Upload
firdosh-khan
View
216
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/21/2019 ES-332-EM
1/6
7
J
www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj
www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj7
7/21/2019 ES-332-EM
2/6
5
JGjswar tna `hkkhwbjl quastbhjs
W. 7. Axpkgbj tna fngrgftarbstbfs h` nuogjbstbf gpprhgfn th kagrjbjl gji ibsfuss tna bophrtgjfa h` sak`
bj tna nuogjbstbf gpprhgfn.
Gjs. Nuogjbstbf gpprhgfn th kagrjbjl bs fhjfarjai wbtn nuogjs gji tnabr wak`gra. Nuogjbsts eakbava tngt
kagrjbjl bs ujbqua `hr avary bjibvbiugk. Ynbs gpprhgfn `hfusas hj jaw bjibvbiugks fgj gttgbj tnabr phtajtbgk gji tnabr
lragtast sgtbs`gftbhj.
Nuogjbstbf gpprhgfn givhfgtas tngt nuogj eabjls phssas tna gebkbty th tgda tnabr hwj iafbsbhjs gji shkva
prhekaos usbjl ragshjbjl, fhurgla, vbsbhj atf. Ynus, kagrjbjl snhuki jht ea bophsai hj gjyehiy. Bt bs bjavbtgeka.
Fhjfapt h` Nuogjbstbf Gpprhgfn th Kagrjbjl
Yna taro nuogjbstbf ngs bts hrblbj bj Kgtbj whri nhoh oagjbjl nuogj. Ynus nuogj eabjls gji tnabr wak`gra
`hro tna fajtar hr `hros h` nuogjbstbf gpprhgfn th kagrjbjl.
Fngrgftarbstbfs h` Nuogjbstbf Gpprhgfn th Kagrjbjl Ynbs gpprhgfn ngs nuogj wak`gra gs bts `hfus.
Bt aopngsbzas h` sak`-ohtbvgtbhj hr kagrjbjl sh gs th ogda tna kagrjar bjiapajiajt.
Bt hfusas hj kagvbjl wbtn axtarjgk prassuras gji wbtn bjjar pagfa, khva gji raaiho.
Bt eakbavas tngt kagrjbjl bs jaai egsai, eut tna jaais snhuki ea h` nblnar kavak kbda sak`-gftugkbzgtbhj rgtnar
tngj ohjay, wagktn.
Fhjtrbeutbhj h` Ssyfnhkhlbsts
Yhwgris Nuogjbstbf Ssyfnhkhly
Ynara gra vgrbhus psyfnhkhlbsts wnh ngva fhjtrbeutai booajsaky th nuogjbstbf psyfnhkhly. Vhoa h` tnabr
tnahrbas gra ibsfussai eakhw=
Ogskhws Ynahry= Na eakbavai tngt nuogj axbstajfa iapajis hj tna `uk`bkoajt h` fartgbj iasbras gji wgjts
wnbfn na taroai gs jaais. Na ngs lbvaj g nbargrfny h` nuogj jaais gs lbvaj eakhw stgrbjl rho khwar kavak jaaisth nblnar kavak jaais.
Snysbhkhlbfgk jaais sufn gs `hhi, skaap, sax atf.
Vg`aty jaais
Jaai `hr eakhjlbjljass sufn gs khva
Jaai hr prastbla sufn gs rawgris, rafhljbtbhj
Jaai hr sak`-gftugkbzgtbhj
Ynus kagrjbjl bjvhkvas sgtbgtbhj h` tnasa jaais gffhribjl th axparbajfa gji axphsura h` bjibvbiugk na givhfgtai
tnraa oatnhis h` kagrjbjl=
GVVBLJOAJY VHKQYBHJV LQBIA (5379-5371)
A.V.-665
Ssyfnhkhly h` Kagrjbjlgji IavakhpoajtIbsfkgboar/Vpafbgk Jhta=Ynasa gra must tna sgopka h` tna Gjswars/Vhkutbhjs th shoa h` tna Wuastbhjs lbvaj bj tna
Gssbljoajts. Ynasa Vgopka Gjswars/Vhkutbhjs gra prapgrai ey Srbvgta Yagfnar/Yuthrs/Gunthrs hr tna nakp gji Lubigjfa
h` tna stuiajt th lat gj biag h` nhw na/sna fgj gjswar tna Wuastbhjs h` tna Gssbljoajts. \a ih jht fkgbo 733% Gffurgfy
h` tnasa sgopka Gjswars gs tnasa gra egsai hj tna djhwkaila gji fgegebkbty h` Srbvgta Yagfnar/Yuthr. Vgopka gjswars
ogy ea saaj gs tna Lubia/Nakp Ehhd hr tna ra`arajfa th prapgra tna gjswars h` tna Wuastbhj lbvaj bj tna gssbljoajt. Gs
tnasa shkutbhjs gji gjswars gra prapgrai ey tna prbvgta tagfnar/tuthr sh tna fngjfas h` arrhr hr obstgda fgjjht ea iajbai.
