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H\dltnkh-N

Mhswdr ted okbbkwnhg qudstnkhs nh makut 400 wkrcs dmle.

]. =. Dxmfnhd ted nhtdrrdbmtnkhsenp adtwddh sklnmb prkabdfs mhc sklnmb fkvdfdhts.

Mhs. Akte ted sklnkbkgy ko sklnmb fkvdfdhts mhc ted sklnkbkgy ko sklnmb prkabdfs dxpdrndhldc nhtdbbdltumb

rdvnvmbs temt adgmh nh ted =>70s. Sed stucy ko sklnmb fkvdfdhts senotdc orkf mllkuhtnhg okr fkvdfdhts fdfadrs

cnslkhtdht, tk mh dookrt tk uhcdrstmhc wey fkvdfdhts sullddcdc kr omnbdc, amsdc kh fkcdbs temt dfpemsnzdc ormfnhg,

rdskurld fkanbnzmtnkh, kppkrtuhnty strulturds, mhc ncdhtnty pkbntnls. \nfnbmrby, ted stucy ko sklnmb prkabdfs turhdc

orkf ted mhmbysns ko emrfoub sklnmb lkhcntnkhs tk mh dfpemsns kh ted prkldss ay wenle sklnmb prkabdfs wdrd sklnmbby

lkhstrultdc.

\klnmb fkvdfdhts mhc sklnmb lemhgd ns sddf skfdtnfds syhkhyfkus wnte dmle. \klnmb fkvdfdhts fmy prkfnsdtk arnhg makut sklnmb lemhgd aut nt ns hkt khd-wmy prkldss. Hkt khby ck sklnmb fkvdfdhts arnhg makut lemhgd aut

sklnmb lemhgd skfdtnfds gnvds anrte tk fkvdfdhts. \klnmb lemhgd kotdh arddcs sklnmb fkvdfdht mhc \fdbsdr ems

cdonhdc sklnmb fkvdfdht ms mh krgmhnzdc grkup dookrt tk gdhdrmtd sklnk-lubturmb lemhgd. Okr dvdry sklnmb fkvdfdht

tedrd ns m lkuhtdr fkvdfdht.

Sed purpksd ko tedsd lkuhtdr fkvdfdhts ns tk kppksd ted krngnhmb fkvdfdht. Sedy struggbd tk fmnhtmnh ted

stmtus quk. \klndty ns hkt m stmtnl dbdfdht. Nt ns m lkfpbdx systdf ko fkvdfdhts mhc lkuhtdr fkvdfdhts pubbnhg nh

cnoodrdht cnrdltnkhs. Wedh tens tussbd ns onhmbby nh omvkur ko ted fkvdfdht, nt adlkfds m pmrt ko ted sklnmb strulturd.

M sulldssoub fkvdfdht fmy adlkfd pmrt ko ted sklnmb krcdr. Nt lmh ad smnc temt ted nhtrnlmtd rdbmtnkhsenp adtwddh

sklnmb fkvdfdhts mhc sklnmb lemhgd lmhhkt ad lkfpbdtdby uhcdrstkkc. Mllkrcnhg tk \fdbsdr wenbd tedrd ns fule

temt wd ck hkt uhcdrstmhc makut ted nhtdrpbmy ko sklnmb fkvdfdhts mhc sklnmb lemhgd nt ns lbdmr temt ted twk mrd

bnhjdc nh mh nhtrnlmtd pmttdrh.

M enstkrnlmb kasdrvmtnkh temt ourtedr lkfpbnlmtds ted prdcnltnkh ko sklnmb prkabdfs kh ted amsns ko strulturmb

omltkrs mbkhd ns ted daa mhc obkw nh tednr nhlncdhld kvdr tnfd nh ted smfd sklndty, wenle ckds hkt mbwmys sddf lbksdby

rdbmtdc tk strulturmb lkfpbdxnty kr rmtds ko lemhgd. Nh rdldht Mfdrnlmh enstkry, okr dxmfpbd, ted pdrnkcs wenle

spmwhdc ted bmrgdst hufadr ko sklnmb prkabdfs mhc rdokrf fkvdfdhts wdrd ted sk-lmbbdc Prkgrdssnvd Drm (bmtd =>te

ldhtury up terkuge Wkrbc Wmr N) mhc ted Jdhhdcy-Ikehskh ydmrs (ted bmtd =>40s mhc ted =>?0s). Nt wkubc ad

cnoonlubt tk fmjd ted lmsd temt tedsd pdrnkcs wdrd vdry cnoodrdht nh strulturmb lemrmltdrnstnls orkf ted cdlmcds kh

dntedr sncd ko tedf, aut tedy wdrd pdrnkcs wedh fmhy pdkpbd wdrd lkhldrhdc wnte m vmrndty ko sklnmb prkabdfs mhc

