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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
Os|ula saiyo koldlgs lo
so`uydlglo on xfg|gjaykgs
olucg|dzgs
AISOYZG\AYDA LG SO@_YDLGLO LG DNJAYKGCDN
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
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7.7.7 .....................................78 Dns|d|u|a Ngcdangf
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
3.3.9 ......................
3.3.
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
X_N\AS CFGZO
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g cakundcgcdn o g xgy|dcdxgcdn las ldjoyon|os kokiyas lg
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on|yo xoyjs lo usugyda %gfuknas& lacon|os& xgds&
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
Os|ula saiyo koldlgs lo so`uydlglo on xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs
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xyacolou g dlon|djdcgy cgfos
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wuo gjoc|gyn s xfg|gjaykgs& loxonlonla la `yga lo ozafucdn
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losonzafzoyan on sonsdidfd}gcdn& jaykgcdn o dnjaykgcdn&
naykg|dzg& coy|djdcgcdn o
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Z Yocakonlgcdns o xyaxas|gs
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koffaygy as ndzods lo so`uydlglo wuo
ods|on gc|ugfkon|o.
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
7 DN\YAL_CDN O AIUOC\DZAS
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7.7.7 Dns|d|u|a Ngcdangf lo \ocnafags lg Cakundcgcdn
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sacdolglo os|g|gf
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losonzafzokon|a lg Sacdolglo la Caocokon|a g |ygzs lo xyaoc|as
las kid|as lg
dnnazgcdn o lg |ocnafag.
A sou aioc|dza laiyo= xay uneg ignlg& can|ydiuy canzoyoncdg
lo Osxgg can
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xyakazoy a losonzafzokon|ayodangf& onygd}gnla on Fon un xyaoc|a
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o& on oygf& na kid|a lg
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cakxo|d|dzdlglo& os|onlonla gs sgs cgxgcdlglos |gn|a ga
kolda ouyaxoa caka ga
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xyakacdn o ldjusdn lo
xyaoc|as |ocnafdcas na kgyca lg Sacdolglo lg Dnjaykgcdn. Xgyg
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7.7.9 Aisoyzg|ayda lg So`uydlglo lg Dnjaykgcdn
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Xdng 78 lo 4?Aisoyzg|ayda lg So`uydlglo lg Dnjaykgcdn
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
Lon|ya los|o xfgn lo gccdn yogf}gnso fgiayos lo
dnzos|d`gcdn& gnfdso& os|ula&
gsosaygkon|a o ldzuf`gcdn wuo g|onloyn& on|yo au|ygs& s
so`udn|os os|yg|odgs=
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so`uydlglo lgs
|ocnafags lg dnjaykgcdn o g cakundcgcdn& can osxocdgf njgso
ng so`uydlglo
on dn|oyno|.
So`udkon|a las xydncdxgds dnldcglayos o xaf|dcgs xifdcgs
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so`uydlglo lg dnjaykgcdn o g canjdgn}g nas kid|as ngcdangf o
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g canjdgn}g cuneg xoysxoc|dzg |okxaygf.
Dkxufsa lo xyaoc|as lo dnzos|d`gcdn on kg|oydg lo so`uydlglo lo
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ay`gndskas
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gc|ugfdlglo ngcdangf
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dnjaykgcdn.
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lg
dnjaykgcdn o g canjdgn}g& gs caka a gxada ofgiaygcdn&
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gzgfdgcdn lo xaf|dcgs xifdcgs nos|o kid|a.
7.9 Aioc|dzas la os|ula
A xyoson|o dnjayko onkycgso lon|ya la xyacosa lo cgkida
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dnkoysg g sacdolglo gc|ugf o ga wuo xya`yosdzgkon|o so zgd
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gceo`gy gs |ocnafags olucgcdn jgd wuo yosuf|o dkxyoscdnldifo
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Gn|o os|g yogfdlglo okoyon|o& DN\OCA oxaso g nocosdlglo lo
yogfd}gy uneg
dnzos|d`gcdn wuo xoykd|dso=
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los|gs xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs anfdno xgyg nonas& con|ygnla a
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dnjaykgcdn.
Os|ula saiyo koldlgs lo so`uydlglo on xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs
Xdng 77 lo 4?Aisoyzg|ayda lg So`uydlglo lg Dnjaykgcdn
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
Nos|o son|dla& a os|ula |on uns aioc|dzas gkxfas wuo so
cancyo|gn nas aioc|dzas
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Aioc|dzas oygds
7$ Gfcgn}gy uneg cakxyonsdn `faigf saiyo g so`uydlglo ngs
xfg|gjaykgs
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9$ Dlon|djdcgy& koldgn|o un xyacosa jfodifo& eafs|dca o
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9$ Os|gifocoy uneg |dxafag lgs xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs ods|on|os
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lds|dn|as xyazolayos o
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cansdloyg x|dka.
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
Os|ula saiyo koldlgs lo so`uydlglo on xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs
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cansoffgygs lo olucgcdn
gu|ankdcgs$.
a Okxyosgs osxocdgfd}glgs na losonzafzokon|a |ocnafdca lo
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dn|oyno| .
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gsacdgcdns wuoas yoxyoson|gn.
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Socunlgydg o
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cakxo|oncdg |ocnafdcg.
Jgso lo gnfdso o loig|o lgs cancfusdns
Xgygfofgkon|o& fozyanso g cgia youndns ca aioc|dza lo
cansafdlgy g dnjaykgcdn
ai|dlg ng jgso gn|oyday& |yg|gnla lo jgcoy uneg xydkodyg
gnfdso o cfgsdjdcgcdn |gn|a lgs
jan|os lacukon|gds caka lg dnjaykgcdn ai|dlg lgs
on|yozds|gs.
Xgyg dsa& can gn|oydaydlglo yolgccdn la dnjayko&
kgn|dzyanso zgydgs youndns lo
owudxa ngs wuo so ofgiayau a nldco lo can|dlas& g|g ceo`gy
sg zgfdlgcdn o
jaykufgcdn lojdnd|dzg.
