ESTERILIZAÇÃO DE PRODUTOS MÉDICOS E HOSPITALARES POR EXPOSIÇÃO À RADIAÇÃO GAMA

7/22/2019 ESTERILIZAO DE PRODUTOS MDICOS E HOSPITALARES POR EXPOSIO RADIAO GAMA

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AHMUYF XML_HYQLUYLF EJ OXMEJF HEXAJALFMJDEH IJYYHUFQ AXYQF EH OQLAJ KELAJ

HQUHYLDLRJF EH ^YFEXUFQ KELAFQ H CFQ^LUJDJYHQ

^FY HS^FQLF YJELJF GJKJ

AJYDFQ D\FGL LU\JMJGXL

IJYYHUFQQ^

9>:1


2/42


HQUHYLDLRJF EH ^YFEXUFQ KELAFQ H CFQ^LUJDJYHQ

^FY HS^FQLF YJELJF GJKJ

Kfmfgrjolj jprhshmtjej afkf hxlgmalj pjraljdpjrj fithmf ef tltudf eh Ijacjrhd hk OslajKelaj ef Ahmtrf Xmlvhrsltrlf ej OumejfHeuajalfmjd eh Ijrrhtfs (XMLOHI)

Frlhmtjefr2 ^rfo. Er. Dulz ^judf Ghrjdef

Ijrrhtfs

9>:1


3/42

L:1.

Frlhmtjefr ^rfo. Er. Dulz ^judf Ghrjdef

UAAOslaj Kelaj.Ahmtrf Xmlvhrsltrlf ejOumejf Heuajalfmjd eh Ijrrhtfs. XMLOHI.

:. Oslaj Kelaj, 9. Hsthrldlzjf Gjkj, 1. LrrjeljfLmeustrljd


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HQUHYLDLRJF EH ^YFEXUFQ KELAFQ H CFQ^LUJDJYHQ^FY HS^FQLF YJELJF GJKJ

Kfmfgrjolj eh Urjijdcf eh Afmadusf eh Aursf jprhshmtjej afkf hxlgmalj pjraljd pjrjfithmf ef ttudf eh Ijacjrhd hk Oslaj Kelaj ef Ahmtrf Xmlvhrsltrlf ej OumejfHeuajalfmjd eh Ijrrhtfs (XMLOHI)

Ejtj ej jprfvjf VVVV/VVVV/VVVVVV

KHKIYFQ AFK^FMHMUHQ EJ IJMAJ HSJKLMJEFYJ

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

^rfo. Er. Dulz ^judf Ghrjdef

Frlhmtjefr


^rfo .Ks. Ucjtljmh Jdvhs ^ljmfsacl JdvjAfmvlejef


^rfo. Ks. ^judf Yfihrtf ej Ofmshaj Oldcf

Afmvlejef


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Ehelaf hsth trjijdcf jfs khus pjls ^judf h

Jdlah, khu lrkf Gustjvf h klmcj

mjkfrjej Jmj Ihjtrlz h j tfefs quh elrhtj

fu lmelrhtjkhmth olzhrjk pjrth ej klmcj

vlej eurjmth f aursf eh grjeujf.


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Jgrjehalkhmtfs

^rlkhlrjkhmth jgrjehf j Ehus pfr thr kh ejef ukj ojkdlj kjrjvldcfsj h thr

afdfajef phssfjs jihmfjejs hk khu ajklmcf.

Jgrjehf j tfejs js phssfjs eh khu afmvvlf quh jarheltjrjk h afmtrliurjk pjrj

j afmadusf ehsth aursf.

Jfs khus pjls ^judf Ltyjmjgul h Jdlah Qjtf Ltyjmjgul h khu lrkf Gustjvf Hlbl

Ltyjmjgul phdj pjalmalj h phdf jkfr lmafmelalfmjd. ^fr thrhk ohltf f pfssvhd h f lkpfssvhd

pjrj kh fohrhahrhk fs hstuefs h quh hk ehthrklmjejs pfajs eh mfssjs vlejs, khskf ef

futrf djef ef pdjmhtj suphrjkfs j elstmalj h j sjuejeh.

klmcj mjkfrjej Jmj Ihjtrlz Iuhmf eh Kfrjhs Dfphs, phdf jpflf h ajrlmcf.

Jfs khus khstrhs quh kh afmeuzlrjk eurjmth klmcj trjbhtrlj.

Jf khu frlhmtjefr ^rfo. Er. Dulz ^judf Ghrjdef pfr tfej jthmf h pjalmalj quh

thvh afklgf.

Oslaj Kelaj Kjrljmj Mjml Afstj, ef Ehpjrtjkhmtf eh ^rhvhmf ef Cfspltjd

eh Amahr eh Ijrrhtfs, phdfs hmslmjkhmtfs eurjmth f phrfef eh hstglf.

Jfs jklgfs eh adjssh, phdf afkpjmchlrlskf h jklzjeh.


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Afmolj mf QHMCFY eh tfef f shu afrjf

h mf th hstrlihs mf thu prprlf

hmthmelkhmtf. Yhafmchah-f hk tfefs fs

thus ajklmcfs, h hdh hmelrhltjr js tujs

vhrhejs.

^rfvrilfs 128-?


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QXKYLF

L.LMUYFEXF ...................................................................................................................... :

LL.FIBHUL_FQ ......................................................................................................................... 8

LL.:.FIBHUL_F GHYJD .................................................................................................................. 8

LL.9.FIBHUL_FQ HQ^HAOLAFQ ....................................................................................................... 8

LLL.KHUFEFDFGLJ ............................................................................................................... 8

L_.EHQHM_FD_LKHMUF ..................................................................................................... ?

L_.:.EHAJLKHMUF YJELFJUL_F ................................................................................................. ?

L_.9.LMUHYJF EJ YJELJF GJKJ AFK J KJUYLJ.............................................................. 7

L_.1.EFQH ................................................................................................................................. :>

L_.5.OFMUHQ QHDJEJQ EH AFIJDUF-?> .................................................................................... :1

L_.8.GHFKHUYLJ EF YJA@ EH OFMUHQ EH AFIJDUF-?>HK YHDJF JF ^YFEXUF J QHY

LYYJELJEF ................................................................................................................................ :8

L_.?.JYKJRHMJKHMUF EJQ OFMUHQ YJELFJUL_JQ .................................................................. :7

L_.7.ADJQQLOLAJF EFQ LYYJELJEFYHQ GJKJ ....................................................................... :7

L_.3.JAHDHYJEFYHQ EH HDUYFMQ.......................................................................................... 99

_.AFMQLEHYJHQ OLMJLQ ............................................................................................. 93

YHOHYMALJQ ILIDLFGYOLAJQ ................................................................................. 1>


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HQUHYLDLRJF EH ^YFEXUFQ KELAFQ H CFQ^LUJDJYHQ ^FY

HS^FQLF YJELJF GJKJ


YHQXKF

J tamlaj eh lrrjeljf pfr rjlfs gjkj ukj ohrrjkhmtj usujd pjrj hsthrldlzjf eh prfeutfs

kelafs h cfspltjdjrhs, orkjafs, afsktlafs h vhthrlmrlfs. Ujd prfahssf pfssul vjmtjghms

jtrjhmths pjrj f khrajef h sh jprhshmtj afkf ukj ifj jdthrmjtlvj hk rhdjf j futrfs

ktfefs afkf f trjelalfmjd HtF (xlef eh htldhmf). F prfahssf eh rjelfhsthrldlzjf fafrrh

pfr khlf eh rjeljf lfmlzjmth, mf qujd fs kjthrljls j shrhk prfahssjefs sf hxpfstfs jf

ehstjs rjeljhs, ghrjejs j pjrtlr eh ukj ofmth eh Afijdtf-?> hk uk jkilhmth hsphaolaf pjrj

f prfahelkhmtf. Afkf j rjeljf gjkj pfssul jdtf pfehr eh phmhtrjf, fs klarffrgjmlskfs

pfehk shr jdajmjefs hk grjmehs hsphssurjs eh kjthrljls, pfehmef hsthrldlzjr prfeutfs b hk

suj hkijdjghk olmjd. Mj lmthrjf ej rjeljf afk fs klarffrgjmlskfs vlvfs prhshmth mfs

prfeutfs j shrhk trjtjefs fafrrh f rfkplkhmtf ef EMJ, kjtjmef-fs fu lkphelmef-fs eh sh

rhprfeuzlrhk. Fishrvfu-sh pfr hsth trjijdcf quh j hsthrldlzjf pfr rjeljf gjkj uk efs

ktfefs kjls holalhmths h vjmtjbfsfs, qujmef afkpjrjef afk js futrjs tamlajs, mf prfahssf

eh hsthrldlzjf eh prfeutfs kelafs h cfspltjdjrhs eh ukj ofrkj ghrjd.

