Intermodal

Transportation Strategy Transportation Strategy SCMN 4780SCMN 47801Intermodal Intermodal

Modal Analysis: IntermodalModal Analysis: Intermodal

Transportation Strategy Transportation Strategy SCMN 4780SCMN 47802

2010 US Shipments (TONS)

Truck 12,490 68%

Rail 1,776 10%

Pipeline 1,494 8%

Intermodal 1,380 8%

Water 860 5%

Air 12 0%

Other 302 2%

Total 18,313

RAILTRUCK

Intermodal Share of US Transport MarketIntermodal Share of US Transport Market

PIPELINE

Intermodal: transportation of freight in an multi-mode container (rail, ship, or truck) without handling the freight when changing modes.

PipelinePipeline

INTERMODAL

Transportation Strategy Transportation Strategy SCMN 4780SCMN 4780

Intermodal Industry Intermodal Industry

Intermodal Intermodal

• Intermodal transportation reduces cargo handling thereby improving security, reducing damage & loss claims and allowing freight to be transported more efficiently.

• A key benefit is lower costs vs. motor freight for intra-continental moves; downside is the marginally increased transit times vs. truck transport over short distances.

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Intermodal Industry Statistics Intermodal Industry Statistics




• Containers (or ISO containers) are the primary type of equipment used in intermodal transport, particularly when one of the modes of transportation is by ship.

• Containers are 8-foot wide by 8-foot high. The most common lengths are 20 feet, 40 feet and 53 feet although other custom lengths exist.

• In countries where the railway track gauge is sufficient, truck trailers are used. Variations exist including open-topped versions covered by a fabric curtain are used to transport larger loads.

• Containers called tanktainers (tank inside standard container frame) carry liquids. Refrigerated containers are used for perishables.

Intermodal ContainersIntermodal Containers




Standardized handling equipment is designed for efficiently transferring containers between rail, truck and sea-going vessels and includes: •Transtainers - transferring containers from sea-going vessels onto either trucks or rail wagons; a transtainer is mounted on rails with a large boom spanning the distance between the ship's cargo hold and the intermodal wagon moving parallel to the ship's side •Gantry Cranes - straddle rail and road vehicles allowing for quick transfer of containers; a spreader beam moves in several directions allowing accurate positioning of the cargo•Reach Stackers - fitted with lifting arms, spreader beams lift units to swap or stack containers on top of each other•Sidelifters - over-the-road trailers with cranes fitted at each end to hoist and transport containers in small yards or over longer distances

Container Handling Container Handling


Intermodal Transportation - Ocean Intermodal Transportation - Ocean

• Ocean vessels are designed to transport intermodal containers. • Custom-built to carriers

specifications, a ships capacity is measured in TEUs or 20’ equivalent units.

• Vessel that holds 1,000 40’ containers has a capacity of 2,000 TEU.

• Containers are typically stacked seven high.

• Large container ships are capable of carrying > 15,000 TEUs.


Intermodal Transportation - Ocean Intermodal Transportation - Ocean


CONTAINER COMPANY TEU CAPACITY NUMBER OF SHIPS

Moller-Maersk Group 2,150,888 545Mediterranean Shipping 1,638,962 414CMA CGM 1,100,007 384American President Lines 589,879 147Evergreen Marine 554,725 152Hapag-Lloyd 541,811 124COSCO 498,437 134CSAV 469,428 128Hanjin Shipping 448,051 98China Shipping Container Lines 440,236 122NYK Line 365,034 95Mitsui Lines 363,188 94Orient Overseas Container Line 353,338 77Hamburg Süd 338,778 109Zim Integrated 322,685 96

Top 15 Global ISO Container Companies Top 15 Global ISO Container Companies


Intermodal Transportation - Rail Intermodal Transportation - Rail In the US, containers are shipped by rail on container cars. These cars resemble flatcars but have a container-sized depression (well), in the middle of the car. This depression allows for sufficient clearance to allow two containers to be loaded in the car in a "double stack" arrangement.

In the US, transporting semi-trailers on rail flatcars, an arrangement called "piggyback" or TOFC (trailer on flatcar) is common. Flatcar design allows trailers to be rolled on from one end, though lifting trailers on and off flatcars by specialized loaders is more common. TOFC terminals typically have large areas for storing trailers pending loading or pickup.


TOFC & COFC – High Volume Lanes TOFC & COFC – High Volume Lanes


Intermodal Transportation - Truck Intermodal Transportation - Truck

Truck freight is frequently used to connect the "linehaul" ocean and rail segments of a global intermodal freight movement. This specialized trucking that runs between ocean ports, rail terminals, and inland shipping docks, is often called drayage, and is typically provided by dedicated drayage companies or by the railroads.


Intermodal Transportation – Land BridgesIntermodal Transportation – Land BridgesThe term land bridge is used in intermodal freight with reference to a containerized ocean freight shipment that travels across a large body of land for a significant part of the trip, en-route to its final destination.

There are 2 land bridge applications: 1.Intermodal container shipped by ocean vessel from country-to-country where the land bridge crosses an entire country or continent enroute. 2.Intermodal container shipped by ocean vessel from country-to-country where freight passes across a large portion of land in either country.


Intermodal Transportation – Load SecuringIntermodal Transportation – Load Securing


• It is estimated 20 - 25% of freight accidents are attributable to inadequate cargo securing. Cargo improperly secured can cause accidents leading to the loss of cargo, lives, vehicles, (truck, ship, air) and can result in environmental hazards.

• There are numerous practices and materials available to stabilize and secure cargo in containers.

• Conventional load securing methods and materials such as steel banding and wood blocking & bracing are widely used.

• Recently, new methods have become available through innovation and technological advancement including polyester strapping and lashing, synthetic webbings and dunnage bags.

Intermodal Transportation – Load SecuringIntermodal Transportation – Load Securing


Port / Container Security Port / Container Security


The increased importance of global transportation presents port authorities with a challenge of how to tighten security measures. The challenge – how to protect their assets without disrupting commerce resulting in severe economic consequences?

Port security managers must be vigilant to not confuse devices designed for inventory with those meant for security. Although some devices can serve both purposes, they should be evaluated separately for each application.

Intermodal Transportation – SecurityIntermodal Transportation – Security


A multi-layered approach of low technology, new complex technology and best practices should be employed. Although difficult, it’s necessary to effectively manage and measure the deterrence of security issues.

Intermodal Transportation – SecurityIntermodal Transportation – Security

Radio frequency identification tags (RFID) are claimed to be security devices. They are not but do provide tamper-indicating seals used to detect unauthorized access.

Best security seals are difficult to tamper with mechanically and impossible to tamper with electronically. Any attempt to open or tamper with the seal initiates an alert. It is activated upon closing and deactivated only upon it being reopened by authorized person.

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Intermodal