Fisicoquímica Ph

7/25/2019 Fisicoquímica Ph

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J. GFOH]JSG[

Mhthrejnbr hxphrjehntbaehnth ha pD mha âkjmg kagrdåmrjkg y ha âkjmg bkêtjkg.

JJ. PVJNKJPJG[ ]HGVJKG[

JJ.2. Mhcjnjkjgnhs Fâsjkbs

Ha pD mh unb mjsgaukjûn sh mhcjnh kgeg ha agibrjteg nhibtjvg mhab

kgnkhntrbkjûn mha jûn djmrûihng (hn ega/!.

"D#$ agi %D&'

Hstb hkubkjûn hs sgag unb mhcjnjkjûn hstbahkjmb kgn ha cjn mh thnhr n)ehrgs

kgnvhnjhnths pbrb trbb*br kgn haags. Ha agibrjteg nhibtjvg prgpgrkjgnb un

vbagr pgsjtjvg pbrb ha pD+ ha kuba+ mh gtrb ebnhrb shråb nhibtjvg mhjmg ba

ph,uh-g vbagr mh %D&'.Mhjmg b ,uh ha pD sûag hs unb ebnhrb mh hxprhsbr ab

kgnkhntrbkjûn mha jûn djmrûihng+ abs mjsgaukjgnhs âkjmbs y âsjkbs+ b 02+

puhmhn jmhntjcjkbrsh pgr sus vbagrhs mh "D +kgeg sjiuh 6;

=bab 80 .6 rbnig mh mjsgaukjgnhs mh pD

2 398M4:H8=?< MH 195:524. Mêkjeb Hmjkjûn. 5nthrnbkjgnba =dgesgn Hmjtgrhs. :êxjkg(>>6!. ". 6 y 7@.

2

Mjsgaukjgnhs âkjmbs %D&' B 6.> x 6>$F : pD K F

Mjsgaukjgnhs fâsjkbs %D&' K 6.> x 6>$F : pD B F

Mjsgaukjgnhs nhutrbs %D&' # 6.> x 6>$F : pD #>



2gn ha agibrjteg nhibtjvg mh ab kgnkhntrbkjûn mh jgnhs djmrûxjmg mh unb

mjsgaukjûn sh puhmh gthnhr unb hskbab mha p?D+ bnâagib ab mha pD.

4så+ ha p?D sh mhcjnh kgeg;

"?D# $ agi%?D$'

4dgrb ba kgnsjmhrbr ab kgnstbnth mha prgmuktg jûnjkg mha biub;

%D&'%?D$' # # 6.> x 6>$6@

4a tgebr agibrjteg nhibtjvg hn begs abmgs+ gthnhegs;

"D&"?D#6@

Hstb hkubkjûn ngs prgpgrkjgnb gtrb cgreb mh hxprhsbr ab rhabkjûn hntrh abkgnkhntrbkjûn mh ags jgnhs D& y ab kgnkhntrbkjûn mh ags jgnhs ?DC.h

JJ.. Ha !"#$htrg

"brb rhbajIbr ehmjkjgnhs pgthnkjgehtrjkbs hs nhkhsbrjg ha usg mh hahktrgmg

kgejnbmg ha kuba hn kgntbktg kgn ab sgaukjûn jnkûinjtb prgmukh un

pgthnkjba ,uh hstâ rhabkjgnbmg kgn ha pD mh ab ejseb pgr ha eêtgmg mh ab

hkubkjûn;

bD +·5 H°+6.;0

V]

nC pD

H5 H °∖ V]

nC an·

Hsth hahktrgmg ngrebaehnth hstâ kgnstjtujmg pgr hahehntgs jnhrths mh pabtb

kagrurg$pabtb+ pabtb g ehrkurjg y hxtrhebmbehnth mh vjmrjg hxtrhebmbehnth

shnsjah ba "D y hstâ dhkdg pbrb un rbnig mhthrejnbmg mh pD t

thephrbturb. Ha hahktrgmg mh vjmrjg y ha mh rhchrhnkjb bkt)bn kgeg unrhihnhrbmgr mh thnsjûn kubnmg hstân suehrijmgs hn unb sgaukjûn b ehmjr+

ab thnsjûn prgmukjmb pgr haags hs mh >6J ejaj vgatjgs pgr kbmb unjmbm mh

pD b thephrbturb bejhnth.

6 <??O+ LH<=+ D?HA+ 2A?92D. E1uåejkb 4nbaåtjkbN+ FG hmjkjûn.Hm.:k Orb Djaa+:hxjkg+>>6

6



.%. Kbajfrbkj&n

Hahktrgmg jmhba b un pD mh F+ ab sbajmb rhba mh un hahktrgmg pD shrâ vjsjahs+

hsphkjbaehnth kgn ab hmbm y rh,ujhrh ab kbajrbkjûn crhkuhnth hn unb

sgaukjûn tbepûn mh pD kgngkjmg pbrb ebnthnhr ab prhkjsjûn mh ab ehmjmb.