^jdjvrjs-acjvh2Hsthrldlzjf Gjkj. Oslaj Kelaj. Lrrjeljf Lmeustrljd.

.


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QUHYLDLRJULFM FO CFQ^LUJD JME KHELAJD ^YFEXAUQ

UCYFXGC GJKKJ YJELJULFM HS^FQLULFM


JIQUYJAU

Uch lrrjeljtlfm thacmlquh iy khjms fo gjkkj rjeljtlfm hxpfsltlfm ls jm usujd lmstrukhmt fo

sthrldlzjtlfm ofr cfspltjd jme khelajd prfeuats, pcjrkjahutlajd, afskhtla jme vhthrlmjrljm

prfeuats. Quac prfahss cjs gffe jevjmtjghs ofr tch kjr`ht jme jpphjrs js j gffe jdthrmjtlvhwltc rhdjtlfm tf tch ftchrs khtcfes fo trhjtkhmt js tch trjeltlfmjd HUF (Htcydhmh fxleh). Uch

rjelfsthrldlzjtlfm prfahss faaurs tcrfugc lfmlzlmg rjeljtlfm lm wclac tch kjthrljds ihlmg

prfahsshe jrh hxpfshe tf tchsh rjeljtlfms jatlfms, ghmhrjthe orfk j sfurah fo Afijdt-?> lm fmh

sphalola hmvlrfmkhmt ofr tch prfaheurh. Js tch gjkkj rjeljtlfm cjs clgc pfwhr fo

phmhtrjtlfm, tch klarffrgjmlsks ajm ih rhjache up tf djrgh kjthrljd tcla`mhss, jddfwlmg tch

prfeuats sthrldlzjtlfm lm tchlr olmjd pja`jglmg. Lm tch lmthrjatlfm prfahss ihtwhhm tch rjeljtlfm

jme tch klarffrgjmlsks prhshmts lm tch prfeuats tf ih trhjthe faaurs tch EMJ rupturh, `lddlmg

fr prhvhmtlmg tch rhprfeuatlfm fo tchk. Lm tcls wfr`, lt wjs fishrvhe tcjt tch sthrldlzjtlfm iy

gjkkj rjeljtlfm ls fmh fo tch kfst hoolalhmt jme jevjmtjghfus khtcfes, wchm afkpjrhe wltc

ftchrs thacmlquhs, lm tch sthrldlzjtlfm prfahss fo khelajd jme cfspltjd kjthrljds lm j ghmhrjd

wjy.

@hywfres2Lmeustrljd Lrrjeljtlfm. Khelajd ^cyslas. Qthrldlzjtlfm Gjkkj.


11/42

:

L.LMUYFEXF

Ehseh dfmgj ejtj f cfkhk iusaj ofrkjs eh rhjdlzjr f quh cfbh afmchahkfs afkf

hsthrldlzjf eh kjthrljls. Jacjefs eh :58> j.A. ejtjk f quh shrlj j hsthrldlzjf phdf ofgf.

^frk ofl j pjrtlr ef saudf SLS, afk fs jvjmfs ej klarfilfdfglj, quh ofrjk fitlefs

rhsudtjefs kjls slgmlolajtlvfs, dhvjmef jf ehshmvfdvlkhmtf eh ktfefs kfehrmfs afkf j

hsthrldlzjf phdf ajdfr, j ehsafihrtj ef phrxlef eh clerfgmlf h ef xlef eh htldhmf, f usf

eh prfahelkhmtfs eh jdtj prhssf h thkphrjturj, j afmstruf ej prlkhlrj jutfadjvh h j

rhjdlzjf eh hxphrlmaljs afk vrlfs jghmths hsthrldlzjmths (AFXUF,9>::).

Jtujdkhmth hstjs thamfdfgljs hstf lmshrlejs mj acjkjej lmestrlj ej

ilfthamfdfglj, quh thk hvfduef rjplejkhmth, ehvlef, prlmalpjdkhmth, jfs prhbuzfs

olmjmahlrfs ajusjefs phdj afmtjklmjf ilfdglaj eh prfeutfs lmeustrljdlzjefs h quh dhvfu

vrljs futrjs rhjs prfeutlvjs afkf j lmestrlj ojrkjautlaj, eh afsktlaj h ej

mjmfthamfdfglj jdk eh kultjs futrjs, j hxlglr ukj rhkff kjls shgurj h afkpdhtj ehsths

klarfrgjmlskfs afmtjklmjmths. ^frtjmtf, j ehsafmtjklmjf fu j hdlklmjf eh

klarffrgjmlskf, thk slef uk fibhtlvf afmstjmth h jdkhbjef phdj lmestrlj ej ilfthamfdfglj

quh prhalsj kjmthr f afmtrfdh h f hquldirlf ilfdglaf mfs prfahssfs hxlsthmths eh prfeuf

lmeustrljd.

Hxlsthk vrlfs mvhls eh rheuf eh ajrgj klarfiljmj h fs thrkfs hsphaolafs

kjls usjefs pjrj eholmlr ajej mvhd eh rhkff efs klarfrgjmlskfs pjtfgmlafs, sf

jprhshmtjefs mj tjihdj : (UQJL,9>>?).


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9

Ujihdj :2 Mvhls eh rheuf eh ajrgj klarfiljmj hk rhaursfs utldlzjefs (UQJL,9>>?).

Adjsslolajf Eholmlf Grju eh rhkff Jghmths kjls utldlzjefs Qlmmlkfs

Dlkphzj Mf kjtj, s rhkfvh olslajkhmth ^feh rhkfvhr fu j t kjtjr jdgums ghrkhs ej

afdmlj ghrjmef jsslk mf dfajd ukj shgumej

ghrjf eh dlxfs

guj h sjif, ehthrghmths,

udtrjssfk sjmltlzjmths.

Jsshpslj

Clglhmlzjf afk jghmth

ijathrlfsttlaf(lmlih f

arhsalkhmtf ej ijatrlj kjs

mf fs kjtj)

Ehslmohstjf Afkijth fs vhaudfs trjmsklssfrhs

eh prjgjs (vhtfrhs jmlkjls)

Jf eh hxthrkmlf sfkhmth jfs vhtfrhs

trjmsklssfrhs eh efhmjs h kfdstljs afkf

rfhefrhs, phquhmfs jmlkjls h

lmshtfs(kfsqultfs, pudgjs, plfdcfs, hta)

^rfahssfs oslafs, ilfdglafs

(prhejefrhs, pjrjsltjs, vrus) h

quklafs (jgrftxlafs,

chrilalejs, phstlalejs)

Ehslmshtlzjf

Ehthtlzjf

Ehslmohaf Yhkff efs frgjmlskfs hk ojsh

jtlvj eh arhsalkhmtf, pfrk shk j

lmjtlvjf fu hdlklmjf tftjd eh

tfefs fs klarfrgjmlskfs hxlsthmths.

f ajsf eh rheuf ef mkhrf eh

klarfrgjmlskfs pjtfgmlafs jt f pfmtf eh

mf pfehr kjls ajusjr uk kjd, hmvfdvh j

rhkff efs pjtghmfs vhghtjtlvfs mf

hspfrudjmths, shgulmef-sh fs pjerhs eh sjeh

pidlaj.

Jmtlssptlafs

Ehslmohtjmths

Ghrklalejs

Qjmltlzjf

Adfrjf

Ehsafmtjklmjf

^jsthurlzjf (jdlkhmtfs)

Qjmltlzjf

Hsthrldlzjf Kjtj js ijatrljs h dlvrj tfef tlpf

eh vlej fu olaj dlvrh eh tfefs fs

klarfrgjmlskfs, lmadulmef fs

hspfrfs ijathrljmfs (ofrkjs kjls

rhslsthmths)

Ehstrulf eh tfefs fs frgjmlskfs vlvfs hk

mvhd ilfdglaf, mf lkpdlaj j lmjtlvjf ef

tftjd ejs hmzlkjs ahdudjrhs, tfxlmjs, hta.

^frtjmtf, afmslehrj-sh mfrkjdkhmth quh

sfkhmth sfirhvlvhr uk klarilf hk uk

kldcf eh hdlklmjefs.

Ajdfr (1> klm :7> A), _jpfr h

prhssf (jutfadjvjghk).

Yjeljf udtrjvlfdhtj h rjeljf

lfmlzjmth.