7 Cansds|o nun xyacosa lo cakundcgcdn ldnkdcg on|yo lgs
xoysags& on|yozds|glay o on|yozds|gla& igda a can|yaf
laxydkodya. A aioc|dza wuo xoyso`uo ai|oy dnjaykgcdn a kds
dkxfdcglayg xasdifo saiyo a aioc|a lo gnfdso wuo sooxn.9 Na gnoa D
ks|ygso uneg yofgcdn lo |algs gs on|dlglos o xyajosdangds wuo jayan
on|yozds|glas luygn|o g jgso lodnzos|d`gcdn.
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
Jgso lo yocakonlgcdns lo gc|ugcdn
Saiyo g igso lo lg|as los|o f|dka dnjayko& dlon|djdcyanso gs
yocakonlgcdns oaydon|gcdns lo gc|ugcdn oxas|gs xafas xyaxdas
oxoy|as on|yozds|glas& ca aioc|a lo
os|gifocoy as xasdifos gfcgncos o yosxansgidfdlglos& as
kid|as lg gu|ayyo`ufgcdn& g
fodsfgcdn& g coy|djdcgcdn o g os|gnlgyd}gcdn nocosgydgs xgyg
g cyogcdn o!au
losonzafzokon|a lgs xfg|gjaykgs2 g sonsdidfd}gcdn& g
jaykgcdn o g dnjaykgcdn las
usugydas& o& on oygf& au|ygs koldlgs wuo
losonzafzoyn gs on|dlglos xifdcgs.
Os|ula saiyo koldlgs lo so`uydlglo on xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs
Xdng 7< lo 4?Aisoyzg|ayda lg So`uydlglo lg Dnjaykgcdn
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
9 W_O _NEG XFG\GJAYKG OL_CG\DZG
G ozafucdn lgs xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs ks|ygso kad fd`glg ga
losonzafzokon|a lgsacdolglo lg dnjaykgcdn o la caocokon|a&
o& kds on cancyo|a& ga las sds|okgs
olucg|dzas& wuo |onlon& xya`yosdzgkon|o& g glgx|gyso
s nocosdlglos yogds la kunla
fgiaygf.
G gfjgio|d}gcdn yocacoso g`ayg caka un cancox|a cgkidgn|o na
|okxa& anlo glwudyo
kgday yofozgncdg a lakdnda las xyacosas o os|yg|odgs ca`nd|dzgs
wuo g gsdkdfgcdn lo
can|dlas& o anlo g nan ods|on igyyodygs osxgcda+|okxaygds
wuo fdkd|on gs gxyonld}gos.
Nos|o kgyca lo dnnazgcdn o cgkida& g axcdn lo oygy can|aynas
zdy|ugds logxyonld}go igsoglas ngs \ocnafags lg Dnjaykgcdn o g
Cakundcgcdn %\DC$& suxn
yosxanloy lo jaykg dn|o`ygf gas yowudydkon|as wuo dkxn g
Sacdolglo la Caocokon|a
o s nazgs nocosdlglos la kolda olucg|dza. lon|ya los|o can|o|a
lo dnnazgcdn anlo
aylon gs xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs.
9.7 Gs |ocnafags lg dnjaykgcdn o g cakundcgcdn ng olucgcdn
G dncayxaygcdn lgs \DC olucgcdn zou kgycglg&
|ygldcdangfkon|o& kds xafg
|ocnafag wuo xafg xolg`ag o g ldlc|dcg. Ng oscafg& la koska
od|a wuo nau|yas
kid|as& a usa cyocon|o lgs |ocnafags os|dza ld|gla xafg sg
ozafucdn olosonzafzokon|a& o& gnlg wuo so gxfdcgyan
olucgcdn loslo kad|a |okxa g|ys& g
xgy|dy las gnas ad|on|g cgnla cako}g g sg onoygfd}gcdn.
G gxgydcdn las aylonglayos xoysagds g xydncdxdas las gnas
ad|on|g o a gccosa g yolos lo
|ofocakundcgcdns osxocdgfd}glgs `yg}gs g dn|oyno| jdoyan xasdifo
a dn|oycgkida o
gccosa kunldgf g jan|os lo dnjaykgcdn& oygnla can dsa
dkxay|gn|os cgkidas na kid|a
olucg|dza.
Loslo as gnas nazon|g g|g g gc|ugfdlglo& jyanso dncayxaygnla
nazas yocuysas
|ocnafdcas wuo xaon lo kgndjos|a g nocosdlglo lo
yocancox|ugfd}gy as xyacosas okalofas |ygldcdangds lo onsdna o
gxyonld}go.
Ng gc|ugfdlglo& yosuf|g dkxonsgifo gignlangy as ka}as ng
cuf|uyg `faigf lg
cakundcgcdn son jaykgfas gcoycg lo cgnla& caka o xay wuo
usgy gs |ocnafags
okoyon|os. A losonzafzokon|a lo cancox|as caka gxyonld}go ga
fan`a lo |alg g
zdlg& gxyonloy g gxyonloy o|c.& suxuoyan wuo g
dns|d|ucdn oscafgy loig kaldjdcgy as
yafos |ygldcdangds la xyajosay o la gfukna& o wuo& on
kad|as cgsas& cakocon g g
cancyo|gyso on cyd|oydas os|gnlgyd}glas o oygds.
