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Contemporary Moral Problems

The Review

2/28/2009

Monica Frances Hao


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Monica Frances T. Hao ITETHIC00B

Book: Contemporary Moral Problems

Author: James E. White

Library Reference: N/A

Amazon Link: http://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Moral-Problems-James-White/dp/0534517242

Quote:

No one, it is commonly believed, would have such iron strength of mind as to stand fast in doingright or keep his hands off other mens goods, when he could go to the market-place and

fearlessly help himself to anything he wanted, enter houses and sleep with any woman he chose,set prisoners free and kill men at his pleasure, and in a word go about among men with the powers

of a god. He would behave no better than the other; both would take the same course.

Learning Expectation:

In this chapter of the book Contemporary Moral Problems I want to learn what does egoism andmoral scepticism is. What will this ethics help me in realizing the good things and bad things that I havedone wrong in the IT industry? I also want to learn in this chapter if what does the information societymeans? How does it help the industry? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this? What is thebasis of these moral problems?

Review:

This chapter tells us about egoism and moral skepticism. But before I discuss the facts about thisI would tell you a brief description about the author of the egoism and moral scepticism. Well, the authorof this book is James Richels is a university professor of philosophy at the University of Alabama at

Birmingham. He is also the author of The End of Life: Euthanasia and Morality, Created from Animal:The Moral Implications of Dawinism, and The Elements of Moral Philosophy.

When I hear the word egoism, the first thing that comes in my mind is selfishness, lack ofconsideration to others and insensitive. While moral scepticism is the view that there is no such thing asmoral knowledge, either because there is no moral world to know about or because even if there is adomain of moral truth, we are not adapted for knowing about it.

There are types of egoism and these are psychological egoism and ethical egoism. Psychologicalegoism is the view that all men are selfish in everything that they do, that is that the only motive fromwhich anyone ever acts is self interest. It is said that psychological egoism is the act that is done bypeople that would just benefit them self even if they help other people in doing the thing/s. While ethicalegoism is a normative view about how men ought to act. Well the ethical egoism is the act of man with his

interest which means that they have no obligation to do anything except for their own interest.

Lessons Learned:

I have learned that we should not hold on our ego because they are not good for us. I alsolearned the difference between the psychological egoism and the ethical egoism. I am happy that I havemet my learning expectation.

5 integrative questions:


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1. What is egoism?2. Who will use the ring unscrupulously and do anything necessary to increase his own wealth and

power. He will also re-organize no moral constraints on his conduct and, since the cloak ofinvisibility will protect him from discovery, he can do anything he pleases without fear of reprisal?

3. What is moral scepticism?4. Who used the power of the ring to gain entry to the Royal Palace where he seduced the Queen,

murdered the king, and subsequently seized the throne?5. If Smith stays behind to help his friend that only shows that he wanted to help his friend more

than where he wanted to go?

Review questions:

1. Explain the legend of Gyges. What questions about morality and are raised by the story?

- The legend of Gyges is about a son of shepherds where they serve the king of the Lydia.After an earthquake a cave was revealed, the son of the shepherd found a magic ring in acrack. Which he used to seduce the queen and kill the king. The question about morality hasbeen raised in this story and that question is, is it right to seduce the queen and at the sametime kill the king?

2. Distinguish between psychological and ethical egoism.

- The difference between psychological and ethical egoism is that in psychological egoism isthe view that all men are selfish in everything that they do, that is that the only motive fromwhich anyone ever acts is self interest. It is said that psychological egoism is the act that isdone by people that would just benefit them self even if they help other people in doing thething/s. While ethical egoism is a normative view about how men ought to act. Well theethical egoism is the act of man with his interest which means that they have no obligation todo anything except for their own interest.

3. Rachel discusses two arguments for psychological egoism. What are these arguments, and howdoes he reply to them?

- Well the first argument would be the agent is merely doing what he most wants to do, andthe second argument is since so-called unselfish actions always produce a sense of selfsatisfaction in the agent. As we can see the second argument is better than the first onebecause the first argument is purely a selfish act while the second shows some self interestto one more than other.

4. What three common place confusion does Rachels detect in the thesis of psychological egoism?

- The first is the confusion of selfishness with self interest. Second, the assumption that everyaction is done either from self-interest or from other regarding motives. Third, the commonbut false assumption that a concern for ones own welfare is incompatible with any genuineconcern for the welfare of others.

5. State the argument for saying that ethical egoism is inconsistent. Why doesnt Rachels acceptthis argument?

- To say that any action or policy of action is right (or that it ought to be adopted) entails that itis right for anyone in the same sort of circumstances. He doesnt accept this argumentbecause he thinks that this argument is unnecessary.

6. According to Rachels, why shouldnt we hurt others, and why should we help others? How canthe egoist reply?


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principles, ethics and a lot more lastly religion is about the faith, belief and a lot more. In this part of thebook it is divided into four section with the subjects Morality and Religion, Religious Motivation andGuidance, The Divine command Theory and Morality is Social.

The first is morality and religion it is said that morality and religion are two different factorsmorality is about the ethics, principles and etc while the religion is about faith and belief. The second isreligious motivation and guidance and it is about the religion needs to provide moral motivation. It isstated in this topic that religious motives are far from the only ones people have. Most of us decide to dothe right thing because we think if we have done something bad we might face a consequence that wemight really regret while the other argument is that it is available for those who think religion is necessaryto morality, however focuses on moral guidance and knowledge rather than on peoples motives whichmeans we cannot really know what are the right and wrong without the guidance of the religious group.The third is about the divine command theory it is stated that god has the same sort of relation to morallaw as the legislature has to statutes it enacts: without Gods commands there would be no moral rules, just as without a legislature there would be no statutes. The fourth and last would be morality is socialwhich means that morality is inherently social in a various ways. It depends on socially learned language,is learned from interactions with others, and governs our interactions with others in society.

