i m i l a ri n h e i g h t , w e i g h t , a n d l e a n b o d y w e i g h t a l t h o u g h t h e

a t t a c k i n g p l a y e r s h a d a s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r p e r c e n t b o d y f a t .

T h e o v e r a l l g r o u p a v e r a g e o f p e r c e n t b o d y f a t , 9 . 5 9 % ,w a s s l i g h t l y l e s s t h a n t h e a v e r ag e o f 1 0 . 6 5 % b o d y f a to b t a i n e d f r o m 4 0 0 B r a z i l i a n p r o f e s s i o n a l s o c c e r p l a y e r sf o u n d b y D e R o s e ( 1 9 7 5 ) b u t w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s t h a nt h a t f o u n d b y B e l l a n d R h o d e s ( 1 9 7 5 ) , i n t h e i r m o r p h o -l o g i c e v a l u a t i o n o f E n g l i s h c o l l e g e p l a y e r s . I n a d d i t i o n ,

t h e y h a d s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r p e r c e n t f a t t h a n t h e 8 . 3 %r e p o r t e d f o r a t t a c k i n g a n d d e f e n s i v e p r o f e s s i o n a l A m e r i -c a n f o o t b a l l b a c k s b y W i l m o r e a n d H a s k e l l ( 1 9 7 2 ) . H o w -e v e r , t h e l e a n b o d y w e i g h t o f t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l A m e r i c a nf o o t b a l l p l a y e r s w a s m a r k e d l y g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e

s o c c e r p l a y e r s a n d p r o b a b l y r e f l e c t s t h e d i f f e r e n t r e -q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e t w o g a m e s . A s t h e n a t i o n a l l e v e ls o c c e r p l a y e r s o f B r a z i l a n d t h o s e p l a y e r s i n v e s t i g a t e d i nt h i s s t u d y h a d s i m i l a r l e v e l s o f p e r c e n t b o d y f a t , i t

a p p e a r s t h a t t h e p e r c e n t b o d y f a t o f s o c c e r p l a y e r s i s

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 0 % .

T h e f i e l d t e s t s f o r s t r e n g t h , p o w e r , a n d f l e x i b i l i t yi n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e s o c c e r p l a y e r s r a n g e d f r o m a v e r a g e t o

e x c e l l e n t i n c o m p a r i s o n t o a n o r m a l p o p u l a t i o n 4 a n d

t h a t t h e g o a l k e e p e r s p e r f o r m e d b e t t e r t h a n a l l o

g r o u p s . T h e f i e l d t e s t t h a t d i s t i n g u i s h e d s o c c e r p l a y e ra g r o u p f r o m t h e n o r m a l p o p u l a t i o n , w a s t h e I l la g i l i t y r u n . A l l g r o u p s s c o r e d a b o v e t h e 9 9 . 9 5 p e r c e n ta n d t h e a v e r a g e f o r t h e p l a y e r s w a s a b o v e 9 9 . 9 9c e n t i l e o f t h e s t a n d a r d s c o r e s e s t a b l i s h e d b y C u r e( 1 9 7 0 ) . T h e a g i l i t y o f t h e s e p l a y e r s p r o v e d t o b e t

g r e a t e s t a s s e t a n d t o s e t t h e m a p a r t f r o m t h e n o rp o p u l a t i o n .

I n s u m m a r y , t h e p l a y in g o f s o c c e r a p p e a r s t o r e qa h i g h d e g r e e o f c a r d i o r e s p i r a t o r y e n d u r a n c e . T h eq u i r e d v a l u e s a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n t h e n o rs e d e n t a r y s t a n d a r d s , b u t l o w e r t h a n t h o s e f o u n d amw o r l d - c l a s s d i s t a n c e r u n n e r s . T h e b o d y f a t p e r c e n t ag

s o c c e r p l a y e r s i s e q u i v a l e n t t o t h a t o f r u n n i n g b a c kp r o f e s s i o n a l A m e r i c a n f o o t b a l l ; y e t , t h e l e a n bw e i g h t r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r s o c c e r a r e l e s s t h a n t h o s e

p r o f e s s i o n a l A m e r i c a n f o o t b a l l . O n e o f t h e m o s ts t a n d i n g a t t r i b u t e s o f t h e s o c c e r p l a y e r i s h i s h i g ho f a g i l i t y .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