Os|ula saiyo koldlgs lo so`uydlglo on xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs
Xdng 7? lo 4?Aisoyzg|ayda lg So`uydlglo lg Dnjaykgcdn
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
Os|ula saiyo koldlgs lo so`uydlglo on xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs
Xdng 7: lo 4?Aisoyzg|ayda lg So`uydlglo lg Dnjaykgcdn
On Osxgg& g Fod Ay`ndcg lo Olucgcdn %FAO$ o as yogds
locyo|as lo losonzafzokon|a
lgs onsdngn}gs kndkgs3 os|gifocon g gfjgio|d}gcdn |ocnafdcg caka
uneg lgs
cakxo|oncdgs isdcgs wuo loion glwudydy as gfuknas. Lo d`ugf
kala& g _NOSCA gcgiglo xuifdcgy as Os|nlgyos lo cakxo|oncdg on
\DC xgyg lacon|os
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
Au|yas los|gcgn& ng sg lojdndcdn& a zgfay wuo |oon caka
sds|okgs lo
dnjaykgcdn las con|yas olucg|dzas& o& kds on
cancyo|a& caka un soyzd}a wuo
os|dang un con|ya xgyg yofgcdangyso& xay kolda lo
dn|oyno|& cag cakundlgloolucg|dzg.
Loslo a xun|a lo zds|g lgs sgs juncdangfdlglos&
cancox|ugf}gnso caka
gxfdcgcdns wuo xoykd|on os|dangy xyacosas lo onsdna+gxyonld}go
au cuysas lo
cgyc|oy zdy|ugf au sokdxyosoncdgf& gs caka fozgy g cgia
|algs gs juncdns lo
os|dn gcglkdcg o glkdnds|yg|dzg.
_neg f|dkg gcoxcdn la |oyka& kad|a kds oygf& glkd|dyg
caka xfg|gjaykg
olucg|dzg cgfwuoyg xay|gf lg Glkdnds|ygcdn olucg|dzg au la
con|ya oscafgy= lo
can|dlas anfdno& lo os|dn gcglkdcg& lo soyzd}as
olucg|dzas %zdloacanjoyoncdg&
idifda|ocgs anfdno o|c.$& xdngs o ifa`solucg|dzas o|c.
On cgfwuoyg cgsa& a lonakdnglay cakn xgyoco lojdndfgs caka
uneg joyygkon|g cua
losoa o jdngfdlglo xydncdxgf lgy yosxas|g lo jaykg dn|o`ygf s
kf|dxfos
nocosdlglos dneoyon|os zdlg lun con|ya olucg|dza.
Cansdlygso& koska& wuo so
|yg|g luneg cuos|dn lo ay`gnd}gcdn oscafgy wuo xalo lgy
caioy|uyg g |ocnafag.
9.9.7 Os|yu|uyg o juncdangkon|a oygf luneg xfg|gjaykg
olucg|dzg
Gs xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs |oon& naykgfkon|o& uneg
os|yu|uyg kalufgy wuo jgd xasdifo gsg glgx|gcdn yogfdlglo las
ldjoyon|os con|yas oscafgyos.
Can|gn& os|yu|uygfkon|o& can lds|dn|as klufas wuo
xoykd|on yosxanloy s nocosdlglos
lo os|dn las con|yas g |yos `ygnlos ndzods= os|dn glkdnds|yg|dzg
o gcglkdcg& os|dn
lg cakundcgcdn o os|dn la xyacosa lo onsdna+gxyonld}go.
Xgyg dsa& os|os sds|okgs |ocnafdcas xyaxaycdangn gas
usugydas osxg}as lo |ygigffa
cakxgy|dlas los|dnglas ga dn|oycgkida lo can|dlas o
dnjaykgcdn& dncayxaygn
joyygkon|gs lo cakundcgcdn %ceg|s& cayyoas& jayas lo
loig|o& zdloacanjoyoncdgs& ifa`s
o|c.$ o& on kad|as cgsas& can|gn cun `ygn yoxasd|ayda lo
aioc|as ldd|gds lo gxyonld}go
losonzafzdlas xay |oycodyas& gs caka can joyygkon|gs xyaxdgs
xgyg g oygcdn lo
yocuysas.
A juncdangkon|a lgs xfg|gjaykgs aydn|gso g lgy soyzd}a g cg|ya
xoyjs lo usugyda=
glkdnds|yglayos lo con|ya& xgds& gfuknas o xyajosayos.
Cglg un los|os xoyjs os|
dlon|djdcgla koldgn|o un nako lo usugyda o un can|ygsdngf& g
|ygzs las cgfos so gccolo
xfg|gjaykg. Os|g os|yu|uyg lo juncdangkon|a suxn g cyogcdn lun
osxg}a lo |ygigffa o
dn|oygccdn xocegla o can|yafgla& na wuo gs sd|ugcdns lo
ydsca wuo xalon zdzdy as
usugydas |oon uneg konay dn|onsdlglo wuo jyg lofos.
Os|ula saiyo koldlgs lo so`uydlglo on xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs
Xdng 70 lo 4?Aisoyzg|ayda lg So`uydlglo lg Dnjaykgcdn
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
Os|ula saiyo koldlgs lo so`uydlglo on xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs
Xdng 75 lo 4?Aisoyzg|ayda lg So`uydlglo lg Dnjaykgcdn
9.9.9 Juncdns wuo losokxogn os|gs xfg|gjaykgs
_neg xfg|gjaykg lo gxyonld}go |on& canun|gkon|o&
egylpgyo5& saj|pgyo4 o soyzd}as
lo gxada xgyg xoykd|dy kalas kds ojoc|dzas lo |ygigffa&
|gn|a jyg caka lon|ya lg gufg.
Gnlg wuo xalon zgydgy cansdloygifokon|o na sou losoa o
losonzafzokon|a& sokxyo
loion xyaxaycdangy uneg soydo lo juncdangfdlglos caka& xay
ookxfa& joyygkon|gs
cafgiayg|dzgs wuo os|dkufon g dlog lo caaxoygcdn o dn|oygccdn o
koldas xgyg a
losonzafzokon|a lo nazas k|alas lo |ygigffa o kalofas olucg|dzas
wuo zgdgn kds gf
la sdkxfo usa lg |ocnafag caka joyygkon|g.