<h mhh usbr kbajrbkjûn mh mgs puntgs+ pbrb unb sgaukjûn tbepûn

aabebmgs ucchr+ pbrb sgaukjgnhs bkjmbs y âsjkbs kgn ab sbajmb mh hsth sh

mjcjhrh hsth vbagr sh b*ustb ha jnstruehntg. gs bkkhsgrjgs rh,uhrjmgs pbrb ab

kbajrbkjûn mha jnstruehntg utjajIbn unb sgaukjûn tbepûn pbrb pD F y vbråbn

mhphnmjhnmg ha pD$ehtrg7.

%. 'H]GMG(G)J*%.2. 'bthrjbahs+ h,uj!gs - rhbktjgs

'bthrjbahs/Hrahn :hyhr Purhtb3jgab"jphtbPbabnIb bnbaåtjkbpDehtrg

Vhbktjgs/ 4iub mhstjabmb<gaukjgnhs ucchrs

Rkjmg kagrdåmrjkg Rkjmg bkêtjkg3hngactbahånbPjctbabtg mh pgtbsjg

; 398M4:H8=?< MH 195:524. Mêkjeb Hmjkjûn. 5nthrnbkjgnba =dgesgn Hmjtgrhs.:êxjkg (>>6!. ". 6 y 7@.

;



%.. Prgkhmj$jhntg h0!hrj$hntba

;.6.2 Prhpbrbkjûn mha Djmrûxjmg mh [gmjg

4. "hsbegs hn ab babnIb bnbaåtjkb >.@ ir mh djmrûxjmg mh sgmjg.

P. <gaujajIbegsags >.@ ir mh Djmrûxjmg mh

<gmjg hn 6>> ea mh biub

mhstjabmb.

2. 2gn ha pD ehtrg emjegs

nuhstrg pD pbrb mhspuês

kgepbrbr kgn nuhstrgs

mbtgs hxphrjehntbahs.

=

Cjiurb ;.2 Fbabnzb bnbaåtjkb phsbnmgDjmrûxjmg mh [gmjg

Cjiurb ;.6 Cjgab kgn euhstrb mhDjmrûxjmg mh sgmjg.

Cjiurb ;.; Ehmjkjûn mha PD mhDjmrûxjmg mh [gmjg NbD



M. 2gagkbegs ab sgaukjûn hn ab

Purhtb hnrbIbnmg.

;.6.6 !jtuabkjûn mha "j#tbabtg mh pgtbsjg

4. "rhpbrbkjûn mha pbtrûn mh vbagrbkjûn bkjmg$bsh (2#68!P. "hsbegs hn ab babnIb bnbaåtjkb ir mh Pjctbabtg mh pgtbsjg.

2. <gaujajIbegs ags irbegs mh Pjctbabtg hn un Hrahn ehyhr y

dgegihnjIbegs.

8

Cjiurb ;.$ Fbabnzb phsbnmgFj#tbabtg mh Pgtbsjg



M. 4irhibegs trhs

igtbs mh 3hngactbahånb.H. <h mb jnjkjg b ab

tjtuabkjûn+ pbrb haag sh brh ab urhtb ,uh kgntjhnh Djmrgxjmg mhsgmjg y mh*begs kbhr igtb pgr igtb dbstb gthnhr unb kgagrbkjûn

rgsb.

3. 4ngtbegs nuhstrg vgauehn ibstbmg pbrb rhbajIbr 2âakuags.

3

Cjiurb ;.% &bsg "hbk'hr kgnthnjhnmgsgaukjûn mh Fj#tbabg ( biub mhstjabmb

Cjiurb ;.) !jtuabkjûn mh Fj#tbabtg hDjmrûxjmg mh [gmjg



;.6.; !jtuabkjûn mha *kjmg kagr+åmrjkg

4. 2gn byumb mh unb pjphtb ehmjegs 6.F ea mh Rkjmg kagrdåmrjkg y

vhrtjegs hsth vgauehn hn un Hrahn ehyhr.

P. DgegihnjIbegs ha âkjmg kagrdåmrjkg kgn biub mhstjabmb+pgsthrjgrehnth kgn ab byumb mh ab pjphtb shpbrbegs 7ea mh ab

sgaukjûn y ab aahvbegs b un ebtrbI Hrahn ehyhr.

2. 2gn ha "Dehtrg ehmjegs ha pD mh nuhstrb sgaukjûn y bngtbegs

nuhstrg mbtg pbrb kgepbrbr kgn ags rhsuatbmgs mh ab

hxphrjehntbkjûn.

