Filosofia da Ciência - hodson2006

7/30/2019 Filosofia da Cincia - hodson2006

1/10

MDWNZYD@B@N @N YK QBÊK

DMYPDP^PK @N R^LDIB

RGE :>1> Dmstrulnmtbk pbrb k Nmsdmk `n Ruldib D

NVDYPN ^L LPK@K IDNMPGDIK;

@NZNOFK@YKM&Prbùzd`k n b`bptb`k `n3

Ds tfnrn b sidnmtdgdi lntfk`;%Nùibtdkm dm Ifnldstry 24 &246:$% 22: 227-$

Ks kjcntdvks `n ludtks iursks `n idmidbs mbs nsikebs rnssbetbl b mninssd`b`n `n nmsdmbr bksckvnms b pnmsbr idnmtdgdiblnmtn? lbs nstb lntb bssuln qun nxdstb behk ifblb`k ltk`k

idnmtgdik- Ludtks gdeskgks `b idmidb mktb`blnmtn Qkppnr% Oufm% Ebobtks n Gnynrbjnm` tnmtbrbl irdbr *`ngdmdns* `k ltk`k idnmtgdik- Nxdstn% mk nmtbmtk% pkuik bikr`k nmtrn nens- Yn mkf% bk lnmks% ulb `ngdmdk b`nqub`b% k qun nstbrblks nmsdmbm`k mk iurriuek `n idmidb `bsnsikebs;

Pbevnz b ibrbitnrstdib lbds sdhmdgdibtdvb `k `nsnmvkevdlnmtk iurrdiuebr nl idmidb ùrbmtnks etdlks qudmzn ku vdmtn bmks tnmfb sd`k b lu`bmb `k nmsdmk `n idmidb3 `n ul ikmcumtk `nikmfnidlnmtks biulueb`ks% pbrb nxpnrdmidbs idnmtgdibs iklk snm`k ul ltk`k `n hnrbr tbeikmfnidlnmtk- Qkr nxnlpek3 b lntb `niebrb`b `k iurskMvne,1 `n Ruldib `n Muggdne` b `n qun3

---beumks `nvnrdbl b`qudrdr ul nmtnm`dlnmtk% qun ks biklpbmfbrdb bk ekmhk `n subs vd`bs% `k qun sncbtrbtbr ul prkjenlb idnmtdgdiblnmtn--- Mkssk dmtnrnssn prdlkr`dbe snr nmikrbcbr ks beumks b snrnlidnmtgdiks% grnmtn b ul `ntnrldmb`k prkjenlb- &2$

@n lk`k sdldebr% k iurskDmtrkùk n Hudb bk Iursk `n Idmidb Gsdib `n Muggdne` `niebrbqun k kjcntdvk 3

--- `br btnmk s lntbs n ltk`ks `b idmidb n s ibtnhkrdbs `n pnmsblnmtk idnmtgdik% bssdl iklk sbpedibns n rnbedzbns `b Idmidb- &:$

Pbe kpdmdk dlpedib qun nxdstb behk iklk ul ltk`k idnmtgdik n qun nen pk`n snribrbitnrdzb`k% nmsdmb`k n prbtdib`k- @n gbtk% mk edvrk `n Dmtrkùk n Hudb bk Iursk Mvne,1 `n

Gsdib `n Muggdne`% N- L- Zkhnrs nxprnssb iebrblnmtn tbe pkmtk `n vdstb3Idnmtdstbs pkssunl ulb lbmndrb ibrbitnrstdib `n pnmsbr% pebmncbr n trbjbefbr% qun ifblblks ltk`k

idnmtgdik-

Nstn brtdhk ulb tnmtbtdvb `n rnvdsbr% ludtk jrnvnlnmtn% b nxtnmsb edtnrbturb `b Gdekskgdb `bIdmidb% ikl b dmtnmk `n `nsbgdbr nssb supksdk-

K LPK@K DM@^PDWK

B vdsk trb`didkmbe `k ltk`k idnmtgdik% iklk nxpkstk pkr Grbmids Jbikm n nebjkrb`k pkrCkfm Ytubrt Ldee% nmvkevn rbidkimdk tbmtk dmùtdvk iklk `nùtdvk-

Dmùk k prkinssk `n pbssbr `n bgdrlbns pbrtdiuebrns skjrn k lum`k pbrb bgdrlbnsumdvnrsbds ku hnmnrbedzbns- @nùk k prkinssk dmvnrsk% pkr ms ikmfnid`k iklk *ehdibgkrlbe*-


2/10

@NZNO FK@YKM :

@n bikr`k ikl b vdsk `n ul dmùtdvdstb% b idmidb iklnb ikl kjsnrvbns sdlpens n snl

prnikmindtks- Nssbs kjsnrvbns rnsuetbl nl `b`ks b pbrtdr `ks qubds hnmnrbedzbns n tnkrdbsirdstbedzbl,sn- Ks dmùtdvdstbs brhulnmtbl qun pkssvne hnmnrbedzbr b pbrtdr `n ulb ikenk `nbgdrlbns pbrtdiuebrns% ns`n qun inrtbs ikm`dns sncbl sbtdsgndtbs3

D- k mlnrk `n kjsnrvbns rnebtb`bs `nvn snr hrbm`n?DD- bs kjsnrvbns nvnl snr rnprkùtvnds skj dvnrsbs ikm`dns?DDD- mnmfulb kjsnrvbk nvn ikmtrbrdbr b hnmnrbedzbk nrdvb`b-

K ikmfnidlnmtk idnmtgdik ikmstru`k skjrn b jbsn snhurb `b kjsnrvbk% `b nvd`midb n `kssnmtd`ks- Ikmgkrln bs kjsnrvbns sn biuluebl% dmùzdlks inrtbs ends n tnkrdbs pbrb nxpedi,ebs- B

pbrtdr `nssbs tnkrdbs pkssvne gbznr inrtbs prnvdsns-

B gdhurb 2 pbrnin snr k nsqunlb `b vdsk `n idmidb bprkvb`b pneks butkrns `k iursk `nquldibMvne,1 `n Muggdne`3 k prdlndrk pbssk k biluek% pneb kjsnrvbk n nxpnrdlnmtbk% `n tbmtbs dmgkrlbns qubmtk

pkssvne% skjrn tbmtks tdpks `n kjcntks qubmtk pkssvne? k snhum`k pbssk b iebssdgdibk nssbs kjsnrvbns nl ibtnhkrdbs ikmvnmdnmtns? k tnrindrk pbssk b prkiurb `b nxpedibk qun bs gum`blnmtb-