So gngfd}gkas gs xydncdxgds juncdangfdlglos wuo so lojdnon na
sou losoa& g|axgkas&
junlgkon|gfkon|o& lgs gxfdcgcdns=
7$ Olucgcdn g lds|gncdg& cgnla a xyacosa olucg|dza nan
xyosoncdgf.
9$ Gxada o cakxfokon|a lg olucgcdn xyosoncdgf.
Yocon|okon|o& gs xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs u|df}gnso |gkn xgyg
oygy osxg}as lo
ldscusdn o cans|yucdn lo caocokon|a xay xgy|o lo `yuxas lo
dnzos|d`gcdn& au xgyg g
dkxfokon|gcdn lo cakundlglos zdy|ugds o yolos lo gxyonld}go&
xay xgy|o lo `yuxas lo
xoysags undlas ga yolay luneg |ok|dcg lo dn|oyoso.
G|onlonla s sgs juncdns caka gxada ga xyacosa lo
onsdna+gxyonld}go& gf`unegs
lgs kds los|gcglgs os|n yofgcdanglgs can=
G gfjgio|d}gcdn ldd|gf las os|ulgn|os& gs caka las
xyajosayos o gs jgkdfdgs.
A gccosa dnjaykgcdn& cakundcgcdn& os|dn o xyacosgkon|a
lo lg|as.
G os|dn gcglkdca+glkdnds|yg|dzg la con|ya= socyo|gyg&
idifda|ocg o|c.
A usa ldlc|dca xgyg jgcdfd|gy as xyacosas lo
onsdna+gxyonld}go.
G cakundcgcdn cags jgkdfdgs o ca kolda.
G yofgcdn on|yo xyajosayos g |ygzs lo yolos o cakundlglos
zdy|ugds= cakxgy|dy
yocuysas& oxoydoncdgs o|c.
_neg gnfdso kds oygf xoykd|o wuo os|gs |gkn xadlgn soy
cancdidlgs o
cancox|ugfd}glgs caka=
5Egylpgyo=cgfwuoyg cakxaon|o jsdca u|dfd}gla xgyg wuo juncdano g
xfg|gjaykg %soyzdlayos& ldscas luyas& sds|okgs lo
gfdkon|gcdn dndn|oyyakxdlg& igfgncoglayos&
jdyopgffso|c.$4Saj|pgyo=canun|a laf cld`a lo xya`ygkgcdn wuo jgd
xasdifo g yogfd}gcdn luneg |gyojg osxocjdcg.
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
Kolda lo oxyosdn o cyogcdn kuf|dkoldg xgyg oscydidy&
loiugy& yogfd}gy
xyoson|gcdns kuf|dkoldg& ofgiaygy xdngs poi o|c.
Osxg}a oyglay o saxay|o lo nazas osxg}as jaykg|dzas.
Cgngf lo cakundcgcdn wuo jgcdfd|g g cakundcgcdn
dn|oyxoysagf& o a dn|oycgkida
lo dlogs o kg|oydgds nun kolda cafgiayg|dza.
Jan|o gioy|g lo dnjaykgcdn o lo yocuysas.
Dns|yukon|a ca`nd|dza wuo gxadg xyacosas lo cans|yucdn la
caocokon|a.
Dns|yukon|a xgyg g os|dn glkdnds|yg|dzg o |d|aydgf.
Joyygkon|g xgyg g aydon|gcdn& a ldg`ns|dca o a so`udkon|a lo
os|ulgn|os.
Dns|yukon|a ldlc|dca o xgyg g gzgfdgcdn wuo xyaxaycdang uneg
cayyoccdn yxdlg
o jooligcbdnkoldg|a& uneg yolucdn lo |okxas o cus|as& g
xasdidfdlglo lo so`udy
a ygs|ya la gfukna o|c.
9.9.3 \dxas lo xfg|gjaykgs g|axglgs
Ng gc|ugfdlglo& ods|o un nkoya dkxay|gn|o lo xfg|gjaykgs
olucg|dzgs ldsxadifos.
Gf`unegs san xyalu|as cakoycdgds cun cus|a gsacdgla& kon|yos
wuo au|ygs sanjoyygkon|gs `yg|u|gs wuo glad|gn os|gy losonzafzdlgs
on cld`a gioy|a& a wuo xoykd|o
kaldjdcgy au glgx|gy& koldgn|o xya`ygkgcdn& as lds|dn|as
klufas wuo gs cakxaon.
G|onlonla ga xoyala lo |okxa on wuo os|gs xfg|gjaykgs caiygyan
dkxay|gncdg& cgio
osxoygy wuo g sg xyafdjoygcdn o xoyjoccdangkon|a dyn cyoconla g
un yd|ka cansdloygifo
o nun cuy|a xyg}a lo |okxa. Ds|a zfdla |gn|a xgyg gs xfg|gjaykgs
wuo ngcoyan xay
dndcdg|dzg lgs ldjoyon|os cansoffgygs lo olucgcdn& caka xgyg
gwuofgs wuo a jdoyan xay
dndcdg|dzg lo okxyosgs xydzglgs.
Xfg|gjaykgs+xay|gds lgs cansoffgygs lo olucgcdn
Luygn|o as f|dkas gnas& cglg uneg lgs cakundlglos gu|nakgs
os|dza yogfd}gnla
dkxay|gn|os dnzos|dkon|as xgyg la|gy as sous con|yas oscafgyos
lo yocuysas o
joyygkon|gs |ocnafdcas. Lo jaykg sdkuf|nog g os|o osjay}a&
os|gso xanla njgso ng
gfjgio|d}gcdn ldd|gf lo |alas as kokiyas lg cakundlglo
olucg|dzg.
\algs gs cansoffgygs lo olucgcdn os|n |ygigffgnla ca aioc|dza lo
xyaxaycdangy gas
con|yas lacon|os canoc|dzdlglo lo ignlg gnceg o os|onloy gs
yolos olucg|dzgs dn|yg o
dn|oycon|yas& gs caka ng la|gcdn o dncayxaygcdn lo nazas
yocuysas |ocnafdcas o loosxg}as cakns on dn|oyno|& g |ygzs la
losonzafzokon|a los|gs xfg|gjaykgs
olucg|dzgs.