Lessons Learned:

I have learned that we should value our religion, morality and we should also consider ourconscience in deciding because they can help us in becoming a better person. I also learned more aboutmorality, religion, conscience, religious motivation and guidance and command divine theory. I am happythat I have met my learning expectation.


1. Who would not be taught to be ashamed when they steal or hurt others, nor would they beallowed to complain when others treat them badly?

2. What is command divine theory?3. What is religious motivation and guidance?4. What is morality and religion?5. What is conscience?

Review Questions:1. According to Arthur how are Morality and Religion different?

- According to Arthur morality and religion is two different things. Arthur said that morality isabout the behavior of others while religion is about the prayer, worship and supernaturalthings.

2. Why isnt religion necessary for moral motivation?- Religion is not necessary for moral motivation because religion is still not a way for a person

to be good. There are still other people who are very religious but do things that are immoral.

3. Why isnt religion necessary as a source of moral knowledge?

- Religion is not necessary for a source of moral knowledge because as we can see peoplehas different religion and that religion has different belief so religion cannot be a source formoral knowledge. Moral knowledge still depends on how we see it and how we do it.

4. What is divine command theory? Why does Arthur reject this theory?

- Divine Command Theory states that god has the same sort of relation to moral law as thelegislature has to statutes it enacts: without Gods commands there would be no moral rules,just as without a legislature there would be no statutes. Arthur rejects this theory because he


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particular morality is inseparable from the formation of a particular culture. This means that its language,codes and practices, narratives, and institutions are informed by the struggle between these two types ofmoral valuation. For Nietzsche, master-slave morality provides the basis of all exegesis of Westernthought. With the Death of God, morality became historical: it was created by mankind, not by atranscendent deity. The strong-willed man created morality by valuation.

Nietzsche defined master morality as the morality of the strong-willed. What is good is what ishelpful; what is bad is what is harmful. Morality as such is sentiment. In the prehistoric state, "the value ornon-value of an action was derived from its consequences" but ultimately, "There are no moralphenomena at all, only moral interpretations of phenomena." For these strong-willed men, the 'good' isthe noble, strong and powerful, while the 'bad' is the weak, cowardly, timid and petty. Unlike mastermorality which is sentiment, slave morality is literally re-sentiment resentment, revaluing that which themaster values. This strays from the valuation of actions based on consequences to the valuation ofactions based on "intention". As master morality originates in the strong, slave morality originates in theweak. Because slave morality is a reaction to oppression, it villainizes its oppressors. Slave morality is theinverse of master morality. As such, it is characterized by pessimism and skepticism. Slave morality iscreated in opposition to what master morality values as 'good'. Slave morality does not aim at exertingone's will by strength but by careful subversion. It does not seek to transcend the masters, but to makethem slaves as well.

Lessons Learned:

I have learned about the difference of master morality and slave morality. I have learned thatMaster morality weighs actions on a scale of good or bad consequences unlike slave morality whichweighs actions on a scale of good or evil intentions. Slave morality does not aim at exerting one's will bystrength but by careful subversion. I am happy that I have met my learning expectation.


1. What is master morality?2. What is slave morality?3. What is the difference between master morality and slave morality?4. Who is Friedrich Nietzsche?

5. What is pathos of distance?

REVIEW QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. How does Nietzsche characterize a good and healthy society?

- Nietzche said that a good and healthy society according to Nietzsche allows people whohave the ability to grab power to do so.

2. What is Nietzsches view of injury, violence and exploitation?

- Nietzches view of injury, violence and exploitation is it avoids us to experience the sense of

good conduct among individuals when there are necessary conditions given. He also thinksthat these attributes are needed in order to form a healthy society.

3. Distinguish between master-morality and slave-morality.

- Master morality is the value creator. Slave morality illustrates the virtue of sympathy,kindness and humility.


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4. Explain the Will to Power.

- It is the will to life which can be achieved through creative activity.

5. Some people view Nietzsches writings as harmful and even dangerous. For example, some havecharged Nietzsche with inspiring Nazism. Are these charges justified or not? Why or why not?

- NO, because I think that what Neitzsche is telling in this topic is that what are the healthythings and society that happens in the master slave morality.

6. What does it mean to be a creator of values?

- What is injurious to me is injurious in itself; he knows that it is he himself only who confershonor on things; he is a creator of values.

Monica Frances T. Hao ITETHIC

00B





Quote:

They feel that the respect and tolerance due from one systemto another forbids us ever to take up a critical

position to any other culture.


In this chapter of the book Contemporary Moral Problems I want to learn what master and slavemorality is. What will this ethics help me in realizing the good things and bad things that I have donewrong in the IT industry? I also want to learn in this chapter if what does the information society means?How does it help the industry? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this? What is the basis ofthese moral problems?

Review:

Midgley takes on a variant of the ethical relativist view, one that argues: because we cannot

understand other cultures, we cannot judge other cultures. This she calls moral isolationism, a positionwhich further holds that the world is sharply divided into separate societies, sealed units, each with itsown system of thought. Moral isolationists feel that the respect and tolerance due from one system toanother forbids us ever to take up a critical position to any other culture. Moral judgment, they suggest, isa kind of coinage valid only in its country of origin.

