monografia hidrologia ambiental

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Lluvia Acida



UNIVERSIDAD PRIVADA SAN CARLOS

FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA AMBIENTAL

TEMA: Lluvia Acida

CURSO: Hidrologa A!"i#$%al

DOCENTE: I$g& Er$#'%o C(ura )u*a$+ui

PRESENTADO POR:

Al#, E!ilio Tico$a C(i$o

SEMESTRE:

•

VII

TRABA-O MONOGRAFICO



CONTENIDO1. INTRODUCCIÓN.............................................................................................5

2. OBJETIVOS....................................................................................................7

3. CONTENIDO..................................................................................................8

3.1. LLUVIA ACIDA.........................................................................................8

3.2. ORIEN...................................................................................................!

3.3. A"U#RE CO$O CONTA$INATE..............................................................1%

3.3.1. CICLO DEL A"U#RE.........................................................................11

3.&. NITROENO CO$O CONTA$INANTE.....................................................12

3.&.1. Cicl' d(l )i*+,-()'.........................................................................13

3.5. #UENTES DE E$ISION DE LA LLUVIA ACIDA..........................................15

3.5.1. #u()*( / di*+i0uci,) d( la lluvia cida.........................................15

3.5.2. u4 ac*ividad( u6a)a '+i-i)a) la (6ii,) d( (*' -a(...1

3.5.3. #UENTES DE O9IDACIOND E A"U#RE.............................................17

3.. Lluvia Acida: U) ;+'0l(6a R(-i')al....................................................18

3.7. Acdi<caci,) D(l $(di': ;+'c(' E) La A*6,=(+a> Su(l' ? A-ua........1!

3.7.1. Acidi<caci,) d( l' Su(l'.............................................................1!

3.7.2. Acidi<caci,) d(l A-ua....................................................................2%

3.8. E=(c*'.................................................................................................21

3.8.1. T'@icidad........................................................................................21

3.8.2. Ó@id' D( Au=+(.............................................................................21

3.8.3. Ó@id' D( Ni*+,-()'........................................................................21

3.8.&. O@id' D( Ca+0')'..........................................................................22

3.8.5. u4 da' '+i-i)a la lluvia cida................................................22

&. E#ECTOS DE LAS LLUVIAS ACIDAS..............................................................23

&.1. E=(c*' D( La Lluvia Acida E) Si*(6a Acu*ic'.........................23&.2. E=(c*' D( La Lluvia cida E) L' Ec'i*(6a T(++(*+(...................27

&.3. E=(c*' S'0+( La Salud u6a)a...........................................................28

&.&. E=(c*' S'0+( L' B'u(...................................................................2!

&.&.1. I)cid()cia D( L' D(*(+i'+' S'0+( L' B'u(...........................3%

&.5. E=(c*' S'0+( L' Cul*iv'....................................................................3%



&.. E=(c*' S'0+( La #l'+a ? La #au)a........................................................31

&.7. E=(c*' S'0+( A-ua Su0*(++)(a.......................................................31

&.8. E=(c*' E) C')*+ucci')(> $a*(+ial( ? ;i)*u+a................................32

5. SOLUCIONES...............................................................................................3&

. $EDIDAS DE RE$EDIO ? CONTROL............................................................35

7. CONCLUSIONES...........................................................................................3

8. BIBLIORA#FA.............................................................................................37



1. INTRODUCCIÓNL' a0i*a)*( d( cai *'d' l' GaH( (*a6' (@Gu(*' a u)a

5%%>%%% u*a)cia (@*+aa al 6(di' a60i()*( )a*u+al> 6uca d( lacual( i)vad() (l ai+( u( +(Gi+a6' / ') )'civa Ga+a la alud. O*+au*a)cia d( )a*u+al(a c'l'idal ' -a('a c'6' (l 6'),@id' d(ca+0')'> (l '')'> G'lv' / u6' ') G+c*ica6()*( u0icua () (la60i()*( a4+(' / +(ul*a) d( G+'c(' )a*u+al( a0i,*ic' / 0i,*ic':ac*ividad v'lc)ica / -('*4+6ica> d(ca+-a (l4c*+ica> i)c()di'='+(*al(> =(+6()*aci,) / +(Gi+aci,) c(lula+> (*c.