Os|ula saiyo koldlgs lo so`uydlglo on xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs
Xdng 74 lo 4?Aisoyzg|ayda lg So`uydlglo lg Dnjaykgcdn
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
Os|ula saiyo koldlgs lo so`uydlglo on xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs
Xdng 98 lo 4?Aisoyzg|ayda lg So`uydlglo lg Dnjaykgcdn
G xosgy lg dnluidlgifo dkxay|gncdg wuo |on la|gy as con|yas cas
koldas |ocnafdcas
nocosgydas& gs axdndns yocaffdlgs ngs on|yozds|gs yogfd}glgs
gas gon|os cfgzo xan lo
kgndjos|a wuo san as lacon|os as yosxansgifos f|dkas lg sg
u|dfd}gcdn xolg`dcg nggufg. Gs cayyaiygna as yosuf|glas wuo so
losxyonlon lun os|ula fozgla g cgia xay
Yol.os o a Con|ya Ngcdangf lo Dnjaykgcdn o Cakundcgcdn Olucg|dzg
%CNDCO$ 78. Saiyo
uneg kas|yg luns 98.888 xyajosayos& as lg|as yozofgn wuo gs
xydncdxgds igyyodygs cd|glgs
xgyg uneg kgday u|dfd}gcdn yofgcdngnso& lun au au|ya
od|a& cag jd`uyg la xyajosay& o
san= d$ jgf|g lo jaykgcdn on \DC o ng xfg|gjaykg& dd$ jgf|g
lo |okxa xgyg gxyonloy& ddd$ jgf|g
lo gxada lon|ya la con|ya o dz$ jgf|g lo joyygkon|gs.
Os|g yogfdlglo jad cakxyonldlg xafgs lds|dn|gs cansoffgygs wuo
os|n fozgnla g cgia
dkxay|gn|os o zgydglgs dndcdg|dzgs lo jaykgcdn xgyg a
xyajosaygla& gs caka ldjoyon|os
xyaoc|as o cancuysas wuo gndkgn as lacon|os g cyogy yocuysas wuo
losxads xadlgn soy
cakxgy|dlas on yoxasd|aydas cakns.
Xay au|yg ignlg& uneg yozdsdn can lo|okon|a lgs xfg|gjaykgs
olucg|dzgs ods|on|os na
xgnaygkg ngcdangf& cug yogfd}gcdn jad dkxufsglg xafgs
glkdnds|ygcdns olucg|dzgs&
ks|ygnas wuo ods|o uneg coy|g |onloncdg ga usa la saj|pgyo fdiyo
na sou
losonzafzokon|a. On |algs ofgs san sdkdfgyos g fdcg lo gccosa o
gs sgs
juncdangfdlglos& o& on oygf& gs axdndns las
losonzafzolayos yojfdc|on wuo g so`uydlglo
glocuglg ca `yga lo usa lofgs.
Dndcdg|dzgs xydzglgs
\gkn ods|on na koycgla zgydgs xfg|gjaykgs losonzafzdlgs xay
okxyosgs xydzglgs. Gs
sgs juncdangfdlglos os|n aydon|glgs g gxadgy a onsdna
yo`ufgla& dn|on|gnla dnnazgy o
koffaygy as xyacosas lo onsdna+gxyonld}go. Glokgds&
xyaxaycdangn gas con|yas
ojdcdon|os joyygkon|gs lo os|dn gcglkdcg o glkdnds|yg|dzg& o
cans|d|onso on xa|on|os
cgnfos wuo jgzayocon g cakundcgcdn o a dn|oycgkida lo dnjaykgcdn
on|yo as ldjoyon|os
gon|os la kunla olucg|dza. Nos|o cgsa& gs gxfdcgcdns jayan
losonzafzdlgs&
naykgfkon|o& on saj|pgyo xyaxdo|gyda.
Loslo egd xauca |okxa& os|gso aisoyzgnla uneg `ygn
xyafdjoygcdn lo safucdns
aydon|glgs g jgcdfd|gy g cakundcgcdn jgkdfdg+cafoda. Xayn&
yosuf|g kds ldjcdf g|axgy
xfg|gjaykgs wuo dn|o`yon can|dlas ldd|gds wuo so glgx|on ga
cuyycufa las gfuknas.
78
Yol.os o Con|ya Ngcdangf lo Dnjaykgcdn t Cakundcgcdn Olucg|dzg
%CNDCO$ %9880$= Dnjayko saiyo fg dkxfgn|gcdn tusa lo fgs \DC on fas
con|yas lacon|os lo Olucgcdn Xydkgydg t Socunlgydg %cuysa
988?+988:$. Kglydl. On fdg. Ldsxadifoon
e||x=!!ppp.aod.os!\DC!Lacukon|aIgsdca.xlj
http://www.oei.es/TIC/DocumentoBasico.pdfhttp://www.oei.es/TIC/DocumentoBasico.pdf
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
9.9.< Xfg|gjaykg dlogf= os|dn gcglkdcg o glkdnds|yg|dzg&
can|dlas ldd|gds o
cakundcgcdn
eayg lo lojdndy a wuo xaloyg on|onloyso caka uneg xfg|gjaykg
olucg|dzg cakxfo|g&ods|o un cansonsa onoygfd}gla on wuo g
xfg|gjaykg dlogf loio xoykd|dy os|dangy
canun|gkon|o |algs gs nocosdlglos lun con|ya olucg|dza gsacdglgs
g fgiayos lo |dxa
glkdnds|yg|dza o gcglkdca& g cakundcgcdn on|yo as ldjoyon|os
kokiyas lg cakundlglo
olucg|dzg o a gxada laconcdg.