I do agree with her central point, that there is something wrong about the idea of insurmountabledifferences; Im not sure, however, that this leads to her conclusion: "Morally as well as physically, thereis only one world, and we all have to live in it." This could be interpreted as the suggestion that there are


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ultimate moral principles which all cultures share, or at least could or should share, if, that is,comprehension or overcoming of difference necessarily involves if not something already common thenthe possibility of making all values common; otherwise, what does one moral world mean? I dont thinkwe need to go that far; perhaps the very notion of a homogeneous single culture, our culture, ismistaken; perhaps we already live in many worlds, many cultures; then the possibility of comprehendingdifference would not imply any grand unification; it would just mean we are able to take different positions,with no implication that there is one single position which is ours.

Lessons Learned:

I have learned that Moral isolationists feel that the respect and tolerance due from one system toanother forbids us ever to take up a critical position to any other culture. Moral judgment, they suggest, isa kind of coinage valid only in its country of origin. I am happy that I have met my learning expectation. Ihave really learned a lot from this chapter.


1. What is trying out ones sword?2. Who is Mary Midgley?3. What is moral isolationism?

4. What is real moral skepticism?5. What would lay down a general ban on moral reasoning?


1. What is moral isolationism?

- It is a view of anthropologists and other that we cannot criticize cultures that we do notunderstand.

2. Explain the Japanese customer of tsujigiri. What questions does Midgley ask about this custom?

- Tsujigiri or crosscut is practiced by the Japanese samurais. They test new swords on wayfarers.

It is important to the samurais that their sword must be able to slice through someone in a singleswing, passing from the shoulder to the opposite side. If the sword did not work properly, thesamurai would lose his Honor, the respect of his emperor and disgrace his ancestors.

- It is quite immoral and that a little bit cruel towards other people but since it is the culture ofJapanese samurais then they do believe that it is moral to do it.

3. What is wrong with moral isolationism, according to Midgley?

- Moral Isolationalism stops any moral reasoning since it assumes that cultures are separate andunmixed.

4. What does Midgley think is the basis for criticizing other cultures?

- The basis to criticize other culture is to prove it that it destroys the general moral teachings. But inorder to make favorable judgment or criticism, we have to know enough.

5. Midgley says that Nietzsche is an immoralist. Is that an accurate and fair assessment ofNietzsche? Why or why not?

- No, because as I read the article of Nietzsche he is just telling what he are the good thing aboutthe article. And he is just encouraging reasoning and exercising the right to express what is in ourmind.


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6. Do you agree with Midgleys claim that the idea of separate and unmixed cultures is unreal?Explain your answer.

- Yes because racial discrimination can be found everywhere.






Quote:


In this chapter of the book Contemporary Moral Problems I want to learn about utilitarianism.What will this ethics help me in realizing the good things and bad things that I have done wrong in the ITindustry? I also want to learn in this chapter if what does the information society means? How does it helpthe industry? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this? What is the basis of these moralproblems?

Review:

It is true that similar confusion and uncertainty, and in some cases similar discordance, existrespecting the first principles of all the sciences, not excepting that which is deemed the most certain ofthem, mathematics; without much impairing, generally indeed without impairing at all, the trustworthiness

of the conclusions of those sciences. An apparent anomaly, the explanation of which is, that the detaileddoctrines of a science are not usually deduced from, nor depend for their evidence upon, what are calledits first principles. Were it not so, there would be no science more precarious, or whose conclusions weremore insufficiently made out, than algebra; which derives none of its certainty from what are commonlytaught to learners as its elements, since these, as laid down by some of its most eminent teachers, are asfull of fictions as English law, and of mysteries as theology.

The truths which are ultimately accepted as the first principles of a science, are really the lastresults of metaphysical analysis, practiced on the elementary notions with which the science isconversant; and their relation to the science is not that of foundations to an edifice, but of roots to a tree,which may perform their office equally well though they be never dug down to and exposed to light. Butthough in science the particular truths precede the general theory, the contrary might be expected to bethe case with a practical art, such as morals or legislation. All action is for the sake of some end, andrules of action, it seems natural to suppose, must take their whole character and color from the end to

which they are subservient. When we engage in a pursuit, a clear and precise conception of what we arepursuing would seem to be the first thing we need, instead of the last we are to look forward to.A test of right and wrong must be the means, one would think, of ascertaining what is right or

wrong, and not a consequence of having already ascertained it.

Lessons Learned:

I have learned in this topic about the utilitarianism, the utilitarian standard and a lot more.I am happy that I have met my learning expectation. I have really learned a lot from this chapter.


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1. Who is John Stuart Mill?2. What is Utilitarianism?3. What did the Greatest Happiness Principle explains?4. Whose assailants of modern holders of the doctrine are occasionally made the subject of equally

polite comparison?5. What is a utilitarian standard?


1. State and explain the Principle of Utility. Show how it could be used to justify actions that areconventionally viewed as wrong, such as lying and stealing.

- The principle of Utility states that what we want most or the reason for our existence is to be farfrom pain or to stay away from pain for us to be happy. Thus being happy is the sign of havemorals. If you steal and lie and if it only brings harm at sadness to other than it will go back tooneself and then will be unhappy as well.