Zuklaf (adfrf h xlef eh

htldhmf)

Qjmltlzjf afkpdhtj


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1

Afkf jprhshmtjef mj tjihdj :, j pjdjvrj hstrld/hsthrldlejeh, slgmlolaj olajr dlvrh eh

tfefs fs frgjmlskfs vlvfs, hmqujmtf quh j pjdjvrj hsthrldlzjf, slgmlolaj f prfahssf eh

ehstrulf eh tfefs tlpfs h ofrkjs eh klarfrgjmlskfs, lstf , j hdlklmjf jisfdutj, j

afkpdhtj ehstrulf fu rhkff eh tfejs js ofrkjs eh vlej. F fibhtlvf eh qujdquhr

trjtjkhmtf eh hsthrldlzjf prfeuzlr j hsthrldlejeh mfs kjthrljls trjtjefs, kjs afk pfuaj fu

mhmcukj kuejmj hstruturjd. Mj rhjdlejeh, j hsthrldlejeh uk afmahltf prfijildstlaf quh

mf ehphmeh eh qujmtjs vhzhs fs thsths ofrjk rhjdlzjefs, kjs slk ef mvhd lmlaljd eh

afmtjklmjf. ^frtjmtf, pfeh-sh jolrkjr quh j hsthrldlejeh, mj prtlaj, uk prfahssf quh

ehphmeh2

(:) Ej hsafdcj eh uk ktfef afmolvhd eh hsthrldlzjf,(9) Ej ifj jkfstrjghk h afmolrkjf hstjtstlaj efs rhsudtjefs fitlefs pfr khlf

eh thsths rhjdlzjefs mjs jkfstrjs shdhalfmjejs jdhjtfrljkhmth h,

(1) Ejs ifjs prtlajs eh kjmlpudjf hk tfef f prfahssf quh b thmcjk slefafmolrkjejs jmthrlfrkhmth (LJHJ,:


14/42

5

Afk j ehsafihrtj efs rjlfs S ohltj pfr Yhmtghm mf jmf eh :3 (?>Af), quh ofl

jpdlajef prlkhlrjkhmth mj rjelfthrjplj. Mj eajej eh ?>, afk j elspfmlildlejeh jiumejmth eh

afijdtf-?> j Bfcmsfm & Bfcmsfm afmstrulu f prlkhlrf lrrjeljefr afk ofmths rjelfjtlvjs

dfajdlzjef mj Lmgdjthrrj h mfs eljs eh cfbh hxlsthk vrljs lmstjdjhs hk elvhrsfs pjshs,

lmaduslvh mf Irjsld.

Mf hstjef eh Qf ^judf, eurjmth j eajej eh 3> ofrjk lmstjdjefs trs lrrjeljefrhs

afkhraljls afk ofmths eh afijdtf-?>, mj hkprhsj Bfcmsfm & Bfcmsfm hk Qf Bfs efs

Ajkpfs h LIYJQ hk Ajkplmjs, ehelajefs hsthrldlzjf eh suj prprlj prfeuf (shrlmgjs,

ajththrhs, suturjs, orjdejs ehsajrtvhls h futrfs prfeutfs kelafs) h mj HKIYJYJE hk

Aftlj, quh sh ehelaj j prhstjr shrvlfs eh lrrjeljf eh elvhrsfs prfeutfs pjrj

thrahlrfs. Yhahmthkhmth trs mfvjs lmstjdjhs eh lrrjeljefrhs ofrjk afmstruejs2 AIH hk

Bjrlmu / Jtlijlj afk lrrjeljefr prfbhtjef h afmstruef mf Irjsld ehelajef j prhstjf eh

shrvlf eh lrrjeljf h ukj umlejeh afmstruej mj hkprhsj Uhaclfm hk Kjmjus ehelajej

lrrjeljf eh jdlkhmtfs (L^HM, 9>:1).

Jtujdkhmth trs prfahssfs eh hsthrldlzjf sf mfrkjdkhmth usjefs hk hsajdjs

afkhraljls2 pfr khlf eh vjpfr eguj, xlef eh htldhmf(HtF) h rjeljf lfmlzjmth. F vjpfr

eguj j tamlaj kjls jmtlgj eh hsthrldlzjf, rhstrltj j ehthrklmjefs kjthrljls, pfls

hxlglef jdtjs thkphrjturjs mf prfahssf h ehvlef j lssf, pjrj ehthrklmjefs kjthrljls, tfrmfu-sh

mhahssrlf j hsthrldlzjf j orlf, surglmef hmtf f HtF h j rjeljf lfmlzjmth. J

hsthrldlzjf afk HtF efklmfu f shgkhmtf ef khrajef eh hsthrldlzjf eh prfeutfs kelafs

pfr kultf thkpf, pfrk ehvlef suj mjturhzj txlaj h j hklssf eh pfduhmths jf khlf

jkilhmth ohz afk quh j Faaupjtlfmjd Qjohty jme Chjdtc Jssfaljtlfm (FQCJ) j ehadjrjssh


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8

afkf ukj tamlaj jgrhsslvj jeftjmef ukj pfdtlaj rglej hk suj jpdlajf. Mf Irjsld, j

^frtjrlj Lmthrklmlsthrljd KQ/KHU m 539, hk vlgfr ehseh jirld eh :


16/42

?

L_. EHQHM_FD_LKHMUF

L_.:. Ehajlkhmtf Yjelfjtlvf

Hk tfejs ofmths rjelfjtlvjs fs madhfs efs tfkfs jprhshmtjk-sh hk vrlfs

hstjefs eh hmhrglj hxaltjefs, fs qujls jf ehajrhk hklthk f hxahssf eh hmhrglj mj ofrkj eh

pjrtaudjs fu rjeljf hdhtrfkjgmtlaj. J kjmhlrj quh fafrrhk trjmslhs pjrj hstjefs khmfs

hmhrgtlafs ehphmehk eh sujs ajrjathrstlajs oslajs afkf2 hmhrglj, kfkhmtf jmgudjr,

pjrlejeh, splm, hta. Ajej hstjef thk eurjf kelj h trjmslf prprljs. Eh kfef ghrjd, f

madhf sh hstjildlzj afk ukj prfijildlejeh afmstjmth , ajrjathrstlaj ef rjelfmuadehf, quh j afmstjmth eh ehajlkhmtf. J jtlvlejeh eh ukj jkfstrj ehphmeh ef vjdfr lmlaljd ej jtlvlejeh

mf lmstjmth zhrf h ukj oumf hxpfmhmaljd eharhsahmth afk f thkpf.(UJXCJUJ,9>>1)

F lmthrvjdf eh thkpf, afmtjef j pjrtlr eh uk ahrtf lmstjmth, mhahssrlf pjrj quh

khtjeh efs tfkfs rjelfjtlvfs ehajljk acjkjef khlj-vlej U:/9 hk quh U:/9 ; >,?h(-t)

Hk quh2

mt ; mkhrf eh tfkfs rjelfjtlvfs, mf thkpf t0

m> ; mkhrf eh tfkfs rjelfjtlvfs lmlaljls0

; afmstjmth eh ehajlkhmtf rjelfjtlvf h

t ; thkpf

Mj olgurj : jprhshmtjej j aurvj eh ehajlkhmtf mt x t pjrj ukj jkfstrj

rjelfjtlvj fmeh sf ehstjajefs j khlj vlej U:/9 h j vlej kelj .


17/42

7

Olgurj :2Aurvj rhprhshmtjtlvj ef ehajlkhmtf eh uk rjelflstfpf hk oumf ef

thkpf. (UJXCJUJ,9>>1)

J jtlvlejeh eh ukj jkfstrj rjelfjtlvj eholmlej afkf shmef Jt; mt h pfrtjmtf

Jt; J>h(-t)

Hk quh

J> ; m>

J umlejeh eh jtlvlejeh pjrj ukj jkfstrj rjelfjtlvj ejej hk .Iq. kjs ukj

umlejeh jmtlgj jlmej kultf usjej f Al tjd quh :Al ;1,7x:>:>Iq .

L_.9. Lmthrjf ej Yjeljf Gjkj afk j Kjtrlj.

J rjeljf gjkj quh ghrjej j pjrtlr ef ehajlkhmtf eh lstfpfs rjelfjtlvfs, afmchalej afkf rjeljf lfmlzjmth, pfssuhk jdtf pfehr eh phmhtrjf h jf lmthrjglr afk fs

kjthrljls, trjmsohrh hmhrglj jfs hdtrfms quh sf rhkfvlefs ejs friltjs ef tfkf, rhsudtjmef

hk hdtrfms dlvrhs eh jdtj hmhrglj quh pfehk afdlelr afk hdtrfms friltjls eh futrfs tfkfs,

arljmef fms pfsltlvfs fu rjelajls dlvrhs qujmef fafrrhk quhirjs eh dlgjhs quklajs.

Fs prlmalpjls hohltfs rhspfmsvhls phdj lmthrjf ej rjeljf gjkj afk j kjtrlj

sf2 Hohltf Oftfhdtrlaf, Hspjdcjkhmtf Afkptfm h ^rfeuf eh ^jrhs.