^l iursk `n idmidb nsikebr snr nmibldmfb`k `n lk`k sdldebr-

^lb vdsk qubsn d`mtdib `n ltk`k idnmtgdik bpbrnin mb dmtrkùk `k BlnrdibmIfnldstry Ytu`y &IfnlYtu`y$3---tk`bs bs btdvd`b`ns mbs qubds ks idnmtdstbs bifbl,sn dmsnrd`ks pk`nl snr nmtnm`d`bs nl tnrlks `n---kjsnrvbr% prkiurbr rnhuebrd`b`ns% hnmnrbedzbr n tnstbr nssb hnmnrbedzbk-

Mk nmtbmtk% iklk `nsirdk `k prkinssk idnmtgdik% b ikmsd`nrbk dmùtdvdstb `ngdidnmtnnl `kds bspnitks dlpkrtbmtns- Qrdlndrblnmtn% pk`n mk nxdstdr behk iklk ulb kjsnrvbkdlpbridbe? n nl snhum`k euhbr% ul brhulnmtk dmùtdvk mk ekhdiblnmtn ved`k-

Ks dmùtdvdstbs gbznl ùbs supksdns mk qun tbmhn s kjsnrvbns32- b idmidb pbrtn `b kjsnrvbk?:- b kjsnrvbk gkrmnin ulb jbsn snhurb b pbrtdr `b qube bs bgdrlbns pk`nl snr `nrdvb`bs-


3/10

@NZNO FK@YKM 9

Bljbs bs supksdns sk nmhbmksbs- Jbstb ikmsd`nrbr k `nsnmfk gbldedbr `b gdhurb : pbrbiklprnnm`nr quk gbefks sk ks mkssks snmtd`ks- Iklk M- Z- Fbmskm pkm`nrku% *nxdstn lbds pbrbvnr `k qun k qun btdmhn k hekjk kiuebr*-

B kjsnrvbk pbridbe% dstk % skgrn b dmgeumidb `k idnmtdstb% n% pkrtbmtk% mk gkrmnin ulbjbsn snhurb pbrb k ikmfnidlnmtk- Qkrtbmtk% iklk Obre Qkppnr benrtku% b jusib `b inrtnzb% `n ulbjbsn snhurb pbrb k ikmfnidlnmtk% tnl qun snr bjbm`kmb`b-

K qun ul kjsnrvb`kr v `npnm`n nl pbrtn `bqudek qun nst rnbelnmtn e% n nl pbrtn `n subnxpnrdmidb pbssb`b% snu ikmfnidlnmtk% subs nxpnitbtdvbs- Iklk kjsnrvb`krns% ms dmtnrprntblksks `b`ks qun ms pnrinjnlks- Dllbmune Obmt nxprnssb ludtk lbds nekqnmtnlnmtn nstb vdsk nlIrtdib `b Zbzk Qurb3

tu`k k qun beibmb b ikmsidmidb tktbe n iklpentblnmtn bcustb`k n sdlpedgdib`k% nsqunlbtdzb`k ndmtnrprntb`k- &6$

K prkinssk dmùtdvk rnqunr b ikmcuhbk `n tk`bs bs kjsnrvbns rnenvbmtns bmtns qunqubequnr tnmtbtdvb `n hnmnrbedzbk sncb gndtb- Lbs% pk`n ludtk jnl snr pnrhumtb`k% iklk ulkjsnrvb`kr dlpbridbe pk`n sbjnr k qun rnenvbmtn; B dmùk mk prkpkridkmb krdnmtbk mbrnstrdk `n kjsnrvbns pbrb behk lnmkr qun k ^mdvnrsk dmtndrk-

^l kjsnrvb`kr mninssdtb `n ul dminmtdvk pbrb gbznr ulb kjsnrvbk n mk ulb kutrb? bdmùk mk gkrmnin nssn nstluek- Gbznr ulb kjsnrvbk prnssupn ulb vdsk `n lum`k% b qubesuhnrn qun kjsnrvbns nspnigdibs `nvnrdbl snr gndtbs- Nl kutrbs pbebvrbs3 bs kjsnrvbns mk skdlpbridbds% sk npnm`nmtns b tnkrdb-

Nmtrn ks ludtks butkrns qun `ngnm`nl b d`db `n qun bs kjsnrvbns `npnm`nl `b tnkrdbnstk Fbmskm &7$% Qkppnr&8%4$ n Q- Gnynrbjnm` &21$-

B dmùk% iklk `nsirdk `k prkinssk idnmtgdik% tbljl gbefb mk tnrrnmk `b ehdib- Bkpbssbr `n gbtks pbrtdiuebrns pbrb bs hnmnrbedzbns qun ks ikmtl% behk b`didkmb`k- ^lbhnmnrbedzbk mk sdlpenslnmtn ulb rnbgdrlbk `ks gbtks &ku neb mk tnrdb vbekr$% lbs mk pk`nikmtnr ekhdiblnmtn lbds dmgkrlbns `k qun k ikmtn`k nlprdik `bs bgdrlbns `bs qubds gkd`nrdvb`b% iklk @bvd` Fuln mks enljrb3

Qk`n mk fbvnr mnmful brhulnmtk `nlkmstrbtdvk pbrb prkvbr qun bqunebs prnldssbs `bs qubds mktdvnlks mnmfulb nxpnrdmidb% rngedtbl bqunebs `bs qubds tdvnlks nxpnrdmidb-

^lb hnmnrbedzbk `nrdvb`b `n bgdrlbns dm`dvdùbds% bdm`b qun mulnrksbs% pk`n snlkstrbr nrrb`b- Mk dlpkrtb qubmtks idsmns jrbmiks ms vncblks% ms mumib tnrnlks custdgdibtdvbs

pbrb bgdrlbr qun tk`ks ks idsmns sk jrbmiks% pkrqun k prxdlk idsmn qun kefbrlks pk`n snr mnhrk-Bebm Ifbelnrs &2:$ lkstrku nstn pkmtk `n gkrlb lbds fulkrstdib mk ikmtk `k pnru dmùtdvdstb% qun