T h e a u t h o r s g r e a t l y a pp re c i a t e t h e e f f o r t s o f

N e w m a n , C o a c h o f t h e D a l l a s T o r n a d o S o c c e r T e a ms c h e d u l i n g t h e p l a y e r s f o r t e s t i n g . A l s o , t h e y w o u l dt o t h a n k t h e p l a y e r s f o r t h e i r t i m e a n d o u r t e c h na s s i s t a n t s , J o h n A y e r s , Ann W a r d , L a r r y D u r s t i n e , MB a h , a n d J e an S a s s , f o r t h e i r h e l p i n c o l l e c t i n g t h e dF i n a l l y , we w o u l d l i k e t o a c k n o w l e d g e t h e g e n e

s u p p o r t o f M r . L a m a r H u n t , o w n e r o f t h e D aT o r n a d o S o c c e r C l u b .

4 . U n p u b l i s h e d d a t a h a n d o u t s b y R . A . B e r g e r , T e

U n i v e r s i t y .

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BEHNKE, A . R . a n d J . H . WILMORE, 1 9 7 4 . E v a l u a t i o n a n d R e g u l a t i o n s o f B o d y B u i l d a n d C o m p o s i t i o n . E n g l e wC l i f f s , N . J . : P r e n t i c e - H a l l .

B E L L , W . a n d G . RHODES, 1 9 7 5 . " T h e m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e a s s o c i a t i o n f o o t b a l l p l a y e r . " B r

J . S p o r t sM e d .

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BROZEK, J . , LeGRANDE, J . , ANDERSON, T . a n d K E Y S , A . 1 9 6 3 . " D e n s i t o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s o f b o d y c o m p o s i tr e v i s i o n o f s o m e q u a n t i t a t i v e a s s u m p t i o n s . " A n n . N . Y . A c 3 d . S c i . 1 1 0 : 1 1 3 1 4 0 .

CARU, B . , L . LeCOULTRE, P . AGHENIS a n d F . PINERA L I M A S , 1 9 7 0 . " M a x i m a l a e r o b i c a n d a n a e r o b i c m u s cp o w e r i n f o o t b a l l p l a y e r s . " J . S p o r t s M e d . P h y s . F i t n e s s , 1 0 : 1 0 0 - 1 0 3 .

CONSOLAZIO, F . , R . JOHNSON, a n d L . PECORA, 1 9 6 3 . P h y s i o l o g i c a l M e a s u r e m e n t s o f M e t ab o l i c F u n c t i o n s i n MNew Y o r k : M c G r a w - H i l l B o o k C o m p a n y .

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2 1 5

C O O P E R , K . H . 1 9 6 8 . "A m e a n s o f a s s e s s i n g m a x i m a l o x y g e n i n t a k e : c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n f i e l d a n d t r e a d m i l l t e s t i n g . "

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c o r o n a r y r i s k f a c t o r s ; a c r o s s s e c t i o n a l s t u d y " . J . A . M . A . ( i n p r e s s ) .

CURETON, T . K . 1 9 7 0 . " I l l i n o i s a g i l i t y r u n . " I n : P h y s i c a l F i t n e s s W o r k b o o k f o r A d u l t s . C h a m p a i g n , I l l . : S t i p e sP u b l i s h i n g C o m p a n y . p p . 1 0 5 - 1 1 8 .

DeLORME, T . L . a n d A . L . WATKINS, 1 9 4 8 . " T e c h n i q u e s o f p r o g r e s s i v e r e s i s t a n c e e x e r c i s e . " A r c h . P h y s . M e d . R e h a b i l .