Cans||gso wuo ods|on kad xaucgs xfg|gjaykgs wuo dkxfokon|on gs
|yos
juncdangfdlglos. A klufa lo cakundcgcdn & nos|o kakon|a&
a kds lokgnlgla xafas
con|yas& o a konas losonzafzdla a cayyosxanlon|o gas
can|dlas. Luneg au au|yg
jaykg& |alas as con|yas |oon gf`uneg joyygkon|g wuo jgcdfd|g
g os|dn glkdnds|yg|dzg ogcglkdcg.
|gkn los|gcgifo wuo g kgdayg las on|yozds|glas xagn lo kgndjos|a
wuo& xgyg sgcgy
|ala a xgy|dla g os|gs xfg|gjaykgs& nocosgyda g|onloy o
`gygn|dy cg|ya xdgyos isdcas=
canoc|dzdlglo& ldsxadidfdlglo lo yocuysas |ocnafdcas& o
lo can|dlas ldlc|dcas o
jaykgcdn la xyajosaygla.
Sonla dnluidlgifos gs onaykos xa|oncdgfdlglos loydzglgs lo
can|gy can xfg|gjaykgs wuo
os|danon lo jaykg dn|o`yglg |algs gs gccdns gn|os loscyd|gs&
nan egd wuo oswuocoy
wuo& gcakxggnla a losonzafzokon|a lo nazgs
juncdangfdlglos& xalon zoyso |gkndncyokon|glas as ydscas lo
so`uydlglo %lgla wuo cglg zo} can|oyn lg|as lo kgday
sonsdidfdlglo$.
Nos|o xun|a& gs axdndns las oxoy|as ldzlonso nazgkon|o on|yo
as wuo nan zon wuo a
ju|uya so gsacdo g uneg kgday xyaifok|dcg on so`uydlglo o as wuo
cansdloygn wuo
egioy wuo os|gy gfoy|g o glax|gy uneg xas|uyg xyagc|dzg& nan
osxoygnla g wuo sogn gs
dncdloncdgs gs wuo nas jg`gn canscdon|os lg nocosdlglo lo oygy
sds|okgs kds so`uyas.
Na wuo sd cadncdlon gkias as `yuxas on sdngfgy wuo un dncdlon|o
soyda lo so`uydlglo
lgngyg g cyoldidfdlglo los|gs joyygkon|gs o jyogyg a
losonzafzokon|a la soc|ay.
9.3 Xoyjs las usugydas
G|g egd xauca |okxa& g u|dfd}gcdn lo xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs
naykgfkon|o wuolgig
yofo`glg g con|yas cuneg fan`g |ygoc|aydg on \DC& g
xyajosayos wuo gs okxyo`gign xgyg
g sg jaykgcdn o g koldas undzoysd|gydas. Xoya os|g yogfdlglo os|
cgkidgnla. Ng
gc|ugfdlglo& yocacoso wuo so |yg|g luneg xa|on|o joyygkon|g
lg wuo so xalon
ionojdcdgy |alas as kokiyas lg cakundlglo olucg|dzg.
Os|ula saiyo koldlgs lo so`uydlglo on xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs
Xdng 97 lo 4?Aisoyzg|ayda lg So`uydlglo lg Dnjaykgcdn
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22/95
Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
Os|ula saiyo koldlgs lo so`uydlglo on xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs
Xdng 99 lo 4?Aisoyzg|ayda lg So`uydlglo lg Dnjaykgcdn
G dncayxaygcdn o usa lgs lozgnld|gs xfg|gjaykgs na kid|a lg
olucgcdn nan so
xyalucdu on |alas as soc|ayos xay d`ugf. G|onlonla s os|g|s|dcgs
oygds lo usa lgs
\DC77
& cakxyaigkas wuo so u|dfd}gn kds na soc|ay xifdca wuo na
xydzgla& o kds onSocunlgydg wuo on Xydkgydg. Os|os lg|as
yox|onso |gkn on xgsos caka a Yodna _ndla&
anlo& glokgds& as lg|as yojfdc|on wuo ods|o coy|g
yosds|oncdg on|yo a xyajosaygla xgyg
dn|o`ygy as gldgn|as |ocnafdcas ngs ldnkdcgs lo gufg.
Cancyo|gkon|o& cgfcfgso wuo
gxyadkglgkon|o un 98/ las xyajosayos u|dfd}g egid|ugfkon|o gs
xfg|gjaykgs o un
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Educativas
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
Os|ula saiyo koldlgs lo so`uydlglo on xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs
Xdng 93 lo 4?Aisoyzg|ayda lg So`uydlglo lg Dnjaykgcdn
_n os|ula7< fozgla g cgia xafg Gsacdgcdn Xya|`ofos xan lo
kgndjos|a wuo as konayos
lo gkias as soas os|n d`ugfkon|o losdnjaykglas saiyo gs naykgs
lo so`uydlglo
isdcgs xgyg ngzo`gy xay dn|oyno| = ??/& ofgs& o ?3/&
ofos.
9.3.9 Xyajosayos
A xoyjdf kds egid|ugf la xyajosay yosxanlo ga lun xyajosdangf
wuo so jaykau nun
can|o|a na wuo gs \DC nan ods|gn au ion so dn|o`ygign ng ldnkdcg
lg gufg caka un
ofokon|a lo gxada oxfdcgcdn la lacon|o. Xgyg as kds nazas& g
dnjayk|dcg jad uneg
kg|oydg kds la cuyycufa ajdcdgf wuo so onsdngig caka uneg
kg|oydg dnloxonlon|o.
Os|g oxoydoncdg xoysagf& undlg ga jod|a lo wuo g kgdayg las
lacon|os |gkxauca
yocdidyan jaykgcdn osxocjdcg saiyo caka dn|o`ygy gs \DC ng gufg
luygn|o as sous
os|ulas undzoysd|gydas& |on caka cansocuoncdg junlgkon|gf
wuo& on oygf& os|o cafoc|dza
xyajosdangf |og oscgsas caocokon|as |oydcas o oxoydoncdg xyc|dcg
saiyo g jaykg lo
dkxfokon|gfgs lo od|a ojdcg} na sou wuojgcoy ca|dn7?.