Gjy Hobssbhj hr Arrhr bs nblnky ralrattai tnhuln avary fgra ngs eaaj tgdaj wnbka prapgrbjl tnasa Vgopka Gjswars/
Vhkutbhjs. Skagsa fhjsukt yhur hwj Yagfnar/Yuthr ea`hra yhu prapgra g Sgrtbfukgr Gjswar & `hr upthigta gji axgft
bj`hrogtbhj, igtg gji shkutbhj. Vtuiajt snhuki oust ragi gji ra`ar tna h``bfbgk stuiy ogtarbgk prhvbiai ey tna ujbvarsbty.
www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj
www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj5
7/21/2019 ES-332-EM
3/6
6
J
Vuemaftbva hr hj tna egsbs h` sak`-axparbajfas.
Hemaftbva hr hj tna egsbs h` axtarjgk axparbajfas.
Bjtarparshjgk hr ey hesarvbjl htnars.
Fgrk Uhlars Ynahry=Vak` gji nuogj axparbajfas gra tna fajtra h` nbs tnahry. Gffhribjl th nbo kagrjbjl
tgdas pkgfa bj gj bjibvbiugk gs g rasukt h` nbs bjtargftbhj wbtn tna axtarjgk ajvbrhjoajt egsai hj nbs bjtarjgk axparbajfas.
Ynus tna bjtargftbhjs tgda pkgfa eatwaaj tna nuogj eabjl, nbs vgkuas, pgst axparbajfas, gbos atf.
Ib``arajt bjibvbiugks ngva ib``arajt bjtargftbhjs. Nhwavar wnaj tnasa bjtargftbhjs gra phsbtbva tnay nakp tna
bjibvbiugk bj eafhobjl g eattar kagrjar gji g wakk gimustai parshj.
Aiufgtbhjgk Bopkbfgtbhjs
Yna ogbj bopkbfgtbhjs h` nuogjbstbf gpprhgfnas gra=
Skgfa h` fnbki bj tagfnbjl-kagrjbjl=Bt bs g fnbki-fajtrai gpprhgfn gji `hfusas hj tna `gft tngt bj hriar th
tagfn tna fnbki, bt bs vary bophrtgjt th ujiarstgji nbs gebkbtbas, gptbtuias, bjtarasts, gji tnaj tagfn tna fnbki ey
usbjl g subtgeka tagfnbjl oatnhi.
Aopngsbs hj bjibvbiugkbty=Ynbs gpprhgfn nblnkblnts tngt gkk nuogj eabjls gra ujbqua gji ngva bjibvbiugk
ib``arajfas bj taros h` fngrgf-tarbstbfs, axparbajfas, gebkbtbas atf.
Oatnhi h` tagfnbjl= Ynbs gpprhgfn givhfgtas gj gftbva gji bjtargftbva oatnhi h` tagfnbjl- kagrjbjl wnara
kagrjars oajtgk ragibjass gji ohtbvgtbhj snhuki ea tgdaj bjth fhjsbiargtbhj.
Ibsfbpkbja=Ynbs gpprhgfn aopngsbzas sak`-ibsfbpkbja tngj axtarjgk fhjtrhk.
Uhka h` tagfnar= Yagfnar pkgys g vary bophrtgjt rhka gs g lubia, `gfbkbtgthr gji g `rbaji bj tna prhfass h`
hvargkk iavakhpoajt h` tna fnbki.
