Ciclo del aguaModelos hidrológicosModelos hidrológicos

1,386.000.000 km3

Toda el agua del planeta!

Reservoir Average Residence Time

Glaciers 20 to 100 years

Seasonal Snow Cover 2 to 6 months

Soil Moisture 1 to 2 months

Groundwater: Shallow 100 to 200 years

Groundwater: Deep 10,000 years

Lakes 50 to 100 years

Rivers 2 to 6 months

TIEMPO MEDIO DE RESIDENCIA = VOLUMEN / FLUJO

FLUJOSFLUJOS

OCEÁNOSOCEÁNOS

OCEÁNOSOCEÁNOS

OCEÁNOSOCEÁNOS

C. POLARESOCEÁNOS-C. POLARES

• Glacial ice covers 10 - 11 percent of all land.

• If all glaciers melted today the seas would rise about 70 m.

• During the last ice age (glaciers covered ca. 1/3 of the land) the sea level was 122 m lower.

• During the last warm spell, 125,000 years ago, the seas were about 5.5 meters higher.

• About three million years ago the seas could have been up to 50 m higher.

C. P

OLA

RES

OC

EÁN

OS-

C. P

OLA

RES

H. ergaster 1,3 Ma H. erectus 0,75 Ma H. sapiens 0,25 Ma

C. P

OLA

RES

http://globalfloodmap.org/SpainOC

EÁN

OS-

C. P

OLA

RES

• El nivel del mar aumentará entre 20 y 60 cm en 2100 respecto al nivel actual

EVA

PO

TRA

NSP

IRA

CIÓ

N P

OTE

NC

IAL

(ETP

)EV

AP

OTR

AN

SPIR

AC

IÓN

PO

TEN

CIA

L (E

TP)

ETP: reference crop under optimal conditions; well

watered grass with an assumed height of 12 cm, a fixed

surface resistance of 70 seconds m-1 and an albedo of 0.23

www.worldclim.org

http://www.fao.org/NR/climpag/pub/EN1102_en.asp

EVA

PO

TRA

NSP

IRA

CIÓ

N P

OTE

NC

IAL

(ETP

)

• En España la ETP media anual es de 800 mm y ETR 445 mm

http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/92-9167-056-1/page003.htmlEVA

PO

TRA

NSP

IRA

CIÓ

N P

OTE

NC

IAL

(ETP

)

EVAPOTRANSPIRACIÓN REAL (ETR)

•M

ed

ia d

e <

1 m

m d

ia-1

a 4

mm

dia

-1e

n o

céa

no

s

EVAPOTRANSPIRACIÓN REAL (ETR)

EVA

PO

TRA

NSP

IRA

CIÓ

N R

EAL

(ETR

)

Mu, Q., F. A. Heinsch, M. Zhao and S. W. Running (2007). Development of a global evapotranspiration

algorithm based on MODIS and global meteorology data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 111: 519-536.

• En Continentes 64% de la precipitación se evapotranspira

EVA

PO

TRA

NSP

IRA

CIÓ

N R

EAL

(ETR

)

PR

ECIP

ITA

CIÓ

N

• Todo el vapor de agua de la atmósfera correspondería a una lluvia de 25 mm

• 25-50% de la precipitación en Amazonas proviene de la propia cuenca

PR

ECIP

ITA

CIÓ

N

PRECIPITACIÓNPRECIPITACIÓN

AP

LIC

AC

ION

ES D

E LA

ET

• Irrigation efficiency (%): water lost via transpiration as a % of water added through irrigation

(www.eu-watch.org/about/two-years-of-collaboration)