2. How does Mill reply to the objection that Epicureanism is a doctrine worthy only of swine?

- Mill said that if the sources of pleasure of people and a swine are the same then the rule of life isgood enough for the one would be good enough for the other. The Epicurean life which is beingcompared to a beast is demeaning because the pleasure that an animal or a beast gets isdifferent or is not the same as of to the happiness or pleasure of people.

3. How does Mill distinguish between higher and lower pleasures?

- According to Mill being of higher faculties requires more to make him happy, is capable probablyof more acute suffering, and certainly accessible to it at more point than one of an inferior typewhich means that the higher you become the higher or harder it is to attain pleasure.

4. According to Mill, whose happiness must be considered?

- A utilitarian standard is not the agents own greatest happiness, but the greatest happinessaltogether. I think we should consider first the happiness of others, the greatest happiness, beforewe think about our own happiness.

5. Carefully reconstruct Mills proof of the Principle of Utility.

- Happiness is desirable, and the only thing desirable, as an end; all other things being onlydesirable as means to that end.

6. Is happiness nothing more than pleasure, and the absence of pain? What do you think?

- No, because for me happiness is the most important because we can be the happiest human onearth if we are happy. But if we just have pleasure it is like you are just pretending to be happy.

7. Does Mill convince you that the so-called higher pleasures are better than the lower ones?

- No, higher pleasure for me may be lower pleasure for others. It depends on out outlook inhappiness.

8. Mill says, In the golden rule of Jesus of Nazareth, we read the complete spirit of the ethics ofutility. Is this true or not?

- False.

9. Many commentators have thought that Mills proof of the Principle of Utility is defective. Do youagree? If so, then what mistake or mistakes does he make? Is there any way to reformulate theproof so that it is not defective?

- Mill's principle of utility is okay


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Quote:

A theory of life excites in many minds, and amongthem in some of the most estimable in feeling

and purpose, inveterate dislike.


In this chapter of the book Contemporary Moral Problems I want to learn about the debate overutilitarianism. What will this ethics help me in realizing the good things and bad things that I have donewrong in the IT industry? I also want to learn in this chapter if what does the information society means?How does it help the industry? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this? What is the basis ofthese moral problems?

Review:

I don't believe they are mutually exclusive, however. It is possible for private enterprise to have apositive influence on societal welfare. I was just bringing up the question that if it was truly promotingsocietal welfare, why does the application of eminent domain for the promotion of private enterprise seemto benefit the higher class more, which is in fact not utilitarianism unless the negative has a card/statisticthat says the majority of people will benefit.

I certainly think that promoting private enterprise leads to societal welfare. This is becausesocietal welfare is ultimately met by such branches like economy, well-functioning government, and otherreasonable factors. And by promoting private enterprise we achieve a better economy, directly. So it'progresses' societal welfare as a whole. And when it seems to benefit the higher class, there we look atthe diff. types of utilitarianism. Preference utilitarianism would suit this, because by the governmentattempting to eliminate a blighted area through the implementation of eminent domain, it is going towardsbenefiting a higher class. So you can still argue the idea of utilitarianism because it is being preferred bythe government to benefit the more higher-status classes. And yea a card may support this claim.

However, I'm sure there are some capitalist affirmative cases that will say laissez-faire capitalismis best attained without governmental intervention. And while eminent domain it might progress theeconomy, it doesn't help the poor very much (I already gave my analysis on that). Also, about your

argument on "blight," who determines urban blight? Does the government have the right to say, "OKbecause we hate this area of poverty we're going to get it cleaned up?" Also where does eminent domaingo towards once the government intervenes? (These are some negative burdens) After all, if the negativeis willing to argue that there is some sort of "just compensation" then they must justify what will happenafterwards for those who are affected. Plus, eminent domain does little to eliminate the problem ofpoverty (it in fact may worsen it because the poor are displaced into more crowded areas because theycan't afford the housing that has been "cleaned up" by eminent domain). Impact? Harms social rights.

I'm not saying it's impossible to make the link, don't mistake my arguments. I'm just sayingsocietal welfare is a pretty weak value that will lead to a smack-down because you're not negating the


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resolution. Most people will attempt to link societal welfare to utilitarianism which I can refute and then linkthat to utilitarian justice.

Lessons Learned:

I have learned about the debate of utilitarianism and I am happy that I have learned a lot fromthis. I have also learned about societal welfare is a pretty weak value that will lead to a smack-downbecause you're not negating the resolution.


1. What is the debate over utilitarianism all about?2. Who is James Rachels?3. What is the Resilience of the theory?4. What is classical utilitarianism?5. What is the defense of utilitarianism?

REVIEW QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1. Rachels says that classical utilitarianism can be summed up in three propositions. What are they?

- Actions are judged right or wrong solely in virtue of their consequences- In assessing consequences, the only thing that matters is the amount of happiness orunhappiness that caused.- In calculating happiness or unhappiness that will be caused, no ones happiness is to becounted as more important than anyone else.

2. Explain the problem with hedonism. How do defenders of utilitarianism respond to this problem?

- Hedonism is the philosophy in which pleasure is the most important thing in the world.

3. What are the objections about justice, rights and promises?

- The objection for justice, rights, and promises is that these three were not underrepresented.

4. Distinguish between rule- and act- utilitarianism. How does rule- utilitarianism reply to theobjections?- Rule utilitarianism is a form of utilitarianism which states that moral actions are those which

conform to the rules which lead to the greatest good. While Act utilitarianism isa utilitarian theory of ethics which states that the right action is the one which produces thegreatest amount of happiness or pleasure for the greatest number of people.