M\\NGHFDHS \KBTSNKH\ GTNCD (10=3-10=4)

D.\.K.-=?\klnmb Prkabdfs nh Nhcnm

Cnslbmnfdr/\pdlnmb Hktd9Sedsd mrd iust ted smfpbd ko ted Mhswdrs/\kbutnkhs tk skfd ko ted ]udstnkhs gnvdh nh ted

Mssnghfdhts. Sedsd \mfpbd Mhswdrs/\kbutnkhs mrd prdpmrdc ay Prnvmtd Sdmledr/Sutkrs/Muetkrs okr ted edbp mhc Guncmhld

ko ted stucdht tk gdt mh ncdm ko ekw ed/sed lmh mhswdr ted ]udstnkhs ko ted Mssnghfdhts. Wd ck hkt lbmnf =00%

Mllurmly ko tedsd smfpbd Mhswdrs ms tedsd mrd amsdc kh ted jhkwbdcgd mhc lmamanbnty ko Prnvmtd Sdmledr/Sutkr. \mfpbd

mhswdrs fmy ad sddh ms ted Guncd/Edbp Akkj okr ted rdodrdhld tk prdpmrd ted mhswdrs ko ted ]udstnkh gnvdh nh ted

mssnghfdht. Ms tedsd skbutnkhs mhc mhswdrs mrd prdpmrdc ay ted prnvmtd tdmledr/tutkr sk ted lemhlds ko drrkr kr fnstmjd

lmhhkt ad cdhndc. Mhy Kfnssnkh kr Drrkr ns engeby rdgrdttdc tekuge dvdry lmrd ems addh tmjdh wenbd prdpmrnhg tedsd

\mfpbd Mhswdrs/\kbutnkhs. Pbdmsd lkhsubt ykur kwh Sdmledr/Sutkr adokrd yku prdpmrd m Pmrtnlubmr Mhswdr & okr uptkcmtd

mhc dxmlt nhokrfmtnkh, cmtm mhc skbutnkh. \tucdht sekubc fust rdmc mhc rdodr ted koonlnmb stucy fmtdrnmb prkvncdc ay ted

uhnvdrsnty.


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??) ems mh nhsnget temt fmy ad mppbnlmabd

edrd. Ms m pmrt ko ens mhmbysns ko lrnfd rmtds nh =?te-ldhtury Fmssmleusdtts, ed mrguds temt rmtds ko lrnfd mhc,

nhcddc, rmtds ko cdvnmhld nh gdhdrmb tdhc tk rdfmnh lkhstmht kvdr bkhg pdrnkcs ko tnfd. Mbtekuge tedrd fmy ad senots

nh ted pmrtnlubmr jnhcs ko cdvnmhld temt rdldnvd mttdhtnkh dvdry odw ydmrs, ted mfkuht ko cdvnmhld, nhlbucnhg lrnfd,

tmjdh ms m wekbd ckds hkt obultumtd fule. Sedrd sddfs tk ad m quktm ko cdvnmhld temt mhy sklndty lmh mookrc,adlmusd nts sklnmb lkhtrkb mppmrmtus ns hdldssmrnby onhntd. Sens mppmrmtus snfpby lmhhkt ad sprdmc tenh dhkuge tk

emhcbd edmvy mhc uhprdcnltmabd cdfmhcs kh nts onhmhlnmb mhc bkgnstnlmb systdf. Ms m rdsubt, no ted sklnmb lkhtrkb

mgdhlnds (nhlbucnhg pkbnld, lkurts, pdremps lbdrgy mhc jnhsenp mutekrntnds, tkk, nh trmcntnkhmb sklndtnds ) mrd lmbbdc

upkh tk lkpd wnte succdh wmvds ko khd kr twk jnhcs ko cdvnmhld, tedy fust pmy bdss mttdhtnkh tk ktedr jnhcs--m

prkldss wenle Drnjskh lmbbs cnspbmldfdht ko sklnmb lkhtrkb dookrts. Sens tedkrdtnlmb pksntnkh ns cdrnvdc ubtnfmtdby

orkf ted ouhltnkhmb fkcdb put okrte ay Curjednf (=>?39?7), wek vndwdc cdvnmhld ms mh nhtdgrmb pmrt ko mbb edmbtey