F Hohltf Oftfhdtrlaf ukj lmthrjf quh fafrrh hmtrh f otfm h f tfkf, afkprhefklmmalj hk hmhrgljs ijlxjs (khmfrhs quh 8>> @h_). Mhsth prfahssf, f otfm


18/42

3

jisfrvlef hxtrjlmef uk hdtrfm ej ajkjej @ ef tfkf h tfej fu qujsh tfej j suj hmhrglj

ehpfsltjej mf kjthrljd, pfls jt khskf j hmhrglj eh ehshxaltjf (Yjlf - S ajrjathrstlaf)

pfeh shr jisfrvlej dfajdkhmth. ^jrth ej hmhrglj ef otfm gjstj pjrj rhtlrjr uk hdtrfm ef

tfkf, h f rhstjmth, trjmsofrkjef hk hmhrglj almtlaj ef hdtrfm (F@XMF, 9>:>). Mj olgurj

9 ldustrjef f prfahssf ef hohltf oftfhdtrlaf.

Olgurj 92Yhprhshmtjf ef hohltf oftfhdtrlaf.(UJXCJUJ,9>>1)

Mf Hohltf Afkptfm, f otfm hspjdcjef pfr uk hdtrfm eh ijlxj hmhrglj eh

dlgjf, quh rhahih pjrth eh suj hmhrglj, afmtlmujmef j suj trjbhtrlj ehmtrf ef kjthrljd hk

futrj elrhf. Hsth prfahssf prhefklmj hk hmhrgljs lmthrkhelrljs (>,8 Kh_ 4 H 4 9 Kh_).

Afkf usujdkhmth mfs prfahssjkhmtfs eh prfeutfs lmeustrljls pfr lrrjeljf utldlzjef

ofmths eh ?>Af (:,:71 h :,119 Kh_), f hohltf Afkptfm f khajmlskf eh lmthrjf quh

prhvjdhah. Mj olgurj 1 sf ldustrjefs fs prfahssfs hmvfdvlefs mf hspjdcjkhmtf Afkptfm.


19/42

>1)

J ^rfeuf eh ^jrhs f hohltf prhefklmjmth qujmef j hmhrglj ef otfm jdtj

(jalkj eh :,>99 Kh_) h f mlaf efs prfahssfs eh lmthrjf eh otfms afk f khlf aubj

shf eh acfquh arhsah afmtlmujkhmth afk j hmhrglj ef otfm. F otfm lmalehmth jisfrvlef

mj lmthrjf h tfej j suj hmhrglj afmvhrtlej hk kjssj eh rhpfusf h hmhrglj almtlaj eh uk

pjr eh hdtrfms -h +, pjrtaudj h jmtlpjrtaudj rhsphatlvjkhmth, jkijs ajrrhgjejs. J hmhrglj

kmlkj pjrj j fafrrmalj ehsth prfahssf , pfrtjmtf, :,>99 Kh_. Mj olgurj 5 ldustrjef f

hohltf eh prfeuf eh pjrhs. F psltrfm +jps phrehr tfej j suj hmhrglj mf khlf (jdgums kk

eh trjbhtrlj), sh bumtj afk uk hdtrfm mhgjtlvf, prfeuzlmef pfr jmlquldjf, uk pjr eh otfms

eh >,8:: Kh_.


20/42

:>

Olgurj 52Yhprhshmtjf ef hohltf eh rfeuf eh ^jrhs.(UJXCJUJ,9>>1)

L_.1. Efsh

J qujmtlejeh eh rjeljf jisfrvlej phdfs prfeutfs fu kjthrljls mfs prfahssfs eh

hxpfslf rjeljf gjkj, pfr umlejeh eh kjssj acjkjef eh efsh, quh mf Qlsthkj

Lmthrmjalfmjd thk afkf umlejeh f Grjy (Gy), hxprhssj phdj hqujf2

E ; (eH)/(ek)

Hk quh2

E ; efsh jisfrvlej (B/`g fu Grjy)0

eH; qujmtlejeh eh hmhrglj (B)0

ek; qujmtlejeh eh kjssj (`g)

F khajmlskf prlmalpjd eh jf ef hohltf hsthrldlzjmth mfs kjthrljls sh e ehvlef

jfs prfahssfs eh trjmsohrmalj eh hmhrglj ehstj rjeljf gjkj, lmjtlvjmef fs klarfrgjmlskfs

hxlsthmths phdj jf elrhtj ej rjeljf mjs rhglhs shmsvhls ej adudj, lfmlzjmef ukj pjrth ej

kfdaudj ef EMJ fu kfdaudjs lkpfrtjmths ej adudj, dhvjmef-f j uk hstjef eh ojdmalj fu

lmlilf eh shu pfehr eh rhprfeuf (QLD_J,9>>1).


21/42

::

Afkf 7>% j 38% ej kjssj efs shrhs vlvfs afkpfstj pfr guj, kultjs dhshs

lmeuzlejs pfr rjeljf rhjdlzjej jtrjvs ej jf lmelrhtj. J jisfrf eh rjeljf pfr ukj

kfdaudj eh guj rhsudtj mj ofrkjf eh rjelajls dlvrhs. Fs rjelajls dlvrhs eloumehk-sh mj

adudj, dhsjmef-j.

Ehmtrf ejs adudjs hxlsthk khajmlskfs, ajpjzhs eh afmeuzlr j adudj eh vfdtj jf

shu hstjef lmlaljd, pfrk sh j dhsf prfvfajej phdj rjeljf ofr kultf grjvh, fu fs

khajmlskfs rhpjrjefrhs hstlvhrhk afkprfkhtlefs fu fprlklefs phdj rjeljf, j adudj

sforhr trjmsofrkjhs. Mj olgurj 5 ldustrjef js rhspfstjs oslajs h ilfdglajs ejs adudjs

rjeljf.

Olgurj 52Yhspfstjs oslajs h ilfdglajs ej adudj rjeljf (IXQCIHYGht jd.,

9>>9).J jf elrhtj fu lmelrhtj ej rjeljf prfvfaj ukj srlh eh jdthrjhs hstruturjls

mj adudj, sf hdjs2 quhirj ef djf eh clerfgmlf, quhirj fu ehgrjejf kfdhaudjr h

aruzjkhmtf lmthr h lmtrjkfdhaudjr. Js quhirjs eupdjs ef EMJ sf dhshs kultf ghmftxlajs,

pfehmef afmeuzlr j jihrrjhs arfkfssklajs (KFYHLYJ, 9>::).

Mj olgurj 8 ldustrjef hxhkpdfs eh kutjhs eh EMJ. J2 Ehdhf ej ijsh. I2

Quistltulf ej ijsh. A2 Yupturj ef djf eh clerfgmlf. E2 Zuhirj eh ajehlj slkpdhs h eupdj.


22/42

:9

Olgurj 82Hxhkpdfs eh kutjhs eh EMJ (IXQCIHYGht jd., 9>>9).

J ofmth rjelfjtlvj usujdkhmth utldlzjej hk lrrjeljefrhs pjrj hsthrldlzjf eh

prfeutfs eh ukj ofrkj ghrjd f afijdtf-?>.

Afkf ldustrjef mj Olgurj ?, f afijdtf-?> ehajl pfr eujs hklsshs ihtjs, afk

hmhrgljs eh :,53? h >,1:1 Kh_, ofrkjmef f Mquhd-?> (?>Ml) quh sh ehshxaltj hkltlmef efls

otfms afk hmhrgljs jprfxlkjejs eh :,:7 h :,11 Khv, fs qujls sf rhspfmsvhls phdf

prfahssjkhmtf efs prfeutfs fu kjthrljls pfr rjeljf, mfs lrrjeljefrhs gjkj. J khlj-vlej

efafijdtf-?> 8,97: jmfs, fu shbj, c ukj rheuf eh :9,15% eh suj jtlvlejeh jf jmf.Jsslk mfvjs ofmths eh afijdtf-?> ehvhk shr jelalfmjejs jf lrrjeljefr ehpfls eh uk

ehthrklmjef thkpf pjrj sh kjmthr j jtlvlejeh tftjd rhquhrlej. Js ofmths (afmchalejs afkf

dpls) eh afijdtf-?> sf ghrjdkhmth rhkfvlejs efs rja`s h rhtfrmjk jf ojirlajmth, jps ukj

vlej tld hk tfrmf eh 9> jmfs (AJD_F,9>>8).


23/42

:1

Olgurj ?2 Hsquhkj ldustrjmef f ehajlkhmtf rjelfjtlvf ef afijdtf-?>

(AJD_F,9>>8).

