●■▲❇❊❘❚❖ ❏❖❙➱ ❉❆ ❙■▲❱❆

❘❊❋▲❊❳Õ❊❙ ❙❖❇❘❊ ❖ ❚❘❆❇❆▲❍❖ ❉❖❈❊◆❚❊ ◆❖ ❊◆❙■◆❖❉❖ ❈❖◆❚❊Ú❉❖✿ ❋❯◆➬Õ❊❙ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼➱❚❘■❈❆❙

❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡✲❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❛❣✐st❡r ❙❝✐❡♥t✐❛❡✳

❱■➬❖❙❆▼■◆❆❙ ●❊❘❆■❙ ✲ ❇❘❆❙■▲

✷✵✶✺

Ficha catalográfica preparada pela Biblioteca Central daUniversidade Federal de Viçosa - Câmpus Viçosa

T

Silva, Gilberto José da, 1966-S586r2015

Reflexões sobre o trabalho docente no ensino doconteúdo : funções trigonométricas / Gilberto José da Silva. -Viçosa, MG, 2015.

77f. : il. (algumas color.) ; 29 cm.

Orientador : Walter Teófilo Huaraca Vargas.Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de

Viçosa.Referências bibliográficas: f.73-77.

1. Professores (Ensino médio) - Formação.2. Matemática. 3. Trigonometria - Estudo e ensino.4. Aprendizagem. I. Universidade Federal de Viçosa.Departamento de Matemática. Programa de Pós-graduaçãoMatemática. II. Título.

CDD 22. ed. 516.24

●■▲❇❊❘❚❖ ❏❖❙➱ ❉❆ ❙■▲❱❆

❘❊❋▲❊❳Õ❊❙ ❙❖❇❘❊ ❖ ❚❘❆❇❆▲❍❖ ❉❖❈❊◆❚❊ ◆❖ ❊◆❙■◆❖❉❖ ❈❖◆❚❊Ú❉❖✿ ❋❯◆➬Õ❊❙ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼➱❚❘■❈❆❙

❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡✲❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡▼❛❣✐st❡r ❙❝✐❡♥t✐❛❡✳

❆P❘❖❱❆❉❆✿ ✶✼ ❞❡ ❛❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺✳

▼ér❝✐♦ ❇♦t❡❧❤♦ ❋❛r✐❛ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ P❡r❡✐r❛ ▼✐❝❡♥❛

❲❛❧t❡r ❚❡ó✜❧♦ ❍✉❛r❛❝❛ ❱❛r❣❛s✭❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✮

❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛✳✳✳

❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡s♣♦s❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❞♦ ❈❛r♠♦ ❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ✜❧❤♦ ❖❧❛✈♦✱

❣r❛♥❞❡s ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ✜③❡r❛♠ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡

s♦♥❤♦ ❡ ❜❛t❛❧❤❛r❛♠ ❥✉♥t♦ ❛ ♠✐♠ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③á✲❧♦✳

①

❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦❡ ♣❡rs❡✈❡r❛♥ç❛✱ ❡ ♣♦r ♠❛♥t❡r✲♠❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ é ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛s❝❡♥❞❡r s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛❧ ❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳

➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡s♣♦s❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❞♦ ❈❛r♠♦ ❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ✜❧❤♦ ❖❧❛✈♦ ♣♦r ❡st❛r❡♠✱ ✐♥❝♦♥✲❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✳

➚ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛ ✲ ❯❋❱ ❡ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦✲❣r❛♠❛ P❘❖❋▼❆❚ q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r❛♠ ✐♠❡♥s❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ♠❡✉s ❡st✉❞♦s✳

❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❲❛❧t❡r ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡st✐♠♦s❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ♠❡ ♦r✐❡♥✲t❛r✳

❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ P❘❖❋▼❆❚ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦✱ ♣♦✐s t❡♥❤♦ ❝❡rt❡③❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r✐❛ s♦③✐♥❤♦✳

❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ s✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r❡s ❡ ❞✐r❡t♦r❡s ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❝❛❧♦✲r♦s❛ r❡❝❡♣çã♦ ❡ ✐♥❡st✐♠á✈❡❧ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

❘❡s✉♠♦

①❙■▲❱❆✱ ●✐❧❜❡rt♦ ❏♦sé ❞❛✱ ▼✳ ❙❝✳✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❛❣♦st♦ ❞❡✷✵✶✺✳ ❘❡✢❡①õ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✿❢✉♥çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❲❛❧t❡r ❚❡ó✜❧♦ ❍✉❛r❛❝❛ ❱❛r❣❛s✳

①①①①

❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ t❡♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞♦

❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛s ❋✉♥çõ❡s ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱

❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ ❛s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♥♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s

❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s P❈◆s s♦❜ ✉♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦

q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ é ❡♥s✐♥❛❞♦ ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s✳ ❆♥❛❧✐s❛ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♠❡t♦✲

❞♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❢✉♥çã♦ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛

♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡st❛❞✉❛✐s ❞❡ ■♣❛t✐♥❣❛✴▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s

❡♥s✐♥❛♠ ❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❡ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡

❡ ✐♥❢❡r❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♣r♦♣r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝r✐❛❞♦s ❡ ❛

s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞❛s✳

❆❜str❛❝t

①❙■▲❱❆✱ ●✐❧❜❡rt♦ ❏♦sé ❞❛✱ ▼✳❙❝✳✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❆✉❣✉st ✷✵✶✺✳❘❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ t❡❛❝❤❡r✬s ✇♦r❦ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❝♦♥t❡♥t✿ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❝❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s✳ ❆❞✈✐s♦r✿ ❲❛❧t❡r ❚❡ó✜❧♦ ❍✉❛r❛❝❛ ❱❛r❣❛s✳

①①①①

❚❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ❛✐♠s t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❛ r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦ ♦❢ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ♦❢

❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤ s❝❤♦♦❧✳ ❋♦r t❤✐s✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rs t❤❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐✲

♦♥s t❤❛t ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❢♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧✉♠ P❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s

❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ◆❈Ps ✉♥❞❡r ❛ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❛s♣❡❝t ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ✐t ✐s t❛✉❣❤t ✐♥ ♣✉❜❧✐❝

s❝❤♦♦❧s✳ ■t ❛♥❛❧②③❡s t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♦❢ ❡❞✉❝❛✲

t✐♦♥ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✐♥ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ s❝❤♦♦❧s ♦❢ ■♣❛t✐♥❣❛ ✴ ▼✐♥❛s

●❡r❛✐s✱ ❤♦✇ t❡❛❝❤❡rs t❡❛❝❤ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡♥t✳ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡s t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡✲

♦r② ❛♥❞ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢❡rs ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s❡tt✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs

♣r♦♣❡r❧② ❝r❡❛t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ s✉r✈❡②❡❞ s❝❤♦♦❧s✳

❙✉♠ár✐♦

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶

✷ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛✿

❖s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✲ P❈◆s s♦❜ ✉♠ ♦❧❤❛r

q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈♦✳ ✹

✸ ❈♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❊s❝♦❧❛r ❳ ❋♦r♠❛çã♦ ❈♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛ ✶✷

✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✶✾

✹✳✶ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾

✹✳✷ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❇❛s❡ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶

✹✳✸ ❆ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽

✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ✹✸

✺✳✶ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❳ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸

✺✳✶✳✶ ❈♦♥tr❛t♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸

✺✳✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺

✺✳✷ ❆❧✉♥♦ ❳ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼

✺✳✷✳✶ ❆s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼

✺✳✷✳✷ ❊str❛té❣✐❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾

✺✳✸ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶

■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

✳

■♥ú♠❡r♦s sã♦ ♦s r❡❧❛t♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❛♥t♦ às ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s

♣♦r s❡✉s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❡✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr❛♣❛r✲

t✐❞❛✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡s♣❡r♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣♦r ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r❡♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s✳

❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭P❈◆s✮ ❡♠ ❇r❛✲

s✐❧✭✷✵✵✵✱ ♣✳✹✷✮✱ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛s ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ◆❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡ ❚❡❝✲

♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ t❡♠ ❝❛rát❡r ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❧ ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ♣ró♣r✐❛

✳

❬✳✳✳✳❪ ❆ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛s ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ◆❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦✲

❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ t❡♠ ❝❛rát❡r ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❧ ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧♦✱ ❛❧é♠

❞❡ s✉❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ♣ró♣r✐❛✱ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥✈❡♥çã♦✳ ❈❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡✱

❡❧❛ s❡ s✐t✉❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠✱ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❡

r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦✱ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡♥❞♦✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡

❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ✐❞❡✐❛s q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❡♠ ❡str❡✐t❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠

♦ t♦❞♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ❡❧❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦

❤✐stór✐❝❛✳

P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ ♣r❡st❛r ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞❡

❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❛❞♦t❛r ✉♠ ❝❛rát❡r ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈♦ ❡ ✐st♦ s❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛

♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞❛s ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ✈✐✈✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠

❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✲❛❧✉♥♦✳

✶

✷

P♦ré♠✱ ❡ss❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ❢❛❝❡ ❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧✐❣✐❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♠❛✐✲

♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ q✉❡✱ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❞♦t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♣rát✐❝❛

♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ t❡❝♥✐❝✐st❛✱ ❢❛③❡♠ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛s ❡①♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s ❝♦♠ ❛♣❧✐✲

❝❛çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞❡ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s s❡♠ s❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛r ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝rít✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ❛

❜✉s❝❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ é ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛❞❛✳ ❆❝r❡❞✐t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ q✉❡

♠✉✐t♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s tê♠ ❡♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♦

❞❡s♣r❡♣❛r♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ✱ ❛ ✐♥❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧❣✐❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲

çã♦ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡ ♦ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s

♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❣❡r❛♠ ❞❡s✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣♦r ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r❡♠ ♦s

❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❧✐❞❛✳

◗✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦

❝♦♠ ♦s P❈◆s ❡♠ ❇r❛s✐❧✭✷✵✵✵✱ ♣✳✹✹✮ t❡♠♦s ✿

❬✳✳✳❪ ❖✉tr♦ t❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡

▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s

é ❛ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ s❡✉ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡st❡❥❛ ❧✐❣❛❞♦ às ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲

çõ❡s✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡①❝❡ss✐✈♦ ♥♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝♦ ❞❛s

✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❢❛t✐③❛r ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞❛s

❢✉♥çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❡ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❣rá✜❝♦s✳ ❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧✲

♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣r♦ss❡❣✉✐rá s❡✉s ❡st✉❞♦s ♥❛s ❝❛r✲

r❡✐r❛s ❞✐t❛s ❡①❛t❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛ss❡❣✉r❛❞♦ sã♦ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛

❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s✱

❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s✱ ❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡

♠♦❞❡❧♦s q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✳

❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✏❡①❝❧✉í✲

❞♦s✑ ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ✐st♦ é✱ é ❡♥s✐♥❛❞♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛

✏❝✉♠♣r✐r ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦✑ ♦✉ ♥❡♠ ♠❡s♠♦ é ❡♥s✐♥❛❞♦✳

❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ss❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ tr❛❜❛✲

❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ q✉❡ ♥♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦

❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s✳ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❡ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛

❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ❡✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡❧❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s

❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ s♦❜ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛✳

P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦ ❡ss❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ tr❛③ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦

❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✏❋✉♥çã♦ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛✑✱ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡

✸

♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ✱ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ❞❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❡

❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s✳

❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦✭❚❈❈✮ tr❛③ ❡st❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉✲

çã♦✳

❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ♠♦str❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦s P❈◆s ❡✱ s♦❜ ✉♠

♦❧❤❛r q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈♦✱ ✐♥st✐❣❛ ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡❧❡ s♦❜ ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦✳

❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞♦❝❡♥✲

t❡s✱ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛

♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ s❡❥❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧

✭P❘❖❋▼❆❚✮✳

❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❧❡✈❛♥t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦

♣❡r✜❧✱ ❞♦s ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❞❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡st❛❞✉❛✐s ❞♦

▼✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦ ❞❡ ■♣❛t✐♥❣❛✴▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✳❇✉s❝❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s

❡♥tr❛✈❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❢✉♥çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐✲

❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s P❈◆s ❡ ❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♠❛✐s ❡♥✈♦❧✲

✈❡♥t❡s ❡ ❛tr❛❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❛❥✉❞❡♠ ♥♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s

❛❧✉♥♦s✳❚r❛t❛ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ♦s ♣ré✲r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s q✉❡ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛ ❛

r❡❛❧ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛ s✉❣❡stõ❡s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♥♦

❜✐♥ô♠✐♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✴❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ❛✉❧❛s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ s❡ t♦r♥❡♠

❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ♠♦♥ó❧♦❣♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❢❛❧❛✱ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡s❝✉t❛♠ ❡ ♣♦✉❝♦s

❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡♠ ♦ q✉❡ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ❞✐t♦✳

❖ ❝❛♣✐t✉❧♦ ✺ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ ❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ❞❡st❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛✳

◆❡❧❡ sã♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛❞❛s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r

❛❞♦t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥✲

tr❛t♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡

✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ s❛♥❛r ❛ ❞❡❢❛s❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❞✐s❝❡♥t❡s✱

❛❧❡rt❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❝♦♥t❡r ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣❧✐❝á✲❧♦ ❡♠ s❛❧❛✳

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷

❋✉♥çã♦ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛✿

❖s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s

◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✲ P❈◆s s♦❜ ✉♠ ♦❧❤❛r

q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈♦

P❛r❛ ❢❛❧❛r ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ s✉❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠✳ ❙❡✲

❣✉♥❞♦ ■♠❡♥❡s ❡ ▲❡❧✐s✭✶✾✾✽✱ ♣✳✸✶✻✮ ❡ss❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ t❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ s✉❛ ❣ê♥❡s❡✱

♦✉ s❡❥❛✿

P❛❧❛✈r❛ q✉❡ ✈❡♠ ❞❡ tr✐❣♦♥♦ ✭tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✮ ❡ ♠❡tr✐❛ ✭♠❡❞✐❞❛✮✳

➱ ✉♠ r❛♠♦ ❞❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❡st✉❞❛♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛

❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦s ♦✉ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✱ ❛ ♣❛r✲

t✐r ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❡ss❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✳ ❆s r❛③õ❡s

tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s sã♦ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ss❡s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s✱ ❡t❝✳

❆ss✐♠✱ ❝❛❜❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡♥s✐♥❛r ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛✲

♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❡♠ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳

❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❇♦②❡r✭✶✾✾✻✱ ♣✳✶✵✽✮✱ t❡♠♦s q✉❡✿

✹

✺

❆ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♦✉tr♦s r❛♠♦s ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♥ã♦

❢♦✐ ♦❜r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ só ❤♦♠❡♠ ♦✉ ♥❛çã♦✳ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛s r❛③õ❡s

❡♥tr❡ ❧❛❞♦s ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s t✐♥❤❛♠ s✐❞♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❡✲

❧♦s ❛♥t✐❣♦s ❡❣í♣❝✐♦s ❡ ❜❛❜✐❧ô♥✐♦s✳ ❉❛❞❛ ❛ ❢❛❧t❛✱ ♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦

♣ré✲❤❡❧ê♥✐❝♦✱ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦✱ ✉♠ t❛❧ ❡s✲

t✉❞♦ s❡r✐❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ✏tr✐❧❛t❡r♦♠❡tr✐❛✑✱ ♦✉ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡

♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s ❞❡ três ❧❛❞♦s ✭tr✐❧át❡r♦s✮✱ ❞♦ q✉❡ ✏❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✑✱

❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✳ ❈♦♠ ♦s ❣r❡❣♦s ♣❡❧❛

♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡③ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s

❡♥tr❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ✭♦✉ ❛r❝♦s✮ ♥✉♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡

❝♦r❞❛s q✉❡ s❡ s✉❜t❡♥❞❡♠✳ ❆s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s ❝♦r❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦

♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❝❡♥tr❛✐s ♦✉ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦s ❡♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦s✱ ❡r❛♠

❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❞♦s ❣r❡❣♦s ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❍✐♣ó❝r❛t❡s✱ ❡ é ♣r♦✈á✈❡❧ q✉❡

❊✉❞♦s❝♦ t❡♥❤❛ ✉s❛❞♦ r❛③õ❡s ❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✲

t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ t❡rr❛ ❡ ❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦ s♦❧

❡ ❞❛ ❧✉❛✳

❉❡s❞❡ ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ♠❛✐s r❡♠♦t♦s ❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❡s✲

t✉❞♦ ❡ ✉s♦✳ ❆ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é s❡♠♣r❡ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s❡✉

t❡♠♣♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡rr❛s ❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s✳ ❆✐♥❞❛✱

❇♦②❡r✭✶✾✾✻✱ ♣✳✶✶✵✮ ❛♣♦♥t❛ ❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ❡①♣❧✐✲

❝✐t❛✿

❬✳✳✳❪ ❆r✐st❛r❝♦ s❛❜✐❛ q✉❡ ♥✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞♦ ❛r❝♦

♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦r❞❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛r❝♦ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐ ❞❡ ✶✽✵♦ ♣❛r❛ ✵♦✱

❛♣r♦①✐♠❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❞♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ✶✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❡❝❡ q✉❡ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡

❍✐♣❛r❝♦ ❡♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♥✐♥❣✉é♠ t✐♥❤❛ t❛❜✉❧❛❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r❡s

❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❛r❝♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❝♦r❞❛ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡

â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ ❋♦✐ s✉❣❡r✐❞♦✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ q✉❡ ❆♣♦❧ô♥✐♦ ♣♦❞❡ t❡r✲

s❡ ❛♥t❡❝✐♣❛❞♦ ❛ ❍✐♣❛r❝♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ✐st♦✱ ❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦

❞❡ss❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ à ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❢♦✐ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ✉♠

♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦r❞❛s ❞♦ q✉❡ s❡✉s ♣r❡❞❡❝❡ss♦r❡s✳

P♦r ❡st❛ ❛✜r♠❛çã♦✱ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❢♦✐ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡s✲

t✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✳ ❍♦♠❡♥s q✉❡ ✜③❡r❛♠ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❡ ❡st✉❞❛r❛♠ ❛s r❛③õ❡s

❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❝❛❞❛ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦✳

❘❡ss❛❧t❛✲s❡ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ❛ ❛✜r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❊✈❡s✭✶✾✾✺✱ ♣✳✷✻✺✮ ✿

✻

❈♦♠♦ ♦s ❤✐♥❞✉s✱ ♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ár❛❜❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❛♠✲s❡ ❛

s✐ ♠❡s♠♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛strô♥♦♠♦s ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ❞❡❞✐❝❛✈❛♠ ✐♥✲

t❡r❡ss❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ à tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝r❡❞✐t❛r ❛ ❡❧❡s

❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡✐s ❢✉♥çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❡ ♦ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛✲

♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ❞❡ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✳

❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡st❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❡ ❞♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s ♣❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛

❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡①✐st❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❛♥t✐❣✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱

❡ss❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❡st✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❛té ♥♦s ❞✐❛s ❞❡ ❤♦❥❡ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢✉t✉r♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❛

❝❛❞❛ é♣♦❝❛ t❡♠✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡✳

❈❡rt✐✜❝❛✲s❡ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ t❡♠á✲

t✐❝❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥❛s ❖r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❛♦s P❛râ✲

♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ❡

t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❤✐stó✲

r✐❝♦ ❡ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s

é♣♦❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s s♦❝✐❛✐s✿

❆s ❖r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❛♦s P❛rã♠❡tr♦s ❈✉r✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡♠✱

❇r❛s✐❧ ✭✷✵✵✵✱ ♣✳✶✷✸✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛

✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ t❡♠át✐❝❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✿

❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦❀ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ q✉❛❧✲

q✉❡r❀ ❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈♦❧t❛✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛r ❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛

r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s✱ ❡♠

❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s✱ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r

♠♦❞❡❧♦s q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✳ ❈♦♠✲

♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ❡ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧✲

t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦

❡ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡♥❞♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❡♠

❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s é♣♦❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s s♦❝✐❛✐s✳

❆ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❙❆❊❇ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✸♦ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦

▼é❞✐♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣♦r ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❡♠

r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ t❡♠❛ ❊s♣❛ç♦ ❡ ❋♦r♠❛✱ ♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ❝✐♥❝♦ q✉❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡

♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛♠ r❛③õ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ✭s❡♥♦✱

✼

❝♦ss❡♥♦ ❡ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡✮ t❡♠ ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ✶ r❛t✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠

❞❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳

❖s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s sã♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦

♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r s✉❛s ❛✉❧❛s✳ ❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❡ss❡s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s✱ ❢r✉t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠

❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♥♦rt❡❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❛ ▲❡✐