sklndtnds (tekuge rdgrdttmaby sk). Edhld, cdvnmhld (kr lrnfd) oubonbs ldrtmnh nfpkrtmht ouhltnkhs nh sklndty, sule

ms akuhcmry-fmnhtdhmhld okr ted hkrfmtnvd systdf (wedh lubprnts mrd puhnsedc ms mh dxmfpbd tk ktedrs) mhc ted

rdnhokrldfdht ko grkup skbncmrnty wedh fdfadrs amhc tkgdtedr tk puhnse kr dxpdb ted lubprnt. \dvdrd cdvnmhld,

ourtedrfkrd, sdrvds ted ouhltnkh ko fmnhtmnhnhg m omnr mfkuht ko bddwmy okr nhcnvncumb mhc grkup cnvdrsnty, kr dvdh

dlldhtrnlnty, ay jddpnhg ted sklnmb lkhtrkb mgdhlnds sk ausy wnte sdrnkus lrnfds temt tedy lmhhkt ad usdc tk lrmlj

ckwh kh bdssdr okrfs ko cdvnmhld. Dvdh nh m sklndty nh wenle lrnfds nh ted usumb sdhsd wdrd hk bkhgdr lkffnttdc,

Curjednf dxpbmnhs, lrnfd wkubc hkt tedrday cnsmppdmr: nt wkubc khby lemhgd nts okrf, okr ted vdry lmusd wenle

wkubc teus cry up ted skurlds ko lrnfnhmbnty wkubc nffdcnmtdby kpdh up hdw khds . . . . Nfmgnhd m sklndty ko smnhts,

m pdrodlt lbknstdr ko dxdfpbmry nhcnvncumbs. Lrnfds, prkpdrby sk lmbbdc, wnbb tedrday ad uhjhkwh: aut omubts wenle

mppdmr vdhnmb tk ted bmyfmh wnbb lrdmtd tedrd ted smfd slmhcmb temt ted krcnhmry koodhsd ckds nh krcnhmry (sklndtnds).

Sens (eypktedtnlmb, pdrodlt) sklndty . . . wnbb cdonhd tedsd mlts ms lrnfnhmb mhc trdmt tedf ms sule. Nt ns nh tens sdhsd,

smys Curjednf, temt lrnfd ns hkrfmb, adlmusd m sklndty dxdfpt orkf nt ns uttdrby nfpkssnabd. \k, puttnhg ted ncdms

ko Curjednf mhc Drnjskh tkgdtedr, ted mrgufdht ns temt dvdry sklndty gdhdrmtds kr cdonhds nts kwh hkrfmb bdvdb ko

cdvnmht ademvnkur, mhc tens bdvdb ns bnjdby tk rdfmnh stmabd kvdr tnfd, mbtekuge ted pmrtnlubmr koodhsds cdonhdc ms

cdvnmht (kr dhokrldc ms sule) fmy vmry orkf tnfd tk tnfd. Wd prkpksd edrd temt tens Curjednf-Drnjskh mrgufdht adarkmcdhdc adykhc cdvnmhld tk nhlbucd mbb sklnmb prkabdfs. Wd tedrdokrd fmnhtmnh temt dvdry sklndty nh m gnvdh spmh

ko tnfd ems nts kwh hkrfmb quktm ko sklnmb prkabdfs.

]. 1. Wemt ns dtehnlnty; Cnsluss ted vmrnkus cnfdhsnkhs ko ted prkabdfs ko dtehnlnty nh Nhcnm.

Mhs.Mh dtehnlnty, kr dtehnl grkup, ns m sklnmbby-cdonhdc lmtdgkry ko pdkpbd wek ncdhtnoy wnte dmle ktedr amsdc

kh lkffkh mhldstrmb, sklnmb, lubturmb, kr hmtnkhmb dxpdrndhld. Fdfadrsenp ko mh dtehnl grkup tdhcs tk ad cdonhdc ay

m semrdc lubturmb edrntmgd, mhldstry, fyte ko krngnhs, enstkry, ekfdbmhc, bmhgumgd (cnmbdlt), kr dvdh ncdkbkgy, mhc

fmhnodsts ntsdbo terkuge syfakbnl systdfs sule ms rdbngnkh, fytekbkgy mhc rntumb, lunsnhd, crdssnhg stybd, peysnlmb

mppdmrmhld, dtl.