4/10

@NZNO FK@YKM 0

nrb bedlnmtb`k tk`ks ks `dbs s mkvn fkrbs- Mk `nsncbm`k brrdsibr,sn% k pnru nstbvb snhurk qunfbvdb gndtk subs kjsnrvbns skj ulb hrbm`n vbrdn`b`n `n ikm`dns &`dbs `b snlbmb% vbrdbnsiedltdibs% gnrdb`ks% nti-$- Gdmbelnmtn nen sn snmtdu snhurk n brrdsiku ulb hnmnrbedzbk3 *nu snlprnsku bedlnmtb`k s mkvn fkrbs `b lbmf*- Mk nmtbmtk% s mkvn fkrbs `k `db snhudmtn% nen tnvn subhbrhbmtb ikrtb`b- ^lb rngnrmidb dmùtdvb jbsnb`b nl bgdrlbns dm`dvdùbds vnr`b`ndrbs% nljkrbmulnrksbs% pk`n,sn lkstrbr gbefb-

K LPK@K FDQKPPDIK @N@^PDWK

B skeuk iessdib `n Obre Qkppnr pbrb ks prkjenlbs `b dmùk k ltk`k fdpkttdik,`nùtdvk% mk qube b idmidb ibldmfb btrbvs `n idieks suinssdvks `n dlbhdmbk n irtdib3d- prdlndrblnmtn% b fdptnsn prkùzd`b pkr dmtudk% pkr ul trbjbefk `n b`dvdmfbk dmspdrb`b% b

pbrtdr `n ul ikmfnidlnmtk tnrdik bmtnrdkr?dd- b pbrtdr `b fdptnsn% inrtbs ikmieusns sk `nùzd`bs?ddd- bs ikmieusns sk iklpbrb`bs nmtrn sd% b gdl `n sn tnstbr b ikmsdstmidb dmtnrmb `k sdstnlb?dv- b gkrlb ehdib `b tnkrdb dmvnstdhb`b pbrb sn vnrdgdibr sn neb tnl k ibrtnr `n ulb tnkrdb

idnmtgdib `nùtdvb ku nlprdib dmùtdvb?v- gdmbelnmtn% bs ikmieusns sk tnstb`bs nxpnrdlnmtbelnmtn3 sn bs prnvdsns sk ikmgdrlb`bs% b

fdptnsn iklprkvb`b- Yn mk% b fdptnsn `nvn snr lk`dgdib`b ku sujstdtu`b-

Bssdl% b rbzk idnmtgdib ul ikmstbmtn dmtnriljdk nmtrn fdptnsns n nxpnitbtdvbs ehdibsqun nebs krdhdmbl? ul ikmstbmtn `dekhk nmtrn k qun pk`nrdb snr n k qun - Mb edmhubhnl `n Qkppnr%b idmidb ibldmfb btrbvs `n ikmcniturbs n rngutbns% bt qun sn ifnhun b ulb tnkrdb qun nxpedqunsbtdsgbtkrdblnmtn b nvd`midb- Lbs nstn mk ul prkinssk ibsube `k tdpk *tnmtbtdvb n nrrk*- Nxdstnulb ikmstbmtn rntrkbedlnmtbk pbrb b lk`dgdibk n rnnstruturbk `n fdptnsns% snm`k ib`bikmcniturb gndtb euz `b nxpnrdmidb prvdb- K tnstn lbds neuid`btdvk `n ulb mkvb fdptnsn nstinmtrb`k mbqunebs prnvdsns qun mk sk `nrdvvnds `bs tnkrdbs nxdstnmtns- Bdm`b lnefkrns skbqunebs qun nstk nl ikmtrb`dk ikl bs tnkrdbs btubds- Gbesdgdibk bk dmvs `n vnrdgdibk bibrbitnrstdib inmtrbe `b gdekskgdb `n Qkppnr? n tk`b tnmtbtdvb pbrb sn tnstbr ulb tnkrdb ulbtnmtbtdvb pbrb sn gbesdgdi,eb-

Nmqubmtk bs bgdrlbns umdvnrsbds mk pk`nl snr ikmgdrlb`bs ekhdiblnmtn btrbvs `nkjsnrvbns nspnigdibs% lnslk qun mulnrksbs% nebs pk`nl snr rngutb`bs pkr bgdrlbnsnspnigdibs- B kjsnrvbk `n ul idsmn prntk tkrmb gbesb b tnkrdb `n qun tk`ks ks idsmns sk jrbmiks-

Qkr lbds nenhbmtns n bpnebtdvks qun ks brhulnmtks `n Qkppnr sncbl% nens mk nstk edvrns `n`dgdiue`b`ns- Bs tnkrdbs sk ikmgdrlb`bs ku gbesdgdib`bs ikl jbsn mb kjsnrvbk n mb

nxpnrdlnmtbk% b qube c b`ldtdlks snr gbefb n `npnm`nmtn `b tnkrdb- ^lb vnz qun b tnkrdb gbesdgdib`b sklnmtn qubm`k b bgdrlbk jsdib qun b ikmtrb`dz bindtb iklk vnr`b`ndrb% bs tnkrdbsmk pk`nl snr ikmieusdvblnmtn gbesdgdib`bs pkrqun bs bgdrlbns kjsnrvb`bs qun gkrlbl b jbsn

pbrb b gbesdgdibk sk% nebs prprdbs% suspndtbs- Qk`n ludtk jnl snr iklk Gnynrbjnm` `nstbib%dstk % qun b dmtrkùk `n ulb mkvb tnkrdb mninssrdb bmtns qun kjsnrvbns gbesdgdib`krbs sncblgndtbs- @ns`n qun pnmsnlks mks edldtns `n ul bribjkuk ikmindtube pbrtdiuebr% pk`nlks mk nstbribpbidtb`ks b envbmtbr b nvd`midb qun pk`nrdb ikmtrbrdbr b tnkrdb- mninssrdb ulb pnrspnitdvbbetnrmbtdvb pbrb `nstbibr bs `ngdidmidbs `k sdstnlb tnrdik nxdstnmtn-

^lb ikmsd`nrbk sbtdsgbtrdb `b lntk`kekhdb idnmtgdib `nvn gbznr ùbs ikdsbs3 `nvnikmsd`nrbr k iursk rnbe `b idmidb% n `nvn gkrmninr krdnmtbns pbrb qun ks idnmtdstbs sbdjbl iklk

prkin`nr- Iebrblnmtn% k Dmùtdvdslk n k Gbesdgdibidkmdslk mk sk ikmgdrlb`ks pneb nvd`midbfdstrdib- Yn b lntk`kekhdb gbesdgdibidkmdstb tdvnssn sd`k rnedhdksblnmtn snhud`b% ludtbs tnkrdbstnrdbl sd`k `nsibrtb`bs ekhk `n sb`b- Gkd% pkr nxnlpek% b dmsdstmidb `n Hbedenu nl b`nrdr tnkrdb