Nuogjbstbf gpprhgfn pkgfas g rasphjsbebkbty hj tna tagfnar th ih tna `hkkhwbjl=
Yagfnars snhuki `hfus hj ohtbvgtbhjgk kagrjbjl.
Yagfnars snhuki daap bj obji tngt agfn fnbki bs ujbqua gji fgj `aak gji tnbjd gji ngs nbs hwj sat h` vgkuas
gji axparbajfas.
Yagfnars snhuki usa ibsfussbhj gji htnar bjtargftbva oatnhis h` kagrjbjl.
Yagfnars snhuki lbva tna stuiajts raaiho th ogda hwj iafbsbhjs gji fnhbfas gji gttgfn tnabr hwj oagjbjl
th kagrjbjl.
Yagfnars snhuki lbva tna stuiajts raaiho th ogda hwj iafbsbhjs gji fnhbfas gji gttgfn tnabr hwj oagjbjl
th kagrjbjl.
Yagfnars snhuki ea aopgtnatbf gji ujiarstgji tnbjls `rho stuiajts phbjt h` vbaw.
Kbobtgtbhjs h` Nuogjbstbf Gpprhgfn
Ynbs gpprhgfn bs frbtbfbzai gs eabjl thh oufn fhoohj sajsa gji thh kbttka sfbajfa. Bt `hfusas thh oufn hj
bjibvbiugk ib` arajfas gji fgtarbjl th jaais h` agfn bjibvbiugk wnbfn gt tboas bs jht phssbeka bj g ebl lrhup. Bt kgys
g kht h` aopngsbs hj gftbva kagrjbjl. Nhwavar, hja fgjjht wrbta h` tna eaja`bts h` kaftura oatnhi h` tagfnbjl tnhuln
bt bjvhkvas pgssbva kagrjbjl.
Vak` gji nuogj axparbajfas gra tna fajtra h` Fgrk Uhlars tnahry wnh bs g `gohus nuogjbst psyfnhkhlbst. Nbs
prhphsbtbhj wgs tngt kagrjbjl tgdas pkgfa bj gj bjibvbiugk bj hriar th gftugkbsa, ogbjtgbj gji ajngjfa nbs/nar sak`.
Ynus tna bjtargftbhjs tngt tgda pkgfa eatwaaj tna nuogj eabjl, nbs vgkuas, pgst axparbajfas, gbos, gji tna
axtarjgk ajvbrhjoajt, gkk gbo gt ogdbjl tna sak` eattar.
Ib``arajt bjibvbiugks ngva ib``arajt bjtargftbhjs. Nhwavar wnaj tnasa bjtargftbhjs gra phsbtbva tnay nakp tna
bjibvbiugk bj eafhobjl g eattar kagrjar gji g wakk gimustai parshj.
W. 5. Ibsfuss tna bj`kuajfa h` ajvbrhjoajt hj bjibvbiugk ib``arajfas.Gjs. Jhw wa wbkk ibsfuss nhw ajvbrhjoajtgk `gfthrs rasukt bj bjibvbiugk ib``arajfas. \a djhw tngt tna
ajvbrhjoajt h` g fnbki g``afts nbs uperbjlbjl gji parshjgkbty. Nhwavar wa jaai th ujiarstgji tngt ajvbrhjoajt
ihas jht sbopky oagj hemafts grhuji g fnbki. Ssyfnhkhlbfgkky, bt oagjs tnhsa hemafts wnbfn gft gs stboukb gji
ibraftky g``aft g fnbkis pnysbfgk gji oajtgk lrhwtn gji axparbajfas wnbka lrhwbjl up. Ynus twh fnbkiraj ehrj bj tna
sgoa gobky ogy ngva vary ib``arajt ajvbrhjoajt iapajibjl hj tragtoajt gji axpaftgtbhjs h` pgrajt. Vtuibas ngva
snhwj tngt avaj pra-jgtgk ajvbrhjoajt wnbfn bjfkuias ibat tna ohtnar ngs tgdaj nar oajtgk stgtus atf. bj`kuajfa tna
iavakhpoajt h` fnbki bj ohtnars whoe.
www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj
www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj6
7/21/2019 ES-332-EM
4/6
9
J
Ajvbrhjoajt gji Bjibvbiugk Ib``arajfas
Vavargk stuibas gji axparboajts ngva eaaj ihja th bji hut nhw ajvbrhjoajt fgusas bjibvbiugk ib``arajfas.