AP

LIC

AC

ION

ES D

E LA

ET

AP

LIC

AC

ION

ES D

E LA

ET

Aridity Index (AI) = MAP / MAE

AP

LIC

AC

ION

ES D

E LA

ET

Classification Aridity Index Global land area

Hyperarid AI < 0.05 7.5%

Arid 0.05 < AI < 0.20 12.1%

Semi-arid 0.20 < AI < 0.50 17.7%

Dry subhumid 0.50 < AI < 0.65 9.9%

• La eficiencia en el uso del agua media del planeta es de 1,28

mmol CO2 mol agua-1

FLUJOSFLUJOS

AG

UA

S SU

BTE

RR

ÁN

EAS

• Sólo 10% de la precipitación pasa a aguas subterráneas

AG

UA

S SU

BTE

RR

ÁN

EAS

AG

UA

S SU

BTE

RR

ÁN

EAS

Acuífero Ventós-CastellarA

GU

AS

SUB

TER

RÁ

NEA

S

Andreu et al. (2005)

AG

UA

S SU

BTE

RR

ÁN

EAS

Acuífero Ventós-CastellarA

GU

AS

SUB

TER

RÁ

NEA

S

Andreu et al. (2005)

EXPLOTACIÓN DE ACUÍFEROSSOBRE-EXPLOTACIÓN DE ACUÍFEROS

FLUJOSFLUJOS

ContinentRunoff Per Unit

Area (mm/year)

Europe 300

Asia 286

Africa 139

North and Central

America265

South America 445

Australia, New

Zealand and New

Guinea

218

Antarctica and

Greenland164

ESC

OR

REN

TÍA

• La escorrentía en Australia es de sólo 40 mm año-1

• El Amazonas transporta el 20% del agua de todos los ríos que llega anualmente al mar

ESC

OR

REN

TÍA

Meteorological factors affecting runoff:• Type of precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, etc.)

• Rainfall intensity

• Rainfall amount

• Rainfall duration

• Distribution of rainfall over the drainage basin

• Direction of storm movement

• Precipitation that occurred earlier and resulting

soil moisture

• Other meteorological and climatic conditions

that affect evapotranspiration, such as

temperature, wind, relative humidity, and

season

INU

ND

AC

ION

ES

season

Physical characteristics affecting runoff:• Land use

• Vegetation

• Soil type

• Drainage area

• Basin shape

• Elevation

• Topography, especially the slope of the land

• Drainage network patterns

• Ponds, lakes, reservoirs, sinks, etc. in the basin,

which prevent or delay runoff from continuing

downstream

INU

ND

AC

ION

ES

http://www.eyeonearth.org/en-us/Pages/Home.aspx

INUNDACIONESINUNDACIONES

INUNDACIONESINUNDACIONES

INU

ND

AC

ION

ES

Catastrophic floods cause human tragedy, endanger lives and bring heavy economic losses. In addition to

economic and social damage, floods can have severe environmental consequences, for example when

installations holding large quantities of toxic chemicals are inundated. The coming decades are likely to see a higher flood risk in Europe and greater economic damage.

During the last five years Europe has suffered over 100 major damaging floods, including the catastrophic floods

along the Danube and Elbe rivers in summer 2002, in northern Caucasus in July and August 2002, in the Alps in

summer 2005 and along the Danube in spring 2006. Since 2000, floods in Europe have caused at least 700 deaths, the displacement of about half a million people and at least EUR 25 billion in insured economic losses.

INU

ND

AC

ION

ES

The 7-day maximum flow trends

across Europe, 1963 – 2000. Blue

denotes positive trends, red

negative. Units are in % of the

Recent analyses suggest that global warming is likely to reduce flood hazard in areas that are

dominated by annual snowmelt floods, except in those regions where a sharp increase in winter

snowfalls outweighs the effects of a warmer and shorter snow season (Dankers & Feyen, 2009). In

other parts of Europe there is considerably more uncertainty in how flood hazard will change due

to climate change. Increases in extreme river flows have, however, been predicted in several

studies and may occur over relatively short time spans (Kay & Jones, 2011)

INU

ND

AC

ION

ES

negative. Units are in % of the

average 7-day flow for the

respective catchment or model grid

for the period 1963–2000. Ensemble

mean from eight models for Europe.

Modified from Stahl et al., 2012.