❞❡ ❉✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❇ás✐❝❛s✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ❜ás✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦

❥♦✈❡♠ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❢♦ss❡ ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦ ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✳

❆ss✐♠✱ ❝❛❜❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❛✉❧❛s✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦

❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r ❞❡ s✉❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳

P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦✱ ✈❛❧❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r ❙❡❜❛st✐❛♥✐✭✶✾✾✾✮ ♥♦s ❢❛③ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r q✉❡✿

❬✳✳✳❪ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ r❡✈❡st✐❞❛ ❞❡

✈❡r❞❛❞❡s ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛s✱ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛✐s ❡ ❛t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s✑✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡❧❡

é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ❝❤❡❣✉❡ à ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛t❡✲

♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❤♦♠❡♠✱ ✐♠♣❡r❢❡✐t❛ ❡ s❡♠ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡s

✉♥✐✈❡rs❛✐s ❡ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠♦s ♠♦str❛r ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✲❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡

❛ ❝r❡♥ç❛ ♥❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s é

❢r✉t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥✐st❛ ❡

❡✉r♦❝❡♥tr✐st❛ ❞❡st❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳ ◆ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱

♠❛s ❝❛❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥stró✐ ❛ s✉❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳❈♦♠♦ ❡st❛✲

♠♦s ♠❡r❣✉❧❤❛❞♦s ♥✉♠❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ tr❛③ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❜❛❣❛❣❡♠

t♦❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♦❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦❣♠❛ ❞❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛✱

s♦♠♦s ❧❡✈❛❞♦s ❛ ♦❧❤❛r ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♦✉tr♦✱ ♥♦ ♠á①✐♠♦✱ ❝♦♠♦

✉♠❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦ ♥♦ss♦ s❛❜❡r✳

①

❖s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✕ P❈◆s sã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦

❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ✉♠ ♦❧❤❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ q✉❡ ❡stá tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♥❞♦✳

❆ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ♣❛r❛

❡st✐♠✉❧❛r ♥♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♦ ❣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡s♠✐st✐✜❝❛r q✉❡ ❡❧❛ é ❞✐❢í❝✐❧✳

❉❡s❝♦❜r✐r ♥♦✈♦s r✉♠♦s✱ ♥♦✈♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ♥♦✈❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r

q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✈❡❥❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛

✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛✳

✽

P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡✈❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦

❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ q✉❡ ♦ r❡♠❡t❛ ❛♦ s❡✉ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❆ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡✲

tr✐❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ à r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❛ é♣♦❝❛ s✉❣❡r❡ ✉♠ ♣❡♥s❛r t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦

❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ ♣❛r❛ ♥♦✈❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❝r✐❛çõ❡s t❡❝♥♦❧ó✲

❣✐❝❛s✳ ❆s ❖r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❛♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉✲

❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✱ ❇r❛s✐❧✭✷✵✵✵✱ ♣✳✶✷✷✮✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛♠ ♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛ss❡❣✉r❛❞♦ ♥♦

❡s♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✱❛ss✐♠✿

❖ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛ss❡❣✉r❛❞♦ sã♦ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡✲

tr✐❛ ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s✱ ❡♠

❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r

♠♦❞❡❧♦s q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✳ ❉❡ss❛

❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡ ❛t❡r às ❢✉♥çõ❡s s❡♥♦✱ ❝♦ss❡♥♦ ❡ t❛♥✲

❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ê♥❢❛s❡ ❛♦ s❡✉ ❡st✉❞♦ ♥❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈♦❧t❛ ❞♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦

tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❡ à ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❤✐stór✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛s

r❡❧❛çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s✳ ❖✉tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❡s✲

t✉❞♦ ❞❡st❡ t❡♠❛ é ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡st❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ t❡r s✐❞♦ r❡s♣♦♥✲

sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s é♣♦❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ♦

❝❛s♦ ❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❛s ♥❛✈❡❣❛çõ❡s ♦✉✱ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥❛ ❆❣r✐♠❡♥✲

s✉r❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r❡♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦

♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ♦s ❤♦✲

♠❡♥s s❡ ♣r♦♣✉s❡r❛♠ ❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠ s❡ ♣r♦♣♦♥❞♦✳

❊✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛✲s❡ ♣❡❧♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲

♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝♦s ❝♦♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❛t✉❛✐s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❛

❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s✱ r❡♠❡t❡✲s❡ à ❛str♦♥♦♠✐❛✳

❖ ❢♦❝♦ ❡♠ s❡♥♦✱ ❝♦ss❡♥♦✱ ❡ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r

♥♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s✳

◆♦t❛✲s❡✱ q✉❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ♣r♦♣♦r ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦

❛❣✉ç❛❞♦✱ ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞✐s❝❡♥t❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛r ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦✳

❆ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s❛✜♦✱ ❝♦❧♦❝❛ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❛t✉❛❧

♣r♦❝✉r❛♥❞♦ r❡s♣♦st❛s ❛ s❡✉s q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✳

❈❛❜❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❞♦

s❛❜❡r✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✈❛✐ ❢♦r♠❛t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣❛ss❛❞♦ ❡

❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✜❝❛ ❡♠♣♦❧❣❛♥t❡✳

✾

❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ▼✐❣✉❡❧ ❡ ▼✐♦r✐♠✭✷✵✵✺✱ ♣✳✶✺✻✮ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❍✐stór✐❛ ❞❛

▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ q✉❛❧ s❡ ♣♦ss❛ ❢❛③❡r ✉s♦ ❡ ❛❜✉s♦ ❡ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ss❡ s❡r r❡❝♦rt❛❞❛ ❡

✐♥s❡r✐❞❛ ❤♦♠❡♦♣❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳ ❊❧❡s ❡♥t❡♥❞❡♠ q✉❡✿

❬✳✳✳❪ ❤✐stór✐❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐r ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥✲

❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ❡✱

♠❛✐s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦

♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥st✐✲

t✉í❞❛s ❝♦♠ ✜♥s ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦s ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡

❛rt✐❝✉❧❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r✈ê♠ ♥♦ ♣r♦✲

❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳

❆ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❞❛ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦

❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❡ ❛ss✐♠✱ ✐♥t❡r✈✐♥❞♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦

❡♥s✐♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳

❊①✐st❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ à ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦✲

♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❛s s✉❣❡r✐♠♦s ♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ◆✐❡❧❝❡ ▼✳ ▲♦❜♦ ❞❛ ❈♦st❛

✭P❯❈ ❙P✮ q✉❡ tr❛③ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ❣ê♥❡s❡ ❡ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✳

❆ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ◆✐❡❧❝❡ ❞✐✈✐❞✐✉ s❡✉ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❡♠ s❡t❡ ♣❛rt❡s✿ ❆s r❛í③❡s ❞❛ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡✲

tr✐❛❀ ❆ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥❛ ●ré❝✐❛❀ ❆ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❍✐♥❞✉s❀ ❆ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛

❞♦s ➪r❛❜❡s ❡ ❞♦s P❡rs❛s❀ ❆ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ➪r❛❜❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❊✉r♦✲

♣❡✉s❀ ❆ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥❛ ❊✉r♦♣❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳■❱ ❡ ❆ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛

■♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳

❆✐♥❞❛✱ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ Pr❛❞♦✭✶✾✾✵✱ ♣✳✸✸✮ ❛✜r♠❛

q✉❡✿

❋❛t♦s ✐s♦❧❛❞♦s ♥ã♦ ❢❛③❡♠ ❤✐stór✐❛✳ ❆ss✐♠ ✉♠❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦

♠❛✐s ❢❡❝✉♥❞❛ ♣♦❞❡rá s❡r ❞❡s♣❡rt❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❡

❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡ ❛s ♦r✐❣❡♥s ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛✲

çõ❡s ❡ ❛s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s q✉❡ s♦❢r❡♠ ❞❛♥❞♦ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❛ ♥♦✈♦s

❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ t❡♦r✐❛s ❡ ❧❡✐s✳ ❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❝❛❜❡r✐❛ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡

❝♦❧♦❝❛r ❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ♣❡rt✐♥❡♥t❡

❡✱ ❞❡ ♣♦ss❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦✱ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛✱ ❡♥✲

tã♦✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ s✉❛ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛çã♦✱ ❜✉s❝❛r ♣❡♥❡tr❛r ♥♦ ❡s♣ír✐t♦ ❞❛

é♣♦❝❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r s❡✉ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛q✉❡❧❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✳

✶✵

◆♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❡ Pr❛❞♦✭✶✾✾✵✮ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛✲s❡ ♦ ❞❡s♣❡rt❛r ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛

♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✳ ❈r✐❛r ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❤✐stór✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♥♦✈❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s✱ ♥♦✈♦s

♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ♥♦✈❛s t❡♦r✐❛s é ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❥❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳

❖✉tr❛ q✉❡stã♦✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❈✉r②✭✷✵✵✼✱ ♣✳✶✸✮ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❡rr♦s✿

❬✳✳✳❪ q✉❡♠ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❝❡rt♦s ♠♦str❛♠ ♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦

s❛❜❡❄ ❊ q✉❡♠ ❞✐③ q✉❡ ♦s ❡rr♦s ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛♠ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦ q✉❡

❡❧❡ ♥ã♦ s❛❜❡❄ ◗✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✱ s❡❥❛ ❛q✉❡❧❛ q✉❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s

r❡♣❡t❡ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✲♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ s❡❥❛ ❛ q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐✲

❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡✱ t❡♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❞❡✲

t❡❝t❛r ❛s ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣❡♥s❛ ❡✱ ♠❡s♠♦✱ q✉❡

✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❡❧❡ tr❛③ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♦✉

✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✳❆ss✐♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛s ♣r♦❞✉çõ❡s é ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡

tr❛③✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡

❡♥t❡♥❞❡r✱ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ♣❡rt♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❞á ❛ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ s❛❜❡r

♣❡❧♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✳

▲♦❣♦✱ ♦s ❡rr♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ◗✉❛✐s

❛s r❛③õ❡s ❧❡✈❛r❛♠ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛ ♣❡♥s❛r ♥❛q✉❡❧❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦❄ ❙ã♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s

❛ s❡r❡♠ ❢❡✐t♦s✳ ❈❛❜❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❛♠♣❧✐❛r ❛ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♦

❡❧❡ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛ ❞♦ s❛❜❡r✳ ❯♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❥❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ s✉❣❡r✐r ♥♦✈❛s

r❡✢❡①õ❡s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝❡rt♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦✳ ❯♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦

❡ ♦ ❡rr♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❡ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛❞♦✳ ❆♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡st✉❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❡rr♦s ❝♦♠❡t✐❞♦s ♣♦r

❛❧✉♥♦s ❋❡❧t❡s✭ ✷✵✵✻✱ ♣✳✼✺✮ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐ q✉❡✿

❖ ❡rr♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❛ss✉♠✐r✱ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦

q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡ ❛s

sér✐❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❡rr♦s sã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠

s❡r s✉♣❡r❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ❡rr♦ ❡ ♦ ❛❝❡rt♦ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦

❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳

❖ ❡♥s✐♥♦ é ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ é ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ é ❛♥á❧✐s❡✳ ❆ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ é ✉♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛r

♥❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳

❆ ❝❛❞❛ t❡♠♣♦ ♥♦✈♦s ♠❡✐♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ s✉r❣❡♠ ❡ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❡

❛❥✉st❛r ❛ ❡st❡ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❍♦❥❡✱ ♠❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ s❡ ✈✐✈❡ ❛ ❡r❛ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ❖

✶✶

♣r♦❢❡ss♦r é ❞❡s❛✜❛❞♦ ❛ ✉s❛r ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥✲

❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛

✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❄ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦✭✷✵✵✹✱ ♣✳✾✮✿

❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♥♦✈❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦✲

♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ t❡♠ ❡①✐❣✐❞♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦

♠✉♥❞♦✱ ❡♠❡r❣✐♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥✲

t❡♠♣❧❛ ❛ ♣❧✉r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❡♠✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛

♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦✱ ❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦✱ ❛ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ✈✐sõ❡s

❞❡ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦r ❛♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s

♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡ss❡s r❡❝✉rs♦s✳

❙❡♥t❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡stã♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r

♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲❛s✳ ▼✉✐t♦s ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ sã♦

✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡ ✜❝❛♠ ♦❜s♦❧❡t♦s ♣♦r ♥ã♦ t❡r❡♠ ♠ã♦✲❞❡✲♦❜r❛

♣r❡♣❛r❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦♣❡rá✲❧♦✳

❖s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛r✲s❡ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦

♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ♥♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳ ▼✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ♥ã♦ s❛❜❡♠ ♥❡♠ ❧✐❣❛r ❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s

q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ♥♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t

❡ ♥❡❧❛ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸

❈♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❊s❝♦❧❛r ❳ ❋♦r♠❛çã♦

❈♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛

➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛♠♦s ❛t❡♥çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s q✉❡ ♠❡r❡❝❡♠ r❡✢❡①ã♦✱

♦❜s❡r✈❛r ❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ♥❡♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r t❡♠ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❞✐s✲

♣õ❡ ❞❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ✭✉♠ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ❝♦♠ ✈ár✐♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✮

q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ t❡♠ ❡ s❛❜❡ ✉s❛r✳

❉❡❧♦✉rs✱ ❛♣♦♥t❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s✉❥❡✐t♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r✱ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛

♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ q✉❛♥t♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r q✉❡ t❡♠ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛

✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❛ s❡r ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛✳

❖✉tr♦ ❢❛t♦r tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦✭✷✵✵✹✱

♣✳✷✸✮ ❛✜r♠❛ ✿

❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r ❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✭❡♠ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐✲

❧❛s✮✿♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ é ❛❝❡ss❛r✱ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s

❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ✉♠❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❡t❛ s✐❣♥✐✲

✜❝❛t✐✈❛✳

❯♠❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛❞❛ ❣❡r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❝♦♠

✐ss♦ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡ ❛ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ❣r✉♣♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛

❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛❧t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ✿ ✏■♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡❀

s❡ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞❛ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❲❡❜q✉❡st ❡♥❣❛❥❛ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s

❡♠ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡♠ ❛ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✑✳ ❊ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❛

✶✷

✶✸

❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✐rá ✏❋❛✈♦r❡❝❡r ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✿ ❲❡❜q✉❡sts

❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♥❞♦ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛

q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s s❡ ✈❡❥❛♠ ❡ ❛t✉❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞❛ s✉❛ ♦❜r❛✑✳

❋✐♥❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♣çõ❡s ❞❡ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦✭✷✵✵✹✱ ♣✳✷✸✮ ❡❧❡ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡ ✿

❋❛✈♦r❡❝❡r ♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r ❞❡ s❛❜❡r❡s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦s✿ ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞❛s ❝♦♠

♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s tí♣✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ✇❡❜ ✭❛❜❡rt❛s✱ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❧✐✈r❡✱ ❣r❛t✉✐✲

t❛s✳✳✳✮ ❲❡❜q✉❡sts ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦

❡ ✐♥t❡r❝â♠❜✐♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡✳

❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛té ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ✉s❛r ❞❛s ✇❡❜q✉❡sts ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✐♥t❡r❛✲

çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛r✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳

❈♦♠ ❡st❡ ♦❧❤❛r✱ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦ ✭✷✵✵✹✱ ♣✳✶✻✮ ❝✐t❛✿

❍♦❥❡✱ ♦✉tr❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r é ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛

r❡✐♥✈❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛✱ ❛❝❡✐t❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❡ ❛ ✐♠♣r❡✈✐s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛

é♣♦❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s✳ ❈❛❜❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♦ ❡①❛♠❡ ❝rí✲

t✐❝♦ ❞❡ s✐ ♠❡s♠♦✱ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♥❞♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛r s❡✉s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦

❝♦♠ s❡✉s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❡ ❛♥s❡✐♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡✲

s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳

❉❡s❝♦❜r✐r✲s❡ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r q✉❡ ❛❝❡✐t❛ ♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s

❞❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛r s❡✉s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛ss❛ ❛ s❡r ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦

♣❛r❛ s❡r ✉♠ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❡ s❡ r❡✐♥✈❡♥t❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛✳

❖❜✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ▲❡✈②✭✶✾✾✻✱ ♣✳✵✾✮✿

➱ ❝❡rt♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ é ✉♠❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ q✉❡ ❤á ❝✐♥❝♦ ♠✐❧

❛♥♦s s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ♥♦ ❢❛❧❛r✴❞✐t❛r ❞♦ ♠❡str❡✱ ♥❛ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ♠❛♥✉s✲

❝r✐t❛ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡✱ ❤á q✉❛tr♦ sé❝✉❧♦s✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ✉s♦ ♠♦❞❡r❛❞♦ ❞❛

✐♠♣r❡ssã♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ s✉♣õ❡

♦ ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤á❜✐t♦ ❛♥tr♦♣♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♠❛✐s q✉❡ ♠✐❧❡♥❛r ♦

q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛♥♦s✳

❊ss❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥ã♦ ✐rã♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ rá♣✐❞❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ s❡ ♦r❣❛✲

♥✐③♦✉ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♣♦r ❛♥♦s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦

✶✹

❝❤❡❣❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞❛ q✉❡ tr❛rá ❣r❛♥❞❡s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛✲

çã♦✳

❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❇r❛s✐❧✭✷✵✵✵✱ ♣✳✹✾✮✿

❊♥tr❡ ♦s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣r❡t❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♥♦

❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✱ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✱

❡stá ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ✱ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡

♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ✐♥str✉❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦s ❡ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ ♠♦❞✐✜✲

❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱

r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❡ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈♦ ❡ ❛ s✉❛

❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳

❆ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ✐♠♣❡❞❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó✲

❣✐❝♦s✱ ♣♦✐s sã♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ✉♠❛ t✉r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s✱

♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❡

❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❞❡ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳

P♦r ✜♠✱ ❢❛③✲s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✉♠❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛çã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s

q✉❡ ♦s ❤❛❜✐❧✐t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s✳

❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ●r❛✈✐♥❛ ❡ ❙❛♥t❛r♦s❛✭✶✾✾✽✱ ♣✳✶✷✷✮✿

◆ã♦ é ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ♣❡♥s❛r ♥✉♠ ❢✉t✉r♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ q✉❡♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐③❛❞♦s ✈ã♦ ✉❧tr❛♣❛ss❛r s✉❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡s✐♠♣❧❡s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❛♦ ♣❡♥s❛r ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ❛ t❡r ♣❛✲♣❡❧ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❝❛♣❛✲❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛s ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉♦✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❤♦❥❡ ♥ã♦ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛❞❛s✳❊ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐✲♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✳

❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛✲s❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s

♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳ ❙❛✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡r♦s r❡♣❡t✐❞♦r❡s ❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐③❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡

❢ór♠✉❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐✈❛ ❡ ❞❡ r❛❝✐♦✲

❝í♥✐♦ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛rã♦ ❛ s❡r ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳

❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ▼♦r❡✐r❛✭✷✵✵✹✮ ♣♦r ♠❛✐s q✉❡ ♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡st❡❥❛ s❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♥í✈❡❧

✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛s

❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦s♦s ❞✐✈✉❧❣✉❡♠ ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s✳

❚✉❞♦ ✐ss♦✱ ❡❧❡✱ ▼♦r❡✐r❛ ✭✷✵✵✹✱♣✳✶✸✶✮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ q✉❡✿

✶✺

✏❬✳✳✳❪ ❡ss❡ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♥ã♦ t❡✈❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ♥❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡❛✉❧❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡sq✉❡ r❡✈❡rt❛♠ ❡st❡ q✉❛❞r♦✳✑

◆♦t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦

❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❚✉❞♦ ❝♦♠❡ç❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❜♦♠ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❛✉❧❛s✱ ♣❡❧♦

✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♠ ♠♦str❛r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s❀ ♣❡❧❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡

❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛♠♣❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ s❛❜❡r❀ ♣♦r ❛❝❡✐t❛r q✉❡❜r❛r ♦s ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛s ❞❡

✉♠ ❡♥s✐♥♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ r❡♣❡t✐çã♦✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦

❤✉♠❛♥♦ q✉❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛ ♥♦ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❡stát✐❝❛✳

❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ■♠❜❡r♥ó♠✭✷✵✵✻✱ ♣✳✻✶✮✿

❖s ❢✉t✉r♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r

♣r❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❛s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ✈ã♦ s✉r✲

❣✐♥❞♦ ♥♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❡ ♣❛r❛ s❡r r❡❝❡♣t✐✈♦s ❡ ❛❜❡rt♦s

❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çõ❡s ♣❧✉r❛❧✐st❛s✱ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛r s✉❛s ❛t✉❛çõ❡s

às ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✳ ❍á

✉♠❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ✉r❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r ❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ❡♠

✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❛t✉❛✐s ♣❛r❛

♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳

❊①✐st❡ ✉♠ ♦❧❤❛r ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ s✐stê♠✐❝♦ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳■❳✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ✐♥s✐st❡ ♥✉♠❛

♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ s❡r ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦

❳❳■ ❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ❳❳✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ t♦❞♦ ❡ss❡ ❝♦♥❤❡✲

❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❡st✉❞✐♦s♦s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❝❤❡❣♦✉ à s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳

➱ ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❛♠♣❧✐❛r ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ q✉❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛rá r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦✲

r❡s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ s❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ s❡♥t✐r❡♠ ❛

♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛✳

◗✉❛♥t♦ à ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ▼♦r❡✐r❛ ❡ ◆❛r❞✐✭✷✵✵✾✱ ♣✳✺✮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ q✉❡ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦

❛ss♦❝✐á✲❧❛ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✱à ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛ ê♥❢❛s❡ ❞♦s

❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛ss✐♠✿

✶✻

❘❡ss❛❧t❛♠ ❛q✉✐✱ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❞♦s ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ♠❡s✲

tr❛❞♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳ ❘❡ss❛❧t❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠

❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡①✐st❡ ❤á ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ q✉❛r❡♥t❛

❛♥♦s✱ ❡♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❡ ❥á ♣r♦❞✉③✐✉ ✉♠❛

✈❛st❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❡stá ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❞❛

♥♦s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ❡ ❧✐✈r♦s ❞❛ ár❡❛✱ ♠❛s ❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❛té ❛❣♦r❛

t❡✈❡ ♣♦✉❝♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♥❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳ ➱ ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❛ss♦❝✐á✲❧❛

❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ à ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❊st❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛ ê♥❢❛s❡ ❞♦

♠❡str❛❞♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳

❖ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡❜r✉ç❛r✲s❡ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦

♦❧❤❛r✳ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛✲♦ ❝♦♠ ❢♦❝♦ ❡♠ s✉❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❞✐❛ ❛ ❞✐❛✳

❖ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐rá ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛çã♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r

❝♦♥❢r♦♥t❛rá ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❡ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✳ ❖ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ s❡rá s✉❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛

♥♦ ❝❤ã♦ ❞❡ s❛❧❛✳

❆✐♥❞❛✱ ❖st❡r♠❛♥♥ ❡ ❘❡③❡♥❞❡✭✷✵✵✾✱ ♣✳✻✾✮✱ ❛✜r♠❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ♣r♦✜s✲

s✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡✈❡r❛✿

❬✳✳✳❪ t❡r ❝❛rát❡r ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦✲

❝❡♥t❡✱ ❢♦❝❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ♦ ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦✱ ❛

❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳ ❉❡✈❡rá✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❡st❛r s❡♠♣r❡

✈♦❧t❛❞♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱

s❡❥❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ s❡❥❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦

♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦s✱ ♥♦s ♥í✈❡✐s

❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ♠é❞✐♦✳

P❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ s❡r ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦s ❛ s❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛r❡♠ ♣❛r❛

✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦✳ ◆❡ss❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♦ ✐♥t❡✲

r❡ss❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❛ s✉❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱

tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛✲s❡ ❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛ ♦ ♠❡✐♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛t✉❛✳

❈♦♠ ❢♦❝♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝♦✱ ❝❛❜❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r r❡✈❡r s✉❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s s❡♥❞♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦

❞❡ s✉❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ q✉❡ r❡✢❡t✐rá ♥❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✳

❖ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ é s❛❜❡r ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♠♦❞❡r♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡✱ ❝♦♠♦

❛❜s♦r✈❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝á✲❧❛s✳ ❖ s❛❜❡r ❛t✉❛❧ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛

✉♠❛ ♣r❛t✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ➱ ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ♠♦t✐✈❛r ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❛❜❡r ❝♦♠

❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣rát✐❝❛s✱ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛s ❛s q✉❛✐s ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠ ✉♠ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✳

✶✼

❊♥t❡♥❞❡r ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡r✈❡ t❛❧ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❧❡✈❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ♥❛

❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡ ❞❛r ê♥❢❛s❡ ❛♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦

♣♦❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♥❛s❝❡ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛❞♦r ❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r✳

❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ▲✉❞❦❡✭✷✵✵✶✱ ♣✳✽✮✱ ❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❧❡✈❛ t❛♥t♦ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r

❛✿

♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛r❡♠✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r❡♠✱ ❝r✐t✐❝❛r❡♠ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡✲

r❡♠ s✉❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s✱ ♣r♦❞✉③✐♥❞♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦

q✉❡ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣rát✐✲

❝❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s✳ ❚♦❞❛✈✐❛✱ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ♥ã♦ é s✐♥ô♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛

❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r q✉❡ r❡✢❡t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ s✉❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉✲

③✐r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡♠✱ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡r ✉♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r✳

◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧❡ ❛✈❛♥ç❛✱ ✐♥❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦✱ ❞♦ ❛t♦ ❞❡

❞❡❜r✉ç❛r✲s❡ ♦✉tr❛ ✈❡③ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦✱ ❡♥❝✉rt❛ ❛

❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ♦ s❡♣❛r❛ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛r✱ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡✲

s❡♥t❛✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♦✉tr❛s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡

à ❧✉③ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛✳

❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ s✉r❣❡♠ ♥♦✈♦s ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦s✱ ♥♦✈♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣♦r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s

❞✐✈❡rs✐✜❝❛❞♦s✱ ❛♠♣❧✐❛♠✲s❡ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ❝r✐❛♠✲s❡ ♥♦✈♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛t✐✈♦s q✉❡

q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛♠ ♦ s❛❜❡r s♦❜ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ót✐❝❛✱ ❛ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ❊ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛

♠✉❞❛ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳ ❊ t✉❞♦ s❡rá ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱

❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s✉❛ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✳

❯♠❛ ✈❡③ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ♥♦ s❡✉ ❞✐❛ ❛ ❞✐❛ ❞❡✈❡ tr❛③❡r

❢♦r♠❛s ♦✉ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥s✐♥❛r✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ s❡✉ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡

❡st✉❞♦ é ❥✉st❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❛s r❛③õ❡s q✉❡ s❡✉ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡✳ ❊s♣❡r❛✲s❡

q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥s✐♥❛r✳

❊ss❡ ♥♦✈♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛s t❡♦r✐❛s✱ ♠❛s ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ r❡s♣♦st❛s

♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ ♥❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♥s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s

♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ár❡❛ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡

♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✳ ❉❡✈❡ s❡r t❡st❛❞♦ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r

❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ♥❛s❝❡r ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳

❖❧❤❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✈ê♠ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✿

q✉❛❧ s❡r✐❛ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛ s❡r ❝r✐❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥s✐♥á✲❧❛❄

✶✽

◗✉❛❧ s❡r✐❛ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥s✐♥❛r tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛❄

◗✉❛❧ s❡r✐❛ ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛ s❡r ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛❄

❖s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡♠ ❇r❛s✐❧✭✷✵✵✵✱ ♣✳✻✾✮ ♣r❡❝♦♥✐③❛♠

q✉❡ ✏❆♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✱ ❡s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❡r❝❡❜❛♠ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛

❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦✑✳

❈♦♥str✉✐r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛r ♥♦ ♣❛ss❛❞♦✱ ♠❛s ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ♦

❢✉t✉r♦✱ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ t❡♠♣♦ ❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ t❡♠ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹

❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s

✹✳✶ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦

❉✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❢❡③✲s❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞❡ ■♣❛✲

t✐♥❣❛✴▼● ❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♥♦♠❡♥✲

❝❧❛t✉r❛s✿ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ✈✐s✐t❛❞❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❆✱ ❇✱ ❈✱ ❉ ❡

❊✳

◆♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❛s ✐♥s♣❡çõ❡s ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡

❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛r❡♠ ❝♦♠ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s✉❜s✐❞✐❛r ❛ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦

Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ P❘❖❋▼❆❚✳ ❆s ❡s❝♦❧❛s s❡ ❞✐s♣✉s❡r❛♠ ❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s

❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r❛♠ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ♥❛s r❡✉♥✐õ❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦s✱

❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛çõ❡s✱ s❛❧❛s ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛s✱ s❛❧❛s ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡

❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❡♠ ❝♦♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣❡rt✐♥❡♥t❡s à ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡

r❡s♣♦♥❞❛♠ ❛♦s q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳

❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❡ s❡t❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹ ❛ ❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦

❞❡ ✷✵✶✺✱ ❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ♦ ✜♥❛❧

❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♥♦✭✷✵✶✹✮ ❡ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ✭✷✵✶✺✮✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♥♦ r❡❧❛t♦

❞❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s✱ ♣r♦❝✉r♦✉✲s❡ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❛♥♦

❡s❝♦❧❛r ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺ ❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡

♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ❛♦ ❧❡✐t♦r ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♥♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ❡ ✉♠❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❤♦❧íst✐❝❛

❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛ ❛ r♦t✐♥❛ ❧❡t✐✈❛✳

✶✾

✷✵

❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❥á ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦✱ ♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ♥♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❛♥♦

❡s❝♦❧❛r ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s✱ tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞♦ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❇ás✐❝♦ ❈♦♠✉♠

✭❈❇❈✮✳✕

❖ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❇ás✐❝♦ ❈♦♠✉♠ ✕ ✭❈❇❈✮✶ ✱ ✉♠ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❊s✲

t❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱ ❝♦❧♦❝❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦r

❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❡ ❡t❛♣❛s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❡st❛❞✉❛❧✱ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠

♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❖ ❈❇❈ ✈✐s❛ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛r ✉♠ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡

♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❡st❛r ❛rt✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳

❖ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ é ♦ q✉❡ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐✲

❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳ P❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s

♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s tê♠ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❡♠❜♦r❛

❞✉❛s ❞❡ss❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s s❡❥❛♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♣❡r✐❢❡r✐❛s ✭❡s❝♦❧❛s ❝♦♠ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❛❧t♦

❞❡ ✈✐♦❧ê♥❝✐❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✮ ♦✉tr❛s três s❡❥❛♠ ❡s❝♦❧❛s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✷ q✉❡ ❥á ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r❛♠

❞♦ P❉P ✕ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❞❡ ●❉P✸ ✕ ●r✉♣♦s ❞❡

❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❊ss❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝r✐❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ●♦✈❡r♥♦

❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✳ ❊st❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❝♦♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❡ ❝♦✲

♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ❞✐s♣õ❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ Pr♦❥❡t♦ P♦❧ít✐❝♦ P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ q✉❡ sã♦

❝ó♣✐❛s ✜é✐s ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛♥❞♦ tã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦

❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✳

❈♦♠♦ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛❧t♦ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ é ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ ❈❇❈✱ é ✉♠ ✐♥str✉✲

♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♥♦rt❡✐❛ ❛s ❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛

❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❝❛❜❡♥❞♦ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦ s❡✉ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠

❜❛s❡ ♥❡st❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡ ❡①❡❝✉tá✲❧♦ ❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❢♦r♠❛✳

◆♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ ❧❡t✐✈♦✱ ♦s ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❛ s✉♣❡r✈✐sã♦✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❞✐r❡çã♦

✶❈❇❈✿ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✭❙❊❊✲▼●✮ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♦s P❈◆ ❞❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❊❧❡ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r✉♠❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ♠í♥✐♠♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❡♥s✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ❝✉❥❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛tór✐❛ é r❡❣✉✲❧❛♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✻✻✻ ❞❡ ✵✼ ❞❡ ❛❜r✐❧ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✺✳

✷❖ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❊❘✭❊s❝♦❧❛s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✮ é ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛❞❛❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✸✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❧❡♠❛✿ ✏❛ r❡❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❡①❝❡❧ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛✑✳✭▼■◆❆❙ ●❊❘❆■❙✱ ✷✵✵✹✱ ♣✳ ✸✸✮

✸●r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ✭●❉Ps✮✱ ❝r✐❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣r❡✲❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❣❡r❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞♦ ❈❇❈ ❡✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛í✱ ♣r♦♣✉s❡ss❡♠ ✉♠❛❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❡ ♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ár❡❛ ❡ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳ ✭▼■◆❆❙ ●❊❘❆■❙✱ ✷✵✵✹❛✱ ♣✳✹✲✺✮✳

✷✶

❜✉s❝❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r❡♠ ❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞♦ ❈❇❈ ✕ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❇ás✐❝♦ ❈♦♠✉♠

♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛♠ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢❡r✐r s❡ ♦s ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦s

❡stã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ ♦ ❈❇❈✳

❉✉r❛♥t❡ ❛s r❡✉♥✐õ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ♦s ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣♦s ✭ s✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r❡s✮ s❡ ❡♥✲

❝❛rr❡❣❛♠ ❞❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♦r✐❡♥t❛♥❞♦✲♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❢❛③❡r

❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✶✿ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ▼❛t❡r✐❛❧ ✐♥str✉❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r✈✐sã♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛❊s❝♦❧❛ ❆✳

❈❛❞❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉♣❡r✈✐sã♦ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♥✉❛❧ ❡ ❛ s✉✲

♣❡r✈✐sã♦ s❡ ❡♥❝❛rr❡❣❛ ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ♦ s❡✉ ❛rq✉✐✈♦✳ ❈❛❜❡ à s✉♣❡r✈✐sã♦ ✐♥s♣❡❝✐♦♥❛r ❛

❡♥tr❡❣❛ ❞♦s ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ s❡❥❛ ❝✉♠♣r✐❞❛✳

❈♦♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s

q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✳

P❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❧✐♠✐t❛♠✲s❡ ❛ ❝♦♣✐❛r ❛s ❤❛✲

❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦

❈❇❈✳

✷✷

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✷✿ ❋♦♥t❡✿ P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♥✉❛❧ ✲ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❆✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✸✿ ❋♦♥t❡✿ P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♥✉❛❧ ✲ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❇✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✹✿ ❊✐①♦ ❚❡♠át✐❝♦ ■■■ ✲ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❈❇❈✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✺✿ ❊✐①♦ ❚❡♠át✐❝♦ ❱■ ✲ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❈❇❈✳

✷✸

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✻✿ ❊✐①♦ ❚❡♠át✐❝♦ ❱■■■ ✲ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❈❇❈✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✼✿ ❊✐①♦ ❚❡♠át✐❝♦ ■❳ ✲ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❈❇❈✳

❈♦♠ ❡st❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♥❢r♦♥t❛♥❞♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦✲

r❡s ❡ ❛s ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❞♦ ❈❇❈✱ ✜❝❛ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❛♣❡♥❛s tr❛♥s✲

♣õ❡♠ ❛ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❞♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♦✜❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛

♦s s❡✉s ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦s✳

◆♦ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ à tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ tr❛♥s❝r❡✈❡♠ t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ s❡

❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ♥♦ ❈❇❈ ♦s ❡✐①♦s t❡♠át✐❝♦s ■■■✱ ❱■ ❡ ❱■■■ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦s

❡ ♥ã♦ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛♠ ♦ ❡✐①♦ t❡♠át✐❝♦ ■❳ ✳❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ ❊✐①♦ ❚❡♠át✐❝♦ ■❳

❞❡✈❡r✐❛ s❡r ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♣♦✐s ❛♦ tr❛t❛r ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠

❛ s♦♠❛ ❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❛r❝♦s✱ ❛s ❧❡✐s ❞♦ s❡♥♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❝♦ss❡♥♦ ❡ ✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r

♦s ❣rá✜❝♦s ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s s❡♥♦ ❡ ❝♦ss❡♥♦ ❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ♦ ♣❡r✐♦❞♦✱ ❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛

❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦♥❞❛ s❡♥♦✐❞❛❧✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐rá q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❢❛ç❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❝❧❛✲

r❡③❛✱ ❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❢❛t♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡

s✉❣❡r❡♠ ♦s P❈◆s

❖✉tr♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛ ❡st❛ r❡♣❡t✐çã♦ é ❛ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡✲

❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳

❆té ❛q✉✐ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ r❡♣❡t✐❞♦r ❝✉❥♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦✲

✷✹

r❡s ❡ s✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r❡s ❛♣❡♥❛s r❡❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ♦s ♣✐❧❛r❡s

❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞❛s q✉❡ é ❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛❧

♥❛ ❡s❢❡r❛ ❡st❛❞✉❛❧ ❡ ❢❡❞❡r❛❧✳

❊st❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t❛ ❡♠ s❡t❡♠❜r♦ ❡ ♦✉t✉❜r♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❢♦✐ ♣❡r♠✐t✐❞❛ ❛

✈✐st♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥tr❡❣✉❡s ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹ ❡ ❝♦♥✜r✲

♠❛❞❛ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ s✉♣❡r✈✐sã♦ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡✉ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛

❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺✱ ❡♠ ❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦✳

❋♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ s❡♥❞♦

✉♠ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❞❡ q✉✐♥③❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦s q✉❛✐s ❛♣❡♥❛s três sã♦ ❡❢❡✲

t✐✈♦s✱ ♦✐t♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ▲❡✐ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ▲❈✶✵✵✹ ❡ q✉❛tr♦ ❞❡s✐❣♥❛❞♦s ❛ tít✉❧♦

❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦ ♣r❡❝ár✐♦✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ à ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ t♦❞♦s tê♠ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛✲

t✉r❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s três tê♠ ♣ós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ▲❛t♦ ❙❡♥s✉ ✭ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦✮

❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❢❡③ ♣ós✲ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❙tr✐❝t✉ ❙❡♥s✉ ✭♠❡str❛❞♦✮✳ ❖s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s r❡❝❡✲

❜❡♠ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s r♦t✐♥❛s

♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s ❛♥✉❛✐s✳ ❉❡st❡s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦✐t♦ sã♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú✲

❞♦s ❞❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❛♣❡♥❛s ✜❣✉r❛r❛♠ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❝♦♠♦

♣❛rtí❝✐♣❡s ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦

♣❡❧❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳ ❖ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣♦✱ ✐♥t✐t✉✲

❧❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❝❛r❣♦ ❞❡ ❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦ t✉r♥♦ ♠❛t✉t✐♥♦✱

✈❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ♦✉ ♥♦t✉r♥♦✳ ❊♥tr❡ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞❛s ❞✉❛s tê♠ ✉♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛✭

❈ ❡ ❊✮❀ ♦✉tr❛s ❞✉❛s✭❇ ❡ ❉✮ tê♠ ❞♦✐s ❡ ✉♠❛✭❆✮✱ t❡♠ três✳ ❚♦❞♦s sã♦ ❣r❛❞✉❛❞♦s

❡♠ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛✭s✉♣❡r✈✐sã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✮ ✱ ❡ q✉❛tr♦ t❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ sã♦

❡❢❡t✐✈♦s✱ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ▲❡✐ ▲❈✶✵✵ ♦✉ ❞❡s✐❣♥❛❞♦s ❡♠ s❡✉s ❝❛r❣♦s✳

❊♠ ♦✉t✉❜r♦ ❢♦✐ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛❞♦ ❛ ❛ss✐st✐r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❛✉❧❛s ♥❛ q✉❛✐s ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡

tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❢♦✐ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✳

❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞❛s ❛✉❧❛s ❞❛❞❛s ♣❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♥ã♦ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛♠ ♣❧❛♥♦s

❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ❡ s❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛♠ ❛ r❡♣❛ss❛r ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦s

❧✐✈r♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s ♦✉✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♠❛✐s ✏❡①♣❡r✐❡♥t❡s✑✱ r❡♣r♦❞✉③❡♠ ❛

r♦t✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❛♥♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♠✐♥✐str❛♥❞♦ ❛✉❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s sér✐❡s ❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡✲

q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥ã♦ ❡stã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❝✉♠♣r✐r ♦s ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛

♦ ❛♥♦✳ ◆♦t❛✲s❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❝❤❡❣❛♠ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❢❛s❛❣❡♠

✹▲❡✐ ❡st❛❞✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦✉ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s s❡♠ ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❝✉rs♦♣✉❜❧✐❝♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ✐♥❝♦♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❡❧♦ s✉♣r❡♠♦ ❚r✐❜✉♥❛❧ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❡♠ ✷✵✶✹✳

✷✺

❡s❝♦❧❛r ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡✱♠✉✐t♦s ♥ã♦ s❛❜❡♠ ♥❡♠ t❛❜✉❛❞❛✱ ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❞✐✜✲

❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛çõ❡s✱ á❧❣❡❜r❛ ❡ ❡q✉❛çõ❡s✱ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝❡♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦

❡ ❢♦r♠❛✱ tê♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡rí♠❡tr♦✱ ár❡❛ ❡ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s✳

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛s r❡❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡♣r♦✈❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❛♥♦

❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥❢r❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✳ ❖ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❝❤❡❣❛

❛♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❞é✜❝✐t ❛❧t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ é

r❡❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ sér✐❡ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❡❧❡ ♥ã♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r✱