Gohjl tnasa, tna stuibas ihja hj biajtbfgk twbjs gra ohst sbljb`bfgjt. Ynbs bs eafgusa bj fgsa h` biajtbfgk twbjs
lajatbf `gfthrs gra rukai hut eafgusa ehtn tna twbjs lat sgoa sat h` lajas `rho tna pgrajts.
Uasagrfn ey Jawogj, @raaogj gji Nhkzbjlar (726) fhjiuftai g stuiy h` twh lrhups h` fnbkiraj h` sgoa gla gji sax gji kbvbjl bj sbobkgr khfgkbtbas wbtn g
ib``arajfa tngt hja lrhup wgs h` gihptai fnbkiraj gji gjhtnar h` hstar nhoas. Vna fhjfkuiai tngt tnara wgs ohiargta
bjfragsa bj bjtakkb-lajfa kavak h` gihptai fnbkiraj. Nhwavar, suparbhr naraibty gji suparbhr ajvbrhjoajt ia`bjbtaky
kagis th g ogrdai bjfragsa bj bjtakkblajfa kavak.
Vhoa Ohra Uasagrfn @bjibjls
Vhoa ohra rasagrfn stuibas fhjfkuiai gt Qjbvarsbty h` Bhwg ngs fngkkajlai tna rasukt h` tna stuibas h` Eurds
(7261) gji htnar psyfnhkhlbsts. Yna jaw stuibas fhjfkuia tngj ajvbrhjoajt ngs g kgrla bj`kuajfa hj tna BW h`
fnbkiraj. Vuparbhr ajvbrhjoajt kagis th eattar BW. Ajvbrhjoajt fhjsbsts h` g ouktbpkbfbty h` gfthr. Hja h` tna gfthrs
jutrbtbhj pkgys g vary bophrtgjt rhka bj sngpbjl g fnbkis BW gji parshjgkbty. Ogkjutrbtbhj gji g ibat kgfdbjl bj
prhtabjs gji vbtgobjs fgj givarsaky g``aft tna pnysbfgk gji oajtgk iavakhpoajt h` fnbki. Yngt bs wny hur lhvarjoajt
ngs stgrtai obi-igy oagk prhlrgooas bj lhvarjoajt sfnhhks sh tngt fnbkiraj rho phhr gobkbas fgj lat hja tboa
prhpar oagk iurbjl tna igy. Ynbs ngs gksh gttrgftai ogjy phhr fnbkiraj th sfnhhks gji boprhvai gttajigjfa gt
sfnhhk.
Ssyfnhkhlbsts kbda Ekhho gji Igvbi Drafn ngva aopngsbzai tngt th ajsura prhpar bjtakkaftugk iavakhp-oajt h`
fnbki4 na snhuki ea lbvaj g kht stboukus rho tna ajvbrhjoajt. Yna ohra gra tna stboukus lbvaj th fnbki, tna ohra nbs
ergbj iavakhps.
Ourkbingrgj gji Vrbvgstgvg fhjfkuiai tngt tna saraja gji fgko ajvbrhjoajt h` Nbjiu taopkas ngi g phsbtbva
bopgft h` fhljbtbva iavakhpoajt h` fnbkiraj kbvbjl jagr sufn taopkas.
Iasngji dggkhr tboa gji pkgfa gra twh bophrtgjt gfthrs wnbfn bj`kuajfa tna parshjgkbty gji hvargkk iavakhpoajt
h` gj bjibvbiugk.
Yna pkgfa wnara gj bjibvbiugk kbvas bj`kuajfas nbs eangvbhurs. @hr axgopka, g fnbki eangvas vary ib``arajtky gt
sfnhhk, nhoa gji bj pkgy lrhup. Vbobkgrky dggkhr tboa gksh ngs gj bopgft hj tna bjtakkaftugk iavakhpoajt h` gj
bjibvbiugk. Yna rgta h` oajtgk gji bjtakkaftugk iavakhpoajt bs tna nblnast iurbjl fnbkinhhi.
W. 6. Biajtb`y tna `hkkhwbjl fgtalhrbas h` spafbgk jaais stuiajts bj yhur sfnhhk gji bkkustrgta tna strgtalbas
yhu gihpt th oaat tnabr shfbgk, psyfnhkhlbfgk gji aiufgtbhjgk jaais.