Dtehnlnty rdodrs tk dtehnl grkups mhc mltumbby ted tdrfs lmh ad usdc nhtdrlemhgdmaby. Dtehnlnty pdrtmnhs tk m

grkup ko pdkpbd wek semrd m lkffkh edrntmgd, bmhgumgd, lubturd, rdbngnkh, mhc ncdkbkgnds. Kotdhtnfds, ncdkbkgndspdrtmnh tk lustkfmry mhldstry. Adnhg m fdfadr ko sule grkup arnhgs rdmbnzmtnkh ko adbkhgnhg tk dtehnlnty.

Mljhkwbdcgdfdht orkf cnoodrdht grkup's uhnqudhdss cdhktds dtehnl ncdhtnty. Qdlkghntnkh ko sule dtehnl ncdhtnty ns

m rdsubt ko m prkldss lmbbdc dtehkgdhdsns. Dtehnlnty kr dtehnl grkup ns cdrnvdc orkf m Grddj wkrc dtehks. Nh Dhgbnse

ted Grddj wkrc dtehks ns trmhsbmtdc ms hmtnkh. Sed tdrf snghnonds pdkpbd wek adbkhg tk lkffkh mhldstry semrnhg m

wdbb-cdonhdc lubturd. Nh Dhgbnse, dtehnl wms usdc tk fdmh pmgmh orkf ted =3te ldhtury up tk ted fnccbd ko =>te

ldhtury. Nt wms khby nh ted =>te ldhtury wedh ted fkcdrh fdmhnhg ko dtehnlnty wms usdc.

Sed fkcdrh fdmhnhg ko dtehnlnty wms usdc tk lkhvdy ted lkhldpt ko pdkpbd kr hmtnkh. Ekwdvdr, nt wms khby



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nh ted 10te ldhtury, nh ted =>40s wedh ted tdrf dtehnlnty wms lknhdc. Mt temt tnfd, ted tdrf hmtnkhmbnty wms usdc khd

mhc ted smfd wnte dtehnlnty. Mt skfd pknht, ted tdrf wms mbsk usdc nhtdrlemhgdmaby wnte lntnzdhsenp. Ms ted tnfd

lemhgds, ted fkcdrh usd ko ted tdrf dtehnlnty mbsk lemhgds. Kvdrtnfd, nhcustrnmbnzdc stmtds emvd dhlkuhtdrdc grkups

orkf ted dxtdrhmb bklmtnkh. \ule grkups rdodr tk nffngrmhts mhc nhcngdhkus pdkpbd. Orkf ted pdrspdltnvd ko hmtnkhmb,

dtehnlnty adlmfd m tdrf rdodrrnhg tk grkup ko pdkpbd ncdhtnondc terkuge uhnqud lubturmb ncdhtntnds. Sedsd pdkpbd orkf

cnoodrdht lubturmb fmikrnty adlmfd suaidltdc tk m hmtnkh.

Dtehnl mltnvnty mhc sdpmrmtnsf lmfd nh m ang wmy nh ted pkst-lkbkhnmb 10te ldhtury. Fmhy lkuhtrnds bnjd Pmjnstmh,

Hngdrnm, mhc \rn Bmhjm dtl. wdrd cddpby moodltdc ay ted dtehnl prkabdf. Sed dtehnl mltnvnty mbsk moodltdc dvdh tedcdvdbkpdc wdst bnjd Wdbse mhc \lkts, Amsquds nh \pmnh dtl. Dvdh ted dgmbntmrnmh fdbtnhg pkt Mfdrnlm mbsk omldc

Abmlj dtehnl mltnvnty. Sed drstwenbd \kvndt Thnkh ems addh omlnhg dtehnl lrnsns okr sk bkhg wnte Lrkmtnm, \bkvmjs, mhc

Ledlehym nh lkhobnlt. Sed dtehnlnty ems adlkfd m wkrbcwncd pedhkfdhkh.

Sed prkabdf ko dtehnlnty mhc hmtnkh aunbcnhg ems addh wncdby cnslussdc kvdr ted pmst odw cdlmcds. Sed

pedhkfdhkh ko dtehnlnty ems nhtrnhsnl lkfpkhdht ko ted sklnk-pkbntnlmb rdmbntnds ko fubtn-dtehnl kr pburmb-lubturmb

sklndtnds bnjd nh Nhcnm. Nh Nhcnm wnte nts vmrndty ko pburmbntnds nh tdrfs ko bmhgumgd, rmld, rdbngnkh mhc sk kh dtehnl

lkhobnlt ems adlkfd m pmrt ko ted pkbntnlmb sldhmrnk. Sed prkldssds ko cdvdbkpfdht mhc lemhgd emvd gdhdrmtdc

lkhcntnkhs okr dtehnl lkhobnlt ms ted orunts ko tedsd cdvdbkpfdht prkldssds emvd addh cnstrnautdc uhdvdhby.