9

Cjiurb ;., !gebnmg euhstrb mh *kjmgkagr+åmrjkg hn ab kbepbnb mh ibshs

Cjiurb ;.- !geb mh PD mh nuhstrbeuhstrb



M. AhbajIbegs ab tjtuabkjûn y bngtbegs hn vgauehn ibstbmg mh

bihnth tjtuabnth (Djmrûxjmg mh sgmjg! pbrb rhbajIbr nuhstrgskâakuags rhsphktjvgs.

4

Cjiurb ;. !jtuabkjûn mh *kjmg/agr+åmrjkg h Djmrûxjmg mh [gmjg



%.%. Kâakuags - rhsuatbmgs

%.%.2. Fjctbabtg mh !gtbsjg K6";=G839+2N3 "btrûn pbrb ab vbagrbkjûn bkjmg$ bsh.

":#>@+ i/ega%.%.. "jmr&0jmg mh sgmjg NbG"39+2N3

%.%.%. Hstbnmbrj4bkj&n/%.%.%.2. ]jtuabkj&n Fjctbabtg mh !gtbsjg : ?jmr&0jmg mh sgmjg

%.%.%.. ]jtuabkj&n <kjmg kagr?1mrjkg : ?jmr&0jmg mh sgmjg "Ka:NbG"3

:



%.%.%.%. ]jtuabkj&n <kjmg bk5tjkg : ?jmr&0jmg mh sgmjg

8. KGNK(>[JGNH[

<h pumg vhrjcjkbr ,uh ha pD hxphrjehntba mha âkjmg kagrdåmrjkg tuvg un vbagr mh 6+@

,uh ba kgepbrbr kgn ha vbagr thûrjkg (6+@! sh gtuvg un pgrkhntb*h mh hrrgr mh J+V[. Ha pD hxphrjehntba mha âkjmg bkêtjkg cuh 6+ ,uh kgepbrbmg kgn ha vbagr thûrjkg

(+F! ha hrrgr gtuvg un vbagr mh F+F7[.

;. K>H[]JGN*VJG.6. 5nmj,uh y mhtbaah abs bpajkbkjgnhs pgsjahs mh abs ehmjkjgnhs mh pD

2gnshrvbkjûn mh bajehntgs;

9nb mh abs bpajkbkjgnhs mha pD hn bajehntgs hs ab mh cunkjgnbr kgeg kgnshrvbmgr+

hs mhkjr+ kubnmg un bajehntg pgshh mhebsjbmg pD âkjmg+ hsth sh bkjmjcjkb+ ab

b-bmjmurb mh âkjmg bkêtjkg hn cgreb mh vjnbirh phrejth ab kgnshrvbkjûn mh

bajehntgs] y ab prgmukkjûn mh âkjmgs hn ab chrehntbkjûn nbturba phrejth babribr ab

vjmb mh ags bajehntgs.

20



5mhntjcjkbkjûn mh kuatjvgs;

2ubnmg sh rhbajIbn mhebsjbmgs kuatjvgs mh mjchrhnths gribnjsegs eukdbs vhkhs

hs kbsj jepgsjah jmhntjcjkbrags+ bun kubnmg sh hepahh un ejkrgskgpjg. "gr hstb

rbIûn hn ags abgrbtgrjgs sh krhbn ehmjgs kuatjvgs+ ags kubahs sgn kuatjvgs ,uh dbnsjmg egmjcjkbmgs kbejbnmg su pD. Ha kbejg mha pD hn un kuatjvg prgvgkb ,uh

hsth kbejh mh kgagr hn ha prgkhsg mh chrehntbkjûn.

b ehmjkjûn mha pD hs jnmjsphnsbah pbrb ,uh un kuatjvg puhmb gthnhr un eh*gr

hstumjg. gs ehmjmgrhs mh pD sgn pgthnkjûehtrgs ags kubahs gkupbn un hahktrgmg

,uh pgshh un pgthnkjba mhphnmjhnth mh ab kbntjmbm mh jgn D& prhshnth hn ha

kuatjvg.

.. X1uê cunkjûn kuepah unb sgaukjûn rhiuabmgrbS

9nb sgaukjûn rhiuabmgrb+ tbejên aabebmg sgaukjûn ucchr+ hstb hs kbpbI mh

ebnthnhr ha pD kgnstbnth kubnmg sh ah b-bmhn kbntjmbmhs egmhrbmbs mh un

âkjmg g mh unb bsh.