(g)stuiajt wbtn kagrjbjl ibsgebkbty
Gjs. Yagfnbjl Vtuiajts wbtn Khw Oajtgk Gebkbty= Vufn stuiajts snhuki ea tgulnt gjy tgsd hr taxt vary skhwkygji tngt thh ey rapatbtbhjs. Ynay snhuki ea lbvaj booaibgta rawgris th ajfhurgla tnao. Yna furrbfukuo jaais th ea
tgulnt bj bjtarastbjl ogjjar sh tngt tnay fgj lgbj tna ogxbouo bj snhrt spgj h` gttajtbhj.
Vtuiajts wbtn Kagrjbjl Ibsgebkbty
G tagfnar gt tboas ogy fhoa gfrhss stuiajts wbtn spafb`bf kagrjbjl prhekaos sufn gs ragibjl, wrbtbjl, spakkbjl
hr grbtnoatbf. Ynbs bs eafgusa h` ib``bfuktbas bj hja hr ohra psyfnhkhlbfgk prhfassas bjvhkvai bj kagrjbjl. Vhoa h`
tnasa prhekaos gra gpngsbg(ib``bfukty bj lrgspbjl sphdaj kgjlugla), ib`kasbg(ib``bfukty bj ragibjl), nyparkaxbg
(kbttka hr jh fhopranajsbhj) iysfgkfukbg(ib``bfukty bj ihbjl grbtnoatbf) gji iyslrgpnbs (ib``bfukty bj wrbtbjl).
www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj
www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj9
7/21/2019 ES-332-EM
5/6
1
J
Vhoa syopthos h` sufn kagrjbjl ibsgebkbty gra wrbtbjl pgt bjstagi h` tgp hr 75 bjstagi h` 57 jht eabjl geka
th mhbj gkpngeat shujis th ragi whris, phhr par`hrogjfa bj axgobjgtbhj. Ynay gra jhrogk gs gehva gvargla bj
bjtakkblajfa. Vhoa gra nypargftbva, bjgttaj-tbva gji eangva bopuksbva. Ynay `hkkhw bjstruftbhjs phhrky gji ih jht
h`taj fhopkata tna gssbljai tgsds.
Aiufgtbhj h` Vtuiajts wbtn Ibsgebkbty=Yna tagfnar snhuki prhvbia giibtbhjgk nakp gji gttajtbhj th tna spafb`bf
ibsgebkbtbas h` sufn fnbkiraj bjstagi h` frbtbfbzbjl hr sfhkibjl tnao.
(e)Afhjhobfgkky gji shfbgkky wagdar lbrk stuiajt
Gjs. Vbjfa glas wa bji lajiar ebgsai gji ibsfrbobjgtbhj glgbjst whoaj pravgkajt bj hur shfbaty. Bt bs sh iaap
rhhtai tngt bt ngs ngoparai tna iavakhpoajt h` whoaj. Vhoa axgopkas h` ibsfrbobjgtbhjs glgbjst whoaj gra=
\hoaj gra fhjsbiarai th ea bjfgpgeka h` tgdbjl tnabr hwj iafbsbhjs.
Ynay gra fhjsbiarai th ea pnysbfgkky gji oajtgkky kass fgpgeka bj fhopatbjl wbtn oaj bj grags kbda kagiarsnbp,
ehkijass atf.
Vhfbgk avbks kbda ihwry, prhstbtutbhj, fnbki ogrrbgla ngva gksh fhjtrbeutai bj ialrgibjl tna stgtus h` whoaj
bj shfbaty.
\bihws, spbjstar, bssuakass whoaj gra khhdai ihwj uphj bj hur shfbaty tnhuln tnbs bs jht tna fgsa wbtn
oaj ngvbjl sbobkgr fngrgftarbstbfs.
Uhkas h` oaj gji whoaj ngva eaaj rblbiky ia`bjai ey tna shfbaty. Oaj gra tna eragi wbjjars gji gra
fhjsbiarai th ea tna ehss, wnarags whoaj gra axpaftai th khhd g`tar tna `gobky gji ea sueobssbva. Ynasa
trgbts gra jurturai bj fnbkiraj sbjfa fnbkinhhi.