5. What is the third line of defense?- Act-Utilitarianism

6. Smarts defense of utilitarianism is to reject common moral beliefs when they conflict withutilitarianism. Is this acceptable to you or not? Explain your answer.- No, because the moral beliefs we have is our happiness or the one who makes us happy.

7. A utilitarian is supposed to give moral consideration to all concerned. Who must be considered?What about nonhuman animals? How about lakes and streams?- Maybe the person who is immoral should be considered first

8. Rachels claims that merit should be given moral consideration independent of utility. Do youagree?


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- No.






Quote:

Some qualities are even helpful to this good will itselfand can make its task very much easier. They

have none the less no inner unconditioned worth,but rather presuppose a good will which sets a limit

to the esteem in which they are rightly held and doesnot permit us to regard them as absolutely good.


In this chapter of the book Contemporary Moral Problems I want to learn about categoricalimperative. What will this ethics help me in realizing the good things and bad things that I have donewrong in the IT industry? I also want to learn in this chapter if what does the information society means?How does it help the industry? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this? What is the basis ofthese moral problems?

Review:

Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804) is one of the most important philosophers in history, and is bestknown for his Critique of Pure Reason, the ambitious project in which he attempted to define the limits ofreason itself. His ethical theory was written mainly in the Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals,where he tried to derive moral principles from logic itself. The main engine of his ethical theory is theCategorical Imperative.

The Categorical Imperative is how one determines one's duty, how one determines whatprinciples are proper and which are not. The Categorical Imperative states, "Act only on that maximwhereby thou canst at the same time will it should become universal law." According to Kant, humanbeings occupy a special place in creation, and morality can be summed up in one ultimate commandmentof reason, or imperative, from which all duties and obligations derive. He defined an imperative as anyproposition that declares a certain action (or inaction) to be necessary. A hypothetical imperative compelsaction in a given circumstance: if I wish to quench my thirst, I must drink something. A categoricalimperative, on the other hand, denotes an absolute, unconditional requirement that asserts its authority in

all circumstances, both required and justified as an end in itself.In Kant's view, a moral act is one that would be right for any person in similar circumstances tothose in which the agent finds himself when he executes it. The capacity that allows us to make moraldecisions is called pure practical reason, which is contrasted with pure reason the capacity to know andmere practical reason which allows us to interact with the world in experience. Hypothetical imperativesguide action in an instrumental way: they tell us which means would be best to achieve our ends. They donot, however, tell us anything about the ends that we ought to choose. Kant, conversely, considers theright to be prior to the good; in fact, he holds that the good achieved is of moral irrelevance. The morallycondign cannot be determined with reference to anything empirical or sensuous; they can only bedetermined apriori, by pure practical reason.


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Lessons Learned:

I have learned about the categorical imperative and I am happy that I have learned a lot from this.I have also learned a moral act is one that would be right for any person in similar circumstances to thosein which the agent finds himself when he executes it.


1. What is the categorical imperative?2. Who is Immanuel Kant?3. What is the Good Will?4. What are the motives of duty?5. What are the good will and duty?


1. Explain Kants account of the good will.

- It is impossible to conceive anything at all in the world or even out if it, which can be taken as

good without qualification, except goodwill.

2. Distinguish between hypothetical and categorical imperatives.

- Hypothetical imperative requires a certain action is a given situation. A categorical imperativeyou should do what you must or need to do.

3. State the first formulation of the categorical imperative (using the notion of a universal law), andexplain how Kant uses this rule to derive some specific duties toward self and others.

- "Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it shouldbecome a universal law."

4. State the second version of the categorical imperative (using the language of means and end)and explain it.

- The end justifies the meanFor me, this means that the result of what you do is defends ordefines the mean on how you do an action.

5. Are the two versions of the categorical imperative just different expressions of one basic rule, orare they two different rules? Defend your view.

- No, because it shares the same concept, the concept of good will.

6. Kant claims that an action that is not done from the motive of duty has no moral worth. Do youagree or not? If not, give some counterexample.

- No, it is common for us to do things that are not are duty and I believe that we dont considerthese things immoral.

7. Some commentators think that the categorical imperative (particularly the first formulation) can beused to justify no moral or immoral actions. Is this a good criticism?

- Yes


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Monica Frances T. HaoITETHIC

00B





Quote:

Now each man judges well the things he knows,and of these he us a good judge. And so the man

who has been educated in a subject is agood judge of that subject, and the man who has

received an all round education is a good judge in general.


In this chapter of the book Contemporary Moral Problems I want to learn abouthappiness and virtue. What will this ethics help me in realizing the good things and bad thingsthat I have done wrong in the IT industry? I also want to learn in this chapter if what does theinformation society means? How does it help the industry? What are the advantages anddisadvantages of this? What is the basis of these moral problems?

Review:

As what Aristotle said all human beings seek for happiness and sometimes they have a hard timein finding their real happiness. It is said that some of the people said that they are happy becausethey have their vices and pleasure but deep inside they are not.

According to Aristotle, human happiness is a lifelong process. It is continuously ongoingand the purpose has the end in itself. Happiness is an activity of the soul and in that is an ongoingactualization of the souls potential for virtue. Being virtuous is self- sufficient in itself andtherefore leads to human happiness.

According to Aristotle, things of any variety have a characteristic function that they areproperly used to perform. The good for human beings, then, must essentially involve the entireproper function of human life as a whole, and this must be an activity of the soul that expressesgenuine virtue or excellence. Thus, human beings should aim at a life in full conformity with theirrational natures; for this, the satisfaction of desires and the acquisition of material goods are lessimportant than the achievement of virtue.