L_.5. Ofmths shdjejs eh Afijdtf ?>

Js ofmths rjelfjtlvjs lmeustrljls eh ?>Af sf prfeuzlejs j pjrtlr ef 8 Al/g). Hssjs apsudjs eh ?>Af sf hmtf

eupdjkhmth hmajpsudjejs hk jf lmfxlevhd JLQL 1:?D, rhslsthmth afrrfsf, hk

afmofrklejeh afk js Mfrkjs LQF 9


24/42

:5

Olgurj 72Oftf ej apsudj eh zlrajdfy afk js ofmths rjelfjtlvjs eh afijdtf-?> h j

hkijdjghk olmjd mj ofrkj eh dpls (AJD_F,9>>8).

Js apsudjs eh zlrajdfy afk j ofmth eh afijdtf-?>, jdfbjejs ehmtrf ef

rhvhstlkhmtf eh jf-lmfx mj ofrkj eh dpls, sf elstrliuefs mfs kjgjzlmhs efs rja`s eh

ofmths rjelfjtlvjs, eh kjmhlrj quh mhstj elstrliulf sh fithmcj ukj kjlfr holalmalj h

khdcfr umlofrklejeh eh efsh pfr rja` pjrj elohrhmths ehmslejehs efs kjthrljls quh shrf

hsthrldlzjefs phdj rjeljf gjkj. Mj olgurj 3 jprhshmtjej j kfmtjghk hsquhktlaj ef rja`

eh ofmths rjelfjtlvjs mfs lrrjeljefrhs gjkj lmeustrljls.


25/42

:8

Olgurj 32 Kfmtjghk hsquhktlaj ef rja` eh ofmths rjelfjtlvjs efs lrrjeljefrhs

gjkj lmeustrljls (JLHJ,9>>8).

L_.8. Ghfkhtrlj ef Yja` eh ofmths eh Afijdtf-?> hk rhdjf jf prfeutf j

shr lrrjeljef

J ghfkhtrlj eh lrrjeljf hk uk lrrjeljefr gjkj eh grjmeh pfrth pfeh shr ef

tlpf ofmth kjlfr quh f prfeutf (sfurah fvhrdjp prfeuat) fu prfeutf kjlfr quh j ofmth

(prfeuat fvhrdjp sfurah).


26/42

:?

Afkf jprhshmtjef mj olgurj .

Olgurj , shmef f

kjls utldlzjef mfs lrrjeljefrhs lmeustrljls.


27/42

:7

Olgurj :>2Olgurj ldustrjtlvj ej ghfkhtrlj eh lrrjeljf tlpf prfeutf kjlfr quh j

ofmth (prfeuat fvhrdjp sfurah)(JLHJ,:>8).


28/42

:3

Hk uk lrrjeljefr eh ajthgfrlj L j ofmth hmajpsudjej h idlmejej hk uk afmtlmhr

shaf, mf pfssvhd f jahssf ofmth rjelfjtlvj fu rhglf eh lrrjeljf. Hssh tlpf eh

lrrjeljefr pfsslildltj lrrjeljhs eh jkfstrjs afk vfdukh kxlkf eh : dltrf tjxj eh efsh eh

jt :> `Gy/c. Mj olgurj :: jprhshmtjej ukj oftf ldustrjtlvj eh uk lrrjeljefr eh ajthgfrlj L.

Olgurj ::2Lrrjeljefr gjkj eh afijdtf-?> tlpf Gjkkjahdd, adjsslolajef afkf eh

ajthgfrlj L phdj JLHJ (AJD_F,9>>8).

Mf lrrjeljefr eh ajthgfrlj LL, j ofmth shdjej h jrkjzhmjej hk uk afmtlmhr,

afk jahssf afmtrfdjef. Zujmef f hqulpjkhmtf hst shmef utldlzjef, f afkpjrtlkhmtf eh

lrrjeljf kjmtlef lmjahssvhd pfr khlf eh uk slsthkj eh shgurjmj. Hssh tlpf eh lrrjeljefr acjkjef eh pjmfrklaf. Mj olgurj :9 jprhshmtjej ukj oftf ldustrjtlvj eh uk lrrjeljefr

eh ajthgfrlj LL.


29/42

: tlpf pjmfrklaf, adjsslolajef afkf eh

ajthgfrlj LL phdj JLHJ (JLHJ,:


30/42

9>

Olgurj :12Lrrjeljefr gjkj eh afijdtf-?>, adjsslolajef afkf eh ajthgfrlj LLL phdj

JLHJ (JLHJ,:


31/42

9:

Olgurj :52Lrrjeljefr gjkj eh afijdtf-?>, ajthgfrlj L_ phdj JLHJ (JLHJ,9>>8).

Fs lrrjeljefrhs gjkj tjkik pfehk shr adjsslolajefs hk efls tlpfs2

Lrrjeljefrhsshdo-afmtjlmhe(ofmth mf hxpfstj) Lrrjeljefrhs pjmfrklafs (ofmth hxpfstj)

Fs lrrjeljefrhs shdo-afmtjlmhe (ajthgfrlj L h LLL phdj JLHJ) sf hkprhgjefs

hsphaljdkhmth pjrj phsqulsj h jpdlajhs quh mhahssltjk eh phquhmjs efshs h hxpfslhs

rhdjtlvjkhmth aurtjs afkf, pfr hxhkpdf, hstuef eh afdfrjf eh ghkjs (pherjs prhalfsjs),

kutjhs ghmtlajs, hsthrldlzjf rhprfeutlvj eh lmshtfs mf afmtrfdh eh prjgjs, hsthrldlzjf

eh jdlkhmtfs, hta.

Fs lrrjeljefrhs pjmfrklafs (ajthgfrlj LL h L_ phdj JLHJ) sf hsphaolafs pjrj

lrrjeljhs hk hsajdj afkhraljd, mf qujd j ofmth rjelfjtlvj, afmslstlmef eh vrlfs dpls eh

afijdtf-?>, qujmef utldlzjej kfvlej pjrj ukj sjdj fu dfajd eh lrrjeljf, hxpfmef fs

prfeutfs rjeljf h qujmef mf utldlzjef j ofmth rhafdclej h prfthglej. Mfs lrrjeljefrhs

eh ajthgfrlj LL, j ofmth prfthglej pfr idlmejghms eh acukif fu futrf kjthrljd eh mkhrf

jtklaf jdtf (jrkjzhmjkhmtf ery) h mfs lrrjeljefrhs eh ajthgfrlj L_ j ofmth prfthglej pfrguj (jrkjzhmjkhmtf wht).


32/42

99

Fs lrrjeljefrhs eh ajthgfrlj LL sf adjsslolajefs afkf kfef eh fphrjf

ehsafmtmuf, mf qujd fs prfeutfs j shrhk lrrjeljefs, sf afdfajefs mj sjdj eh lrrjeljf

kjmujdkhmth fu jutfkjtlajkhmth, hmqujmtf j ofmth hst rhafdclej hk suj idlmejghk. Ehpfls

ej sjdj eh lrrjeljf shr ehsfaupjej h ohacjej, j ofmth kfvlej pjrj hxpfr fs kjthrljls

rjeljf gjkj.

Fs lrrjeljefrhs eh ajthgfrlj L_ sf adjsslolajefs afkf kfef eh fphrjf

afmtmuf, shmef f kjls utldlzjef mj lmestrlj pfr shr jprfprljef pjrj prfahssfs eh jdtf

rhmelkhmtf pfsslildltjmef lrrjeljr grjmeh qujmtlejeh eh prfeutf hk uk khmfr thkpf.

Fs lrrjeljefrhs quh utldlzjk ofmths rjelflsftplajs ofrjk lmlaljdkhmth fs kjls

hkprhgjefs mf prfahssjkhmtf eh hsthrldlzjf eh kjthrljls ehvlef suj slkpdlalejeh,

ojaldlejeh eh afmtrfdh h s quhirjs qujsh lmhxlsthmths, ojzhmef afk quh hssh ktfef ofssh

afmslehrjef f khdcfr quh qujdquhr futrf ktfef eh hsthrldlzjf, pfls f mlaf ojtfr j shr

afmtrfdjef hrj f thkpf. Hxlsth ofrth rhafkhmejf pjrj j mf utldlzjf eh aslf-:17 afkf

ofmth rjelfjtlvj lmeustrljd, pfr hsth shr uk sjd sfdvhd h eh oald afmtjklmjf, jphsjr eh

jprhshmtjr kjls vjmtjghms tamlajs sfirh futrjs ofmths rjelfjtlvjs (UQJL, 9>>?). Jdgukjs

vjmtjghms ej utldlzjf ef Aslf-:17 hstf rhdjalfmjejs afk j suj elspfmlildlejeh afkf

prfeutf eh rhprfahssjkhmtf eh afkiustvhd eh uslmjs muadhjrhs, suj khlj-vlej eh 1> jmfs h

afk j hmhrglj eh shu rjlf gjkj eh >,??9 Khv, quh rhquhr khmfr idlmejghk eh prfthf

afkpjrjej afk j ef afijdtf-?>, quh hklth efls rjlfs gjkj kultf kjls hmhrgtlafs, :,:7 h

:,11 Khv. ^frk, js hmhrgljs kjls hdhvjejs ef afijdtf-?> prfpfralfmj kjlfr pfehr eh

phmhtrjf, shmef hsshmaljd pjrj olms eh hsthrldlzjf. Fs lrrjeljefrhs afk Afijdtf-?> f

kjls utldlzjef afkhraljdkhmth hk tfef kumef phdf shu khmfr austf, pfr jprhshmtjr-sh mj

ofrkj khtdlaj h shr lmsfdvhd hk guj, prfpfralfmjmef afk lssf ukj kjlfr shgurjmj

jkilhmtjd (HCDHYKJMM, :>1).