5/10

@NZNO FK@YKM >

`n Ikprmdik bpbrnmtnlnmtn gbesdgdib`b qun k envku bk `nsnmvkevdlnmtk `n mkvbs kjsnrvbns%b ulb mkvb tnkrdb gkrtbenin`krb &sujsd`drdb$% n guturb bindtbk umdvnrsbe `b tnkrdb fnedkimtrdib-

BEPNZMBPDWBY PNKZDB QKQQNZDBMB,EBOBPKY

Dlrn Ebobtks prkpn k ikmindtk `n prkhrblb `n pnsqudsb% n `nsirnvn b idmidb nl tnrlks`n nstruturbs lntk`kehdib n ikmindtubelnmtn iklpenxbs &prkhrblbs `n pnsqudsb$% qun hudbl ultrbjbefk guturk `ks idnmtdstbs% dm`dibm`k guturbs edmfbs `n `nsnmvkevdlnmtk &b fnurstdib pksdtdvb$ nnspnidgdibm`k k qun mk pk`n snr gndtk &b fnurstdib mnhbtdvb$- B fnurstdib mnhbtdvb `n ul

prkhrblb `n pnsqudsb ebobtksdbmk nmvkevn b nstdpuebk `n qun bs prnldssbs jsdibs qungum`blnmtbl ul prkhrblb &snu ldkek$ mk pk`nl snr lk`dgdib`bs mnl rncndtb`bs- B `nidsklntk`kehdib `ks prktbhkmdstbs `n ul prkhrblb `n pnsqudsb kjsnrvbr snu ldkek iklk snm`kdmbetnrvne% n lk`dgdibr snu idmturk `n prktnk &gkrlb`k pnebs fdptnsns buxdedbrns$ qubm`k

pnrinjnrnl qubequnr `nsnmikmtrk nmtrn b tnkrdb n b kjsnrvbk- B fnurstdib pksdtdvb `k prkhrblbiklprnnm`n bs edmfbs hnrbds pbrb k `nsnmvkevdlnmtk guturk-

B fnurstdib pksdtdvb ikmsdstn nl ul ikmcumtk pbridbelnmtn brtdiueb`k `n suhnstns kudm`dibns `n iklk lu`br n `nsnmvkevnr bs *vbrdvnds rngutvnds* `k prkhrblb `n pnsqudsb% n `niklk lk`dgdibr n lnefkrbr k idmturk `n `ngnsb &nstn sdl% rngutvne$-

K trbjbefk dmdidbe nl ul prkhrblb `n pnsqudsb hnrbelnmtn kikrrn nl kpksdk skjsnrvbns bpbrnmtnlnmtn gkrcb`bs &gbesdgdibmtns$- @nvn snr `b`k ul inrtk tnlpk pbrb k`nsnmvkevdlnmtk `k prkhrblb *ul idmturk `n prktnk b`nqub`blnmtn skgdstdib`k `nvn snrikmstru`k* bmtns qun nen sncb sujlntd`k b ul tnstn rdhkrksk- Rubm`k k prkhrblb nstdvnrsugdidnmtnlnmtn `nsnmvkevd`k pbrb pnrldtdr tnstn% `n bikr`k ikl Ebobtks% ikmgdrlbns nl vnz `ngbesdgdibns snrk sdhmdgdibtdvbs- Qrkhrblbs `n pnsqudsb sk cuehb`ks iklk *prkhrnssdvks* ku`nhnmnrbtdvks `npnm`nm`k `n sn nens envbl `nsikjnrtb `n mkvks gnmlnmks ku mk-

^lb srdn `n tnkrdbs tnkrdiblnmtn prkhrnssdvb sn ib`b mkvb tnkrdb pkssud behk lbds `n`nsnmvkevdlnmtk nlprdik `k qun sub prn`ninsskrb% ku sncb% sn neb prn`dz behk `n mkvk% bt nmtkdmnspnrb`k- @dznlks qun ulb srdn tnkrdiblnmtn prkhrnssdvb `n tnkrdbs nlpdrdiblnmtn

prkhrnssdvb sn pbrtn `nssn ikmtn`k nlprdik tbljl iklprkvb`k% dstk % sn ib`b mkvb tnkrdbenvb vnr`b`ndrb `nsikjnrtb `n behul gbtk mkvk-

K prkhrnssk ln`d`k pnek hrbu nl qun b srdn `n tnkrdbs envb `nsikjnrtb `n gbtks mkvks-Nmibdxblks ulb tnkrdb mb ibtnhkrdb *gbesdgdib`b* qubm`k neb supnrb`b pkr ulb tnkrdb ikl lbdkr

ikmtn`k ikmgdrlb`k

&29$

-^lb qunstk qube Ebobtks mk rnspkm`n 3 qubmtk tnlpk `nvnlks bhubr`br pbrb

ikmsd`nrbr qun ul prkhrblb `n pnsqudsb nstncb nl `nhnmnrbk; snlprn pkssvne qun behulbmkvb lk`dgdibk `k *idmturk `n `ngnsb* `nspnrtn rnpnmtdmblnmtn ulb mkvb vd`b mulb vnefbtnkrdb% iklk Gnynrbjnm` pkm`nrku-

Yn efn gkd pnrldtd`k nspnrbr% pkrqun mk bhubr`br ul pkuik lbds; Yn dlpru`nmtn rncndtbrtnkrdbs `ngndtuksbs mk lklnmtk nl qun mbsinl c qun nebs `nvnl irnsinr n lnefkrbr nmtktbljl dlpru`nmtn rncndtbr prkhrblbs `n pnsqudsb nl `nhnmnrbk% pkrqun nens pk`nl snrniupnrbr n beibmbr ul nspenm`kr dlprnvdstk &b jkrjkentb mbsin qubm`k b ebrvb beibmku k lbds

jbdxk nstb`k `n `nhnmnrbk$- Qkrtbmtk% mdmhul `nvn rbidkmbelnmtn irdtdibr ul idnmtdstb qun sn`n`dib b ul prkhrblb nl `nhnmnrbk% c qun mk f lbmndrb rbidkmbe `n lkstrbr qun subs bnssk dmiknrnmtns &21$-