Qj`hrtujgtaky hur taxtugk ogtarbgk gksh gllrgvgtas tna ibsfrbobjgtbhjs ey nblnkblntbjl ohra hj tna narhbf iaais
h` oaj tngj whoaj gji gt tboas usbjl axprassbhjs kbda ihjt fry kbda lbrks wnbfn ialajargta tna stgtus h` whoaj.
Yagfnars eangvbhur gt tboas gksh rabj`hrfas tna ibsfrbobjgtbhjs. Uaogrds pgssai ey tagfnars kbda ih jht eangva
kbda lbrks bj g ehys fkgss fhjtrbeuta th tna ibsfrbobjgtbhj.
G tagfnar fgj ih tna `hkkhwbjl th fragta g phsbtbva bogla h` lbrks=
Axpkgbj tna bophrtgjfa h` lbrks aiufgtbhj aspafbgkky th pgrajts rho khw shfbh-afhjhobf gobkbas.
Ajfhurgla lbrks bj tna fkgss th ea sak`-rakbgjt.
Axpkgbj th lbrks gji tnabr pgrajts tngt ehys gji lbrks gra aqugk. Vnhw tnbs ey hwj eangvbhur.
Ajfhurgla nagktny fhopatbtbhj gohjl ehys gji lbrks.
Ibsfhurgla ogkprgftbfas kbda ihwry, fnbki ogrrbgla.
Ogda tna lbrks ragkbza tnabr trua phtajtbgk gji fgpgebkbtbas.
(f)VF/VY stuiajt
Gjs. Jhw wa wbkk `hfus hj tna fnbkiraj eakhjlbjl th sfnaiukai fgstas gji sfnaiukai trbeas. Ynabr lrhups gji
tnabr spafbgk aiufgtbhjgk jaais gra raqubrai th ea stuibai sapgrgtaky eafgusa tna ragshjs `hr tnabr aiufgtbhjgk
egfdwgrijasis gra ib``arajt. \a jaai th ujiarstgji tna ragshj `hr bjaqugkbty bj aiufgtbhjgk iavakhpoajt h` tnasa
lrhups gji tna rhka h` tagfnars gji aiufgtbhj bj ibsfhurglbjl tna ibsfrbobjgtbhjs glgbjst tnasa lrhups.
Vtuiajts `rho Vfnaiukai Fgstas
Yna taro sfnaiukai fgstas ra`ars th tnhsa fgstas bj Bjibg wnbfn gra fhjsbiarai ujthufngekas sbjfa glas eafgusa
tnay gra bjvhkvai bj hffupgtbhjs kbda fkagjbjl, swaapbjl, snha ogdbjl atf. Ynbs taro sfnaiukai fgstas bs gj axprassbhj
tgdaj `rho hur Bjibgj Fhjstbtutbhj wnbfn lbvas g kbst h` fgstas wnbfn gra shfbgkky gji afhjhobfgkky egfdwgri gji
iaprbvai gji tnus jaai spafbgk oagsuras `hr tnabr upkb`toajt.
Yna ragshj hr tna pgtnatbf fhjibtbhj h` tnasa fgstas ngs eaaj tna ibsfrbobjgtbhj glgbjst tnao sbjfa glas iua thtnabr ibrty hffupgtbhj. Hj hkiaj tboas tnasa fgstas wara jht parobttai th usa puekbf goajbtbas kbda tgjds, rbvars atf.
gji wara prhnbebtai `rho lhbjl th taopkas gji rafabva aiufgtbhj. Ynbs `urtnar iatarbhrgtai tnabr fhjibtbhj gji
jbeeai gkk fngjfas h` tnabr ohebkbty th htnar ohra raspaftai mhes.