INU

ND

AC

ION

ES

RAINFALL/FLOODING SIMULATIONS WORLDWIDE: Near Realtime Global Hydrological Simulation

and Flood Monitoring Demonstration System (Using Distributed CREST Model and Satellite

Remote Sensing Technology) http://eos.ou.edu/

USO DEL AGUAUSO DEL AGUA

SectorWater

Withdrawals

Water

Consumption

Agriculture 66 % 93 %

Industry 20 % 4 %

Domestic use 10 % 3 %

Evaporation from reservoirs 4 %

Most water is consumed by agriculture. In the following table of global water use,

note that some uses withdraw water from reservoirs, but the water is returned. The

difference between what is withdrawn and what is returned is consumption. Most

domestic water is returned to streams via city sewage systems.

IMPA

CTO

HU

MA

NO

SectorWater

Withdrawals

GLO

BA

L

• Globalmente, los humanos usan 54% del agua de los ríos

• 77% de la descarga de los ríos proviene de ríos regulados (embalses, canales, etc.)

IMPA

CTO

HU

MA

NO

SectorWithdrawals

Agriculture 44 %

Industry 40 %

Domestic use 15 %EUR

OPA

SectorWater

Withdrawals

Agriculture 80 %

Industry 6 %

Domestic use 14 %ESPA

ÑA

LARGE SCALE DEFORESTATION – EBRO DELTA

LARGE SCALE DEFORESTATION – EBRO DELTA

Evolution of the Ebro river delta

Guillén & Palanqués, 1997

GUARDAMAR DEL SEGURA PRINCIPIOS DEL S. XX

GUARDAMAR DEL SEGURA PRINCIPIOS DEL S. XX

ORIHUELA AÑOS 60

IMPACTO HUMANOIMPACTO HUMANO

IMPACTO HUMANOIMPACTO HUMANO

EEA: Percentage of natural, heavily modified, artificial and unknown

status for river, lake, transitional and coastal water bodiesIM

PAC

TO H

UM

AN

OIM

PAC

TO H

UM

AN

O

IMPACTO HUMANOIMPACTO HUMANO

CIC

LO L

OC

AL

PRECIPITACIÓN

ESCORRENTÍA CORTICAL

INTERCEPTACIÓN

CIC

LO L

OC

AL

TRASCOL

ESCORRENTÍA SUPERFICIAL

DRENAJE PROFUNDO

CIC

LO L

OC

AL

Rosmarinus officinalis

CIC

LO L

OC

AL

Belmonte Serrato, F. (2001). Balance hídrico, distribución de flujos y modelización de la interceptación

en dos arbustos semiáridos mediante lluvia simulada. Papeles de Geografía 33: 23-34

PLANTPLANT--SOIL RELATIONS SOIL RELATIONS -- WATERWATERBulk precipitation 554

Interception 195ET 280

PINUS HALEPENSIS + GRASSESC

ICLO

LO

CA

L

Interception 125

ET 266Runoff 10

Runoff 6

Soil storage -11Soil storage 14

Deep drainage 80

Deep drainage 142

GRASSLAND

From Bellot et al., 2001 (data in mm)

CIC

LO L

OC

AL

CIC

LO L

OC

AL

Annual rainfall and streamflow in several Mediterranean catchments (Puigdefábregas & Mendizabal, 1998)

CIC

LO L

OC

AL

dre

na

jeE

TR

CICLO LOCALCICLO LOCAL

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Reduction in flood peakdue to forest (%)

CICLO LOCAL

0 5

10

15

0.1

11

01

00

10

00

Reduction

Retu

rn p

erio

d (ye

ars)

CICLO LOCAL

curva IDF o de Intensidad-Duración-Frecuencia

CIC

LO L

OC

AL

CIC

LO L

OC

AL

• Turner et al. (1990). The Earth as transformed by human action. Cambridge Univ. Press

• Calder, I.R. (2005). Blue Revolution. Integrated land and water resource management. Earthscan.

• Schlesinger, W.H. (2000). Biogeoquímica. Un análisis del cambio global. Ariel Ciencia.

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclerunoff.html

http://www.physicalgeography.net/weblinks_ch8.html

USGS, EEA