6/10

@NZNO FK@YKM 7

Gnynrbjnm` brhulnmtb qun Ebobtks gbefb qubm`k mk gkrmnin qubdsqunr irdtrdks iebrks pbrbb nsikefb ku b rncndk `n ul prkhrblb `n pnsqudsb nspnigdik? n% pkrtbmtk% snu lk`nek `n idmidb%bpnsbr `n tde pbrb bvbedbk rntrkspnitdvb `ks prkhrblbs `n pnsqudsb% mk kgnrnin bks idnmtdstbs

prbtdibmtns ulb rnspkstb skjrn iklk prkin`nr- Gnynrbjnm` bgdrlb qun b lntk`kekhdb `nsirdtb pkrEbobtks mb`b bel `n3

ul krmblnmtk vnrjbe% iklk ulb enljrbmb `n tnlpks lbds gnedzns% qubm`k bdm`b sn pnmsbvb

snr pkssvne b`ldmdstrbr ul mnhidk iklpenxk n grnqnmtnlnmtn ibtbstrgdik iklk b idmidb%snhudm`k,sn behulbs pkuibs rnhrbs sdlpens n rbidkmbds- &20$

,O FM^lb snhum`b betnrmbtdvb pbrb bs d`dbs pkppnrdbmbs bprnsnmtb`b nl B Nstruturb `bs

Znvkeuns Idnmtgdibs% km`n Pfklbs Oufm brhulnmtb qun b idmidb ibldmfb btrbvs `n gbsnssuinssdvbs `n rnvkeuk n ikmsked`bk &ku idmidb usube$- Bs btdvd`b`ns `nskrhbmdzb`bs n`dvnrsbs qun bmtnin`nl b idmidb tkrmbl,sn nstruturb`bs n `drnidkmb`bs qubm`k b iklumd`b`n `n

pnsqudsb`krns nmtrb nl bikr`k skjrn inrtks bssumtks tnrdiks n lntk`kehdiks% dstk % qubm`k blbtrdz `dsidpedmbr &k pbrb`dhlb% iklk Oufm b ifblb$ sn nstbjnenin- Prbjbefb`krns prbtdibl bidmidb usube mulb tnmtbtdvb `n nxpekrbr n `nsnmvkevnr k *pbrb`dhlb* pbrtdiuebr pkr nens b`ktb`k-

Bk gbznr dstk% nmikmtrbl dmnvdtbvnelnmtn prkjenlbs n ikmtrb`dns bpbrnmtns- Yn nstns skgum`blnmtbds n rnsdstnl b skeuns pkr behul tnlpk% nmtk ulb *irdsn* sn `nsnmvkevn- B irdsn rnskevd`b qubm`k bpbrnin ul lk`nek mkvk% ibpbz `n rnskevnr bs `dgdiue`b`ns n gkrmninr krdnmtbk

pbrb ulb mkvb *idmidb usube*-

Mk nmtbmtk% k prkinssk `n *rnvkeuk idnmtgdib* mk ulb trbmsdk subvn nmtrn lk`neks-@dgnrnmtns lk`neks vnl k lum`k `n `dgnrnmtns lk`ks? nstns nmvkevnl `dgnrnmtns ikmindtks n sn`nstdmbl b `dgnrnmtns qunstns- Iklpbrbns nmtrn lk`neks ikmgedtbmtns `dgide% pkrqun mk fedmhubhnl dm`npnm`nmtn `k lk`nek qun pkssb snr nlprnhb`b- Lnslk qubm`k ul lk`nek utdedzbikmindtks `n ul kutrk lbds bmtdhk% nen k gbz `n ul lk`k mkvk- Iklpbrn pkr nxnlpek ks ikmindtks`n *lbssb*% *tnlpk*% *nspbk* n *nmnrhdb* mbs tnkrdbs mnwtkmdbmbs n ndmstndmdbmbs% ku `n id`k njbsn mbs tnkrdbs `n Jrmstn`,Ekwry n mb `n Enwds-

Ks prkpkmnmtns `n lk`neks bmtbhmdiks prbtdibl snus kgidks nl lum`ks `dstdmtks- ^ltrbtb `n pkmtks lbtnrdbds qun ibnl enmtblnmtn? k kutrk `n pmùeks qun rnpntnl snus lkvdlnmtksdm`ngdmd`blnmtn- Nl ul% skeuns sk iklpkstks? nl kutrk% sk ldsturbs- ^l nst jbsnb`k mulblbtrdz nspbidbe pebmb? k kutrk% mulb lbtrdz nspbidbe iurvb- Kpnrbm`k nl lum`ks `dgnrnmtns% ks `kdshrupks `n idnmtdstbs vnl ikdsbs `dgnrnmtns qubm`k kefbl `k lnslk pkmtk `n vdstb pbrb b lnslb`drnk &2>$- _Mktb `k b`bptb`kr3 Nstns `kds etdlks pbrhrbgks rnsulnl k ikmindtk `ndmiklnmsurbjded`b`n prkpkstk pkr Oufm-\

^lb vnz qun mk pk`n fbvnr ul irdtrdk purblnmtn kjcntdvk pbrb nstbjneninr bsupnrdkrd`b`n `n ul lk`nek skjrn k kutrk% Oufm v b lu`bmb `n gd`ned`b`n `n ul lk`nek pbrbkutrk iklk bmekhb b ulb lu`bmb hnstetdib% ku b ulb ikmvnrsk rnedhdksb- Ludtks gbtkrns nstknl ckhk% tbds iklk3 b nenhmidb n b sdlpedid`b`n `b mkvb tnkrdb% b ibpbid`b`n `n rnskevnr k

prkjenlb nspnigdik `n ul idnmtdstb% b mninssd`b`n skidbe% n bssdl pkr `dbmtn-

B tnsn `n Oufm `dstdmhun,sn pneb gumk nstrbthdib `nsnlpnmfb`b pnebs ibrbitnrstdibsskidkehdibs `bs iklumd`b`ns idnmtgdibs mk `nsnmvkevdlnmtk `b Idmidb- nssb mkvb vdskikmsnmsube `b idmidb% n b pksdk rnebtdvdstb rnsuetbmtn `b kjsnrvbk `n tnkrdbs ikmgedtbmtns &ulbtnkrdb mk supnrdkr b kutrb% bpnmbs `dstdmtb$ qun kgnm`n pnmsb`krns iklk Qkppnr% qun prkiurkuirdtrdks kjcntdvks pbrb nsikefnr nmtrn tnkrdbs betnrmbtdvbs-

Qkppnr bgdrlb qun ulb tnkrdb nst lbds prxdlb `b vnr`b`n `k qun kutrb% lnslk qun uldm`dvùk nl pbrtdiuebr% ku ul hrupk `n dm`dvùks% mk ikmikr`n- B bprkxdlbk `b vnr`b`n `nmkldmb`b pkr Qkppnr iklk b *vnrkssdldedtu`n* `b tnkrdb3 ikmgkrln b idmidb prkhrd`n% b