Nhcnm ems m engeby lkfpbdx mhc lkbkuroub sklnmb fksmnl. dt, mbtekuge lemrmltdrnzdc ay m vmst sprdmc ko lubturmb

cnvdrsnty mhc edtdrkgdhdnty, tens fksmnl ns hkt lemktnl. Nt ems m lbdmrby cnsldrhnabd pmttdrh, wedrdnh sklnk-lubturmbcnvdrsnty crmws nts strdhgte mhc sustdhmhld orkf Nhcnms lkfpksntd lubturd mhc lnvnbnzmtnkhmb terust. Sens lubturd ems

dvkbvdc kvdr ldhturnds, terkuge m prkldss ko mssnfnbmtnkh mhc mfmbgmfmtnkh ko ted cnvdrsd lubturmb nhobuxds lkfnhg

wnte ted ekrcds ko nhvmcdrs ted Mrymhs, ted \mjms, ted Euhs, ted Pmtemhs, ted Fkgeubs, mhc ted Durkpdmhs. Seus,

ted dvkbvdc lkfpksntd lubturd ko Nhcnm lmhhkt ad lkfpmrdc dntedr wnte ted fdbtnhg-pkt ko Mfdrnlmh sklndty kr wnte

ted fubtnhmtnkhmb stmtd dxdfpbnondc ay ted hkw cdouhlt \kvndt Thnkh. Nhcnms sklnk-lubturmb fksmnl ns ted trud pnlturd

ko uhnty nh cnvdrsnty, bnjd m akuqudt ko obkwdrs kr vdgdtmabds nh m smbmc akwb, wedrd dvdry lkfpkhdht, wenbd

rdtmnhnhg nts spdlnonl ncdhtnty, ns m pmrt ko m bmrgdr wekbd.

Tpkh tens lubturmb cnvdrsnty, wntenh ted mfant ko lnvnbnzmtnkhmb uhnty, ns amsdc ted rdmbnty ko ted fubtn-dtehnl

sklndty ko Nhcnm. \dvdrmb lubturmb fmrjdrs bmhgumgd, rmld, trnad, lmstd, rdbngnkh, mhc rdgnkh sdrvd ms ncdhtnty mxds okr

dtehnl grkups mhc tednr fkanbnzmtnkh. Nh fkst ko ted dtehnl grkups, fkrd temh khd ko tedsd lubturmb fmrjdrs mrdpdrtnhdht okr ncdhtnonlmtnkh. Nh ktedr wkrcs, Nhcnms dtehk-lkffuhntnds emvd fubtnbmydrdc mhc fubtncnfdhsnkhmb

ncdhtntnds temt nfpnhgd kh dmle ktedr nh m hkh-strmtnondc mhc cyhmfnl fmhhdr. Sed ncdhtnty lkfpksntnkh ko dtehk-

lkffuhntnds ems addh ourtedr lkfpbnlmtdc ay ted nfpksntnkh ko lbmss cnstnhltnkhs, hkt khby adtwddh khd mhc mhktedr

dtehk-lkffuhnty, aut mbsk wntenh dmle. Fubtnbmydrdc, hkh-strmtnondc ncdhtnty lkfpksntnkh ems dhmabdc dtehnl grkups

tk mssdrt mhc rdseuoobd tednr lubturmb fmrjdrs tk mcvmhld tednr pdrldnvdc kaidltnvds.

Swk ktedr lkffkhby mlldptdc lemrmltdrnstnls ko ted spdltruf ko dtehnl cnvdrsnty nh Nhcnm cdsdrvd mttdhtnkh. Khd

ns temt tedrd ns hk suakrcnhmtd ckfnhmht pmttdrh adtwddh ted dtehnl grkups. Seus, ted pmttdrhs ko lkhobnlts mhc

lkhtrmcnltnkhs adtwddh dtehk-lkffuhntnds vmry mbkhg slmbds ko tnfd mhc pbmld. \dlkhcby, ted dtehnl grkups ck hkt

emvd tdrrntkrnds fmrjdc kut okr tedf adlmusd ted lubturmb fmrjdrs ncdhtnoynhg sule grkups ck hkt lknhlncd wnte

tdrrntkrnmb akuhcmrnds.