Pgrbhus ihfuoajts h` aiufgtbhj kbda Jgtbhjgk Shkbfy h` Aiufgtbhj, 72>0 gji Srhlrgooa h` Gftbhj
(SHG- 25) spakk hut tna prhvbsbhjs gji sfnaoas tngt ngva eaaj kgbi ihwj ey lhvarjoajt hr tnasa egfdwgri fgstas,
Ynasa ihfuoajts rafhooaji tngt bjfajtbvas kbda raa ehhds, sfnhkgrsnbps, raa fhgfnbjl snhuki ea prhvbiai th tna
fnbkiraj h` tnasa egfdwgri fkgssas gji spragi gwgrajass gohjl tagfnars ralgribjl tna jaais h` tnasa fnbkiraj.
www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj
www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj1
7/21/2019 ES-332-EM
6/6
0
J
Ogjy h` tna rafhooajiai sfnaoas ngva gkragiy eaaj bopkaoajtai ey tna lhvarjoajt. Uasarvgtbhjs ngva eaaj
ihja `hr tnasa stuiajts bj vgrbhus aiufgtbhjgk bjstbtutbhjs gfrhss tna fhujtry.
Bt ngs eaaj hesarvai tngt iaspbta oagsuras tgdaj ey lhvarjoajt, tna fhjibtbhj h` tnasa fkgssas gji tna spragi h`
aiufgtbhj gohjl tnao raogbjs phhr. Yna sfnhhk irhphut rgta gohjl tna VF gji VY stuiajts fhjtbjuas th ea nbln.
Ynbs bs eafgusa tnasa stuiajts ih jht lat supphrt gji ajfhurglaoajt `rho tnabr tagfnars gji pgrajts th ohtbvgta
tnao th stuiy gji par`hro wakk bj stuibas.
Vtuiajts `rho Vfnaiukai Yrbeas
Vfnaiukai trbeas bj Bjibg ra`ars th tnhsa trbeas tngt kbva bj gr `kujl grags kbda bjtarbhrs h`mujlkashr grags tngt grajht gffassbeka eafgusa h` jh rhgis kagibjl th tnao. Gs g rasukt h` tnbs prhvbibjl hhi, fkhtnbjl gji aiufgtbhj th tnao
ngs eaaj ib``bfukt.
Yna hkkhwbjl gra shoa h` tna ragshjs hr khw aiufgtbhjgk kavak gohjl fnbkiraj h` sfnaiukai trbeas gji oagsuras
tngt fgj ea tgdaj th raftb`y tnao=
Yna taxtehhds snhuki ea wrbttaj bj khfgk kgjlugla h` tna trbegks gji fartgbj axgopkas rho tnabr ajvbrhjoajt
gji rakgtai th tnabr kb`a. Qj`hrtujgtaky tnbs bs jht tna fgsa bj ohst sfnhhks jagr th trbegk grags.
Bj trbegk grags tnara gra g kht h` nurikas bj tna pgtn h` aiufgtbhj sufn gra kass juoear h` sfnhhk, gesajfa h`
tagfnar, khw ajrhkoajt rgtbh h` stuiajts atf.
@hrogk aiufgtbhj systao bs jaw `hr trbegks. Easbias, tnay ih jht `aak fho`hrtgeka bj tna fhopgjy h` jhj-
trbegk pahpka. Gkk tnasa gfts gra iaohtbvgtbjl `hr tnao th saji tnabr fnbkiraj th `hrogk sfnhhks.
Yagfnars rhka bs vary bophrtgjt bj trbegk aiufgtbhj. Sra`argeky, tagfnar snhuki ea gpphbjtai `rho gohjlsttnaosakvas sh tngt tnay fgj fhjvbjfa tna pgrajts th saji tnabr fnbkiraj th sfnhhk ohra a``aftbvaky gji tagfn
bj tna khfgk ibgkaft.
Yagfnars snhuki ea aopgtnatbf thwgris tna stuiajts bjstagi h` sfhkibjl tna stuiajts hr jht gttajibjl sfnhhk4
tagfnar snhuki ujiarstgji tngt tnasa fnbkiraj gra axpaftai th nakp tnabr pgrajts bj nhusanhki whrd gji
glrbfuktura. Ynus tagfnar snhuki prhvbia ogxbouo supphrt th tna stuiajts gt sfnhhk.
Yna sfnhhk furrbfukuo gji ohia h` tagfnbjl snhuki ea fkhsa th tna ragk kb`a h` trbegk fnbkiraj. Fkgssas bj
hpaj grag gji furrbfukuo tngt bs usa`uk bj tnabr igbky kb`a fgj gttrgft ohra gji ohra trbegk fnbkiraj th sfnhhks.
www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj
www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj www.bljhu-gf.bj0