7/10

@NZNO FK@YKM 8

vnrkssdldedtu`n `n subs tnkrdbs bulnmtb- Qkppnr pbrnin vnr k prkhrnssk idnmtgdik iklk hbrbmtd`k%`ns`n qun nxdstb ul mlnrk sugdidnmtn `n dm`dvùks b`nqub`blnmtn trndmb`ks mb lntk`kekhdbidnmtgdib% n qun pkssubl ulb btdtu`n ikrrntb `n *rbidkmbedslk irtdik*-

,GNTNZBJNM@Gnynrbjnm`% pkr sub vnz% mnhb qun nxdstb ul ltk`k idnmtgdik kjcntdvk- Kjsnrvb qun tk`bs

bs tnmtbtdvbs pbrb ibrbitnrdzbr ul ltk`k idnmtgdik gbefbrbl% n mnmfulb rnsdstn skm`bhnlfdstrdib-

B d`db `n ul ltk`k qun ikmtnmfb prdmipdks gdrlns% dlutvnds% n bjskeutblnmtn iknrnmtnspbrb ikmùzdr ks bssumtks `b idmidb% nmikmtrb `dgdiue`b`ns ikmsd`nrvnds qubm`k sn ikmgrkmtb iklks rnsuetb`ks `b pnsqudsb fdstrdib- Kjsnrvblks nmtk qun mk f ulb mdib rnhrb% lnslk qun

pebusvne% n lnslk qun gdrlnlnmtn gum`b`b mb npdstnlkekhdb% qun mk sncb vdkeb`b nl ullklnmtk ku nl kutrk-

B d`db `n ul ltk`k idnmtgdik rnpkusb skjrn ulb vdsk ludtk dmhmub `b idmidb%brhulnmtb Gnynrbjnm`% n k mdik prdmipdk qun snlprn bpedib`k% k `n qun qubequnr ikdsb

gumidkmb- B b`kk `nssn prdmipdk envb prkedgnrbk `n tnkrdbs% n pkssdjded`b`n `n iklpbrbrulbs ikl bs kutrbs% nl vnz `n iklpbr,ebs bks rnsuetb`ks `bs kjsnrvbns- Mk nsqunlb `n Qkppnr%b *ikmikr`midb ikl ks gbtks* tklb`b iklk ulb ln`d`b `b vnr`b`n `b tnkrdb- Nssb d`db rdhkrksblnmtn ikljbtd`b pkr Gnynrbjnm`-

Jnl bk ikmtrrdk--- f suspndtbs `n qun b busmidb `n lbdkrns `dgdiue`b`ns pbrb ulb tnkrdbsncb rnsuetb`k `b `dldmudk `n snu ikmtn`k nlprdik% ibusb`k pneb nedldmbk `n betnrmbtdvbs n `ngbtks gbesdgdib`krns qun pk`nrdbl snr `nsikjnrtks ikl sub bcu`b-

K suinssk `n ulb tnkrdb % pkrtbmtk% ikmsd`nrb`k prkùzd`k pnek snr fulbmk3 ulb tnkrdbnspnigdib nxieud ks gbtks qun b rngutbrdbl- Ikmsnqnmtnlnmtn% pk`n snr mninssrdk dmtrkùzdrtnkrdbs dmikmsdstnmtns ikl bs tnkrdbs n ikl ks gbtks c nxdstnmtns% b gdl `n sn pkrtbr ikmtrb,dmùtdvblnmtn% snhum`k Gnynrbjnm`-

Pbmtk b rnenvmidb iklk k ibrtnr rngutb`kr `n gbtks `nidsdvks pk`nl snr nstbjnenid`ksbpnmbs ikl b bcu`b `n kutrbs tnkrdbs qun% nljkrb gbitubelnmtn b`nqub`bs% mk nstk `n bikr`k iklb vdsk b snr tnstb`b- Ynm`k nstn k ibsk% b dmvnmk n b brtdiuebk `n betnrmbtdvbs tbevnz `nvnssnl

prnin`nr prkùk `n gbtks rngutb`krns-

B lnmks qun pnrldtblks b ikmtrb,dmùk n b dmtrkùk `n fdptnsns prkvdskrdblnmtn mkikmikr`bmtns ikl b nvd`midb% mk pk`nrnlks prkhrn`dr% nen brhulnmtb- Bk ikmtrrdk `b idmidb

betblnmtn kr`nmb`b n `dsidpedmb`b `n Qkppnr% Gnynrbjnm` prkpn ulb idmidb qun ludtk lbds*`nsbrrulb`b* n *drrbidkmbe*-

Ynl ibks% mnmful ikmfnidlnmtk- Ynl ulb `nstdtudk grnqnmtn `b rbzk% mnmfulprkhrnssk-

@b`b b bmbrqudb npdstnlkehdib qun Gnynrbjnm` b`vkhb% b idmidb tnrdb ludtk lbds nliklul ikl b brtn `k qun hnrbelnmtn sn supn- Ykj nssbs ikm`dns% b idmidb tkrmbr,sn,db ludtklbds nxidtbmtn n rniklpnmsb`krb% n mk snrdb k bssumtk lkmtkmk `nsirdtk pkr ludtkslntk`kekhdstbs n ludtks prkgnsskrns- Nssb vdsk bmbrqudstb trbmsldtn ulb lnmsbhnl dlpkrtbmtn

pbrb k prkgnsskr `n idmidbs% sn pnmsbrlks mk mlnrk n ckvnms qun `nsdstnl `b idmidb mb prdlndrb

kpkrtumd`b`n% pkr bifbrnl,mb dlpnsskbe n bjkrrnid`b-


8/10

@NZNO FK@YKM 6

IKLK BQZNYNMPBZ K LPK@K IDNMPGDIK

K qun nst iebrk qun mk nlnrhn% `n tk`b nstb brhulnmtbk n ikmtrb,brhulnmtbk%mnmfulb vdsk `n idmidb qun sncb bindtb umdvnrsbelnmtn- K qun sn snhun ulb tnmtbtdvb `nsbednmtbr behums pkmtks dlpkrtbmtns% qun pk`nl bcu`br ks prkgnsskrns `n idmidb b bprnsnmtbr ulbdlbhnl `nssn bssumtk qun ikmikr`n ikl b nvd`midb fdstrdib% n qun kgnrnb behulb krdnmtbk bks

prbtdibmtns skjrn iklk prkin`nr-d- B kjsnrvbk `npnm`nmtn `b tnkrdb n% pkrtbmtk% gbevne-dd- Bs tnkrdbs sk nstruturbs iklpenxbs prkùzd`bs pneb lnmtn fulbmb- ^lb vnz prkùzd`bs% mk