Lessons Learned:

I have learned that not all people are happy. And happiness can be achieved based on ourthought about being happy. I have also learned what happiness is and what virtue is. I am happyreading this part because it is about happiness and virtue of a person and somehow I can relateto what Aristotle said.



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1. What is happiness?2. What is virtue?3. What is the difference between moral and intellectual virtue?4. Who is Aristotle?5. What are the two kinds of virtue?

Review Questions:

1. What is happiness, according to Aristotle? How is it related to virtue? How is it related to pleasure?

- Aristotle said that all human beings seek happiness, and that happiness is not pleasure, honor, orwealth, but an activity of the soul in accordance with virtuewhich means that we people seek for our truehappiness and when we already found it we should be thankful that we have found it. Seeking forhappiness does not mean that you need a material thing or what, happiness is the feeling that we feelwhen we are complete and when we know that our loved ones is just with you no matter what happens.

2. How does Aristotle explain moral virtue?

- Aristotle said that virtue has two kinds: moral and intellectual. Moral virtue comes from training andhabit, generally is a state of character that is a mean between vices of excess and deficiency which

means that we should learn from our experience by then we should know what is right and what is wrong.

3. Is it possible for everyone in our society to be happy, as Aristotle explains? If not, who cannot behappy?

- Yes, because it really depends on the person if he decided to be happy especially when he has thethings that God has given him. But as we can see now a day many people are not happy because theyare not contented on the things they have.

Discussion Questions:

1. Aristotle characterizes a life of pleasure as a suitable for beasts. But what, if anything, is wrong witha life of pleasure?

- Some people are already beast in a sense that they are not contented on the things they have. Theyare being materialistic by being boastful to everyone. They are having fun of the pleasures they havewhich will just destroy their personality.

2. Aristotle claims that the philosopher will be happier than anyone else. Why is this? Do you agree ornot?

- I do not agree with what Aristotle claims because for me everyone can be happy especially when theyknow their limitations and they know when to be contented on the things that are given to them.

Monica Frances T. Hao ITETHIC

00B






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Quote:

When a person is said to deserve something goodfrom us what is meant in parts is that there would be

a certain propriety in our giving that good thingto him in virtue of the kind of person he is, perhaps,

or more likely, in virtue of some specific thing he has done.


In this chapter of the book Contemporary Moral Problems I want to learn about the nature andvalue of rights. What will this ethics help me in realizing the good things and bad things that I have donewrong in the IT industry? I also want to learn in this chapter if what does the information society means?How does it help the industry? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this? What is the basis ofthese moral problems?

Review:

In this book, Feinberg analyzes the relationship between rights and duties. He seeks to find outwhether the Doctrine of the Logical Correlativity of Rights and Duties is sound. This is the doctrine that

says all duties entail other peoples rights and all rights entail other peoples duties. Feinberg attempts todemonstrate the special significance of claiming as the most important component of rights discourse. Heattempts to elucidate this through a thought experiment in which his readers imagine a place which, whilemade appealing in virtually all other respects, is devoid of rights as we understand them; namely, as bothpositive and negative claims against others.

According to Feinberg, to have a right is to have a claim against someone whose recognition asvalid is called for by some set of governing rules or moral principles. To have a claim is to have a casemeriting consideration for status as a right, subject to evaluation in context. It is this process of claimingthat Feinberg argues is essential to furthering moral progress and human dignity and what distinguishesour world from his constructed one. In his thought experiment, Feinberg asks readers to imagineNowheresville, an imaginary place lacking rights as we know them. He gradually augments Nowheresvillewith increasingly appealing features to make it more familiar to us. He continuously asks us to evaluate itsprogress and whether or not it is, with each added feature, comparable to our own world and the model of

rights and duties we are familiar with.Feinberg adds benevolence, compassion, sympathy, pity, and even well developed moral

consciences to the character of Nowheresvilles citizens. He eventually adds the notions of personaldesert and indirect obligation (answering to an intermediary regarding ones rights), and finally duty, toNowheresville. Feinberg introduces duty in such a way that it does not involve the ability for the otherparty to, as it were, claim his due. This liberty is not a possibility in Nowheresville, for if it were, Feinbergfeels he will have described a world with which we are intimately familiar; namely, our own. InNowheresville, not even superiors can claim against their subordinates, and there exist only powers oflaw creating indirect obligations, but not personal obligations to one another.

Lessons Learned:

I have learned in this topic that Feinberg adds benevolence, compassion, sympathy, pity, and

even well developed moral consciences to the character of Nowheresvilles citizens. This liberty is not apossibility in Nowheresville, for if it were, Feinberg feels he will have described a world with which we areintimately familiar; namely, our own. I am happy that our professor let us read this book. I have learned alot from this.


1. What is the nature and value of rights?2. Who is Joel Feinberg?3. What is moral worth according to Kant?


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4. What is a sovereign monopoly of rights?5. What are claim-rights?


1. Describe Nowheresville. How this world different from our world?

- Nowheresville is a world like our own the only difference is that it has no rights.

2. Explain the doctrine of the logical correlativity of rights and duties. What is Feinbergs position onthis doctrine?

- All duties entail other peoples rights

- All rights entail other peoples duties

3. How does Feinberg explain the concept of personal desert? How would personal desert work inNowheresville?

- Personal Desert means when a person deserves something good from us what is meant in partsis that there would be a certain proprietary in our giving that good thing to him in virtue of the kindof person he is.