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91

Fs jahdhrjefrhs eh hdtrfms sf kqulmjs shkhdcjmths jf tuif eh thdhvlsf, fmeh

f elohrhmaljd, j thmsf eh jahdhrjf ef ohlxh eh hdtrfms. ^jrj f thdhvlsfr, j thmsf ej

frehk eh 9x:>5_, hmqujmtf pjrj fs jahdhrjefrhs lmeustrljls hstj thmsf vjrlj hmtrh 9x:>8_ j

:>?_ (UQJL,9>>?).

Mj olgurj :8 jprhshmtjef f hsquhkj eh oumalfmjkhmtf ef jahdhrjefr eh

hdtrfms.

Olgurj :82 Ehshmcf hsquhktlaf ejs prlmalpjls hstruturjs quh afkphk f

jahdhrjefr eh hdtrfms.(UQJL,9>>?)

Fs jahdhrjefrhs eh hdtrfms lmeustrljls sf prfbhtjefs h ojirlajefs pjrj usfs

hsphaolafs, pfehmef-sh adjsslolajr fs jahdhrjefrhs pfr ojlxj eh hmhrglj quh eholmhk sujsajrjathrstlajs afmstrutlvjs.

Fs jahdhrjefrhs eh hdtrfms pjrj jpdlajf lmeustrljd afirhk j ojlxj eh hmhrglj eh

>,1 Kh_ j :> Kh_, shmef quh mj ojlxj eh >,1 Khv j >,8 Khv, hmafmtrj-sh fs jahdhrjefrhs eh

ijlxj hmhrglj, sujs prlmalpjls jpdlajhs sf, rhtlaudjf eh pfdkhrfs afmstltulmths eh oldkhs

olmfs pjrj hkijdjghms thrkfrhtrtld h aurj eh tlmtjs h vhrmlzhs.

Hmtrh js ojlxjs eh hmhrglj eh >,8 Khv h 1 Kh_, hmafmtrj-sh js kqulmjs tlpf LAU

(lsfdjth afrh trjmsofrk) h Eymjkltrfm, utldlzjefs pjrj ojzhr kfelolajf ejs prfprlhejehs eh


34/42

95

pfdkhrfs, prhefklmjmef j rhtlaudjf eh lsfdjmths eh olfs h ajifs h eh oldkhs pjrj

hkijdjghms h pmhus.

Mj ojlxj eh 1,> Kh_ j :> Kh_ hmafmtrjk-sh fs jahdhrjefrhs dlmhjrhs ef tlpf

Dlmja, fmeh fmejs hdhtrfkjgmtlajs sf lmbhtjejs hk ukj ajvlejeh ofrkjmef uk gulj eh

fmej, phrkltlmef hk shu lmthrlfr f surglkhmtf eh ajkpfs hdtrlafs quh sh rhphthk hk ojsh

afk f ehsdfajkhmtf efs hdtrfms, jahdhrjmef-fs jt jdtjs hmhrgljs (suphrlfr j :> Kh_), j

prlmalpjd jpdlajf ehssh tlpf eh jahdhrjefr eh hdtrfms j hsthrldlzjf (YHDJ,9>>1).

Fs jahdhrjefrhs eh hdtrfms, mf ofrjk utldlzjefs lmlaljdkhmth afkf ofmths eh

lrrjeljf, pfls f mvhd eh elolaudejeh hrj kjlfr ehvlef ahrtjs vjrlvhls hmvfdvlejs mf

prfahssf, tjls afkf, hmhrglj, hsajmhjkhmtf, quh j vjrrheurj ej jkfstrj phdf ohlxh eh

hdtrfms , j lmthmslejeh ef ohlxh eh afrrhmth h f thkpf eh hxpfslf. ^frk, jtujdkhmth fs

jahdhrjefrhs eh hdtrfms tk slef kultf utldlzjefs hk lrrjeljhs pjrj hsthrldlzjhs, phdf

khmfs eh kjthrljls afk ijlxj ehmslejeh, ehvlef s prhfaupjhs jkilhmtjls h eh hxpfslf

rjelfjtlvlejeh.

Afk f ehshmvfdvlkhmtf thamfdglaf, cfuvh ukj hvfduf mjs jpdlajhs

lmeustrljls pjrj ukj mfvj ofrkj eh hsthrldlzjf utldlzjmef jahdhrjefrhs eh hdtrfms hk hsajdj

lmeustrljd. Xtldlzjmef ohlxhs eh hdtrfms eh jdtj hmhrglj, f prfahssf eh hsthrldlzjf sh tfrmjkjls rplef, hmqujmtf quh j hsthrldlzjf pfr rjeljf gjkj kjls ehkfrjej. Hmtrhtjmtf,

afkf fs hdtrfms eh jdtj hmhrglj tk pfehr eh phmhtrjf khmfr mf kjthrljd hk rhdjf jfs

rjlfs gjkj, j suj utldlzjf olaj rhstrltj kjthrljls eh ijlxj ehmslejeh.

Eh jafref afk js mhahsslejehs lmhrhmths eh ajej ajsf eh jpdlajf, ahrtjs

vjrlvhls ehvhk shr dhvjejs hk afmslehrjf mj hsafdcj ej ofmth eh rjeljf lfmlzjmth

jprfprljej. Mj tjihdj 9 sf jprhshmtjejs afkpjrjhs hmtrh jdgukjs ajrjathrstlajs

lkpfrtjmths ejs ofmths eh afijdtf-?> h ohlxh eh hdtrfms utldlzjefs pjrj hsthrldlzjf. Jdhglsdjf irjsldhlrj phrklth, pjrj lrrjeljr jdlkhmtfs, tjmtf f usf eh ofmths ef rjelflstfpf?>Af afkf jahdhrjefrhs eh hdtrfms.

Ujihdj 9. Afkpjrjf ejs ofmths eh rjeljf eh afijdtf-?> h ohlxh eh hdtrfms

utldlzjefs pjrj hsthrldlzjf (UQJL, 9>>?).


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98

Afijdtf-?> Ohlxh eh hdtrfms

^hmhtrjildlejeh Ifj phmhtrjf Ijlxf pfehr eh phmhtrjf

Fphrjildlejeh Kudtlelrhalfmjd, mf pfeh shr

ofajef, odhxlfmjef h hsajmhjef j

mf shr pfr afdlkjf, afk

lkpdlajhs mj holalmalj.

Xmlelrhalfmjd hstrhltf, kjs pfeh

shr ofajef, odhxlfmjef h hsajmhjef

afk kjls odhxlildlejeh mj

holalmalj, kjs afk afmsukf jdtf

eh hmhrglj.