\dltnkh - NN

Mhswdr ted okbbkwnhg qudstnkhs nh makut 140 wkrcs dmle.

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=. Nbbntdrmly9M bmrgd prkpkrtnkh ko nhcustrnmb wkrjdrs nh Nhcnm mrd nbbntdrmtds & nghkrmht. \k tedy lmhhkt uhcdrstmhc

ted prkabdfs lkhorkhtnhg ted dlkhkfy nh gdhdrmb & nhcustrnds nh pmrtnlubmr. Sedy ck hkt dvdh uhcdrstmhc tednr kwh

prkabdfs.

1. Bmlj ko Cnslnpbnhd9Sedrd ns hk cnslnpbnhd mfkhg ted nhcustrnmb bmakurs nh Nhcnm Nhcnslnpbnhd, masdhtddnsf

wntekut mhy rdmskhs. Fkvnhg orkf khd ika tk mhktedr dtl, mrd vdry lkffkh.

. Nghkrmht ko Qkbds & Qdgubmtnkhs9 M gkkc prkpkrtnkh ko kur nhcustrnmb wkrjdrs mrd nghkrmht ko rubds &

rdgubmtnkh.

=0. Amc Emants9Sed nhcustrnmb bmakurdrs nh Nhcnm mrd mccnltdc tk amc emants. Sedy mrd nhvkbvdc nh uhedmbtey

prmltnlds. Ms m rdsubt, tednr doonlndhly & fdhtmb cnslnpbnhd mrd amcby moodltdc.

]. 3. Cnsluss ted lmusds ko vnkbdhld mhc tdrrkrnsf nh lkhtdfpkrmry tnfds.

Mhs.Mbb tdrrkrnst mlts mrd fktnvmtdc ay twk tenhgs9

\klnmb mhc pkbntnlmb nhiustnld9 Pdkpbd lekksd tdrrkrnsf wedh tedy mrd trynhg tk rnget wemt tedy pdrldnvd tk ad

m sklnmb kr pkbntnlmb kr enstkrnlmb wrkhg-wedh tedy emvd addh strnppdc ko tednr bmhc kr rngets, kr cdhndc tedsd.

Sed adbndo temt vnkbdhld kr nts terdmt wnbb ad doodltnvd, mhc usedr nh lemhgd. Mhktedr wmy ko smynhg tens ns9 ted

adbndo temt vnkbdht fdmhs iustnoy ted dhcs. Fmhy tdrrkrnsts nh enstkry smnc snhldrdby temt tedy leksd vnkbdhld

motdr bkhg cdbnadrmtnkh, adlmusd tedy odbt tedy emc hk leknld.

Nh omlt, ted qudstnkh, "wemt lmusds tdrrkrnsf;" ns hkt quntd ted rnget qudstnkh tk ad msjnhg, adlmusd wd wnbb hdvdr

ad mabd tk mhswdr nt. Wd lmhhkt smy temt ted prdsdhld ko khd omltkr prkvkjds tdrrkrnsf nh ted smfd wmy temt wd lmh

smy wnte slndhtnonl ldrtmnhty temt ldrtmnh tkxnhs lmusd cnsdmsds.

No yku bnstdh lbksdby tk ted dxpbmhmtnkhs temt mrd usumbby gnvdh ms mhswdrs tk ted qudstnkh, "Wemt ns tdrrkrnsf;"

yku wnbb onhc temt tedy mltumbby mhswdr ted qudstnkh9 "Wemt mrd ted lkhcntnkhs nh wenle tdrrkrnsf ns fkst bnjdby tk

tmjd pbmld;" \kfdtnfds tedsd lkhcntnkhs emvd tk ck wnte ted pdkpbd wek adlkfd tdrrkrnsts (tedy mrd cdslrnadc msemvnhg ldrtmnh psylekbkgnlmb trmnts, bnjd 'hmrlnssnstnl rmgd') mhc skfd lkhcntnkhs emvd tk ck wnte ted lnrlufstmhlds

tedy bnvd nh (m pkkr sklndty: m okrfdrby lkbkhnzdc sklndty, okr dxmfpbd).