4. Explain the notion of a sovereign right monopoly. How would this work in Nowheresville accordingto Feinberg?

- The sovereign rights of the people will be controlled by the government. The sovereign has amonopoly on all rights.

5. What are claim rights? Why does Feinberg think they are morally important?

- Right is a kind of claim, and claim is an assertion of rights

6. Does Feinberg make a convincing case for the importance of rights? Why or why not?

- Yes, because he opens our eyes when he have introduced to us the nowheresville. In this hetaught us the rights of a human.

7. Can you give a non circular definition of claim rights?

- No






Quote:


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If a people have a right to do something, then it is wrong to interfere with them.


In this chapter of the book Contemporary Moral Problems I want to learn about taking rightsseriously? What will this ethics help me in realizing the good things and bad things that I have donewrong in the IT industry? I also want to learn in this chapter if what does the information society means?How does it help the industry? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this? What is the basis ofthese moral problems?

Review:Jurisprudence is the theory and philosophy of law. Scholars of jurisprudence, or legal

philosophers, hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature of law, of legal reasoning, legalsystems and of legal institutions. As jurisprudence has developed, there are three main aspects withwhich scholarly writing engages Natural law is the idea that there are unchangeable laws of nature whichgovern us, and that our laws and institutions should try to align with this natural law Analytic jurisprudenceasks questions distinctive to legal philosophy like, "What is law?" "What are the criteria for legal validity?"or "What is the relationship between law and morality?" and other such questions that legal philosophersmay engage.

Normative jurisprudence asks what law ought to be. It is close to political philosophy, andincludes questions of whether one ought to obey the law, on what grounds law-breakers might properlybe punished, the proper uses and limits of regulation, how judges ought to decide cases. Modernjurisprudence and philosophy of law is dominated today primarily by Western academics. The ideas of theWestern legal tradition have become so pervasive throughout the world that it is tempting to see them asuniversal. Historically, however, many philosophers from other traditions have discussed the samequestions, from Islamic scholars to the ancient Greeks.

Professor Dworkin considers the right to liberty, often thought to rival and even pre-empt thefundamental right to equality. He argues that distinct individual liberties do exist, but that they derive, notfrom some abstract right to liberty as such, but from the right to equal concern and respect itself. He thusdenies that liberty and equality are conflicting ideals. Ronald Dworkin's theory of law and the moralconception of individual rights that underlies it have already made him one of the most influentialphilosophers working in this area. This is the first publication of these ideas in book form.

Lessons Learned:I have learned in this topic about the right of the citizens, the rights and the rights to break the

law, the controversial rights and lastly why take rights seriously. I am happy to read this topic because Ihave gain knowledge about the rights that I have but I have no idea about it before.

5 integrative questions:1. What is taking right seriously?2. Who is Ronald Dworkin?3. What are the rights of citizens?4. What are the rights and the rights to break the law?5. What are the controversial rights?


1. What does Dworkin mean by right in the strong sense? What rights in this sense are protected bythe U.S. Constitution?

- If a people have the right to do something, then it is wrong to interfere with them.

2. Distinguish between legal and moral rights. Give some examples of legal rights that are not moralrights, and moral rights that are not legal rights.


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- Legal right is the right of a citizen protected by a constitution. Moral right is right of a personaccording to his morality and conscience.

3. What are the two models of how a government might define the rights of its citizens? Which doesDworkin find more attractive?

- The first model recommends striking a balance between rights of the individual and the demandsof society. The second one is that the government inflates a right. Dworkin finds the secondmodel more attractive.

4. According to Dworkin, what two important ideas are behind the institution or rights?

- Act of faith by the Majorities and Minorities

5. Does a person have a right to break the law? Why or why not?

- It depends on what law would he break.

6. Are rights in the strong sense compatible with Mills utilitarianism?

- Yes

7. Do you think that Kant would accept right in the strong sense or not?

- no






Quote:

I shall even assume that the parties do not know theirconceptions of the good or their special psychological propensities


In this chapter of the book Contemporary Moral Problems I want to learn what master and slavemorality is. What will this ethics help me in realizing the good things and bad things that I have donewrong in the IT industry? I also want to learn in this chapter if what does the information society means?How does it help the industry? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this? What is the basis ofthese moral problems?

Review:

In A Theory of Justice, Rawls argues for a principled reconciliation of liberty and equality. Centralto this effort is an account of the circumstances of justice, and a fair choice situation for parties facing


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such circumstances, and seeking principles of justice to guide their conduct. These parties face moderatescarcity, and they are neither naturally altruistic nor purely egotistic: they have ends they seek toadvance, but desire to advance them through cooperation with others on mutually acceptable terms.

Rawls offers a model of a fair choice situation the original position with its veil of ignorance withinwhich parties would hypothetically choose mutually acceptable principles of justice. Under suchconstraints, Rawls believes that parties would find his favored principles of justice to be especiallyattractive, winning out over varied alternatives, including utilitarian and libertarian accounts.