Gs axdndns yozofgn wuo& caka usugydas lgs xfg|gjaykgs&
u|df}gngs xydncdxgfkon|o caka
yocuysa olucg|dza& xgyg |ygigffgy cas sous gfuknas ng cfgso
o& g ndzof xgy|dcufgy& xgyg g
sg jaykgcdn xoysagf.
Nas f|dkas gnas& xayn& san |gfos a guo o g nocosdlglo lo
dncayxaygy gs |ocnafags
nas xyacosas lo onsdna+gxyonld}go& wuo g kgdayg lgs
cansoffgygs lo olucgcdncyogyan g jd`uyg la caayldnglay \DC. A
lacon|o wuo gsuko os|g yosxansgidfdlglo on
cglg con|ya os| fdioygla luneg xaycon|go lgs sgs eaygs foc|dzgs
xgyg xaloy ldngkd}gy
o fdloygy os|os xyacosas on|yo as sous cakxgodyas. Gf`unegs lgs
sgs xydncdxgds
juncdns san=
Caayldngy o ldngkd}gy g dn|o`ygcdn cuyydcufgy lgs |ocnafags lg
dnjaykgcdn o g
cakundcgcdn.
Ofgiaygy xyaxas|gs xgyg g ay`gnd}gcdn o os|dn las koldas o
yocuysas
|ocnafdcas& gs caka zofgy xafa sou cukxydkon|a.
Gsosaygy a xyajosaygla saiyo kg|oydgds cuyydcufgyos on saxay|os
kuf|dkoldg& ng
sg u|dfd}gcdn o ng os|yg|odg lo dncayxaygcdn xfgndjdcgcdn
ldlc|dcg.
Yogfd}gy g gnfdso lo nocosdlglos la con|ya yofgcdanglgs cags
\DC.
7< GXCD o XYA\@OFOS& ax. cd|.&73.7? Sd`gfos& C.
%988
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Educativas
24/95
Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
Cafgiaygy cags os|yu|uygs lo caayldngcdn la kid|a lgs \DC wuo so
os|gifo}gn&
g jdn lo `gygn|dy gc|ugcdns caeoyon|os la con|ya& o xaloy
dncayxaygy o ldjunldy
dndcdg|dzgs od|asgs.
Suxoyzdsgy g dns|gfgcdn& canjd`uygcdn o losdns|gfgcdn la
saj|pgyolo jdngfdlglo
cuyydcufgy.
Uos|dangy g yolo= gf|gs o igdgs lo usugydas& os|dn lo
xoykdsas& yosafucdn lo
xowuongs dncdloncdgs o|c.
Yosuf|g dnno`gifo& loslo |algs gs xoysxoc|dzgs& wuo un
ofokon|a cfgzo xgyg g
dncayxaygcdn lgs xfg|gjaykgs o xgyg a cgkida ko|alafdca son
lidlg a xyajosay. Ng
gc|ugfdlglo& loslo gs ldjoyon|os glkdnds|ygcdns
olucg|dzgs& os|gso jgconla uneg cfgyggxas|g xay ofos na
yojoyon|o la|gcdn lo yocuysas o g jaykgcdn.
9.3.3 Xgds
Ga gngfd}gy a xoyjdf las xgds caka usugydas lgs |ocnafags on
oygf o& kds on cancyo|a&
lgs xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs& g|xgnso zgydas xun|as wuo egd
wuo los|gcgy.
On xydkodya fu`gy& g xyc|dcg |a|gfdlglo lgs axdndns
yocaffdlgs lo gsacdgcdns& oxoy|as
on so`uydlglo o glkdnds|ygcdns olucg|dzgs loscyioas caka `ygnlos
loscaocolayos
lgs \DC& a wuo fozg wuo& ng kgday xgy|o las cgsas&
nan xadlgn can|yafgy a wuo jgn assous jdffas jyan|o ga aylonglay. G
xosgy lo wuo a`gn un xgxof junlgkon|gf eayg lo
xyozdy gas sous jdffas saiyo sd|ugcdns lo ydsca& g yogfdlglo
wuo gs sgs gc|ugcdns
glad|gn fdkd|gyso g xyaedidyffos wuo zogn can|dlas sougds au
zdafon|as ng |ofozdsdn& son
soy canscdon|os la wuo zon au ga wuo so oxaon kon|yos ngzo`gn on
dn|oyno|.
Xay au|yg ignlg& caka usugydas lo xfg|gjaykgs& g kgdayg
gjdykgn u|dfd}gfgs caka kolda
lo cakundcgcdn wuo ffos xoykd|o xgy|dcdxgy na xyacosa lo
onsdna+gxyonld}go las sous
jdffas. Xayn& yocaocon wuo gnlg a `yga lo dkxfdcgcdn o usa
os| fano lo soy a x|dka
o glocugla.
\alas os|os gsxoc|as xaon lo kgndjos|a g nocosdlglo lo wuo as
xgds yocdign
jaykgcdn aydon|glg g sonsdidfd}gfas saiyo as xyaifokgs lo
so`uydlglo& g wuo& nos|os
|okgs& uneg xo}g cfgzo yosdlo ng cancdoncdgcdn lgs jgkdfdgs.
Nos|g fdg& aisyzgso wuo
as xgds os|n lokgnlgnla can|aynas nas wuo as sous jdffas xadlgn
a`gy o gxyonloy lo
jaykg gu|nakg o so`uyg& xoya son os|gyon oxas|as dnkonsdlglo
lo dn|oyno|. Gs
xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs cako}gn g soy os|os osxg}as zdy|ugds lo
gxyonld}go o
dn|oygccdn lokgnlglas.