♣♦✐s s❛❜❡ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ s❡rá ❛♣r♦✈❛❞♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❢♦r♠❛✳

P♦r ♠❛✐s q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r t❡♥❤❛ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♠ ❛✈❛♥ç❛r ♥❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡

❝✉♠♣r✐r ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♥✉❛❧ ❡❧❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡✱ ♣♦✐s ♥ã♦ t❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛

❡♥s✐♥❛r✳ ❖ ❞❡s✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡✳ ❙ã♦

♣♦✉❝♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠ ❡ ❡stã♦ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s✳

❆ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ é ✉♠❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡ sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦s

♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛♠ ❛ ❡❧❛ ❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❡s ❞❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡ ❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞♦s ♣ré✲r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s

❜ás✐❝♦s ❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s✱ ❛ ✐♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡♠ ♠✐♥✐str❛r

❛✉❧❛s ❝♦♠ ♣♦✉❝❛s ♦✉ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ✐♥♦✈❛çã♦✳ P♦r ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦

❝r✐t❡r✐♦s♦ ❞❛s ❛✉❧❛s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠

❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳

❊✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣♦✉❝❛

♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✿ s❡♠ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ r❡♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ♥ã♦ s❡

♣r♦♣õ❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s✱ ♠❛♥té♠✲s❡ ❛s ❛✉❧❛s ♥❛ r♦t✐♥❛ ❞❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s✱ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ❞♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❡ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ s❡♠ ❛ ♣♦s✲

s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ s❡♠ ❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦

❡ ❞❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❞❡✐①❛ ❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥✲

ç❛s ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ♣❡r❞❡✲s❡ ❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s

❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ✱ ❞❡✐①❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✳

◆ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❞❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ♠❛t❡♠á✲

t✐❝❛s✱ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s s❡♠ ♦ r✐❣♦r ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ✱ às ✈❡③❡s✱ ❧❡✈❛ ♦

❞✐s❝❡♥t❡ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡rr❛❞❛ ♦✉ ✐♥❝♦♠✲

♣❧❡t❛✳ ❊ss❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❧❡✈❛♠✲♥♦ ❛ ❝♦♠❡t❡r ❡rr♦s ❜❛♥❛✐s ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡stõ❡s

❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ♦ ✐♠♣❡❞❡ ❞❡

✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ q✉❡stã♦ ✳

✷✻

❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s é✱ s❛❜✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❢❛t♦r ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦r ❡ q✉❡ ❛❜r❡

✉♠ ❧❡q✉❡ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♥♦ ❜✐♥ô♠✐♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✴❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣♦ré♠✱ ❛♣❡s❛r

❞❡ ❡①✐st✐r❡♠ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞❛s ❡ss❡s r❡❝✉rs♦s

sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦s✳

◆❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ✧❆✧❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ✉♠❛ ❛✉❧❛ ♥♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠á✲

t✐❝❛✱ ♦✉ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♠♦str♦✉ ❝♦♠♦ ✉s❛r ♦ ❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s

❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ❋♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡♥tr❛r ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❢❛③❡r ❞❡s❡♥❤♦s ❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✜❣✉r❛s✳

❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é ❢á❝✐❧ ❛ss♦❝✐❛r ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ às t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡♠ s✐ ❡ ❝♦♥✲

tr♦❧❛r✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❞❛ t✉r♠❛✳ ◆❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛✲s❡

✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛✲s❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ♥♦ q✉❛❞r♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦s

❝♦♥s✐❣❛♠ ❡①❡r❝✐t❛r✲s❡ ❡ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❢❛③❡♠ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❝♦♥✲

tr♦❧❛ ❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛✳ ◆♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✱

t❡♠✲s❡ q✉❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ♦s ❞❡s✐♥t❡r❡ss❛❞♦s

q✉❡ ✈ã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛♥✐✜❝❛r ♠♦✉s❡✱ ❛rr❛♥❝❛r t❡❝❧❛s ❡ t♦♠❛❞❛s✳ ■r

♣❛r❛ ♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠❛ ❛✉❧❛ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ❞✐s♣❡rs❛r

❡♥tr❡ ❛ s❛❧❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ♣r❡❢❡r✐♥❞♦ ❛❝❡ss❛r ♦✉tr♦s ❛ss✉♥t♦s

q✉❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❛q✉✐ ❛s r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s✳

◆❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ❛✉❧❛s ♥❛s q✉❛✐s s❡ ❢❛③ ♦

✉s♦ ❞❛ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛✱ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♥ã♦ ❢❛③❡♠ ✉s♦ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳

◆❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ✧❵❇✧❵ ♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ♥ã♦ é ✉s❛❞♦ ✱ ♣♦✐s só ❡①✐st❡♠ ✶✹ t❡r♠✐♥❛✐s ❡ ♦s

♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③á✲❧♦✳

◆❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ✧❈✧✱ ❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❢♦✐ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉s❛r ♦ ❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✱ ♥✉♠ ❝✉rs♦

❞❡ ✶✻ ❤♦r❛s ♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✱ ♠❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ s❡

s❡♥t❡ s❡❣✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♣r❡❢❡r❡ ♥ã♦ ✉s❛r✳

◆❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ✧❉✧✱ ❛ s❛❧❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❛ s❛❧❛ ❞♦s t❡r♠✐♥❛✐s sã♦ ✉♠❛ só✱

s❡♥❞♦ ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✉s❛r✳

◆❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ✧❊✧✱ ♦ té❝♥✐❝♦ ❡♠ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❙❘❊ ✕ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❘❡❣✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡

❊♥s✐♥♦ ❡st❡✈❡ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③♦✉ t♦❞♦s ♦s t❡r♠✐♥❛✐s✱ ❢❡③ r❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s

♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡str❛❣❛❞♦s ❡ ❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥♦✉ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛q✉❡❧❛ ❞❛t❛✱

❝❛s♦ ❤♦✉✈❡ss❡ ❡str❛❣♦s ♥♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ s❡r✐❛ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r

❡♠ ✉s♦✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r t❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♠ ✉s❛r ♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦✱

♣♦rq✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦st♦ ❛ ❛ss✉♠✐r r✐s❝♦s✳

✷✼

◆♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹✱ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s r❡❝❡❜❡r❛♠ ❧✐✈r♦s ♥♦✈♦s ❞♦ P◆▲❉ ✕ P❧❛♥♦ ◆❛❝✐✲

♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ▲✐✈r♦ ❉✐❞át✐❝♦✳

❆s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❆✱ ❇ ❡ ❈ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ▼❆❚❊▼➪❚■❈❆ ✲ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s

✲❊❞✐t♦r❛ ❙❛r❛✐✈❛ ✲ ❞❡ ●❡❧s♦♥ ■❡③③✐✱ ❖s✈❛❧❞♦ ❉♦❧❝❡ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ✲❡♠ três ✈♦❧✉♠❡s

❝✉❥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♥♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ▲✐✈r♦ ❉✐❞át✐❝♦✴✷✵✶✺ ✭P◆▲❉✴✷✵✶✺✮ é

✷✼✺✽✺✳❖s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❛♣❛r❡✲

❝❡♠ ♥♦s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s ✶✷ ❡ ✶✸ ❞♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✶ ❡ ♥♦s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s ✶✱ ✷✱ ✸✱ ✹✱ ❡✱ ✺ ❞♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡

✷✳ ❖ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✶ tr❛③✱ ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✷ ✿ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ✜❣✉r❛s✱ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛

❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✱ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ✶✾ ♣á❣✐♥❛s ❡ ♥♦ ✶✸ ❛♣r❡✲

s❡♥t❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♠ ✶✼ ♣á❣✐♥❛s✳ ❖s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s sã♦

❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝❧❛r❛ ❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛✱ ♣♦ré♠✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ r❡s✉♠✐❞❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♣♦✉❝❛

♦✉ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ❈❛❜❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ✐♥st✐❣❛r ❛ ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s

❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ❜✉sq✉❡♠✱ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❢♦♥t❡s✱ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s

♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥tê✲❧♦s r❡❝❡♣t✐✈♦s ❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳

◆♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✸✱ q✉❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥✲

❣✉❧♦✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛r❛♠ ✉♠ t❡①t♦ q✉❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❞❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❛

tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ ❊ss❡ t❡①t♦ ♣♦❞❡rá s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛

❛❣✉ç❛r ❛ ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦s q✉❡

❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♠ ❡ q✉❡ ❡①♣❧✐q✉❡♠ ❛ ❤✐stór✐❛✳

❖ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✷ ❞❡❞✐❝❛ ✼✵ ♣á❣✐♥❛s à tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❡st✉❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦

❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❝♦♠ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛r❝♦s ❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r

s✉❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s✱ à ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛✐s ❛ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ tr✐✲

❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ s✐♠❡tr✐❛s ♥♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝♦ ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦

✷ tr❛t❛ ❞❛s r❛③õ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❞❡✜♥✐✲

çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡♥♦ ❡ ❝♦ss❡♥♦✱ s❡✉s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s ❡✱ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡

❡❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐r ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❡✱ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛r ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s

r❛③õ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛✱ s❡❝❛♥t❡✱ ❝♦ss❡❝❛♥t❡ ❡ ❝♦t❛♥❣❡♥t❡✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦✱ ❛s ✐❞❡♥✲

t✐❞❛❞❡ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s✳ ❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ❧❡✐s ❞♦ s❡♥♦

❡ ❞♦ ❝♦ss❡♥♦✳ ❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛ ❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐♥❞♦

❛s ❝♦♥❣r✉ê♥❝✐❛s ♥♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r❝♦s ❝ô♥❣r✉♦s✱

❞❡✜♥❡✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❧❛r❡③❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛✱ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♣❛r ❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ✐♠♣❛r ♣❛r❛✱ ❡♥tã♦✱

❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❡ ♦s ❣rá✜❝♦s ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s s❡♥♦✱ ❝♦ss❡♥♦ ❡ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡✳ ◆♦

❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♣❡r❞❡ ❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛ss♦❝✐á✲❧♦s ❛ ❢❛t♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛❣✉ç❛r ❛

✷✽

❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✳ ❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ tr❛t❛ ❞❛s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s

tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ♠❛s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♥ã♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❡ss❡ ❛ss✉♥t♦✳

❈❛❞❛ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ tr❛③ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❛♦ ✜♥❛❧ ♦✉tr❛

s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s✳

❆❜❛✐①♦ tr❛♥s❝r❡✈❡♠♦s ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ●✉✐❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ▲✐✈r♦ ❉✐❞át✐❝♦ q✉❛♥t♦

às ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦✱ ❡ss❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ é ❝♦❡✲

r❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❧❡✈❛♥t❛❞♦s ♥❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✿

✏❖s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s sã♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ♦✉ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✱ s❡✲

❣✉✐❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ s✐st❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦s✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ sã♦

❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s s❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❛✉t♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡

s❡✉ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ❡①✐❣❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❝♦♠

❜❛s❡ ♥❛s ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥♦ t❡①t♦✳✑

❖r✐❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r❡♠ sér✐❡s ❞❡ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s

q✉❡ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❛✉t♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱

❛❞♦t❛♥❞♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦✱ ❞❡❜❛t❡s ❞✐r✐❣✐❞♦s✱

❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦

t❡♦❞♦❧✐t♦✳

❖ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❢❛③ s✉❣❡stõ❡s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ♠❛s✱ ♦s t❡♠❛s

r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✷ r❡❢❡r✐♥❞♦✲s❡ às

♠❡❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s ❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✳

❊ss❛s s✉❣❡stõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r út❡✐s ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛s ú♥✐❝❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s

❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♦ q✉❛❧ ❞❡✈❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r ❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r s❡✉

♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ t❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ♠❛s✱ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡t❡♥t♦r ❞❡

t♦❞♦s ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛rá ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳

❆s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ✧❵❉✧✬ ❡ ✧❵❊✧✬ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❈♦♥❡①õ❡s ❈♦♠ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✲

❊❞✐t♦r❛ ▼♦❞❡r♥❛ ✲ ❋á❜✐♦ ▼❛rt✐♥s ❞❡ ▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦✱ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ P◆▲❉✴✷✵✶✺✿ ✷✼✺✶✾

❝✉❥❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦s t❡♠❛s✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ♠❛✐s

❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛✱ ♠❛s✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛ à ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛

♥♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ♥❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞❛s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥❡ss❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦

tr❛❜❛❧❤❛✲s❡ ❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❡ ✐♥❡q✉❛çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ♥❛

♦✉tr❛✱ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡ ❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s✱ s❡♥♦✱ ❝♦ss❡♥♦ ❡ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ sã♦

♠✉✐t♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ♥❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s

✷✾

❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞❡ss❡s ❝✉❥❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s tê♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ♦

t❡♠♣♦ t✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ ❢❛rt❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦s s❡❣✉✐❞♦s ❞❡ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡

❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♠ ❡♠ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛

❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❡ ✜①❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s✳

❆♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s tr❛③ ❛✉t♦❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ q✉❡ ♣❡r✲

♠✐t❡ ❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡♠ s❡✉s ❡st✉❞♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♥ã♦

❛ss✐♠✐❧♦✉ ❡ ❛s ♣á❣✐♥❛s ❞♦ ❧✐✈r♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡rã♦ s❡r r❡✈✐st❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡t♦♠❛❞❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✽✿ ❆✉t♦❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✲ ❋♦♥t❡✿▲✐✈r♦ ❈♦♥❡①õ❡s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛

❆❜❛✐①♦✱ s❡❣✉❡♠✱ ♣❧❛♥✐❧❤❛s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲

t❛❞♦s ❡ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❝♦❧❡çõ❡s ♣♦r ✈♦❧✉♠❡✿

❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ✷✼ ✺✶✾ ✲ ❈♦♥❡①õ❡s ❈♦♠ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ t❡♠ ♦

♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ✷✼✽✺ ✲ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡

❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳

◗✉❛♥t♦ à ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ♣♦r ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❛s ❞✉❛s ❝♦❧❡çõ❡s ♣r✐♦r✐③❛♠

❢✉♥çõ❡s ♥♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✶✱ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥♦ ✷ ❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ♥♦ ✸✳

✸✵

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✾✿ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❈❛♥t❡ú❞♦s✲ ❈♦❧❡çã♦ P◆▲❉✴✷✼✺✽✺❋♦♥t❡✿●✉✐❛ ❞♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ ✲ P◆▲❉ ✲✷✵✶✺

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✶✵✿ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❈❛♥t❡ú❞♦s✲ ❈♦❧❡çã♦ P◆▲❉✴✷✼✺✶✾❋♦♥t❡✿●✉✐❛ ❞♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ ✲ P◆▲❉ ✲ ✷✵✶✺

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✶✶✿ ❉✐st✳ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ✲ ❋♦♥t❡✿●✉✐❛ ❞♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ ✲ P◆▲❉✲✷✵✶✺

❚❛♠❜é♠ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❢♦r❛♠ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦s ❛ ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❣♦✲

✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛❧ q✉❡ s❡ ❝❤❛♠❛ P❆❆❊ ✕ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠

❊s❝♦❧❛r✳ ❖ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠ s✐t❡ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ sã♦ ❡♠✐t✐❞❛s

♣r♦✈❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ❢❡✐t❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳ ❖s ❣❛❜❛r✐t♦s ❞♦s ❛❧✉✲

♥♦s ❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s sã♦ ❧❛♥ç❛❞♦s ♥♦ s✐t❡ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡♥✲

s✐♥♦✴❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳

◆♦t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♥ã♦ ❛♣r♦✈❛♠ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ✐t❡♥s ❛✈❛❧✐✲

❛❞♦s ♥ã♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ à r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳ ❖s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s tê♠ ❞✐✜✲

❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❛ s✉❛ ♣r♦✈❛✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ q✉❡stõ❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ❞❡❜❛t✐❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s

♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❞❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s ♥♦ s✐t❡✳

✸✶

❆s ♣r♦✈❛s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ é t✐❞❛

❝♦♠♦ ❛❧❣♦ ✐rr❡❛❧✱ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝❡♠ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❡ ♠❛r❝❛♠ ❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ♣♦r ♠❛r❝❛r ❡

❛ss✐♠ ❝✉♠♣r✐r ♦ ❝r♦♥♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳

✹✳✷ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❇❛s❡ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧

P❡r❝❡❜❡r ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡ é ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✳ ❆ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠

❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ♥ã♦

❢♦✐ ❝♦♥❝r❡t✐③❛❞❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❡ ▼❡❧❝❤✐♦r✭✶✾✾✹✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✻✮✿

❙❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r é q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞❛✱ ❡❧❡ ♥❡✲

❝❡ss✐t❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r s❡ ❤♦✉✈❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♦✉ ♥ã♦✳ P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦✱

❝♦❧❤❡rá ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❝♦r✲

r❡çõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦

♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳ ❊♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❢❛rá ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❣❡✲

r❛❧ ❡s❝r✐t❛✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ s❡r ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ t❡st❡✳ ❊st❡

♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ❞❡

❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❡st❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦

❡ ❡♠ t❡st❡s ❡s❝r✐t♦s ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❢❛rá ✉♠❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛

♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❧✉♥♦✳ ❆ ♥♦t❛ ♦✉ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦

é ✉♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡st❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✱

q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❡st❛r ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✿ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❞❛

❡ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r✳ ➮ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ♥♦t❛

♦✉ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦✱ s❡❥❛ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦

à ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦ ❝❧❛r♦ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛

♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ♣♦r q✉❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ é ❡ss❡

❡ q✉❛❧ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦

❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦

◆❡st❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛♣r❡♥✲

❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❧❡✈❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✱ ♦s s❡✉s ❡rr♦s ❡ ❛❝❡rt♦s✳

◗✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦s ❡rr♦s✱ ✈❛❧❡ ❝✐t❛r ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❇r♦ss❡❛✉✭✶✾✽✸✱❛♣✉❞ ❈✉r②✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✿

✸✷

❖ ❡rr♦ ♥ã♦ é s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ✐❣♥♦râ♥❝✐❛✱ ❞❛ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛✱

❞♦ ❛❝❛s♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛ ♥❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ❡♠♣✐r✐st❛s ♦✉ ❜❡❤❛✈✐✲

♦r✐st❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ♠❛s ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦

❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ q✉❡ t✐♥❤❛ s❡✉ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✱ s❡✉ s✉❝❡ss♦✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ❛❣♦r❛

s❡ r❡✈❡❧❛ ❢❛❧s♦✱ ♦✉ s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦✳ ❖s ❡rr♦s ❞❡ss❡

t✐♣♦ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ✐♥stá✈❡✐s ❡ ✐♠♣r❡✈✐sí✈❡✐s✱ ❡❧❡s sã♦ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦s

❡♠ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s

❆ss✐♠✱ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s r❛③õ❡s ❞♦ ❡rr♦ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ t❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❛③ã♦

❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡✉ ❡ q✉❛❧ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r

❞♦ s❡✉ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊♥t❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ♦s s❡✉s ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s ♥❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ❡st❡s

♣❛ss❛rã♦ ❛ s❡r ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ♥♦✈❛s ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♥s✳

❈✉r②✭✷✵✵✼✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✮ ♥♦s r❡♠❡t❡ ❛ ❡st❡ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❝♦❧♦❝❛ q✉❡✿

❆♦ ❝♦rr✐❣✐r q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣r♦✈❛✱ t❡st❡ ♦✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱

♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❝♦st✉♠❛ ❛♣♦♥t❛r ♦s ❡rr♦s ❝♦♠❡t✐❞♦s

♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❝❡rt♦s ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❡st❡s ❢♦ss❡♠ ❡s✲

♣❡r❛❞♦s✳ ▼❛s q✉❡♠ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❝❡rt♦s ♠♦str❛♠ ♦ q✉❡

♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ s❛❜❡❄ q✉❡♠ ❞✐③ q✉❡ ♦s ❡rr♦s ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛♠ s♦♠❡♥t❡

♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♥ã♦ s❛❜❡❄ ◗✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✱ s❡❥❛ ❛q✉❡❧❛ q✉❡

❛♣❡♥❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✲♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ s❡❥❛ ❛ q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛

❛ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡✱ t❡♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐✲

t❡♠ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❛s ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣❡♥s❛ ❡✱ ♠❡s♠♦✱ q✉❡

✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❡❧❡ tr❛③ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♦✉

✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛s ♣r♦❞✉çõ❡s é ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡

tr❛③✱ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥✲

t❡♥❞❡r✱ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ♣❡rt♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❞á ❛ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ s❛❜❡r

♣❡❧♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s

❈❛❜❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛r ❞♦s ❡rr♦s ❡ ♠♦str❛r ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡✲

♠át✐❝❛✳

❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❈♦st❛✱ ✭✶✾✾✾✱ ♣✳ ✻✼✮✿

✸✸

❙❡ ♥♦s ❞❡t✐✈❡r♠♦s ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦✲

❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❥á t❡r❡♠♦s ♠♦t✐✈♦s ❞❡ s♦❜r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♥♦s ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛r♠♦s✳

P♦✐s ❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞á ❛♦ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦

♣♦r ✉♠ ✏❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛✑ s❡rá ❝♦❡r❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ s❡✉ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❞❡

❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦❀ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡rá ❞❡ ✉♠❛

❞❡❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ s✉❜❥❡t✐✈❛ ✳

❖ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❡st❛r ❢♦❝❛❞♦ ♥❡ss❛s ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s✳ ❙❡r

✉♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡ ❞♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ s✉❜❥❡t✐✈♦

q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✳

◆♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❡ ♦s

P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✲ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✭P❈◆❊▼✮ ♠♦str❛♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡s✲

s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡①♣❧♦r❛r✱ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡❧❛ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡

❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♥✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛tór✐♦✱ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❤á❜✐t♦s r♦t✐♥❡✐r♦s ❞❛

✈✐❞❛✳ ❖ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✈❛✐ ❛❧é♠✱ s❡r✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ✈✐❞❛✳

❖s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✲P❈◆❊▼ ❡♠

❇r❛s✐❧ ✭✷✵✵✵✱ ♣✳ ✹✵✮ ♣♦♥t✉❛♠ ❡st❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛✜r♠❛♠ q✉❡✿

❆ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ t❡♠ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈♦✱

q✉❡ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛r ♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈♦✱

♣♦ré♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ♣♦✐s é

✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ q✉❡ s❡r✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥❛ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉✐✲

t❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❡♠ q✉❛s❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s✳

❊♠ s❡✉ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈♦ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡✲

s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡

❛t✐t✉❞❡s✱ ❝✉❥❛s ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ tr❛♥s❝❡♥❞❡♠ ♦ â♠❜✐t♦

❞❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❢♦r♠❛r ♥♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛ ❝❛♣❛✲

❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❣❡♥✉í♥♦s✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❤á❜✐t♦s ❞❡

✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦✱ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛✱ ♦ ❞❡s♣r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦

♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❡ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✱ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦

❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❛♠♣❧❛ ❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦

❞❛ ❜❡❧❡③❛✱ ❞❛ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐❛✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡

❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ✳

❆✐♥❞❛✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦s P❈◆❊▼ ❡♠ ❇r❛s✐❧✭✷✵✵✵✱ ♣✳✹✸✮✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦

❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❛s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ♣rát✐❝❛s✳

✸✹

◆ã♦ ❜❛st❛ r❡✈❡r♠♦s ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ s❡

♠❛♥t✐✈❡r♠♦s ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ r❡str✐t♦ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✲

çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❡①❡r❝✐t❛✲

çã♦✳ P♦✐s s❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥✲

t❛❞❛✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❡ ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛❞❛✱ ♥❛❞❛

❣❛r❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡ç❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s

✐❞é✐❛s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s ❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞❛s ✉♠❛s ❞❛s ♦✉tr❛s✳

❚✉❞♦ ✐ss♦ ❡stá ✈✐♥❝✉❧❛❞♦ à ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✳ ❈❛❜❡ ❛q✉✐✱ ♦

❡st✐♠✉❧♦ à ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦

❛❧✉♥♦✳

❆ ❡ssê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❛ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❆✉s✉❜❡❧✭✶✾✽✵✱ ♣✳✸✹✮ ❝♦♠♦✿

❆ ❡ssê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ é

q✉❡ ❛s ✐❞é✐❛s ❡①♣r❡ss❛s s✐♠❜♦❧✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s às

✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡

✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❛r❜✐trár✐❛ ❡ s✉❜st❛♥t✐✈❛ ✭♥ã♦ ❧✐t❡r❛❧✮✳ ❯♠❛

r❡❧❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❛r❜✐trár✐❛ ❡ s✉❜st❛♥t✐✈❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ❛s ✐❞é✐❛s

sã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❡s✲

tr✉t✉r❛ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✱

✉♠ sí♠❜♦❧♦✱ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ♦✉ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çã♦✳

❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡✈❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦

❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❡♥♦s ❛r❜✐trár✐♦✱ ❝❛♣t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈♦ ❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡♥❞♦

♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦r❡s ♣ré✈✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳

◆❡st❛ q✉❡stã♦ ▼♦r❡✐r❛✭✶✾✾✾✱ ♣✳✶✺✺✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✿

✸✺

❖r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦r❡s ♣ré✈✐♦s sã♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ✐♥tr♦❞✉tór✐♦s ❛♣r❡✲

s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❛ s❡r ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ s✐✳ ❈♦♥tr❛r✐❛✲

♠❡♥t❡ ❛ s✉♠ár✐♦s q✉❡ sã♦✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦

♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦✱ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ s✐♠♣❧❡s✲

♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛♥❞♦ ❝❡rt♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦r❡s

sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ♠❛✐s ❛❧t♦ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦✱ ❣❡✲

♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❆✉s✉❜❡❧✱ ♥♦

❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦r ♣ré✈✐♦ é ❛ ❞❡

s❡r✈✐r ❞❡ ♣♦♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③ ❥á s❛❜❡ ❡ ♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡

❞❡✈❡ s❛❜❡r✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❞❡

❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦r❡s ♣ré✈✐♦s sã♦

út❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♥❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s

❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✏♣♦♥t❡s ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛s✑

❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦r❡s ♣ré✈✐♦s sã♦ ♣♦♥t❡s q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛♠ ❛s ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♥s✳

➱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ss❡ ✉♠ ✈í♥❝✉❧♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ s❛❜❡r ❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡ss❡ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛

♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦❀ ❝r✐❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡

❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳

P❛r❛ ❡♥s✐♥❛r tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ♦s ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐✲

t✉❛✐s ♣❡r❝❡❜❡♥❞♦ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✱ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞♦s ❞❛ é♣♦❝❛✱ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛r❛♥❞♦

❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ s❡ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❡ ❞♦ s❛❜❡r✳ ❱❡r❣♥❛✉❞ ❝✐t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ▼♦r❡✐r❛

✭✷✵✵✹✱♣✳✽✮ ♠♦str❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡stá ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦✱ s❡♥❞♦✿

❈❛♠♣♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ é ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê✲

♥❡♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ r❡❧❛çõ❡s✱ ❡str✉t✉r❛s✱

❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s ✉♥s ❛♦s

♦✉tr♦s ❡✱ ♣r♦✈❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♥tr❡❧❛ç❛❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡

❛q✉✐s✐çã♦

❊ss❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡❞r❛❞♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛❞❡♥tr❛r ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦✲

♠❡tr✐❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♠✉✐t♦s ❞❡ s❡✉s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❡stã♦ ✐♠♣❧í❝✐t♦s✳ ❆ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦

❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ❡①♣❧í❝✐t❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡ ♦ ✐♠♣❧í❝✐t♦✳ ▼❛✐s

✉♠❛ ✈❡③✱ ▼♦r❡✐r❛ ✭✷✵✵✹✱♣✳✶✼✮ ♣♦♥t✉❛ q✉❡✿

✸✻

❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ♦✉

♠❡s♠♦ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ s❡✉s t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❡ ❝♦♥✲

❝❡✐t♦s ❡♠ ❛çã♦✳ ◆❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✱ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s

❛ s❡r❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦s ❡ ❛ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❢❡✐✲

t♦s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❞❡ t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❡♠ ❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡

❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♣❡rt✐♥❡♥t❡s✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❡ss❡s

❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❡♠ ❛çã♦ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡♠ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣❧í✲

❝✐t♦s✱ ♠❛s ❡❧❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡r ❡①♣❧í❝✐t♦s ♦✉ t♦r♥❛r❡♠✲s❡

❡①♣❧í❝✐t♦s ❡ ❛í ❡♥tr❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✿ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r

❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❡①♣❧í❝✐t♦s ❡ ❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❡✐t♦s✱ ❛

♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♠♣❧í❝✐t♦✳

❊✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦✲

♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♦ q✉❛❧ ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ é ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞♦ ♥♦ ❞✐❛ ❛ ❞✐❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳

❊st❡ ♦❧❤❛r ✐♠♣❧í❝✐t♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r q✉❡ ❝♦♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛r

♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♠❛s ❢❛❧t❛♠ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ té❝♥✐❝❛✳ ❊ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦✲

♠❡tr✐❛ é ❡♥s✐♥❛❞❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦✉ ♥❡♠ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧

❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ♣❡r❞❛s ❡♥♦r♠❡s q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❝❤❡❣❛ ❛♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✳

❆✐♥❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ▼♦r❡✐r❛✭✷✵✵✹✱♣✳✷✸✮ ❖ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡❞✐❛❞♦r✱

♣r♦✈❡❞♦r ❞❡ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛s ❢r✉tí❢❡r❛s✱ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r❛s ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ s✉❥❡✐t♦✲

s✐t✉❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛ à ❛♠♣❧✐❛çã♦ ❡ à ❞✐✈❡rs✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❡sq✉❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❛çã♦✳ ❖✉

s❡❥❛✱ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈♦✱ ❞❡✐①❛ ♠❛✐s ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❱❡r❣✲

♥❛✉❞ t❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦rt❡ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✈②❣♦st❦②❛♥❛

❆ ③♦♥❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦①✐♠❛❧ ❞❡ ❱②❣♦st✐❦✺ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛ ❛s ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛✲

❣❡♥s r❡❛❧ ❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ q✉❡ ✜❝❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ t❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣❡❧♦

s❛❜❡r✳ ❆✉s✉❜❡❧ ✭✶✾✽✵✱♣✳✸✸✺✮ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣❛r❛

✉♠❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛✿✺P❛r❛ ❱②❣♦ts❦② ✱ ❩♦♥❛ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ Pr♦①✐♠❛❧ ✭❩❉P✮✱ é ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♥í✲

✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡❛❧✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦①✐♠❛❧✱ ❞❡♠❛r❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛r❝❡✐r♦ ♠❛✐s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥t❡✳

✸✼

❖ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♣♦❞❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✐❞é✐❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ tã♦

s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ ❆ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ♥♦✈❛s

✐❞é✐❛s ♥✉♠ q✉❛❞r♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ só ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛

♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉✐✲s❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ q✉❡ ✐❞é✐❛s ✐♠♣♦st❛s ❛♦s

❛❧✉♥♦s ♦✉ ❛❝❡✐t❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ♣❛ss✐✈♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❝rít✐❝♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡rã♦

s❡r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s ♥♦ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ✳

❖s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ s❛❜❡r✱ ♥♦✲

✈❛s ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡ ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛ ♦ s❡✉ s❛❜❡r✳

■♥s✐st✐r ❡♠ ❡♥s✐♥❛r s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦ q✉❡ s❛❜❡ ♥ã♦ é ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ é tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦

s❛❜❡r s❡♠ ❛✈❛♥ç❛r ❡♠ ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ é ♥♦tá✈❡❧ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r q✉❡

♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣ré✈✐♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛ss✉♥t♦ sã♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛♥ç❛r ♥❛s

❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♥s✳

◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉♠ ✐♠♣❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❝r✐❛ ❡♠♣❡❝✐❧❤♦s

❡ q✉❡r ❡♥✈❡r❡❞❛r ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❥á t❡♠✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦

é ❧✐♥❡❛r✳ ❊❧❡ ♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s✱ ✈ár✐❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ❡ ❝❛♠♣♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s✳

◗✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ♥ã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦

❛♣r❡♥❞✐③✱ ▼♦r❡✐r❛✭✷✵✵✹✱♣✳✷✶✮ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛ q✉❡✿

❆ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠ ♣r♦✲

❝❡ss♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r✱ ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝á✈❡❧✱ ❆♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ é ❝♦♠✲

♣❧❡①♦✱ t♦rt✉♦s♦✱ ❞❡♠♦r❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ❡ r❡tr♦❝❡ss♦s✱ ❝♦♥t✐✲

♥✉✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ r✉♣t✉r❛s✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣ré✈✐♦ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡

♥♦ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧✱ ♠❛s ♣♦❞❡

t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ s❡r ✐♠♣❡❞✐t✐✈♦ ✳

❘❡♣❡♥s❛r ❛ ❞✐❞át✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡✲

s❛✜♦✱ ♣♦✐s✿ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛❄ ❈♦♠♦ r❡❞✉③✐r

♦ ❡①❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝♦s✱ ❛ ❛♠♣❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❞❡s❡♥❤♦s✱ ❡ ❛ ✐♠✲

♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s❄ ❈♦♠♦ ✉s❛r ♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛✱ ❛ ✇❡❜◗✉❡st s❡ ♦

♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r♦♣r✐♦✉✲s❡ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣ré✈✐♦s ❞❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦❄

✸✽

✹✳✸ ❆ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡

❆ ♣♦st✉r❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♣❡r❛♥t❡ ❛ t✉r♠❛ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛✲

❣❡♠✳ ❉♦♠✐♥❛r✱ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r ❝♦♠ ❝❧❛r❡③❛ ❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r

❝♦rr❡♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❡str✉t✉r❛r ❜❡♠ ❛ ❛✉❧❛✱ ✉s❛r ♦ ❡rr♦ ❛

❢❛✈♦r ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❜❡♠ ♦ q✉❛❞r♦ ❡ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ♣r♦✲

♣♦r ❡ ❝♦rr✐❣✐r ❛ ❧✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s❛ sã♦ ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦

♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡✈❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s

♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ❡❧❡s✳

❆ ❝♦♥✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ♣r♦♠♦✈❡♠ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❆♥❛❧✐s❛r

♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠✱ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛♠♣❧✐❛rá ❛s

❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ❱✐❣♦sts❦ ❝♦♠ s✉❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦①✐♠❛❧✱

❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡ ♦ s✉❥❡✐t♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦✉tr♦✳

❆♠❛r❛❧✭✷✵✵✷✱❛♣✉❞ P✐♥❤❡✐r♦✱ ✷✵✵✽✱ ♣✳ ✶✷✮ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛ q✉❡✿

❉♦s ✈ár✐♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❛ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ é ✉♠

❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ♣❡❧♦s ✭❛s✮ ❛❧✉♥♦s ✭❛s✮✳ ❆❝r❡✲

❞✐t❛♠♦s q✉❡ t❛❧ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ s❡ ❞❡✈❛ ❛♦ s❡✉ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦

❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡①♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ✴ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐✈❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ é ❡♥s✐✲

♥❛❞❛✳ ❖s ❢❛t♦s ❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s s❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦

t❡♥❤❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉í✲❧♦s✳

❈❛❜❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛r ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠ ❛♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ s❡r ♣❛rtí❝✐♣❡

♥♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ t♦❞❛ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❖ ❛❧✉♥♦ q✉❡

❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛ ❥✉♥t♦ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❛s r❡✢❡①õ❡s ❞❡s❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝❡❞♦ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ✉♠❛

❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞❛✳

❍á ♠✉✐t❛s ár❡❛s ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦

❡ ✉♠❛ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛

❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ♦✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ à ❣❡♦✲

♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❊✈❡s✭✶✾✾✷✱ ♣✳✷✽✮✱ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡✿

✸✾

❬✳✳✳❪ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ s❡r

♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ❡❧❡❣❛♥t❡ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ á❧✲

❣❡❜r❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✱ às ✈❡③❡s é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❧❡✈❛r ❛ ❝❛❜♦ ❧✐♥❤❛s

❞❡ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ r✐❣♦r♦s❛s ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s s❡♠ tr❛❞✉③✐✲

❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ á❧❣❡❜r❛ ❡ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✳ ❉✐ss♦ r❡s✉❧t❛ ✉♠❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛

❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧✱ t❛♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡✢❡①õ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡

r❡✢❡①õ❡s✳

◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s t❡♠ ♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛✲

♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❞ã♦ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ♣♦r ♣á❣✐♥❛✱ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ♠✐♥✐str❛♠ ♦ s❡✉

❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳ ❉❡✐①❛♠ ❞❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ s❡r ✐♥s❡✲

r✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✳

❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❈❛r❛ç❛ ✭✶✾✺✽✱ ♣✳✷✷✮✿

❆ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥❝❛r❛❞❛ s♦❜ ❞♦✐s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳❖✉

s❡ ♦❧❤❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❛ t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡♠ ❡①♣♦st❛s ♥♦s ❧✐✈r♦s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱

s❡♠ ❝♦♥tr❛❞✐çõ❡s✳ ❖✉ s❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤á✲❧❛ ♥♦ s❡✉ ❞❡✲

s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈♦✱ ❛ss✐st✐r à ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦✐ s❡♥❞♦

❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞❛✱ ❡ ♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ é t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ✕ ❞❡s❝♦❜r❡♠✲s❡

❤❡s✐t❛çõ❡s✱ ❞ú✈✐❞❛✳

❉❛í ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♦ ❣♦st♦ ♥♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❡❧❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳

❈♦♠ t❛♥t❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❡ ❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲

❧❛s ♣❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❡ss❡ é ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛s ❡ ✐♥s❡r✐r

♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳ ❆ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♣❛ss❛ ❛ s❡r ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦✲

❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s

❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥tr❛♣♦♥t♦ à ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛s q✉❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♠ r❡❢♦rç❛r ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡

♠❡♠♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s✳

❱❛❧❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❙❛♥❝❤❡s ❡ ❇r❛✈♦✭✷✵✵✻✱ ✮ ❡♠ q✉❡✿

✹✵

❖s ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s q✉❡ ❝✉♠♣r❡♠ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ té❝✲

♥✐❝❛s ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♠❛s ❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❡①❝❡s✲

s✐✈❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♠❡♠♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s✱ r❡❣r❛s

❡ r❡♣❡t✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝♦s sã♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s

❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ t❡❝♥✐❝✐st❛✱ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❞✉③ ✉♠❛

❧✐♠✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛✐r✱ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛r ♦✉ ❛té

♠❡s♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳

❈♦♠♣r♦✈❛✲s❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✈á ❛❧é♠ ❞❛s té❝✲

♥✐❝❛s✱ t❡♥❤❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛r ♥♦✈♦s ❥❡✐t♦s ♦✉ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r t❛✐s

❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✳

❆✐♥❞❛✱ ❙❛♥❝❤❡s ❡ ❇r❛✈♦✭✷✵✵✻✱ ♣✳✷✹✮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ ❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ❞❡ ❆✉s✉❜❡❧ s♦❜r❡

❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✿

❯♠❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ♦❜r✐❣❛ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r✱

♣❡r❣✉♥t❛r✱ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛r ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s✱ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♥♦✲

✈♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s q✉❡ ❥á ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❡ t✐r❛r ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r

❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s✳ ❊♥✜♠✱ ❡①✐❣❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥str✉❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛♠❡♥t❡

❢❛t♦s✱ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s✱ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s r❡✲

❧❛t✐✈❛s ❛♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✳

❆ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♠❡♠♦r✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡r♠✐t✐rá ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛ ♣❡♥✲

s❛r ❡♠ ♥♦✈❛s ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s✱ ♣♦♥t✉❛r ❛s ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ❛♥t✐❣❛s ❝♦♠ ❛s ♥♦✈❛s✱ ❝r✐❛r ❛r❣✉✲

♠❡♥t♦s ❡ t❡s❡s✳ ●❡r❛rá ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛

s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳ ❉❡st❛❝❛✲s❡ ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❋✐♦r❡♥t✐♥✐ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ q✉❡ ❡✈✐✲

❞❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡ ❛s ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡✈✐❞♦

❛♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ♥❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛

❞❡ ✶✾✼✵✳

❋✐♦r❡♥t✐♥✐ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ♣♦♥t✉❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦

▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❡ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ ❝♦♥✲

t❡ú❞♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦✱ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❛s ❡t❛♣❛s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s à tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✱

❛ss✐♠✐❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ tã♦ ❞❡❢❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♣♦r P✐❛❣❡t✳

◆❡st❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ♠✉✐t♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♠ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❡♠

r❡❧❛çã♦ às ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s✳ ❆ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ♦s

✹✶

♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❛s ❛t✐t✉❞❡s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♥❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡❧♦✉rs ❛ q✉❛❧

♠♦str❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r sã♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛❞❛s ♣♦r P✐r❡s

✭✷✵✵✵✱ ♣✳✻✸✮✿

❊❞✉❝❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❝♦❧♦❝❛♠ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛

❝♦♠♦ ❝r✐❛çã♦✱ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✱ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♥ã♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦❧❤❛r ❡

❞❡s✈❡❧❛r✳ ❉❡st❛❝❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ♥ã♦ sã♦

✉♠ ❜❡♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦s ❤❡r❡❞✐t❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦♠

♦✉ s♦❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ ❡ s✐♠ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡

✉♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦✳

❈♦♠ ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ P✐r❡s✭✷✵✵✵✮ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛✲s❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛

♣rát✐❝❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ◗✉❡r s❡❥❛♠ ♦✜❝✐♥❛s✱ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦s✱ r♦❞❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s ♦✉

❞❡❜❛t❡s✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ❡st❡

♣❡♥s❛r✱ s❛✐r ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡

♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ é♣♦❝❛✳

◆❡st❛ ✈✐sã♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ P♦♥t❡ ✭✷✵✵✸✱ ♣✳✼✶✮ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛ ❛ ❛rt✐❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡

❛s ✐❞é✐❛s ❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s à ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛

q✉❡✿

❆ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ é ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦♣í❝✐❛✱ ❞❡st❡ ♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s

❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ✉♠ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛

❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛tór✐❛ ❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐✲

❣❛t✐✈❛✳ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♥❝❡❜❡r t❛r❡❢❛s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s

♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ r❡q✉❡r❡♠ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❡❞✉✲

③✐❞♦ ❞❡ ♣ré✲r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ s✉❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡

❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦s ❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❣❡♦♠é✲

tr✐❝❛s q✉❡ ✈❛✐ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s ♠❡♠♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲

çã♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s✳

❈♦♥❝❧✉✐✲s❡ q✉❡✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ♠❛✐s t❡♥r❛ ✐❞❛❞❡

♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛r ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✱ ✐♥✈❡st✐✲

❣❛r ❢❛t♦s ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ♦s r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦s ♣ré✈✐♦s sã♦

❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞♦s ❞❡s❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝❡❞♦ ❡ ❝♦♠ ✐ss♦ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s s❡ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛♠ ❞♦s ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s

♣ré✲r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s s❡♠ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❡①❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐③❛çõ❡s✳ ▼❛s✱ t✉❞♦ ✐ss♦✱

só s❡rá ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ s❡ ❤♦✉✈❡r ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♣❛rt❡s✳

✹✷

❉✉r❛♥t❡ ❛s ❛✉❧❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s ♥❛s t✉r♠❛s ❞♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦

❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✭ ❇ ❡ ❉✮ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞❛s✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❛❜♦r❞♦✉ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦

s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡ ♥❛s ♦✉tr❛s ✭❆✱ ❈ ❡ ❊✮ ❛s r❛③õ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s

♥♦ tr✐â❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✳ ❊♠ t♦❞❛s✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❢❡③ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ r❡s✉♠✐❞❛ ❞♦

❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✱ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ❢❡③ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦ ❡✱ ❛♦ ✜♥❛❧

s♦❧✐❝✐t♦✉ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✜③❡ss❡♠ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ❞♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❞♦s q✉❛✐s ❝♦rr✐❣✐✉ ❛❧❣✉♥s✳

❆♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ❛✉❧❛s✱ ❞❡s❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s

❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❡ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❛✜r♠❛r q✉❡ ❡❧❛s tr❛♥s❝♦r✲

r❡r❛♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞❛s✳

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s

❊st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♣r♦♣ôs✲s❡ ❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ❛ r♦t✐♥❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s

❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❡ r❡✢❡t✐r s♦❜r❡ s✉❛ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡

❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ é ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♦✉ r❡❝✉rs♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ❛

tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❥❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r✱ ♣♦✐s ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❝♦♠♣❛❝✲

t✉❛♠ ❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ q✉❛❞r♦ ❞❡ ❣✐③✳

✺✳✶ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❳ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠

✺✳✶✳✶ ❈♦♥tr❛t♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦

❈❛❜❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❢♦❝❛r ♥❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛✲

❣❡♠✱ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ❢♦r♠❛s ♦✉ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❣❛♠ r❡♣❛ss❛r

♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✳

❊♠ ❝♦♥tr❛♣❛rt✐❞❛✱ t❛♥❣❡ ❛♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ q✉❡r❡r ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❡st❛✲

❜❡❧❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣ró①✐♠❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✳ ◆❡ss❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐✲

③❛❣❡♠✱ ♥✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ tê♥✉❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡①✐st❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❡

❝♦♠♦ ❡♥s✐♥❛r✱ ❛♠❜♦s t❡rã♦ q✉❡ t❡r ✈♦♥t❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s✐t❛r ♥❡ss❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛

♣r♦❞✉t✐✈❛✳ ❋✐♦r❡♥t✐♥✐✱ ✷✵✵✻ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐❞á✲

t✐❝♦✱ ❡♥❣❧♦❜❛ ❝❧á✉s✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❛t✐t✉❞❡s✱ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♣♦st✉r❛s ❡ ❛çõ❡s t❛♥t♦

♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ▼❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❡

✹✸

✹✹

❇r♦✉ss❡❛✉ ✭✶✾✽✷✱ ❛♣✉❞ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ✷✵✵✷✱ ♣✳✹✸✲✹✹✮

❈❤❛♠❛✲s❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠ ❡♥t♦s❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r q✉❡ sã♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ q✉❡ sã♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✭✳✳✳✮✳ ❊ss❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦ é ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♠✱✉♠❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠❛s s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦ ✐♠♣❧✐❝✐✲t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛r❝❡✐r♦ ❞❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝❛ ❞❡✈❡rá ❣❡r✐r❡ ❛q✉✐❧♦ q✉❡✱ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♦✉ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛✱ ❡❧❡ t❡rá ❞❡ ♣r❡st❛r❝♦♥t❛ ♣❡r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♦✉tr♦✳

P❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♣❛rt❡s sã♦ ♥❡❣♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠

❡ ❝r✐❛✲s❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦❜r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛q✉❡❧❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡stá ❛t❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐

❝♦♥tr❛t❛❞♦✳ ❙❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❞❡✈❡ t❡r ✉♠❛ r❡♥❡❣♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❝♦♥tr❛t✉❛❧ ❞❡

❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ r❡✈❡r ♥♦✈❛s ♣♦st✉r❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♣❛rt❡s✳

❆♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ♦ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ ✐♥t❡✐r❛r✲s❡ s♦❜r❡

❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡❄ ❖ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❄ ❆s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s

❡ ♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡rã♦ s❡r ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛❞♦s✳

❖ ▼❛♣❛ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧✱ ❛❜❛✐①♦✱ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ P❡❞❛❣♦❣❛ ▼❛❣❛❧② ❆q✉✐♥♦✭✜❣

✺✳✶✮ ✐❧✉str❛ ❜❡♠ ❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ s❡rá ❝❡❧❡❜r❛❞♦✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✶✿ ▼❛♣❛✲❊♥s✐♥♦✴❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠❋♦♥t❡✿♠❛❣❛❧②❛q✉✐♥♦✳✇♦r❞♣r❡ss✳❝♦♠

✹✺

◆♦t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦✲❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦

❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ❡ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♦

✉♠ t♦❞♦❀ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛ ❞❡s♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛✲

çã♦✱ ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❡ ❞❛ ❛❣✐t❛çã♦❀ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✱ ❞❛ ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥✲

tr❛çã♦✱ ❞❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❡ ❡①✐❣❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦

q✉❡✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ r❡q✉❡r❡♠ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐✲

❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦

♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❛❧✉♥♦ s❡rá ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈❛✱ ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s sã♦ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛❞❛s ❡

t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛t♦r❡s s❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳

❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡✲s❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥♦✈❛❞♦r✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣❡r♠❛✲

♥❡♥t❡ ❡ r❡♥♦✈❛❞♦r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s s✉❥❡✐t♦s ✭♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✴❛❧✉♥♦✮✳ ❆❧t❡r❛r ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ s❡♠✲

♣r❡ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✱ ❝♦♠ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❛ ♦ s❛❜❡r

❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s✐stê♠✐❝❛ ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❈♦♠ ❡st❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦✱ ❛❧✉♥♦s

❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❝r✐❛♠ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡♠ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s r❡✢❡①✐✈♦s

♣❛r❛ ♦ s❛❜❡r ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ P❛ss❛♠ ❛ t❡r ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐ss♦s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s

♥✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❡♠❛♥❝✐♣❛tór✐❛✳ ❚♦❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ r❡q✉❡r ♣rát✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡

♥♦ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦✱ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡ s❡✉s ✈❛❧♦r❡s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ❡ ♦ q✉❡

♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r✳

✺✳✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠

❖ ❞❡s✐♥t❡r❡s❡ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦ é ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞♦s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧♦ ❢r❛❝❛ss♦

♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✳ ❈♦s♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛♠ ❛ ❡ss❡ ❞❡s✐♥t❡r❡ss❡

s✉❣❡r❡✲s❡ q✉❡ s❡ ❢❛ç❛ ✉♠❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❢♦❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❡❞✉❝❛♥❞♦ ❡ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡

❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ s❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦s ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦❞❡♠

s❡r ❛ ❝❤❛✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ P♦♥t❡ ✭✷✵✵✸✱ ♣✳✷✸✮✱ ♠❛✐s ❢♦❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱

❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ q✉❡✿

✹✻

❖ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡

❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❛ tr❛③❡r ♣❛r❛ ❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ♦

❡s♣ír✐t♦ ❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❣❡♥✉í♥❛✱ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥❞♦✱ ♣♦r

✐ss♦✱ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❞❡r♦s❛ ♠❡tá❢♦r❛ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈❛✳ ❖ ❛❧✉♥♦ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦

❛ ❛❣✐r ❝♦♠♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✱ ♥ã♦ só ♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡stõ❡s

❡ ❝♦♥❥❡❝t✉r❛s ❡ ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛s ❡ r❡❢✉t❛çõ❡s✱ ♠❛s

t❛♠❜é♠ ♥❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ♥❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❡ ❛r✲

❣✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ s❡✉s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✳

❯r❣❡✱ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❤✐stór✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦r ♠❛t❡♠á✲

t✐❝♦ ♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐rá ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s♣❡rt❛r ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐✈♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡①✐❣❡✳

❊ t✉❞♦ ✐st♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ❛rt✐❝✉❧❛çã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✳

◆❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ P❛✐s ✭✷✵✵✻✱ ♣✳✹✾✮ é r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛r ❛s

❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞♦ s❛❜❡r✿

❬✳✳✳❪❢❛③❡r ❛rt✐❝✉❧❛çõ❡s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ ❡

♦✉tr❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❞♦ s❛❜❡r✱ ♣♦✐s ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❡❞✉❝❛✲

❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ é q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣♦s✲

s❛♠ s❡r r❡❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡r

à ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡

❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳

❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s ✭✷✵✵✻✱ ♣✳✶✵✺✮ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛ q✉❡✿

❬✳✳✳❪♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡

❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣✲

çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❉❡st❛❝❛♠♦s✱

❛✐♥❞❛✱ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❛çõ❡s✱ r❡✢❡①õ❡s ❞❡✲

s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❡ ❛s ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❡s ♥❛ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦

❞❡st❡s ♦❜❥❡t♦s✳

❖ s✉♣♦rt❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r ❛ s✉♣❡r❛r

♦s ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦

♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱

é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❢❛③❡r ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝♦s ❡♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❛

✹✼

❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ❛ ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❛ss✉st❡ t❛♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❡ss❡s

❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✳

✺✳✷ ❆❧✉♥♦ ❳ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r

✺✳✷✳✶ ❆s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠

▼✉✐t♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♥ã♦ t✐✈❡r❛♠ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❡✱ ♣♦r ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲

r❡♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✱ q✉❡r❡♠ ❛t✉❛r s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦

❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ✳ ❆ tr❛♥s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛✲

❣❡♠ ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝❛ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❛❜❡r tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝♦✳ ❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ é

♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ t❡r ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ♥❛s ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s✱

t❡r ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s ❜❡♠ ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦s✱ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❡ té❝♥✐❝♦ ❞❛

á❧❣❡❜r❛ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ á❧❣❡❜r❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠é✲

tr✐❝♦✳

➱ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛r ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r✱ ❝♦♠

♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛r❡♠✱ ❡♠ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ❞✐ss♦ ❡ss❡

❡♥t❡ ❢❡❞❡r❛❞♦ t❡♠ ♣r✐♦r✐③❛❞♦ ♦ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐♥❞♦ ♣r♦✲

❣r❡ss✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ t✉r♠❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡♠ s✉❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱

♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❡st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❢✉rt❛r✲s❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛✲

❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✳

❙✉❣❡r❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞✐r❡t✐✈❛✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡❧❛❜♦r❡♠ ❝♦❧❡✲

t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❣❡♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛ q✉❡ ❛t❡♥❞❛♠ ❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✲

✜❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❜✉sq✉❡♠ ♥❛s

✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞♦ ▼❊❈✲▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ♣ós✲

❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡✈❡♠✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❞❛✱

✈✐s❧✉♠❜r❛♥❞♦ ❛í ♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♥❡❝❡sssár✐♦s ❛♦ ❜♦♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦

❞♦❝❡♥t❡✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❡s✱ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡ ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú✲

❞♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s❀ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ❛

❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❡ ❡①✐❣❡ ✳

❆ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡♠ ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s❡rá ✉♠❛ r❡❛✲

❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ s❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦

✹✽

♣r♦♠♦✈❡♥❞♦✲♦s ❡✴♦✉ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡ç❛♠❀ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ t❛♠❜é♠✱

❞❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r✳ ❆♦ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r ❝♦❧❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ ✜✲

♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛♥♦ ❧❡t✐✈♦ ❛❣❡♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛r ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ▼❊❈ ❛

r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ♥❡ss❛ ❛❣❡♥❞❛ ♦s ❝✉rs♦s

❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❡ss❛ r❡❞❡ ✳

❖✉tr♦ ♣♦♥t♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ à ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✐♥str✉✲

♠❡♥t♦s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ ré❣✉❛✱ ❡sq✉❛❞r♦s✱ ❝♦♠♣❛ss♦s✳▼✉✐t♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥ã♦ s❛✲

❜❡♠ ♠❡❞✐r ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ré❣✉❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❛ ♣♦❧❡❣❛❞❛ ❞♦ ♠✐❧í♠❡tr♦✱ ♥ã♦

s❛❜❡♠ ✉s❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣❛ss♦✳ ❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠ ♦s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❣❡♦♠é✲

tr✐❝♦s ✜❝❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❡

❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ s✐♠❡tr✐❛✱ r♦t❛çã♦✱ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s ♥♦

q✉❡ t❛♥❣❡ ❛♦s s❡✉s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦s✳

◆❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✈❡③❡s ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❧ê✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛ ❛♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❡s❝r✐t♦

❡♠ s✐✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛ ♦ q✉❡ ♦ t❡①t♦ ❞✐③ ✜❝❛ ❜❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❢á❝✐❧ ❡♥✲

s✐♥❛r ♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦ ✳ ❆s ♥♦çõ❡s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s à ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡

tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✳

❖s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦✱ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✱ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✱ r❡✲

❧❛çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❡ ♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝♦ sã♦

♣ré✲r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❡✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ sã♦

❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❢✉♥❞❛✲

♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡✱ ❢❛③✲s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ❡ss❡s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s s❡❥❛♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛

♠❛✐s ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛r

♦s ❞✐s❝❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s q✉❡✱

às ✈❡③❡s✱ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♥♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛♥♦ ✳

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❞❡❢❛s❛❣❡♠ ♥❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s r❡s♣♦♥✲

sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞♦s ❞✐s❝❡♥t❡s s✉❣❡r❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s s❡❥❛♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲

t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❛ t✉r♠❛ ❞❡✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦

❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝❛✱ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛r s✉❛s ❛✉❧❛s✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❡✈✐t❛r q✉❡ s❡ ♣❡r♣❡t✉❡ ❛ r❡❥❡✐çã♦

❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳

✹✾

✺✳✷✳✷ ❊str❛té❣✐❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s

❆♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐r ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡✈❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛r q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦s ♦❜✲

❥❡t✐✈♦s ❣❡r❛✐s ❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✱ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ♦s ♣ré✲r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s

♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡ss❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s s❡❥❛♠ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s✳

❊st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦s ♦s ♣ré✲r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲s❡ ♦ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱

❛❝♦♥s❡❧❤❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❢❛ç❛✲♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦

❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③ê✲❧♦ ❡ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r

❛q✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛t❡♥❞❛ ❛♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❛ t✉r♠❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❡s s✉❣❡r❡✲s❡ ♦s q✉❡

❡♥✈♦❧✈❛♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♠ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ q✉❛❧ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s s❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠✱ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛♠

♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♦s ♣r❡✲r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s✳

❊ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s

❡✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ❡❝❧❛r❡❝❡r ❞ú✈✐❞❛s ♣♦♥t✉❛✐s✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛r ❡ss❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛

❝♦♥str✉✐r ♠❛♣❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❡ss❡s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s✳

❖✉tr❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ s❡ ❛♣♦✐❛ ❡♠ ❧❛♥ç❛r ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛r q✉❡

♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❢♦r♠❡♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣♦r s♦❧✉çõ❡s à ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛ ❧❡✲

✈❛♥t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛✱ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ❞❡❜❛t❡ ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s

❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s✳

❉✐❛❣♥óst✐❝❛❞♦ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❛ t✉r♠❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ♣ré✲r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r

♣♦❞❡rá ❧❛♥ç❛r sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ♦s

❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r❛♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♦✉ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♠❛♥t❡r ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣♦r

❡q✉✐♣❡s ❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦

♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛✳❚♦❞♦ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡✈❡rá ❞✉r❛r✱ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ três

❛✉❧❛s✳

❆♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r✱ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠

♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ✭P■P✮ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥♦❞♦✲s❡ ❛í✱ ♦ r❡❢♦rç♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ❡①✲

tr❛t✉r♥♦ ❡✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ✐ss♦ s❡❥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ s❡ t❡♥❤❛ ❝❧❛r❡③❛ ❞❛s

❞✐✈✐sõ❡s ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ q✉❛✐s

❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ tê♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❡ q✉❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❞❡✲

✈❡rã♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞❡ss❡ r❡❢♦rç♦ ❡ q✉❛✐s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣♦❞❡rã♦ ❛t✉❛r ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❡s

❞❡ss❡s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❝♦♠ ❞❡❢❛s❛❣❡♠ ♥❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❖ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡✈❡rá ♣r❡♣❛r❛r

❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ❈❛❜❡ às ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s✭s✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r❛s

❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛s✮ ❡ à ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞✐r❡t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ♦s ❡s♣❛ç♦s✱ ❢❛③❡r s✉✲

✺✵

❣❡stõ❡s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡ss❡s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡❢❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡

♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❡♠ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳

◆♦ P■P ♣♦❞❡✲s❡✱ ♣r♦♣♦r ♣❛r❝❡r✐❛s ❝♦♠ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❝❛♣t❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛✲

❣✐ár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❡ss❡s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♦✉✱ ❡♠ ❝❛s♦s ❡①tr❡♠♦s✱ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛r à ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛

❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❡♥✈✐❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡s✐❣♥❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❡ss❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛✳

❆♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐r ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ t❡r ♦ ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛r ♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐✲

♠❡♥t♦s ♣ré✈✐♦s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ tr❛tá✲❧♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣♦♥❥❛ ❡♠ ❜r❛♥❝♦ q✉❡

❡stá ❛❧✐ ♣❛r❛✱ s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❜s♦r✈❡r ♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ✏♠❡str❡✑✳ ❇✉s❝❛r

✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❡ ❢❛③❡r ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ s✉❥❡✐t♦ ❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛

❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❊ss❡s ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ♠❛♥t✐❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳

P♦r ♦❝❛s✐ã♦ ❞❛ ❡♥t✉r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛✲s❡ ❞✐✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛s q✉❛♥t♦ à

❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ❢♦r♠❛r t✉r♠❛s ❤♦♠♦❣ê♥❡❛s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛✲

♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s q✉❡ ❛t❡♥❞❛♠ às ❞❡❢❛s❛❣❡♥s ♥♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲

t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♦✉ ❢♦r♠❛r t✉r♠❛s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s❄ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♦✉tr♦s

♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛❞♦t❛❞♦s ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡✐♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s t✉r♠❛s✱

❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❢❛③❡r ✉s♦ ❞❛ ❩♦♥❛ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ Pr♦①✐♠❛❧✭ ❩❉P✮

❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❡ ♥♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❢♦rç♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✱ ♣♦ré♠✱ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛♥✲

ç♦s s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦s ♥❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ s✉❣❡r❡✲s❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛r ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡♠ ♥í✈❡✐s ❢r❛❝♦✱

♥♦r♠❛❧ ❡ ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♦t✐♠✐✲

③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛s ❩❉Ps q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❞❛s ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥♦

❡①tr❛t✉r♥♦ ❝♦♠ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♥❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s

♥♦r♠❛❧ ❡ ❢r❛❝♦ ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛r ❥✉♥t♦s r❡s♣❡✐t❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛s

✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ✳ ❉❡✈❡✲s❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ♣r❡✈❡r ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠✐✲

❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦✳

❆ss✐♠✱ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❢r❛❝♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣❛ss❛r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧✱ ❡ ❞♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ♣❛r❛

♦s ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s ❡ ✈✐❝❡✲✈❡rs❛✳

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛

s✉❣❡r❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❢❛ç❛ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s✐t❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ❋❡❞❡r❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ✱ ♦ s✐t❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐✲

❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✷✮✱ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✉✛✳❜r✴❝❞♠❡✴❢tr✴❢tr✲

❤t♠❧✴❢tr✲❜r✳❤t♠❧ ✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s

♠❛✐s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦s ❡♠✿ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❊❞✉✲

❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ➪✉❞✐♦✳

✺✶

❈♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❡st❡ s✐t❡✱ t❡♠♦s

❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❣rá✜❝♦ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çõ❡s s❡♥♦ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✸✮✱ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ P ❞♦

❝ír❝✉❧♦ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ♦ ❣rá✜❝♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✷✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❛ ❯❋❋❋♦♥t❡✿ s✐t❡ ✉✛

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✸✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❛ ❯❋❋❋♦♥t❡✿ s✐t❡ ✉✛

❖ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♣♦❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ♦s ♠❛♣❛s

❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❈♠❛♣ ❚♦♦❧s q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ❢❡r✲

r❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞❛ à ❝♦♥❢❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♣❛s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s✳ ❖ ❈♠❛♣❚♦♦❧s é ❣rát✐s✱❞❡

❢á❝✐❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❜❛✐①❛❞♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡

❤tt♣✿✴✴❝♠❛♣t♦♦❧s✳s♦❢t♦♥✐❝✳❝♦♠✳❜r ❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r✱ ❛♥t❡❝✐♣❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✐♥st❛❧❞♦ ❡♠ t♦✲

❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✳

✺✷

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✹✿ ▼❆P❆ ❈❖◆❈❊■❚❯❆▲❋♦♥t❡✿❝♠❛♣t♦♦❧s✳s♦❢t♦♥✐❝✳❝♦♠✳❜r

❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠♦s✱ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✱ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞♦✿❆s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❛

♣r❛♥❝❤❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥♦

♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♥t❡q✉❡❡❞✉❝❛✳♦r❣✳❜r ❞❛ r❡✈✐st❛ ◆♦✈❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❡

♥♦ s✐t❡ ❤tt♣✿✴✴♦❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳❜❧♦❣s♣♦t✳❝♦♠✳❜r ✱ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ Pr♦✲

❢❡ss♦r ❑❧❡❜❡r ❑✐❧❤✐❛♥✱ q✉❡✱ s❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❯♥✐✲

✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡ ✭ ✜❣✳ ✺✳✷ ❡ ✺✳✸✮✱ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛rá ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✉♠❛

❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝♦✿

❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦✭s✮

• ❈♦♥❤❡❝❡r ♦ ❝✐r❝✉❧♦ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ s❡✉s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✱ t❛✐s

❝♦♠♦✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ❡✐①♦s✱ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s❀

• ❆✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ Pr❛♥❝❤❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛❀

• ❊st✉❞❛r ❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦❀

❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦✭s✮✿❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✲ ❆♥♦✭s✮✿✷♦ ✲ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦✿✹ ❛✉❧❛s

❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦

✶❛ ❡t❛♣❛

❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✿

❆ Pr❛♥❝❤❛ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛ é ✉♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦

♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ♦✉ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ♣♦ss❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♥♦

✺✸

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✺✿ Pr❛♥❝❤❛ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛❋♦♥t❡✿✇✇✇✳❣❡♥t❡q✉❡❡❞✉❝❛✳♦r❣✳❜

❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ ◆❡❧❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦ s❡♥♦✱ ❝♦ss❡♥♦

❡ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❤á ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ♥❛s

♠❡❞✐çõ❡s✱ ❡①❝❡t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s✱ ♣♦✐s ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❥á ❡stã♦ ✐♠♣r❡ss♦s

♥♦s ❡✐①♦s✳

❆ ♣r❛♥❝❤❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛ é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ❞✉❛s ♣❛rt❡s✿ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❜r❛♥❝❛

✜①❛ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❣✐r❛tór✐❛✳ ◆❛ ❜❛s❡ ❜r❛♥❝❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦

tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ r ❂ ✶✱ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ â♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ♥✉♠❡r❛❞♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠

❣r❛✉s ❡ ❡①t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ r❛❞✐❛♥♦s✳ ❍á t❛♠❜é♠ ♦s ❡✐①♦s ❞♦s s❡♥♦s✱ ❝♦ss❡♥♦s

❡ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s✱ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❞é❝✐♠♦s ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✐rr❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s

♥♦tá✈❡✐s✳

◆❛ ♣❛rt❡ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❣✐r❛tór✐❛✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ r❡t❛ ❡♠ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ q✉❡

♣❛ss❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠✱ ♣♦r ♦♥❞❡ s❡ ❞á ♦ ❣✐r♦✱ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛

r✴✷✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ss❛s s❡♠✐rr❡t❛s✳

❆♦ ❣✐r❛♠♦s ❛ ♣❛rt❡ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡✱ ❛ r❡t❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✾✵♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡✐①♦

❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ✭❡✐①♦ ❞♦s ❝♦ss❡♥♦s✮ ❡✱ ❞❡st❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡

s❡♥♦✱ ❝♦ss❡♥♦ ❡ ❞❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦s ♠♦str❛ ❛ ✜❣✉r❛✿

◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❛♦ ❣✐r❛r♠♦s ❛ ♣❛rt❡ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛r ✉♠

â♥❣✉❧♦ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞♦s ❝♦ss❡♥♦s✱ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ P ✐♥❞✐❝❛rá ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♠ ❣r❛✉s

❡ ❡♠ r❛❞✐❛♥♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛s ♣r♦❥❡çõ❡s ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ P ♥♦s ❡✐①♦s ❞♦s ❝♦ss❡♥♦s ❡

❞♦s s❡♥♦s ❞❛rã♦ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❳ ❡ ❨✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦ ❝♦ss❡♥♦ ❡ ❞♦ s❡♥♦ ❞❛❞♦s

♣❡❧♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦✳ ❉♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❚ é ❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝çã♦ ❞❛ r❡t❛ ❝♦♠

✺✹

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✻✿ Pr❛♥❝❤❛ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛❋♦♥t❡✿✇✇✇✳❣❡♥t❡q✉❡❡❞✉❝❛✳♦r❣✳❜r

♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞❛s t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♥♦s ❞á ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦✳

✷❛ ❡t❛♣❛✳

❈♦♥str✉✐r ❛ ♣r❛♥❝❤❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳

◆❛s ❛✉❧❛s ❞❡st✐♥❛❞❛s à ❝♦♥❢❡❝çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r❛♥❝❤❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞✐✈✐❞❛ ❛ t✉r♠❛

❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r q✉❛tr♦ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡

♦s ♠❡s♠♦s✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡①✐❥❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❢❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ ♣♦r ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦

❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ♥❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❝❛❞❛ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣♦ss❛ ♠❛♥✉s❡❛r ♦ s❡✉ ♣ró✲

♣r✐♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦✳ ❖s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s à ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r❛♥❝❤❛ sã♦

❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s ❡ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦✱ s❡❣✉❡✱ ❛❜❛✐①♦✱ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s✿

• P❛♣❡❧ ♠✐❧✐♠❡tr❛❞♦

• P❧ást✐❝♦ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡ ✭✉s❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❡♥❝❛❞❡r♥❛çã♦✮

• ♣❛r❛❢✉s♦ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ❝♦♠ ♣♦r❝❛

• ré❣✉❛

• ❝♦♠♣❛ss♦

• tr❛♥s❢❡r✐❞♦r

• ❝❛♥❡t❛

• ♣❛♣❡❧ã♦

• ❝♦❧❛

• t❡s♦✉r❛

✺✺

❆ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r❛♥❝❤❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡❣✉✐r ♦s ♣❛ss❛s ❛❜❛✐①♦✿

✶♦ ✲ ◆❛ ❢♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♠✐❧✐♠❡tr❛❞♦

❛✮ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛ss♦ tr❛ç❛r ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ ✶✵❝♠✱ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡st❛ q✉❡

♣❛ss❛rá ❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❛ ♥♦ss❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✳

❜✮ ❚r❛ç❛r ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❝❛rt❡s✐❛♥♦ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞✐r ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥✲

❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❝❛rt❡s✐❛♥♦ ❡ s✉❜❞✐✈✐❞✐r ♦s ❡✐①♦s ❝❛rt❡s✐❛♥♦s ❢❛③❡♥❞♦

❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ✶❝♠ ❛ ✵✱✶ ❞♦ r❛✐♦ ✉♥✐tár✐♦✳

❝✮ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ♦ tr❛♥s❢❡r✐❞♦r ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❛r❝♦s ❞❡

✶✵◦ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ✭✶✱✵✮ ❡ ♣❡r❝♦rr❡♥❞♦ ♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❛♥t✐✲❤♦rár✐♦ ✭♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✮✳

❞✮ ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛r ♦s ❛r❝♦s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s

♥♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s q✉❛❞r❛♥t❡s ❝♦♠ s✉❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❡♠ r❛❞✐❛♥♦✳

❡✮ ❚r❛ç❛r ♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞❛s t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s ✭♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❛♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞❛s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣❡❧♦

♣♦♥t♦ ✭✶✱✵✮✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♥❞♦✲♦✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞❛s ❛❜s❝✐ss❛s

q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛♦ s❡♥♦✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♣♦rçã♦ ❛♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞❛s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❝♦rr❡s✲

♣♦♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❛♦s ❝♦ss❡♥♦s✳

❢✮ ❉❡st❛❝❛r ♥♦s ❡✐①♦s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡

s❡♥♦✱ ❝♦ss❡♥♦ ❡ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❞♦s ❛r❝♦s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s ✸✵◦✱ ✹✺◦❡ ✻✵◦ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s

❞♦s s❡✉s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ♥♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s q✉❛❞r❛♥t❡s✳

✷♦ ✲ ❈♦❧❛r ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♠✐❧✐♠❡tr❛❞♦ ♥♦

♣❛♣❡❧ã♦✳

✸♦ ✲ ◆♦ ♣❧ást✐❝♦ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡ tr❛ç❛r ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ ✺ ❝♠ ❡ ✉♠❛

r❡t❛ s❡❝❛♥t❡ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❡♥tr♦✳

✹♦ ✲ ❋✐①❛r ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛ tr❛ç❛❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧

♠✐❧✐♠❡tr❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡t❛ s❡❝❛♥t❡

❞❡s❡♥❤❛❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣❧ást✐❝♦ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡✳ ■ss♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ❛s ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s

✭s❡♥♦ ❡ ❝♦ss❡♥♦✮ ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦s s❡❥❛♠ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✳

◆❡ss❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s s❡rã♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦s à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡

❢♦r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛✳ ❆ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡♠ ♠❛♥✉s❡❛r

♦s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❛ss♦ ❡ ♦ tr❛♥s❢❡r✐❞♦r✱ ♣♦r✲

t❛♥t♦✱ ❢❛③✲s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❞❛❞❛s ✐♥str✉çõ❡s ❝♦rr❡t❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡

t❛✐s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ❆ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛rá q✉❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛♠

❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ss❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❡ ♥♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣♦ss❛♠ ❛❥✉❞❛r

✺✻

❛♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❝♦♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳

✸❛ ❡t❛♣❛

❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ s❡♥♦✱ ❝♦ss❡♥♦ ❡ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s

✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ Pr❛♥❝❤❛ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛✳

✶✮ ➶♥❣✉❧♦ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ③❡r♦✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✼✿ Pr❛♥❝❤❛ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛❀∝= 0◦

❋♦♥t❡✿✇✇✇✳❣❡♥t❡q✉❡❡❞✉❝❛✳♦r❣✳❜r

❱❡❥❛♠ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✼ q✉❡ ♦ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ r✴✷ ❡stá s♦❜r❡

♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞♦s ❝♦ss❡♥♦s ❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝çã♦ s❡ ❞á ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ①❂✶✱ q✉❡ é ♦ r❛✐♦ ❞♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦

✉♥✐tár✐♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡t❛ ❡stá s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡✐①♦ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧✱ t❡♠♦s ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛

③❡r♦ ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✽✿ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s❀∝= 0◦

❋♦♥t❡✿✇✇✇✳❣❡♥t❡q✉❡❡❞✉❝❛✳♦r❣✳❜r

✺✼

✷✮ ❆♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ✸✵♦

●✐r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❛♥t✐✲❤♦rár✐♦ ❛té q✉❡ ❛ r❡t❛ ❢♦r♠❡ ✉♠

â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ✸✵♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞♦s ❝♦ss❡♥♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✾✿ Pr❛♥❝❤❛ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛❀∝= 30◦

❋♦♥t❡✿✇✇✇✳❣❡♥t❡q✉❡❡❞✉❝❛✳♦r❣✳❜r

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✶✵✿ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s❀∝= 30◦

❋♦♥t❡✿✇✇✇✳❣❡♥t❡q✉❡❡❞✉❝❛✳♦r❣✳❜r

✺✽

✸✮ ❆♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ✹✺♦

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✶✶✿ Pr❛♥❝❤❛ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛❀∝= 45◦

❋♦♥t❡✿✇✇✇✳❣❡♥t❡q✉❡❡❞✉❝❛✳♦r❣✳❜r

●✐r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❛♥t✐✲❤♦rár✐♦ ❛té q✉❡ ❛ r❡t❛ ❢♦r♠❡ ✉♠

â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ✹✺♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞♦s ❝♦ss❡♥♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✶✷✿ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s❀∝= 45◦

❋♦♥t❡✿✇✇✇✳❣❡♥t❡q✉❡❡❞✉❝❛✳♦r❣✳❜r

✺✾

✹✮ ❆♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ✻✵♦

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✶✸✿ Pr❛♥❝❤❛ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛❀∝= 60◦

❋♦♥t❡✿✇✇✇✳❣❡♥t❡q✉❡❡❞✉❝❛✳♦r❣✳❜r

●✐r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❛♥t✐✲❤♦rár✐♦ ❛té q✉❡ ❛ r❡t❛ ❢♦r♠❡ ✉♠

â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ✻✵♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞♦s ❝♦ss❡♥♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✶✹✿ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s❀∝= 60◦

❋♦♥t❡✿✇✇✇✳❣❡♥t❡q✉❡❡❞✉❝❛✳♦r❣✳❜r

✻✵

✺✮ ❆♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ✾✵♦

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✶✺✿ Pr❛♥❝❤❛ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛❀∝= 90◦

❋♦♥t❡✿✇✇✇✳❣❡♥t❡q✉❡❡❞✉❝❛✳♦r❣✳❜r

❙❡ ❣✐r❛r♠♦s ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♠❛✐s ❛ ♣❛rt❡ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❛té q✉❡ ❛ r❡t❛ ❢♦r♠❡ ✉♠

â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ✾✵♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞♦s ❝♦ss❡♥♦s ✭♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ s❡ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞♦s

s❡♥♦s✮✱ ✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❛ r❡t❛ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❛♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞❛s t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s✱ ♥ã♦ t❡♥❞♦

♥❡♥❤✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠✳

❖❜s❡r✈❛♠♦s ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✶✻✿ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s❀∝= 90◦

❋♦♥t❡✿✇✇✇✳❣❡♥t❡q✉❡❡❞✉❝❛✳♦r❣✳❜r

✻✶

❱❡❥❛♠ q✉❡ ❛q✉✐ ♦ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ r✴✷ ❡stá s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡✐①♦

❞♦s s❡♥♦s ❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝çã♦ s❡ ❞á ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ②❂✶ q✉❡ é ♦ r❛✐♦ ❞♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ✉♥✐tár✐♦✳

❖❜s❡r✈❛♠♦s ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ♣❛r❛ ❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✾✵♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦

♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ s❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✾✵♦✱ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞♦ ❝♦ss❡♥♦ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❡♥♦r✱

❛♣r♦①✐♠❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❞❡ ③❡r♦❀ ❥á ♦ s❡♥♦ ✜❝❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✶❀ ❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡

❝r❡s❝❡ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ t❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❛♦ ✐♥✜♥✐t♦✳ P♦❞❡rí❛♠♦s ❞✐③❡r ❡♥tã♦ q✉❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦

♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ✾✵♦✱ ❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ t❡♥❞❡ ❛♦ ✐♥✜♥✐t♦✳

❆té é ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✱ ♠❛s ♥✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ♥ã♦ ❢❛③ ♠✉✐t♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ❛

t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✾✵♦ é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✐♥✜♥✐t♦✱ ❥á q✉❡ ♦ ✐♥✜♥✐t♦ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡ ❢❛③ ♠❛✐s

s❡♥t✐❞♦ ♥♦ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ♥♦ ✐♥✜♥✐t♦✱ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é ♦

❢♦❝♦ ❞❡st❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦✳

P❛r❛ ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s q✉❛❞r❛♥t❡s✱ ♦❜t❡♠♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡♥♦✱ ❝♦ss❡♥♦ ❡ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡

❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❛♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ q✉❛❞r❛♥t❡✳

❆ss✐♠✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♠❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ♠❛✐s ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ♥♦✲

tá✈❡✐s✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✶✼✿ ◗❱▲ ✲ ●❊❘❆▲❋♦♥t❡✿✇✇✇✳❣❡♥t❡q✉❡❡❞✉❝❛✳♦r❣✳❜r

✺❛ ❡t❛♣❛

❆❝❡ss❛r ❁❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✉✛✳❜r✴❝❞♠❡✴❢tr✴❢tr✲❤t♠❧✴❢tr✲❜r✳❤t♠❧❃ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r

♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❛ ♣r❛♥❝❤❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❛ ❯❋❋✳

❈❛❜❡ à ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞✐r❡t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❝r✐❛r ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡s❡♥✲

✻✷

✈♦❧✈❛ s✉❛s ❛✉❧❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❞❛s ✳ ❉❡✈❡✲s❡ ❝✉✐❞❛r ♣❛r❛

q✉❡ ❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡st❡❥❛ ❡♠ ♣❡r❢❡✐t❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✱ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛r ♦✉tr♦s

❡s♣❛ç♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ P■P✭P❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛✮✱♦❢❡r❡❝❡r

t♦❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞♦ ❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r✱ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛✲

çã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳ ❆s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s tê♠✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✱ ❛ ❛tr✐❜✉✐çã♦

❞❡ s✉❜s✐❞✐❛r ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♥❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ♣❧❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱

♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❣❡stã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳

❖ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣♦❣♦ ❞❡✈❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ❝♦✲

♦r❞❡♥❛r ♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡✱ ✜s❝❛❧✐③❛r ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡✱ ✐♥❝✉❜✐r✲s❡ ❞❛

♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❞❡♠❛✐s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ♣r♦✲

♠♦✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❛s✳

➱ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛✱ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ à s✉❛ ❤✐stór✐❛

q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛ ❛s ♦r✐❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ t❡♠❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡✲s❡ ❞❡s♣❡rt❛r ♥♦

❛❧✉♥♦ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r q✉❡ s❡ ❝r✐❡ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠

♦ ❡❧♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♣❛ss❛❞♦✱ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡ ♦ ❢✉t✉r♦ ♣♦✐s s❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ s❛❜❡r

♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s sé❝✉❧♦s ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s

❡ ❞❛ ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ é♣♦❝❛✳

✺✳✸ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦

◆♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❜✉s❝♦✉✲s❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛

❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ê♥❢❛s❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❢✉♥çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s✳ ◆❡ss❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛✱ ❛

♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ s❡ ❞❡✉ s♦❜ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢♦r♠❛s✱ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦s ❛♦ ❞✐❛ ❛ ❞✐❛

❡s❝♦❧❛r ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ◆❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞✐ár✐❛ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠❛

❛♥❛❧♦❣✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ❡ ❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦s❀ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡

q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s✳

◆♦t♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠

♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✳ ◆❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞❛s ♦s

♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♥ã♦ r❡❝❡❜❡♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛çõ❡s s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ❛♦s ❞✐s❝❡♥t❡s

✉♠ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛ ♠♦❞❡r♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡①✐❣❡✱ ♦s P❈◆s ♦r✐❡♥t❛♠ ❡ ❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ❞❛

❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ s✉❣❡r❡♠✳

P❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❛ ✐ss♦ ♦❜s❡r✈♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡stá ❞❡s♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦✱ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛❞♦

✻✸

❝♦♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠ r❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♥♦♠❡❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛s✉♠♠❡♠ ❥♦r✲