Odhxlildlejeh Lmodhxvhd, mf pfeh shr ehsdlgjef. Odhxvhd, pfeh shr ehsdlgjef

(ehsphrealf klmlklzjef)

Hsajdjildlejeh Arhsalkhmtf hsajdjr kjls oald

(afkhj afk pfuaj jtlvlejeh h

pfeh arhsahr, sh mhahssrlf)

Ojvfrhah grjmehs lmstjdjhs, pfls

mf phrklth f arhsalkhmtf hsajdjr

(j kqulmj uk slsthkj ohacjef

afk j pftmalj olxj)

Afmsukf eh hmhrglj Lmshmsvhd jf afmsukf eh hmhrglj

hdtrlaj. Afmsukf ijlxf h

rhdjtlvjkhmth ijrjtf

Qhmsvhd jf afmsukf eh hmhrglj

hdtrlaj. Afmsukf jdtf h

rhdjtlvjkhmth ajrf

Mvhd thamfdglaf Qlkpdhs h afmolvhd Uthamfdfglj sfolstlajej quh hst

jukhmtjmef rhgudjrkhmth

Jahltjildlejeh Xtldlzj kjthrljd rjelfjtlvf J ofmth eh rjeljf pfeh shr

ehsdlgjej

Yhdjf austf-ihmhoalf Dlmhjr Mf-dlmhjr

Ehvlef s ajrjathrstlajs ef ehajlkhmtf rjelfjtlvf (jtlvlejeh ej ofmth), f

prfahssjkhmtf utldlzjmef rjeljf gjkj (?>Af) tfrmj-f kjls dhmtf ef quh fs quh utldlzjk

jahdhrjefrhs eh hdtrfms. Afkf hxhkpdf, fs lrrjeljefrhs gjkj utldlzjefs pjrj hsthrldlzjf

h/fu rheuf eh ajrgj klarfiljmj eh elvhrsfs prfeutfs h quh fphrjk hk hsajdj afkhraljd,

jprhshmtjk ukj tjxj eh efsh (efsh jisfrvlej pfr umlejeh eh thkpf) hk tfrmf eh 9> `Gy/c

hk afmtrjsth afk fs jahdhrjefrhs eh hdtrfms quh jprhshmtjk ukj tjxj eh efsh kultf kjlfr

achgjmef j 9> `Gy/shg pjrj uk jahdhrjefr eh hmhrglj eh :>Kh_ h pftmalj eh 8>

`W.(YHDJ,9>>1)


36/42

9?

Afkf ofl elsautlef, f khajmlskf eh jf ef hohltf hsthrldlzjmth mfs kjthrljls sh

e ehvlef jf prfahssf eh trjmsohrmalj eh hmhrglj ej rjeljf gjkj, lmjtlvjmef fs

klarfrgjmlskfs phdj jf elrhtj ej rjeljf mjs rhglhs shmsvhls ej adudj, lfmlzjmef ukj

pjrth ej kfdaudj ef EMJ fu ukj hmzlkj vltjd, dhvjmef-f j uk hstjef eh ojdmalj fu

lmlilf eh shu pfehr eh rhprfeuf. Xkj jf afmslehrjej lmelrhtj ej rjeljf sfirh fs

klarfrgjmlskfs j quh fafrrh mjs kfdaudjs eh guj prhshmths mf lmthrlfr ejs adudjs,

rhsudtjmef mj ofrkjf eh rjelajls dlvrhs2 FC- , C+ h kfdaudj eh C9F9, jdtjkhmth rhjtlvfs,

quh lmthrjghk afk fs afkpfmhmths lmtrjahdudjrhs vltjls ajusjmef ejmfs lrrhvhrsvhls h dhtjls.

(QLD_J,9>>1)

Eh kjmhlrj ghrjd, f vjdfr ej efsh eh hsthrldlzjf, ehphmeh ej rhslstmalj efs

klarffrgjmlskfs, jf ktfef eh hsthrldlzjf, mvhd eh gjrjmtlj eh hsthrldlejeh (QJD Qhaurlty

Jssurjmah Dhvhd) h ajrgj klarfiljmj lmlaljd.

J hsthrldlzjf afkhj qujmef ukj pfpudjf eh klarffrgjmlskfs hst shmef

rheuzlej grjeujdkhmth mfs shus vjdfrhs mukrlafs, eurjmth uk ehthrklmjef lmthrvjdf eh

thkpf h sfi ukj ejej afmelf, jt quh cjbj j prfijildlejeh eh khmfs quh uk eh sfirhvlvhr.

Mj olgurj :?, jprhshmtjef uk hxhkpdf utldlzjmef-sh f prfahssf eh lrrjeljf, fmeh

hstjihdhalej j rhdjf ej lmjtlvjf ilfdglaj efs klarfrgjmlskfs hk oumf ej qujmtlejeh

eh rjeljf mhahssrlj pjrj sh afmshgulr f hohltf ehshbjef, quhr shbj ukj rheuf ej ajrgj

klarfiljmj fu jtlmglr f mvhd eh shgurjmj eh hsthrldlzjf utldlzjef lmthrmjalfmjdkhmth f

QJD.F afmahltf eh Mvhd eh Qhgurjmj eh Hsthrldlzjf, ehrlvjef eh hstuefs sfirh almtlaj

eh lmjtlvjf klarfiljmj, pfr tjmtf, j prfijildlejeh eh klarffrgjmlskfs hstjrhk prhshmths

hk afmtjtf fu ehmtrf ef prfeutf ehpfls eh rhjdlzjef f prfahssf eh hsthrldlzjf. Mj prtlaj

utldlzj-sh pjrj hsthrldlzjf eh prfeutfs kelafs h cfspltjdjrhs uk mvhd QJD eh :>-?,

pfrtjmtf, gjrjmth quh khmfs eh : hk :.>>>.>>> eh klarffrgjmlskfs lrf sfirhvlvhr hk

afmtjtf fu ehmtrf ef prfeutf jps shr hsthrldlzjef.

F vjdfr E:>, usujdkhmth hxprhssf hk `Gy, jprhshmtjef mj olgurj :? slgmlolaj j

qujmtlejeh eh rjeljf j shr jisfrvlej phdf prfeutf mhahssrlj pjrj quh j pfpudjf lmlaljd

shbj rheuzlej hk %.


37/42

97

Olgurj :?2 Grolaf mkhrf eh sfirhvlvhmths vhrsus efsh eh lrrjeljf

(YHDJ,9>>:).

Kumeljdkhmth, ahraj eh 8>% efs prfeutfs hkprhgjefs hk prfahelkhmtfs eh

sjeh usjk j lrrjeljf afkf ktfef eh hsthrldlzjf, phrahmtujd quh arhsah afmstjmthkhmth,

hk rjzf ej suj afmoljildlejeh.

J hsthrldlzjf eh prfeutfs kelaf h cfspltjdjrhs pfr hxpfslf rjeljfgjkj jprhshmtj grjmehs vjmtjghms hk rhdjf j futrjs tamlajs ehmtrh hdjs ehstjajk-sh2 jdtf

pfehr eh phmhtrjf, odhxlildlejeh, jgldlejeh, afmoljildlejeh ef prfahssf h f oald

kfmltfrjkhmtf, vlstf quh j mlaj vjrlvhd j shr afmtrfdjef f thkpf. Futrjs vjmtjghms j

shrhk ehstjajejs sf2 fs prfeutfs sf hsthrldlzjefs b mj suj hkijdjghk frlglmjd, fu shbj, s

jihrtj phdf usurlf olmjd. Eurjmth f prfahssjkhmtf j hdhvjf ej thkphrjturj eh uk j efls

grjus ahmtgrjefs, shmef afmslehrjef uk prfahssf j orlf, pfr lssf afkpjtvhd afk prfeutfs

thrkfsshmsvhls afkf shrlmgjs, jgudcjs, ajththrhs, duvjs, suturjs, lkpdjmths, plmjs hrhjghmths.


38/42

93

Afkf j rjeljf gjkj pfssul grjmeh pfehr eh phmhtrjf, fs frgjmlskfs pfehk

shr jdajmjefs fmeh quhr quh hsthbjk, tjmtf hk hkijdjghms djarjejs afkf hk prfeutfs

jafmelalfmjefs ejs kjls vjrljejs kjmhlrjs, f quh gjrjmth j holaalj ef prfahssf.

Jps f prfahssjkhmtf, f prfeutf hmafmtrj-sh prfmtf pjrj f usf, mf rhquhrhmef

qujrhmthmj fu trjtjkhmtfs pfsthrlfrhs afkf f ajsf ef prfahssjkhmtf pfr HtF h, pfrtjmtf,

mf mhahssltjmef eh hspjf oslaf pjrj hstfajghk efs prfeutfs.

J hsthrldlzjf pfr rjeljf gjkj afmslehrjej afkf uk prfahssf dlkpf, pfls

mf pfssul hklsshs txlajs fu eh rhseufs, jdk eh mf ajusjr lkpjatfs mj qujdlejeh ef jr

fu ej guj. Hmtrhtjmtf, hxlsth shkprh f rlsaf eh hxpfslf efs trjijdcjefrhs rjeljf hk

ajsfs eh jalehmths.

Hk rhdjf quhstf hafmklaj, jphsjr ef hdhvjef austf eh lmstjdjf eh uk

lrrjeljefr lmeustrljd eh ajthgfrlj L_ shr mj frehk eh X$ 5 kldchs (edjrhs jkhrlajmf, mf jmf

eh 9>>:), j ajpjalejeh eh prfahssjkhmtf eh pjddhts lmthlrf shk j mhahsslejeh eh

ehsafmolgurjr j ajrgj h fs prfeutfs jps f prfahssjkhmtf, eh mf mhahssltjrhk ef rhtfrmf jf

ojirlajmth pjrj rh-hkijdjghms h pfr shrhk hmtrhguhs elrhtjkhmth jf afmsuklefr, ojzhk afk

quh fs austfs eh dfgstlaj shbjk rheuzlefs h j hafmfklj hk hsajdj tfrmj f prfahssf ehrjelfhsthrldlzjf jdtjkhmth afkphtltlvf afk rhdjf s futrjs thamfdfgljs.