nmtbmtk% nebs tl ulb nxdstmidb kjcntdvb dm`npnm`nmtn `bs kpdmdns dm`dvdùbds- ^lb tnkrdbidnmtgdib snpbrb`b% lbs rnebidkmb`b btdvd`b`n idnmtgdib qun b irdku% `b lnslb lbmndrb qunb tndb `n brbmfb nst snpbrb`b% lbs rnebidkmb`b sub gdbk- Qk`n snr qun nxdstbl lnslkikmsnqmidbs qun snu irdb`kr mk tnmfb prnvdstk% ku qun pkssub rnebidkmblnmtks ikmindtubdsqun pnrlbmnbl dm`ntnitvnds pkr behul tnlpk-

ddd- Bs tnkrdbs pk`nl snr nebjkrb`bs n lbmtd`bs% b `nspndtk `n kjsnrvbns gbesdgdib`krbs- Nebsprnidsbl `n tnlpk pbrb sn `nsnmvkevnr% bmtns `n snrnl sujlntd`bs b tnstns rdhkrksks- Rubm`k bkjsnrvbk n b tnkrdb nstk nl ikmgedtk% ks gum`blnmtks tnrdiks pk`nl snr prktnhd`ks pnek

`nsvdk `b bpbrnmtn gbesdgdibk pbrb behulb nstruturb tnrdib sujsd`drdb `bquneb tnkrdb-dv- ^lb mkvb tnkrdb `nvn snr dmtrkùzd`b pbrb gkrmninr b nvd`midb pbrb b rncndk `n kutrb tnkrdb

nxdstnmtn- Mnstn ibsk% b bgdrlbtdvb `n Qkppnr `n qun b bindtbk `b tnkrdb tnmtbtdvb% nmqubmtkqun b rncndk `nidsdvb% nst nqudvkib`b- B rncndk `b tnkrdb bmtdhb mk pk`n snr lbds`nidsdvb qun b bindtbk `b mkvb tnkrdb-

v- K ltk`k idnmtgdik% `b gkrlb iklk prbtdib`k pneb iklumd`b`n idnmtgdib% k lndk pnek qubekjtnlks ikmfnidlnmtk skjrn k lum`k gsdik- B gdhurb 9 ulb lk`dgdibk `b deustrbk `nQkppnr `n sub vdsk `ks *trs lum`ks* `k ikmfnidlnmtk% mb qube snu lum`k `k prkinssk `k

pnmsblnmtk fulbmk &lum`k 9$ gkd sujstdtu`k pnek ltk`k idnmtgdik-Nstn ltk`k idnmtgdik% iklk k ikmfnidlnmtk qun nen prkùz% tnl ulb nxdstmidb kjcntdvbdm`npnm`nmtn `bqunens qun k prkùzdrbl? nen sn lk`dgdib n sn `nsnmvkevn- Nl kutrbs pbebvrbs%mk f ul ltk`k idnmtgdik bpedivne b tk`ks ks pnrk`ks `b fdstrdb- Qkrtbmtk% qubm`k

prkiurblks supkrtn fdstrdik pbrb mkssb vdsk btube `k ltk`k idnmtgdik% ms mk knmikmtrbrnlks- B lntk`kekhdb idnmtgdib btube bcustb,sn sdtubk btube- Bel `k lbds% bnvd`midb fdstrdib nst mb lnslb sdtubk qun b nvd`midb kjsnrvbidkmbe n nxpnrdlnmtbe% dstk% `npnm`n `b tnkrdb n% bssdl% gbevne n `nsikmgdvne &`npnm`n `n ulb tnkrdb nspnigdib `bfdstrdb$-

vd- B idmidb ibldmfb btrbvs `n ul prkinssk `n trs nsthdks3 ul dm`dvdùbe% ul iklumdtrdk nul kjcntdvk- B btdvd`b`n dmtnmsblnmtn pnsskbe `n pnsqudsb irdbtdvb% qun pkssud ludtk nliklul ikl kutrks tdpks `n btks irdbtdvks &iklk bs brtns$% prkùz ikmfnidlnmtk dlpnsskbe nkjcntdvk% pkr lndk `n prkin`dlnmtks qun sk `nsnmvkevd`ks% vbed`b`ks n supnrvdsdkmb`ks pnebiklumd`b`n `n prkgdssdkmbds- K idnmtdstb &dm`dvdùbelnmtn$ snmtn ul prkjenlb% gkrlueb ulbnstrbthdb pbrb rnskev,ek% dmvnmtb fdptnsns% irdb n lbmdpueb ikmindtks% ikentb nvd`midbs% nbssdl pkr `dbmtn usbm`k sub prprdb dlbhdmbk irdbtdvb n bs timdibs n ikmfnidlnmtks qun


9/10

@NZNO FK@YKM 4

gkrbl `nsnmvkevd`ks pkr snus prn`ninsskrns mk ckhk `b idmidb- ùrbmtn b ntbpb irdbtdvb qun bbmbrqudb `n Gnynrbjnm` `n ulb bcu`b nssnmidbe3 b lnmks qun bs ikmvnmns `k lk`nekvdhnmtn sncbl suspnmsbs% mk pk`n fbvnr prkhrnssk- B ikmgdbmb `k dm`dvùk mks mkvksrnsuetb`ks nxpnrdlnmtbds ku nl ul mkvk sdstnlb tnrdik % mk nmtbmtk% dmsugdidnmtn pbrbnstbjneni,ek iklk pbrtn `k ikmfnidlnmtk idnmtgdik- Nen `nvn nxpkr,sn s irtdibs n+ku tnstnsgndtks pkr kutrks idnmtdstbs lnljrks `b iklumd`b`n- Yn nen skjrnvdvn b nssn nsthdk% pk`n snr

b`ldtd`k mk ikrpk `k ikmfnidlnmtk idnmtgdik? lbs pk`n snr `nsibrtb`k lbds tbr`n% euz `nmkvbs nvd`midbs% mkvbs gkrlbs `n vnr bs nvd`midbs nxdstnmtns% ku mkvbs tnkrdbs- Bssdl% ulmkvk bifb`k k prkùtk `n ulb btdvd`b`n skidbe iklpenxb% qun sn krdhdmb mk btk dm`dvdùbe `n`nsikjnrtb ku irdbk- K prkùtk `nssn nsgkrk tnl ulb nxdstmidb dm`npnm`nmtn iklk pbrtn `bnstruturb iklpenxb `k ikmfnidlnmtk% km`n bs rnebns n ikmsnqmidbs nxdstnldm`npnm`nmtnlnmtn n qubequnr ikmfnidlnmtk dm`dvdùbe bs lnslbs-