Hstb sgaukjûn mhh kgnthnhr unb kgnkhntrbkjûn mh âkjmg sucjkjhnth pbrb

rhbkkjgnbr kgn ab bsh (?D$! ,uh sh b-bmb+ tbejên mhh thnhr unb

kgnkhntrbkjûn mh bsh bprgpjbmb pbrb rhbkkjgnbr kgn ha âkjmg (D7?&! b-bmjmg.

.7. X1uê kabsh mh hahktrgmgs sh utjajIbnS Hxpaj,uh

"brb ehmjr ha pD sh utjajIbn mgs tjpgs mh hahktrgmgs y kbmb ung mh haags tjhnh un

prgpûsjtg hsphkåcjkg. Ha hahktrgmg Emh krjstbaN tjhnh un uag dhkdg mh kgepgsjkjûn

mh krjstba hsphkjba ,uh hs euy shahktjvg y shnsjah b ags jgnhs mh djmrûihng.

2ubnmg hsth uag mh krjstba sh suehrih hn unb sgaukjûn+ ha vgatb*h ihnhrbmg hn

ab suphrcjkjh mh ags uags sh rhabkjgnb kgn ha pD mh ab sgaukjûn.

Ha gtrg hahktrgmg sh aabeb Ehahktrgmg mh rhchrhnkjbN y prgpgrkjgnb un vgatb*h

hstbah y rhprgmukjah kubnmg sh suehrih hn unb sgaukjûn. 2ubnmg ags mgs

hahktrgmgs hstân kgnhktbmgs kgn un ehmjmgr mh pD+ ab mjchrhnkjb mh vgatb*h sh

bepajcjkb y sh vjsubajIb hn un jnmjkbmgr bnbaûijkg g mjijtba.

22



.@. Mhskrjb hn ,uh kgnsjsth un hahktrgmg mh pD jnthirbmg (kgejnbmg!

Ha hahktrgmg kgejnbmg ejmh ab mjchrhnkjb mh pgthnkjbahs hntrh ags abmgs mha

hahktrgmg mh vjmrjg.

"brb ehmjr ags pgthnkjbahs mhh hxjstjr un kjrkujtg khrrbmg. Ha kjrkujtg sh kjhrrb b

trbvês mh sgaukjgnhs jnthrnbs mha hahktrgmg y ab sgaukjûn hxthrnb ,uh sh ejmh y ha

ehmjmgr mh "D.

2ubnmg ha hahktrgmg sh suehrih hn ab sgaukjûn mh pruhb+ ab gejaab mh vjmrjg

mhthktb ags jgnhs mh djmrgihng kgeg ejaj vgatb*h+ mhjmg b ab kbrib pgsjtjvb mh ags

jgnhs djmrgihng.

Ha hahktrgajtg ab sgaukjûn jnthrnb kbptb ab sh-ba mha ejaj vgatb*h mh ab gejaab mh

vjmrjg. Hstb sh-ba auhig pbsb ba hahktrgmg jnthrng. Ha baberh mh 4i2a trbnsejth

hsb sh-ba ba kbah mha hahktrgmg ,uh vb ba ehmjmgr.

Ha hahktrgmg mh rhchrhnkjb ,uh kgntjhnh ha hahktrgajtg g ab sgaukjûn mh aahnbmg

ihnhrb un ejaj vgatb*h kgnstbnth+ ,uh sh trbnsejth ba baberh mh 4i2a.

uhig+ ha baberh trbnsejth ab sh-ba+ ,uh puhmh shr kgnsjmhrbmb un EkgntrgaN

ehmjmg pbrb ha kbah mha hahktrgmg.

Ha kjrkujtg sh kjhrrb kgn unb kbntjmbm mjejnutb mh sgaukjûn jnthrnb mha hahktrgmg mh

rhchrhnkjb ,uh pbsb b trbvês mh unb eherbnb pgrgsb dhkdb mh ehkdbs mh

khrâejkb. Hstb eherbnb sh hnkuhntrb hn ha kuhrpg mha hahktrgmg.

Ha ehmjmgr mh pD ejmh ab mjchrhnkjb hntrh ha hahktrgmg jnthrng y ha hahktrgmg mh

rhchrhnkjb hn ejaj vgatjgs mh 22. Hstb ahkturb mh ejaj vgatjgs auhig hs ahåmb pgr ha

ehmjmgr y sh euhstrb hn unjmbmhs mh pD

7. FJF(JG)V*@J* 398M4:H8=?< MH 195:524. Mêkjeb Hmjkjûn. 5nthrnbkjgnba =dgesgn

Hmjtgrhs. :êxjkg (>>6!. ". 6 y 7@.

26



<??O+ LH<=+ D?HA+ 2A?92D. E1uåejkb 4nbaåtjkbN+ FG hmjkjûn.Hm.:k

Orb Djaa+ :hxjkg+>>6

2;

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