♥❛❞❛ ❞✉♣❧❛✱ ás ✈❡③❡s✱ tr✐♣❧❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦s ❜❛✐①♦s s❛❧ár✐♦s✳

❖ s✉♣♦rt❡ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛ s❡ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛r ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡❞✐❛❞♦r ❞❛ r❡❧❛çã♦

♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ① ❛❧✉♥♦ t❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♣❡❧♦ ❜✉r♦❝rát✐❝♦✳ P❡❞❛❣♦❣♦✱ ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r P❡❞❛❣ó✲

❣✐❝♦✱ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♦✉ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ sã♦ t✐t✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞♦s

❝❛r❣♦s ❞♦s ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❞♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ ❡ ❡ss❡s ❧✐♠✐t❛♠✲s❡ ❛ r❡❣✐str❛r ❛s

♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣ç❧✐♥❛r❡s ♦✉ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s ❡ ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ♦s ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦s

♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳ ❖❢❡r❡❝❡♠ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♠❛s✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡s❝♦♥tí♥✉❛

❡ ❡♠ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡❜r❛r ♦s ♣❛r❛❞í❣♠❛s ❡♥r❛✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛

❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✳

P❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡stá t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ às t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s

❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛ s♦♠♦s ♠❛✐s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡❧❛s q✉❡ ❛♠♣❧✐❛♠✲s❡✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡

❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡✈❡ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛r✲s❡ ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦✲

❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❥❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r✳

❆ ❞❡s❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡

♥❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦✈♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡

♣r♦❥❡t♦s sã♦ ✐♥t❡rr♦♠♣✐❞♦s ❡ s✉❜st✐t✉✐❞♦s ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦s ✱ ❡ss❡s ❢❛t♦s ✐♥t❡rr♦♠♣❡♠

❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ às ✈❡③❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦s

❛❥✉st❡s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ t♦r♥❛r✲s❡ ♣r♦♣✉❧s♦r❡s ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s sã♦ s✐♠✲

♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ❡rr❛❞✐❝❛❞♦s s❡♠ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛✳

❙✉❣❡r❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛s s❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛s ♠✉♥✐❝✐♣❛✐s ❡ ❡st❛❞✉❛✐s ❝r✐❡♠ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐✲

♦♥❛✐s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡s ❡ ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❝r❡t✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s s✐s✲

t❡♠❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❆ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛

q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ tr♦✉①❡ à t♦♥❛ ✉♠❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❡s❝♦✲

❧❛r s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❧✳ P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❛♥✉❛✐s sã♦ ❢❡✐t♦s✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✱

❢❛❧t❛♠ ♦s ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐ár✐♦s✱ ❛ ❞❡❢❛s❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s é ❧❛t❡♥t❡✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡

❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❝♦♠ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ s❡♠

❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛✈❛♥ç❛r ♥❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡♥s✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s q✉❡

sã♦ ♣ré✲r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ r❡t♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦s

♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❝❡rt♦✳

❊♥✜♠✱ ✜❝♦✉ ❝❧❛r♦ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡✈❡r ♦s ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ s✉❛ r❡❛❧ ❛♣❧✐✲

❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ q✉❡ ❝♦rr✐❥❛♠ ❛s

✻✹

❞✐st♦rçõ❡s ❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♠

q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ t❡♥❤❛♠ ❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛ ❞♦ ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ sér✐❡ ❞♦

❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✳

❖ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ✉♠ ♣r❡♣❛r❛tór✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♦✉

♣❛r❛ ♦ ✐♥❣r❡ss♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❛çõ❡s ♣❡❞❛✲

❣ó❣✐❝❛s q✉❡ ✈❡♥❤❛♠ ❛❧❛✈❛♥❝❛r ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦

✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦✜ssã♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡✳ ▼✉✐t❛s

❞❛s ✈❡③❡s ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♥ã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡ ❛s ❣r❛❞✉❛çõ❡s ♥❛s q✉❛✐s ❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡①❛t❛s ♣r❡✲

❞♦♠✐♥❛♠ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ♥ã♦ t❡r t✐❞♦ ❝♦♥✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❛

tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡ ❞✐st❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♥ã♦

❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉ ❣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳

❊①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❡ ♠✉✐t♦s

r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❝❛❡♠ ❜❡♠ ♥♦ ❣♦st♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱

✐♥♦✈❛r ❛♦ ❜✉s❝❛r ♥♦✈❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ♣♦❞❡rá s❡r ✉♠ ❛✈❛♥ç♦

♣❛r❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛r ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ q✉❡r ♠❛✐s ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❞♦ ❥❡✐t♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✳

❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s

❬✶❪ ❆◗❯■◆❖✱ ▼❛❣❛❧② ✲ Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛

❞♦❝❡♥t❡✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❁❤tt♣s✿✴✴♠❛❣❛❧②❛q✉✐♥♦✳✇♦r❞♣r❡ss✳❝♦♠✴♣r♦✜ss❛♦✲

❞♦❝❡♥t❡✴❃✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠ ✶✾ ❞❡ ❛❜r✐❧ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺✳

❬✷❪ ❆❯❙❯❇❊▲✱ ❉❛✈✐❞❀ ◆❖❱❆❑✱ ❏♦s❡♣❤✱ ❉✳❀ ❍❆◆❊❙■❆◆✱ ❍❡❧❡♥✳ Ps✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛

❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✿ ■♥t❡r❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥❛ ▲t❞❛✳ ✶✾✽✵✳ ✻✷✺♣✳

❬✸❪ ❇❖❨❊❘✱ ❈❛r❧ ❇✱ ❍✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ✷✳ ❡❞✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ ❊❞❣❛r ❇❧✉❝❤❡r✱

✶✾✾✻✳

❬✹❪ ❇❘❆❙■▲✳ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✳ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛✳

●✉✐❛ ❞❡ ▲✐✈r♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s✿❇r❛s✐❧✐❛✱ P◆▲❉✴✷✵✶✺✱ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❉✐s♣♦✲

♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❁✇✇✇✳❢♥❞❡✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❛rq✉✐✈♦s✴❝❛t❡❣♦r②✴✶✷✺✲❣✉✐❛s❄✳✳✳♣♥❧❞✲✷✵✶✺✲

♠❛t❡♠❛t✐❝❛❃✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠ ✶✷ ❞❡ ❛❜r✐❧ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺✳

❬✺❪ ❇❘❆❙■▲✳ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✳ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞♦s ❡ P❡sq✉✐✲

s❛s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❆♥ís✐♦ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛✳ ▼❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✿ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✕ ✸♦

❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✺✳

❬✻❪ ❇❘❆❙■▲✳ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❉❡s♣♦rt♦✴ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦

❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✳ ❱♦❧✉♠❡ ✷✳

❇r❛s✐❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✻✳

❬✼❪ ❇❘❆❙■▲✳ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❉❡s♣♦rt♦✳ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡

❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✳ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭❊♥✲

s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✮ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✿ ▼❊❈✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❁❤tt♣✿✴✴♣♦rt❛❧✳♠❡❝✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴s❡❜✴❛rq✉✐✈♦s✴♣❞❢✴❝✐❡♥❝✐❛♥✳♣❞❢❃✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠

✶✷ ❞❡ ❥✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹✳

✻✺

✻✻

❬✽❪ ❇❘❆❙■▲✳ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❉❡s♣♦rt♦✴ ❙❡❝r❡t❛✲

r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✳ P❈◆✰ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✳ ❖r✐❡♥✲

t❛çõ❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❛♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐✲

❝✉❧❛rs ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✿ ▼❊❈✴❙❊❋✳ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❁❤tt♣✿✴✴♣♦rt❛❧✳♠❡❝✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴s❡❜✴❛rq✉✐✈♦s✴♣❞❢✴❈✐❡♥❝✐❛s◆❛t✉r❡③❛✳♣❞❢❃✳

❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠ ✶✷ ❞❡ ❥✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹✳

❬✾❪ ❈❆❘❆➬❆✱ ❇✳ ❏✳ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ▲✐s❜♦❛✿ ❙á ❞❛

❈♦st❛✱ ✶✾✺✽

❬✶✵❪ ❈❖❙❚❆✱ ❙❛②♦♥❛r❛ ❙❛❧✈❛❞♦r ❈❛❜r❛❧ ❞❛✳ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ ❛♣r❡♥✲

❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛✳ ✶✾✾✾✳ ✶✽✾❢✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛✮ ✲ ■♥st✐t✉t♦

❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ❯❋❘●❙✱ ✶✾✾✾✳

❬✶✶❪ ❈❖❙❚❆✱ ◆✐❧❝❡ ▼✳ ▲♦❜♦ ❞❛✳ ❆ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ ■♥✿ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦

▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡✈✐st❛✱ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❆♥♦ ✶✵✱ ♥✳ ✶✸✱ ♣✳ ✻✵✲ ✻✾✱ ✷✵✵✸✳

❬✶✷❪ ❈❯❘❨✱ ❍❡❧❡♥❛ ◆♦r♦♥❤❛✳ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦s✿ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❝♦♠

❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ❇❡❧♦ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡✿ ❆✉tê♥t✐❝❛✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ✶✶✻♣✳

❬✶✸❪ ❊❱❊❙✱ ❍♦✇❛r❞✱ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ à ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛s✱ ❙P✿

❊❞✐t♦r❛ ❞❛ ❯◆■❈❆▼P✱ ✶✾✾✺✳

❬✶✹❪ ❊❱❊❙✱ ❍♦✇❛r❞✳ ❍✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ ❚r❛❞✳ ❍②❣✐♥♦ ❍✳ ❉♦♠✐♥❣✉❡s✳ ❱✳✸✳

❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ ❆t✉❛❧✱ ✶✾✾✷✳

❬✶✺❪ ❋❊▲❚❊❙✱ ❘❡❥❛♥❡ ❩❡❢❡r✐♥♦✳ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦s ❡♠ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❡ r❛❞✐❝✐❛çã♦✿

✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ♠é❞✐♦✳ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦

✭▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✮ ✕ P♦♥t✐❢í❝✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐✲

❞❛❞❡ ❈❛tó❧✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❙✉❧✱ P♦rt♦ ❆❧❡❣r❡✱ ✷✵✵✻✳

❬✶✻❪ ❋■❖❘❊◆❚■◆■✱ ❉ár✐♦❀ ▲❖❘❊◆❩❆❚❖✱ ❙ér❣✐♦✳ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦

♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✿ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s ❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ ❈♦❧❡çã♦ ❋♦r♠❛çã ♦ ❞❡ Pr♦✲

❢❡ss♦r❡s✳ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛s✿ ❆✉t♦r❡s ❆ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s✱ ✷✵✵✻✳

❬✶✼❪ ●❘❆❱■◆❆✱ ▼✳ ❆✳❀ ❙❆◆❚❆❘❖❙❆✱ ▲✳ ▼✳ ❆ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛

❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐③❛❞♦s✳ ■♥✿ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ■❜❡r♦✲❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠á✲

t✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ■❱✳ ❆♥❛✐s✳✳✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✿ ❘■❇■❊✱ ✶✾✾✽✳

✻✼

❬✶✽❪ ■▼❊◆❊❙✱ ▲✉✐③ ▼ár❝✐♦✳❀ ▲❊▲▲■❙✱ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦✳ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✿ ✶♦ ❣r❛✉✱ ✽❛ sér✐❡✳

❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ ❙❝✐♣✐♦♥❡✱ ✶✾✾✽✳

❬✶✾❪ ■❊❩❩■✱ ●❡❧s♦♥ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✲ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ✈♦❧✿✶✱✷✱✸✳ ✼❛

❡❞ ✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ s❛r❛✐✈❛✱✷✵✶✸✳

❬✷✵❪ ■▼❇❊❘◆Ó◆✱ ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦✳ ❋♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ❡ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✿ ❢♦r♠❛r✲s❡ ♣❛r❛

❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❛ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛✳ ✻✳ ❡❞✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ ❈♦rt❡③✱ ✷✵✵✻✳

❬✷✶❪ ❑■▲❍■❆◆✱❑❧❡❜❡r✱ ❛ ♣r❛♥❝❤❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛✱✷✵✶✸✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❁❤tt♣✿✴✴♦❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳❜❧♦❣s♣♦t✳❝♦♠✳❜r❃✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠ ✶✸ ❞❡ ❛❜r✐❧ ❞❡

✷✵✶✺✳

❬✷✷❪ ▲❊❖◆❆❘❉❖✱ ❋á❜✐♦ ▼❛rt✐♥s ❞❡✳ ❈♦♥❡①õ❡s ❝♦♠ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ✈♦❧ ✶✱✷✱✸✳

✷❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ ▼♦❞❡r♥♥❛✱ ✷✵✶✸

❬✷✸❪ ▲➱❱❨✱ P✳ ❆s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❛ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛✿ ♦ ❢✉t✉r♦ ❞♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❡r❛

❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✿ ❊❞✐t♦r❛ ✸✹✱ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ✶✾✾✻✳

❬✷✹❪ ▲Ü❉❑❊✱ ▼❡♥❣❛✳ ❖ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ s❡✉ s❛❜❡r ❡ s✉❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳ ■♥✳ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✫

❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✳ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛s✿ ❯♥✐❝❛♠♣✳ ✈♦❧✳✷✷✱ ♥♦ ✼✹✱ ❆❜r✐❧✴✷✵✵✶

❬✷✺❪ ▼❊❘❈❆❉❖✱ ▲✳ P✳ ▲✳ Pr♦❥❡t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✿ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❲❡❜✲

q✉❡st ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✳ ▼❛❝❡✐ó✿ ◗ ●rá✜❝❛✴ ▼❛r✐st❛✱ ✷✵✵✹✳

❬✷✻❪ ▼❊▲❈❍■❖❘✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ❈❡❧✐♥❛✳ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛✿ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡✳

P♦rt♦ ❆❧❡❣r❡✿ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦ ❆❜❡rt♦✱ ✶✾✾✹✳✶✺✷♣✳

❬✷✼❪ ▼■●❯❊▲✱ ❆✳❀ ▼■❖❘■▼✱ ▼✳ ❆✳ ❍✐stór✐❛ ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✿ ♣r♦✲

♣♦st❛s ❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦s✳ ❇❡❧♦ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡✿ ❆✉tê♥t✐❝❛✱ ✷✵✵✺✳

❬✷✽❪ ▼■◆❆❙ ●❊❘❆■❙✲ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼✐✲

♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s❀ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❇ás✐❝♦ ❈♦♠✉♠ ✭❈❇❈✮ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠á✲

t✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦❀ ❊①❛♠❡s ❙✉♣❧❡t✐✈♦s✴✷✵✶✸✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿

❁✇✇✇✳❡❞✉❝❛❝❛♦✳♠❣✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴✐♠❛❣❡s✴st♦r✐❡s✴s✉♣❧❡t✐✈♦✴✷✵✶✸✴♠❡❞✐♦✴Pr♦❣r✳▼❛t❡♠t✐❝❛

▼❡❞✐♦ ✷✵✶✷✳♣❞❢ ❃✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠ ✶✸ ❞❡ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹✳

❬✷✾❪ ▼❖❘❊■❘❆✱ ▼✳ ❈✳ ❉✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✴❛s ✿

✉♠❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ r✉r❛❧ ✕ ❯◆■❯❇❊✱ ✷✵✵✹

✻✽

❬✸✵❪ ▼❖❘❊■❘❆✱ ▼❛r❝♦ ❆♥tô♥✐♦✳ ❚❡♦r✐❛s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ P♦rt♦ ❆❧❡❣r❡✿ P❡✲

❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐❛✱ ✶✾✾✾✳ ✶✾✺♣✳

❬✸✶❪ ▼❖❘❊■❘❆✱ ▼❛r❝♦ ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ✭♦r❣✳✮✳ ❆ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s ❞❡

❱❡r❣♥❛✉❞✱ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ♥❡st❛ ár❡❛✳ P♦rt♦ ❆❧❡❣r❡✿

❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ❯❋❘●❙✱ ✷✵✵✹✳

❬✸✷❪ ▼❖❘❊■❘❆✱ ▼❛r❝♦ ❆♥tô♥✐♦✳ ❆ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❡ s✉❛

✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✿ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✻✳

✶✽✻♣✳

❬✸✸❪ ▼❖❘❊■❘❆✱ ▼❛r❝♦ ❆♥tô♥✐♦✳ ▼❛♣❛s ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s ❡ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❱✳ P♦rt♦

❆❧❡❣r❡✿ ❯❋❘●❙✳ ✷✵✵✻✳ ✶✵✸♣✳

❬✸✹❪ ▼❖❘❊■❘❆ ❡ ◆❆❘❉■✳ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳

❈❆P❊❙✴❯❋❘●✱ ✷✵✵✾

❬✸✺❪ ❖❙❚❊❘▼❆◆◆ ❡ ❘❊❩❊◆❉❊✳▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ■♥s✲

t✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❙✉❧✳ ✷✵✵✾

❬✸✻❪ P❆■❙✱ ▲✉✐③ ❈❛r❧♦s✳ ❊♥s✐♥❛r ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❇❡❧♦ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡✿ ❆✉✲

tê♥t✐❝❛✱ ✷✵✵✻✳

❬✸✼❪ P■◆❍❊■❘❖✱ ❊✈❛♥❞r♦✳ ❖ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❛

♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝♦✳

❇❡❧♦ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡✱ ✷✵✵✽✳

❬✸✽❪ P■❘❊❙✱ ❈é❧✐❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❈♦r♦❧✐♥♦✳ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✿ ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦

❧✐♥❡❛r à ✐❞é✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ ❋❚❉✱ ✷✵✵✵✳

❬✸✾❪ P❖◆❚❊✱ ❏♦ã♦ P❡❞r♦ ❞❛❀ ❇❘❖❈❆❘❉❖✱ ❏♦❛♥❛❀ ❖▲■❱❊■❘❆✱ ❍é❧✐❛✳ ■♥✈❡s✲

t✐❣❛çõ❡s ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ♥❛ ❙❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❆✉❧❛✳ ❇❡❧♦ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡✿ ❆✉tê♥t✐❝❛✱ ✷✵✵✸✳

❬✹✵❪ P❘❆❉❖✱ ❊✳▲✳❇✳ ❍✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✿ ❯♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛✲

❞♦s ❡♠ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✮✱ ■♥st✐✲

t✉t♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ P❛✉❧✐st❛✱ ❘✐♦

❈❧❛r♦✱ ✶✾✾✵

❬✹✶❪ ❘❖❉❘■●❯❊❙✱ ❆✳ Pr♦❞✉çã♦ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✿ ♦ ❞✐á❧♦❣♦

♥❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✒ ✷✵✵✻✳ ✶✶✸ ❢✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭▼❡str❛❞♦✮ ✕ ❈✉rs♦

✻✾

❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✻

❬✹✷❪ ❙➪◆❈❍❊❩ ❍❯❊❚❊✱ ❏✉❛♥ ❈❛r❧♦s❀ ❇❘❆❱❖✱ ❏♦sé ❆✳ ❋❡r♥á♥❞❡③✳ ❖ ❡♥s✐♥♦

❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s ❡ ❜❛s❡s ♣s✐❝♦♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s✳ P♦rt♦ ❆❧❡✲

❣r❡✿ ❆rt♠❡❞✱ ✷✵✵✻✳

❬✹✸❪ ❙❊❇❆❙❚■❆◆■✱ ❊✳ ❈♦♠♦ ✉s❛r ❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡

✉♠❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦✳ ■♥✿ ❙■▲❱❆✱ ❈✳ ▼✳ ❙✳ ❞❛✳✭❊❞✐t♦r✮✳

❆♥❛✐s ❞♦ ■■■ ❙❡♠✐♥ár✐♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❍✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❱✐tór✐❛✱ ❊❙✿

❯❋❊❙✱ ✶✾✾✾✳

❬✹✹❪ ❙■▲❱❆✱ ❇❡♥❡❞✐t♦ ❆♥t♦♥✐♦✳ ❈♦♥tr❛t♦ ❉✐❞át✐❝♦✳ ■♥✿ ▼❆❈❍❆❉❖✱ ❙✐❧✈✐❛ ❉✐❛s

❆✳ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✿ ✉♠❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦✳ ✷❛ ❡❞✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ ❊❉❯❈✱ ✷✵✵✷✱

✹✸✲✻✹✳

❬✹✺❪ ❱❊❘●◆❆❯❉✱ ●ér❛r❞✳ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s✳ ❙❡♠✐♥ár✐♦ ■♥t❡r✲

♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❯❋❘❏✳ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✿ ❆♥❛✐s✱ ♣✳✶✲✷✻✱

✶✾✾✸✳