Mbtekuge fmhy pdkpbd tkcmy adbndvd temt temt rdbngnkus omhmtnlnsf "lmusds" tdrrkrnsf, nt nsh't trud. Nt fmy ad trud

temt rdbngnkus omhmtnlnsf lrdmtds lkhcntnkhs temt mrd omvkrmabd okr tdrrkrnsf. Aut wd jhkw temt rdbngnkus zdmbktry ckds

hkt 'lmusd' tdrrkrnsf adlmusd tedrd mrd fmhy rdbngnkus omhmtnls wek ck hkt lekksd tdrrkrnsf kr mhy okrf ko vnkbdhld.

\k tedrd fust mbsk ad ktedr lkhcntnkhs temt nh lkfanhmtnkh prkvkjd skfd pdkpbd tk sdd tdrrkrnsf ms mh doodltnvd wmy

ko lrdmtnhg lemhgd nh tednr wkrbc.



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Sedrd mrd twk fkrd rdmskhs wey msjnhg, "Wemt lkhcntnkhs lrdmtd m omvkrmabd lbnfmtd okr tdrrkrnsf;" ns adttdr

temh msjnhg makut lmusds Sed onrst ns, nt fmjds nt dmsy tk rdfdfadr temt tedrd mrd mbwmys mt bdmst sdvdrmb lkhcntnkhs.

Sdrrkrnsf ns m lkfpbdx pedhkfdhkh: nt ns m spdlnonl jnhc ko pkbntnlmb vnkbdhld lkffnttdc ay pdkpbd wek ck hkt emvd

bdgntnfmtd mrfy mt tednr cnspksmb. M sdlkhc rdmskh temt ems addh usdoub okr fd, ms N msj qudstnkhs makut tdrrkrnsf, ns

temt tenhjnhg nh tdrfs ko 'lkhcntnkhs' edbps fd rdfdfadr temt pdkpbd emvd m leknld makut wedtedr tk usd vnkbdhld.

]. 4. Dxmfnhd ted amrrndrs tk ted doodltnvd omfnby pbmhhnhg prkgrmffds nh Nhcnm.

Mhs.Omfnby pbmhhnhg nh Nhcnm ns amsdc kh dookrts bmrgdby spkhskrdc ay ted Nhcnmh gkvdrhfdht. Nh ted =>?4-100>

pdrnkc, lkhtrmldptnvd usmgd ems fkrd temh trnpbdc (orkf =70 tk 35% nh 100>) mhc ted

odrtnbnty rmtd ems fkrd temh embvdc (orkf 4.7 nh =>?? tk 1.3 nh 10=1), aut ted hmtnkhmb odrtnbnty rmtd ns stnbb enge dhkuge

tk lmusd bkhg-tdrf pkpubmtnkh grkwte. Nhcnm mccs up tk =,000,000 pdkpbd tk nts pkpubmtnkh dvdry 10 cmys.

Nhcnm bmuhledc m hmtnkhwncd Omfnby Pbmhhnhg Prkgrmffd nh =>41. Nhcnm ns ted onrst lkuhtry nh ted wkrbc tk bmuhle

sule m prkgrmffd. M sdpmrmtd cdpmrtfdht ko Omfnby Pbmhhnhg wms lrdmtdc nh =>?? nh ted fnhnstry ko edmbte. Nh =>77, ted

Imhmtm Gkvdrhfdht okrfubmtdc m hdw pkpubmtnkh pkbnly rubnhg kut lkfpubsnkh. Sed mlldptmhld ko ted prkgrmffd wms

fmcd purdby vkbuhtmry. Mbsk ted Imhmtm gkvdrhfdht hmfdc ted OP cdpmrtfdht ms Cdpmrtfdht ko Omfnby Wdbomrd. Sed

mbbklmtnkh okr tedsd prkgrmffds wms iust 0.= lrkrd nh Onrst Onvd ydmr pbmh. Nt ems nhlrdmsdc tk

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\dltnkh - NNN

Mhswdr ted okbbkwnhg qudstnkhs nh makut =00 wkrcs dmle.

]. 7. Cdonhd ted lkhldpt ko sklnmb trmhsokrfmtnkh.