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D e R O S E , E . H . 1 9 7 5 . " D e t e r m i n a t i c n o f t h e i d e a l b o d y w e i g h t a n d c o r p o r a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l s o c c e r

p l a y e r . " A b s t r a c t I n : Q u e s t i o n s o f A t h l e t e s N u t r i t i o n ; A b s t r a c t s o f t h e R e p o r t s o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l S y m p o s i u m .

L e n i n g r a d : L e n i n g r a d R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e o f P h y s i c a l C u l t u r e , p . 1 2 3 . ( F u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n c a n b e o b t a i n e d f r o m E . H .D e R o s e , S c h o o l o f P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n , F e d e r a l U n i v e r s i t y o f R i o G r a n d e d u S u l , P o r t o A l e g r e , B r a z i l . )

DOOLITTLE, T . L . a n d R . B I G B E E , 1 9 6 8 . " T h e t w e l v e - m i n u t e r u n - w a l k : a t e s t o f c a r d i o r e s p i r a t o r y f i t n e s s o fa d o l e s c e n t b o y s . " R e s . Q A m . A s s o c . H e a l t h P h y s . E d u c . , 3 9 : 4 9 1 - 4 9 5 .

FARDY, P . S . 1 9 6 9 . " E f f e c t s o f s o c c e r t r a i n i n g a n d d e t r a i n i n g u p o n s e l e c t e d c a r d i a c a n d m e t a b o l i c m e a s u r e s . "

R e s . Q . A m . A s s o c . H e a l t h P h y s . E d u c . , 4 0 : 5 0 2 - 5 0 8 .

GOLDMAN, R . F . a n d E . R . BUSKIRK, 1 9 6 1 . " B o d y v o l u m e m e a s u r e m e n t b y u n d e r w a t e r w e i g h i n g : d e s c r i p t i o n o f am e t h o d . " I n : T e c h n i q u e s f o r M e a s u r i n g B o d y C o m p o s i t i o n , e d i t e d b y J . B r o z e k a n d A . H e n s c h e l . W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . :N a t l . A c a d . S c i . , p p . 7 8 - 8 9 .

HERTZBERG, H . T . E . , E . CHURCHILL, C . W . D U P E R T U I S , R . M . W H I T E , a n d A . DAMON, 1 9 6 3 . A n t h r o p o m e t r i c

S u r v e y o f T u r k e y , G r e e c e a n d I t a l y . New Y o r k : M a c M i l l a n C o .

JOHNSON, B . a n d J . N E L S O N , 1 9 7 1 . P r a c t i c a l M e a s u r e m e n t f o r E v a l u a t i o n I n P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n . M i n n e a p o l i s :B u r g e s s P u b l i s h i n g C o m p a n y .

KATCH, F . E . 1 9 6 8 . " A p p a r e n t b o d y d e n s i t y a n d v a r i a b i l i t y d u r i n g u n d e r w a t e r w e i g h i n g . " R e s . Q . A m . A s s o c . H e a l t h

P h y s . E d u c . , 3 9 : 9 9 3 - 9 9 9 .

K E Y S , A . ( C h a i r m a n ) . 1 9 5 6 . " R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g b o d y m e a s u r e m e n t s f o r t h e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f n u t r i t i o n a ls t a t u s . " H u m . B i o l . 2 8 : 1 1 1 - 1 2 3 .

KORY, R . , R . CALLAHAN, a n d H . COREN, 1 9 6 1 . " T h e v e t e r a n s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n - a r m y c o o p e r a t i v e s t u d y o f p u l m o n a r y

f u n c t i o n . " A m . J . M e d . , 3 0 : 2 4 3 - 2 5 8 .

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doi: 10.1136/bjsm.10.4.2091976 10: 209-216Br J Sports Med 

P. B. Raven, L. R. Gettman, M. L. Pollock, et al.professional soccer players.A physiological evaluation of

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