_. AFMQLEHYJHQ OLMJLQ

J hsthrldlzjf eh kjthrljls kelaf h cfspltjdjrhs thk slef utldlzjej

afkhraljdkhmth qujsh qujrhmtj jmfs. Mhsth prfahssf j rjeljf gjkj h fs ohlxhs eh hdtrfmssf fs khlfs oslafs eh ehsafmtjklmjf kjls rhafkhmejefs, jphsjr efs hdtrfms shrhk

utldlzjefs jphmjs hk prfeutfs eh ijlxjs ehmslejehs. Mhsths slsthkjs, qujmef j rjeljf

lfmlzjmth hmtrj hk afmtjtf afk fs klarfrgjmlskfs vlvfs, prhshmths mfs prfeutfs j shrhk

prfahssjefs, prfvfaj f rfkplkhmtf ef shu EMJ, kjtjmef-fs fu lkphelmef-fs eh sh

rhprfeuzlrhk.

J hsthrldlzjf pfr rjeljf gjkj thk sh ehstjajef mf khrajef ehvlef j suj

jdtj phmhtrjildlejeh, odhxlildlejeh, jgldlejeh, afmoljildlejeh, shgurjmj h f oald

kfmltfrjkhmtf. ^fehk-sh ehstjajr jlmej futrjs vjmtjghms ej hsthrldlzjf pfr rjeljf gjkj

hk rhdjf j futrjs tamlajs2


39/42

9>9.

AJD_F, W. J. ^. Ehshmvfdvlkhmtf ef slsthkj eh lrrjeljf hk uk

lrrjeljefr kudtlprfpsltf eh afijdtf-?> tlpf afkpjatf.9>>8. :73 o. Uhsh (Efutfrjef hk

Almaljs mj rhj eh Uhamfdfglj Muadhjr-Jpdlajhs.) L^HM, Xmlvhrslejeh eh Qf ^judf,

Qf ^judf. 9>>8.

AFKLQQF MJALFMJD EH HMHYGLJ MXADHJY. Oumalfmjkhmtf eh

shrvlfs eh Yjelfgrjolj Lmeustrljd (AMHM-MM-?.>5).Ylf eh Bjmhlrf, kjrf/9>:1.

AFXUF, K. Elvhrslejeh mjs tamlajs eh hsthrldlzjf. PHeltfrljd[.QIAA, M81, p

:>-:7, bud./jgf., 9>::.

HCDHYKJMM, E. J. H. Offe Lrrjeljtlfm. Lm2 Q^LHQQ, W. H. D.0 QACXIHYU, C.

He. Hmglmhhrlmg jme offe2 ^rhshrvjtlfm prhahsshs jme rhdjthe thacmlquhs. Dfmefm2

Hdshvlrh Jppdlhe Qalhmah, :-771.

OJY@JQ, B. Lrrjeljtlfms ofr ihtthr offes. Urhmes lm offe Qalhmah &

Uhacmfdfgy,v.:7, p.:53-:89, 9>>?.

GHFOOYH\. ^. B. Yjeljtlfm sthrldlzjtlfm fo pjrhmtjds. Elspfmvhd hk2

4cttp2//www.pcjrkthac.afk/pcjrkthac/jrtladh/jrtladhEhtjld.bsp6le;591:1

LIJ. Yhvlhw fo rjeljtlfm sthrldlzjtlfm Uhacmfdfglhs ofr khelajd ehvlahs.

elspfmvhd hk 4cttp2//pcytfsjmltjry.lij-

lmeustrljd.afk.am/slths/ehojudt/oldhs/Yhvlhw%9>fo%9>Yjeljtlfm%9>Qthrldlzjtlfm%9>Uhacmfd

fglhs%9>ofr%9>Khelajd%9>Ehvlahs%9>-:7>::1.peo= jahssjef hk2 >5 bumcf eh 9>:1

LMUHYMJULFMJD JUFKLA HMHYG\ JGHMA\. Gjkkj L rr jeljtfrs ofr

Yjeljtl fm ^rfahsslmg. Lmstltuth fo Muadhjr Achklstry jme Uhacmfdfgy, Wjrszjwj, ^fdjme,

Budy 9>>8.
http://www.pharmtech.com/pharmtech/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=423948http://phytosanitary.iba-industrial.com.cn/sites/default/files/Review%20of%20Radiation%20Sterilization%20Technologies%20for%20Medical%20Devices%20-170113.pdfhttp://phytosanitary.iba-industrial.com.cn/sites/default/files/Review%20of%20Radiation%20Sterilization%20Technologies%20for%20Medical%20Devices%20-170113.pdfhttp://phytosanitary.iba-industrial.com.cn/sites/default/files/Review%20of%20Radiation%20Sterilization%20Technologies%20for%20Medical%20Devices%20-170113.pdfhttp://phytosanitary.iba-industrial.com.cn/sites/default/files/Review%20of%20Radiation%20Sterilization%20Technologies%20for%20Medical%20Devices%20-170113.pdfhttp://phytosanitary.iba-industrial.com.cn/sites/default/files/Review%20of%20Radiation%20Sterilization%20Technologies%20for%20Medical%20Devices%20-170113.pdfhttp://phytosanitary.iba-industrial.com.cn/sites/default/files/Review%20of%20Radiation%20Sterilization%20Technologies%20for%20Medical%20Devices%20-170113.pdfhttp://www.pharmtech.com/pharmtech/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=423948


41/42

LMUHYMJULFMJD JUFKLA HMHYG\ JGHMA\. Yjeljtl fm Qjohty fo Gjkkj

jme Hdhatrfm L r rjeljtlfm Ojald ltl hs (LJHJ Qjohty Qhrlhs m. :>7, _lhrkj - Justrlj, :1. 79o. Elsshrtjf

(Khstrjef hk Almaljs mj rhj eh Uhamfdfglj muadhjr - Jpdlajhs). L^HM, Xmlvhrslejeh eh

Qf ^judf, Qf ^judf. 9>>1.

@JDLD. H. K. ht jd. Ehslmohaf h Hsthrldlzjf. Jatj Frtfp Irjs. v. 7,p.:-5,

fut/ehz. :9. ::1o.

Elsshrtjf (Khstrjef hk Khelalmj).Xmlvhrslejeh ej Ihlrj Lmthrlfr. Afvldc. 9>>9.

KFYYLQFM, Y. K. Jm hafmfkla jmjdysls fo hdhatrfm jaahdhrjtfrs jms afijdt-?>

ofr lrrjeljthe offe. Wjsclmgtfm, X.Q. Ehpjrtkhmt fo Jgrlaudturh. Uhacmlajd Iuddhtlm

m:7?9, Bumcf eh :.

^FEJEHYJ, ^. Hstuefs ejs prfprlhejehs ef jajr dqulef lmvhrtlef

prfahssjef afk rjeljf gjkj h ohlxh eh hdtrfms. 9>>7. :>3o. Uhsh (Efutfrjef hk

Almaljs mj rhj eh Uhamfdfglj Muadhjr - Jpdlajhs). L^HM, Xmlvhrslejeh eh Qf ^judf,

Qf ^judf. 9>>7.

YHDJ, ^. Y. Ehshmvfdvlkhmtf eh elspfsltlvf eh lrrjeljf pjrj trjtjkhmtf

eh hoduhmths lmeustrljls afk ohlxh eh hdtrfms.9>>1. :5>1
http://www.ipen.br/http://www.ipen.br/http://www.ipen.br/http://www.ipen.br/


42/42

YHDJ. ^. Y. Xtldlzjf ej rjeljf lfmlzjmth mj hsthrldlzjf eh prfeutfs

kelafs h ojrkjautlafs. QIAA m.>1,p.:>-:?,sht/fut. 9>>:

QLDLMELY, K.0 RHY, J. \. Qthrldlzjtlfm khtcfes jme tch afkpjrlsfm fo h-ihjksthrldlzjtlfm wltc gjkkj rjeljtlfm sthrldlzjtlfm. OJIJE B. ^cjrk. Qal. v.15,p. 51-81, 9>>>1. ?7o. Elsshrtjf (Khstrjef).

Xmlvhrslejeh ef _jdh ef ^jrjij- Lmstltutf eh ^hsqulsj h Ehshmvfdvlkhmtf. (Hmghmcjrlj

Ilfkelaj). 9>>1

QLMAF, ^. Lmsleh j gjkkj sthrldlzhr. Muadhjr Mhws. v.59, m.?, p.

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