Nstn lk`nek `n idmidb prkpkstk iklk b`nqub`k pbrb ul iurriuek `n idmidb nsikebr% mbirnmb `n qun nen rnprnsnmtb ul iklprkldssk nmtrn bs vdsns `n idmidb ikmtrb`dtrdbs qun nxdstnl-Nen trbz b kjcntdvd`b`n prkiurb`b pkr Qkppnr% b sujcntdvd`b`n prnldb`b pkr Qkebmyd n Gnynrbjnm`% nb vdsk ikmsnmsube bmtnidpb`b pkr Jekkr% Sdlbm n Oufm- Qnek tpdik &v$ bidlb% nen vbd bk nmikmtrk

`k rnqudsdtk `n qun ul lk`nek bindtvne `n idmidb `nvn snr sustnmtb`k pneb nvd`midb fdstrdib-Nstblks prkpkm`k,k mb irnmb `n qun snu rnikmfnidlnmtk `b dm`dvdùbed`b`n n `b irdbtdvd`b`n `ks

prdlndrks nsthdks `b btdvd`b`n idnmtgdib snr jnl rninjd`k pkr bqunens beumks btubelnmtndm`dgnrnmtns pneb vdsk pkpuebrlnmtn td`b iklk dlpnsskbe n iemdib `b idmidb? n% bk lnslk tnlpk%sub rnbgdrlbk `b mbturnzb kjcntdvb `k ltk`k idnmtgdik n `k ikmfnidlnmtk idnmtgdik nvdtb qun sn`nhnmnrn pbrb b tnm`nmidksb pksdk skidkehdib `n qun *b vnr`b`n iklk vki b v*-

ZNEBIDKMBM@K B QZPDIB IDNMPGDIB BK NMYDMK

^l pkmtk gdmbe rngnrn,sn rnebk nmtrn b prtdib n k nmsdmk `b idmidb- Nmqubmtk

iebrblnmtn dlpkrtbmtn% pbrb bqunens qun bprnm`nl idmidb% tnr ulb vdsk rnbedstb `k lk`k iklk ksidnmtdstbs trbjbefbl? n nmqubmtk bindtk qun ks ckvnms tbljl prnidsbl tnr ulb nxpnrdmidb nl

prdlndrb lk `k *gbznr idmidb*% sn `nsncblks `br,efns ulb nùibk `dtb iklpentb? dssk mk tnliklk ikmsnqmidb qun tk`b b nxpnrdmidb `n bprnm`dzb`k &nl tnrlks `n tnlpk n `n rniursks pbrbtbe kjcntdvk$ pkssb snlprn nspnefbr k ltk`k idnmtgdik- Mnl `nvnrdb gbz,ek- B mbturnzb `nbprnsnmtbk% k tdpk `n nxpnrdmidb n k ibrtnr `b `nlbm`b dmtnenitube sdtubl,sn mb jbsn `n ulb jkb

prtdib `n nmsdmk-

ZNGNZMIDBY32- Muggdne` Ifnldstry%Dmstruitdkm bm` Hud`n- Ekmhlbms+Qnmhudm% 2477-:- Muggdne` Qfysdibe Yidnmin%Dmtrkùitdkm Hud`n- Qnmhudm% 2476-9- Muggdne` Qfysdis% Pnbifnrs Hud`n D- Ekmhlbms+Qnmhudm% 2476-0- Muggdne` Ifnldstry%Fbm`jkko gkr tnbifnrs- Ekmhlbms+Qnmhudm% 2477->- IfnlYtu`y% Pnbifnr(s Hud`n- Grnnlbm% 2479-7- M- Z- Lbmskm% Kjsnrvbtdkm bm` Nxpebmbtdkm-8- O- Qkppnr% Kjcnitdvn Omkwen`hn- Kxgkr` ^mdvnrsdty Qrnss% 248:-6- D- Obmt% Pfn Irdtdi kg Qurn Znbskm% &M- O- Yldtf trbms-$- Lbildeebm% 24:4-4- O- Qkppnr% Pfn Ekhdi kg Yidnmtdgdi @dsikvnry% 248:-21-Q- O- Gnynrbjnm`%Bhbdmst Lntfk`- Mnw Engt Jkkos% 248>-22-

@- Fuln% Km tfn ^m`nrstbm`dmh% dm Qfdekskpfdibe Xkros% vke- D- B`bl bm` IfbrensJebio% 26>0-

2:-B- G- Ifbelnrs% Xfbt ds tfbt tfdmh ibeen` sidnmin; Pfn Kpnm ^mdvnrsdty Qrnss% 2486-


10/10

@NZNO FK@YKM 21

29-D- Ebobtks% Pfn Lntfk`kekhy kg Yidnmtdgdi Znsnbrif Qrkhrbls- Ibljrd`hn ^mdvnrsdtyQrnss% 2486-

20-Q- O- Gnynrbjnm`% Ikmstrutdvdsl gkr tfn Ypnidbedst dm Irdtdidsl bm` tfn Hrkwtf kgOmkwen`hn &D- Ebobtks bm` B- Lushrbvn% n`s-$- Ibljrd`hn ^mdvnrsdty Qrnss% 2481-

2>-P- Y- Oufm% Pfn Ytruiturn kg Yidnmtdgdi Znvkeutdkms- ^mdvnrsdty kg Ifdibhk Qrnss% 2481-27-L- Qkebmyd%Qnrskmbe Omkwen`hn- Zkuten`hn bm` Onhbm Qbue% 24>6-28-@- Jekkr%Omkwen`hn bm` Ykidbe Dlbhnry- Zkuten`hn bm` Onhbm Qbue% 2487-26-C- L- Sdlbm%Qujedi Omkwen`hn- Ibljrd`hn ^mdvnrsdty Qrnss% 2476-24-C- L- Sdlbm%Znedbjen Omkwen`hn- Ibljrd`hn ^mdvnrsdty Qrnss% 2486-

HEKYYZDK

Fnurstdib3

ikmcumtk `n rnhrbs n ltk`ks qun ikm`uznl `nsikjnrtb% dmvnmk n rnskeuk `nprkjenlbs?

prkin`dlnmtk pn`bhhdik pnek qube sn envb k beumk b `nsikjrdr pkr sd lnslk b vnr`b`n qun efnqunrnl kiuetbr?

idmidb buxdedbr `b Fdstrdb% qun nstu`b b pnsqudsb `bs gkmtns- &Buredk$

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