9.3.< Cansoffgygs lo olucgcdn o dnsxoccdn olucg|dzgAu|ya
xasdifo xoyjdf lo usugyda wuo xalo loscuiydy kf|dxfos
juncdangfdlglos ngs
xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs& ng koldlg on wuo nocosd|gn xgyg a
sou |ygigffa lg|as yogds lo
Os|ula saiyo koldlgs lo so`uydlglo on xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs
Xdng 9< lo 4?Aisoyzg|ayda lg So`uydlglo lg Dnjaykgcdn
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
Os|ula saiyo koldlgs lo so`uydlglo on xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs
Xdng 9: lo 4?Aisoyzg|ayda lg So`uydlglo lg Dnjaykgcdn
9.
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Educativas
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
Os|ula saiyo koldlgs lo so`uydlglo on xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs
Xdng 90 lo 4?Aisoyzg|ayda lg So`uydlglo lg Dnjaykgcdn
gcglkdcg o glkdnds|yg|dzg& cakundcgcdn o gxada gas xyacosas
lo onsdna+gxyonld}go98$.
On yofgcdn cas |okgs lo so`uydlglo& lo naza& g dlog
cakunkon|o yocaffdlg wuo
egioy wuo xyos|gy kgday g|oncdn g os|o gsxoc|a so`unla so zgdgn
dncyokon|gnla gs
juncdangfdlglos o gs xfg|gjaykgs os|danon dnjaykgcdn kds
sonsdifo= safdcd|ulos lo
iafsgs& lg|as igncgydas& dnjaykos lo |dxa xsdcaxolg`dca
o|c.
9.? Ionojdcdas gsacdglas ga usa lgs xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs
G xosgy la dnno`gifo dkxgc|a sacdgf lgs \DC& gnlg nan
can|gkas cunegs xgu|gs
lojdnd|dzgs saiyo caka dn|o`ygfgs on cglg ndzof olucg|dza97.
coy|a wuo& on oygf& g sg
u|dfd}gcdn nas con|yas oscafgyos jad gukon|gnla& caka a
kas|ygn nukoyasas dnldcglayoscugn|d|g|dzas99 egd kds aylonglayos
ngs gufgs o kds canodns g dn|oyno|& o as
gfuknas okxyo`gn os|g |ocnafag ng cfgso luygn|o kds |okxa&
xoya nan os|
cugn|djdcgla a yonlokon|a olucg|dza gsacdgla ga usa las koldas
|cndcas.
G kgdayg lgs dnzos|d`gcdns fozglgs g cgia saiyo a dkxgc|a lgs
\DC na onsdna
los|gcgn& caka xgsa xydncdxgf& g nocosdlglo lo can|gy
can kalofas |oydcas wuo
aydon|on g sg u|dfd}gcdn.
9.?.7 Losonzafzokon|a lun naza kalofa xolg`dca
Na xyacosa lo dncayxaygcdn la aylonglay gufg& gs \DC xalon
gulgyffos gasxyajosayos g yojay}gy g sg ldlc|dcg o xyc|dcg
olucg|dzg au g |ygnsjaykgyfg. Xlonso
lds|dn`udy& on sn|oso& laus kalofas au cancoxcdns
gf|oyng|dzgs la onsdna= a kalofa
|ygnskdsdza o a kalofa cans|yu|dzds|g.
Kalofa |ygnskdsdza. A aioc|dza lg olucgcdn wuo a gfukna gxyonlg
uns
can|dlas g os|gifocdlas& saiyo as wuo fa`a |oy wuo yonloy
can|gs nun ogko lo
gzgfdgcdn. Nos|o kalofa& gs \DC soyzon lo gulg na
xyacosa& can|ydiunla g wuo
a gfukna gkxfo g dnjaykgcdn& yogfdco ooycdcdas au os|gifo}g
gf`uneg yofgcdn
dn|oygc|dzg93.
Kalofa cans|yu|dzds|g. Igsogla ng cancoxcdn cans|yu|dzds|g lg
gxyonld}go&
cug yg} so sd|g on gu|ayos caka Lopot& Iyunoy& Xdg`o| au
Zd`a|sbt. Xan g
njgso xydncdxgf ng gc|dzdlglo kon|gf cans|yu|dzg la gfukna o nas
sous xyacosas
lo loscuiydkon|a %Kgyceosd o Kgy|n& 9883$. Loslo os|o
onjawuo& a aioc|dza
98 Kds dnjaykgcdn ldsxadifo ng Ox`ygjo 9.9.7= os|yu|uyg o
juncdangkon|a oygf luneg xfg|gjaykg olucg|dzg.97 Nopeauso& X.
%9889$= Fd|oyg|uyo yozdop. \eo dkxgc| aj DC\ an fogyndn` gnl
|ogcedn`. Pos|oyn Gus|ygfdg& Sxocdgfds|Olucg|dangf
Soyzdcos.99
Yolo.os o Con|ya Ngcdangf lo Dnjaykgcdn o Cakundcgcdn Olucg|dzg
%CNDCO$& x. cd|.&78.93 Kgyceosd o Kgy|n %9883$= \ocnafa`g t
gxyonld}gmo. Dnzos|d`gcdn saiyo of dkxgc|a lof aylonglay on of
gufg. @yuxa SK.
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Dns|d|u|aNgcdangflo\ocnafa`gslofgCakundcgcdn
Os|ula saiyo koldlgs lo so`uydlglo on xfg|gjaykgs olucg|dzgs
Xdng 95 lo 4?Aisoyzg|ayda lg So`uydlglo lg Dnjaykgcdn
gxyonloy cag |ocnafag& nan saiyo g |ocnafag. As xya`ygkgs
okxyo`glas
iuscgn gcakalgyso ga juncdangkon|a ca`nd|dza la gfukna&
glokgds lo jgcdfd|gy g
sg gc|dzdlglo gu|nakg9