Good vs. Right. A person's good is that which is needed for the successful execution ofa rational long-term plan of life given reasonably favorable circumstances. Such concepts areLiberty Opportunity, Income, Wealth and Self-respect. They also have a saying that, "The good isthe satisfaction of rational desire. Each person has his or her own plan of life - what is good mayvary. Right is set down in the social contract, the same for everyone, influenced by the veil ofignorance. Rawls specializes the concept of something's being right as it being fair. NaturalDuties and Obligations, Support just institutions, Mutual respect, Mutual aid, Do no harm, Do yourfair share, be faithful (keep your promises)

Lessons Learned:

I have learned in this chapter about the theory of justice, the main idea of the theory of justice, thetwo principles of justice and fair justice. I am amazed with what I have read. I have also learned thatRawls argues for a principled reconciliation of liberty and equality. Central to this effort is an account ofthe circumstances of justice, and a fair choice situation for parties facing such circumstances, andseeking principles of justice to guide their conduct.


1. What is the theory of justice?2. Who is John Rawls?3. What is the main idea of the theory of justice?4. What are the two principles of justice?5. How does fair justice begins?






Quote:

The differences are as much emphasisas in substance, or we can say that

they are differences in tone of voice.



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- we should never forget the facts of history5. What does Baier mean when she speaks of the need to transvalue the values of our patriarchal

past? Do new values replace the old ones? If so, then do we abandon the old values of justice,freedom, and right?

- She just meant that we should improve our values.

6. What is wrong with the Kantian view that extends equal rights to all rational beings, includingwomen and minorities? What would Baier say? What do you think?

- There is nothing wrong with the Kantians view.

7. Baier seems to reject the Kantian emphasis on freedom of choice. Granted, we do not choose ourparent, but still dont we have freedom of choice about many things, and isnt this very important?

- I think that freedom of choice is very important because you cannot exercise your right if youhave no freedom of choice.


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USE CASE DIAGRAM


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USE CASE NARRATIVE

Identification Summary

Title: Get Application form

Summary: This use case shows the process of how getting an application form

Actors: applicant, secretary

Creation date: February 28, 2009

Version: 1.0

Person in charge: Monica Hao

Flow of events

Preconditions:

1. Must have a book to be copyrighted.2. Must have 2 copies of the book.

Main Success Scenario

1. The applicant will get the application form to the secretary.2. The applicant will fill up the application form.

Alternative Sequences:

1. The applicant filled the incorrect application form.

Error Sequences

E1: The copyright office is closed.

Post Conditions:

1. The applicant has successfully got the application form.


Title: Notarize Application form

Summary: This use case shows the process of how to notarize the application form

Actors: applicant, attorney


Version: 1.0



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1. The applicant has insufficient money.

Error Sequences

E1: The cashier is closed.

Post Conditions:

1. The applicant has successfully paid the copyright fee.


Title: buy stamp

Summary: This use case shows the process of buying stamp.

Actors: applicant, staff


Version: 1.0


Flow of events

Preconditions:

1. Must be paid the copyright fee.


1. The applicant will give payment for stamp.2. The staff will process the payment.3. The staff will give the stamp.4. The applicant will move to another process.



Error Sequences

E1: The staff is not available.

Post Conditions:

1. The applicant has successfully bought the stamp.


Title: submit application form


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Summary: This use case shows the process of submitting the application form



Version: 1.0


Flow of events

Preconditions:

1. Must have complete requirements.


1. The applicant will give the form, book, receipt, and stamp to the secretary.2. The secretary will check the requirements.

3. The staff will give the claim slip.


1. The applicant has incomplete requirements.

Error Sequences

E1: The applicant lost the receipt.

Post Conditions:

1. The applicant has successfully submitted the application and the requirements.


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ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

Get application Form

Notarize application form


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Pay copyright fee

Pay stamp


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Submit application form


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PROPOSED USE CASE DIAGRAM

PROPOSED USE CASE NARRATIVE


Title: Get Application form

Summary: This use case shows the process of how getting an application form



Version: 1.0


Flow of events

Preconditions:

1. Must have a book to be copyrighted.2. Must have 2 copies of the book.



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1. The applicant will get the application form to the secretary.2. The applicant will fill up the application form.


1. The applicant filled the incorrect application form.

Error Sequences

E1: The copyright office is closed.

Post Conditions:

1. The applicant has successfully got the application form.


Title: Notarize Application form

Summary: This use case shows the process of how to notarize the application form

Actors: applicant, attorney


Version: 1.0


Flow of events

Preconditions:

1. Must have the application form.


1. The applicant will give the application form.2. The attorney will notarize it.3. The applicant will give the payment.4. The attorney will return the form.


1. The attorney did not sign the form.

Error Sequences

E1: The attorney is not available.

Post Conditions:

1. The applicant has successfully notarized the application form.


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Title: pay copyright fee

Summary: This use case shows the process of paying the copyright fee.

Actors: applicant, cashier


Version: 1.0


Flow of events

Preconditions:



1. The applicant will give payment for copyright and stamp.2. The cashier will process the payment.3. The cashier will give the receipt.4. The staff will give the stamp.5. The cashier will give the receipt.6. The applicant will move to another process.



Error Sequences

E1: The cashier is closed.

Post Conditions:

1. The applicant has successfully paid the copyright fee.


Title: submit application form

Summary: This use case shows the process of submitting the application form



Version: 1.0


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Flow of events

Preconditions:



1. The applicant will give the form, book, receipt, and stamp to the secretary.2. The secretary will check the requirements.3. The staff will give the claim slip.


1. The applicant has incomplete requirements.

Error Sequences

E1: The applicant lost the receipt.

Post Conditions:

1. The applicant has successfully submitted the application and the requirements.


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PROPOSED ACTIVITY DIAGRAM


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Documents

CMP Copyright