Mhs.Nh sklnmb slndhtnonl bntdrmturd ted tdrf sklnmb trmhsokrfmtnkh ns nhlrdmsnhgby usdc tk cdslrnad sklndtmb lemhgds

mhc gdhdrmbby nhcnlmtds m lrntnlmb stmhld tkwmrcs kbcdr hktnkhs ko ted ncdm ko cdvdbkpfdht. Sed mpprkmle ko sklnmb

trmhsokrfmtnkh ckds hkt lkhsncdr ted wdstdrh fkcdb ms ted khd temt sekubc ad nfntmtdc ay mbb ktedr hmtnkhs. Qmtedr, nt

mcfnts temt lurrdht okrlds ko lemhgd mrd mbsk lrdmtnhg m lrnsns okr ted kbc nhcustrnmb hmtnkhs. \kfd slekbmrs lkhsncdrsklnmb trmhsokrfmtnkh stucnds ms m ondbc ko rdsdmrle temt lmh bdmc tk pksntnvd stdps okr sklnmb mhc pkbntnlmb mltnkh tk

prktdlt bklmb mhc hmtnkhmb lkffuhntnds mgmnhst hdgmtnvd lkhsdqudhlds ko gbkamb lemhgd. \klnmb trmhsokrfmtnkh ns ted

prkldss ay wenle mh nhcnvncumb mbtdrs ted sklnmbby mslrnadc sklnmb stmtus ko tednr pmrdhts nhtk m sklnmbby mlendvdc

stmtus okr tedfsdbvds \klnmb trmhsokrfmtnkh ns lkhsncdrdc mh nhtdrpdrskhmb hdgktnmtnkh adlmusd nt rdqunrds temt ted

nhcnvncumb emvd tednr sklnmb pksntnkh ad vmbncmtdc ay ktedrs okr trmhsokrfmtnkh. Nt ns m rdlnprklmb rdbmtnkhsenp nh wenle

pdkpbd emvd tk ad dfarmldc mhc lkrrdltby ncdhtnondc wnte ted lubturmb dxpdltmtnkhs ko tednr pmrtnlubmr lbmss fdfadrsenp.

Sens ns ted khby wmy temt pdrskhs lmh fkvd orkf tednr kwh mslrnadc stmtus tk m hdw mlendvdc stmtus.

]. 5. Cdonhd ted fdmhnhg ko skot stmtd.

Mhs.Sed tdrf skot stmtd wms onrst usdc ay ted hktdc dlkhkfnst Guhhmr Fyrcmb nh ens lbmssnlakkj Sed Msnmh

Crmfm nh ted lkhtdxt ko \kute Msnm okr ted nhmanbnty ko ted stmtds tk nfpbdfdht tednr dlkhkfnl pbmhs mhc prkgrmffdsdoonlndhtby mhc doodltnvdby. Hkw ted tdrf ems mlqunrdc mccntnkhmb cnfdhsnkhs ko fdmhnhg temt suasufds m

lkfprdedhsnvd lkbbmpsd ko dvdh ted fkst amsnl ouhltnkhs ko ted stmtd. M lkhtdfpkrmry pkbntnlmb lkffdhtmtkr Mtub

Jkebn ems mptby crmwh mttdhtnkh tk ted pmrmckx ko ted dhkrfkus dxpmhsnkh ko ted stmtd pkwdr nh Nhcnm mt ted smfd

tnfd wedh nts pkwdrbdsshdss tk mlt doodltnvdby ns dqumbby kavnkus.

Smjd sdvdrmb nhlncdhts kr dvdhts temt sekw ted skothdss ko ted Nhcnmh stmtd. Sed lkuhtry ems emc tk suoodr orkf m

sdrnds ko strnjds wenle emvd lrnppbdc ted ouhltnkhnhg ko ted gkvdrhfdht. Sedrd mrd strnjds ay ted amhjnhg pdrskhhdb,

ay ted tdbdlkffuhnlmtnkh kr ted mnrbnhds stmoo, ay ted trulj crnvdrs mhc ay suhcry krgmhnsmtnkhs nhlbucnhg dbdltrnlnty,

gkvdrhfdht uhnkhs, tdmledr uhnkhs, dtl. Nh fkst, no hkt mbb, sule strnjds, ted gkvdrhfdht, ted Ldhtrmb kr ted \tmtd,

auljbds uhcdr ted lkfanhdc prdssurd ko tedsd uhnkhs mhc ted cnoodrdht pkbntnlmb pmrtnds wenle usumbby suppkrt tedsd

strnjds mhc bdmc tk lbksurd kr sbkw-ckwh ko wkrj. Wedhdvdr sule strnjds tmjd pbmld mhc mrd rdskbvdc, usumbby ay

gnvnhg edoty pmy enjds kr ktedr adhdonts, nt ns khby ted krgmhnsdc sdltkr wenle adhdonts. Sed uhkrgmhnsdc sdltkr

hdntedr gdts ted pmy enjds hkr nfprkvdfdht nh tednr wkrjnhg lkhcntnkhs.



Documents

ESO-16-EM.pdf