T'da la u*a)cia 6()ci')ada ( 6a)*i()() du+a)*( la+-' *i(6G' ()+a)-' d( c')c()*+aci,) (*+(c' -+acia a (<ci()*( 6(ca)i6' d(

+(cicla6i()*' a ca+-' d( la G+'Gia )a*u+al(a. Si) (60a+-'> la ac*ividadi)du*+ial -()(+a a'+a *al( ca)*idad( d( u*a)cia (@*+aa u((*) alca)a)d' /a (l )iv(l d( c')*a6i)a)*( G(li-+'' Ga+a la 0i'*a() -()(+al> Gu(*' u( +(0aa) la caGacidad d(l (c'i*(6a Ga+ad(ac(+( d( (ll'> / u )iv(l( *i()d() acia (l au6()*'>G(+6a)()cia ( i++(v(+i0ilidad.

E) c')(cu()cia> la 'ci(dad c')*(6G'+)(a (* G+('cuGada> cada v(6 c')ci()*( / a*()*a a l' G+'0l(6a d(l ()*'+)' () u( ( viv(. V(+(l ai+( d( la ciudad u( ( a0i*a a*u+ad' d( u6' / G'lv' / G()a+:

(' ( l' u( +(Gi+a6' dHa *+a dHa )' G+('cuGa / )' ()'a.

La 6a/'+ =u()*( d( c')*a6i)aci,) a*6'=4+ica ( (l u' d(c'60u*i0l( =,il( c'6' ()(+-4*ic'. ;(*+,l('> -a / ca+0,) ')uad' () ca)*idad( ()'+6(> d(l '+d() d( 6ill')( d( *')(lada G'+dHa> / l' d((c' d( u c'60u*i,) ( a++'a) a la a*6,=(+a () ='+6ad( G'lv'> u6' / -a(. L' d' G+i6(+' G'd(6' v(+l' / )'d(a-+ada)> G(+' l' -a( u( )' G'd(6' v(+> ') l' 6 G(li-+''.

E) *('+Ha al 6()'> G'lv' / u6' Gu(d() (vi*a+(> G(+' l' -a(> ')

i)(vi*a0l( / Gu(d() caua+ d(d( lluvia cida a*a (l cal()*a6i()*'d( la *i(++a K(=(c*' i)v(+)ad(+'> aH c'6' (l i)c+(6()*' () l' )iv(l(d(l '')' / (l 6'),@id' d( ca+0')' u( ') al*a6()*( *,@ic' Ga+a l'u6a)'

La G+i)ciGal( caua d( lluvia cida ') l' ,@id' d( )i*+,-()' /au=+( u( ( -()(+a) al 6'6()*' d( la c'60u*i,)M (l )i*+,-()' l'

5



aG'+*a la a*6,=(+a / )' a/ ='+6a d( (vi*a+l'> (l au=+( ='+6a Ga+*( d(l' c'60u*i0l(> (li6i)a+l' c'6Gl(*a6()*( ( 6u/ c'*''M la lluviacida / la )i(0la cida (*a+) c') )''*+' daa)d' *'d' l' u(*'u()> *a)*' () (l ca6G' c'6' () la ciudad. E*' c'6Gu(*' ()='+6a d( -'*a d( lluvia / d( )i(0la ') d( c'+*a vida> G+')*' +(acci')a)

c') al-' '+-)ic' ( i)'+-)ic'> al +(acci')a+ ( c')u6() G(+' d(a) u)da' u( Gu(d( (+ i++i*aci,) d( 6uc'a () u6a)' / a)i6al( 'd(*(+i'+' () la cu*Hcula d( la 'a d( l' v(-(*al(> () a60' ca'>da)d' ()*+ada a Ga*,-()' / +(duci()d' la G+'ducci,) a-+Hc'la.



2. OBJETIVOS

C')'ci6i()*' d( l' (=(c*' )(-a*iv' d( la lluviacida () (l a60i()*( Ka-ua> u(l'> =au)a> '+a> '60+( / u

Da+ a c')'c(+ a l' G+i)ciGal( aG'+*ad'+( d(c')*a6i)a)*( a*6'=4+ic' KG(*+,l('> -a> ca+0,)> Gl'6'>d(+ivad'> (*c.

T()(+ () cu()*a u( (l G+'c(' d( d(*+ucci,) d()u(*+' Gla)(*a ( da G'+ *+( G+'0l(6a =u)da6()*al('+i-i)ad' G'+ la ac*ividad a)*+'G'-()ica / la +(laci,) ()*+( (lla:CaGa d( '')'> E=(c*' I)v(+)ad(+' / Lluvia cida.

T()(+ c'6' c')'ci6i()*' l' di=(+()*( cicl' d(c')*a6i)a)*( G+'duc*'+( d( la lluvia cida.

R(c')'c(+ a l' ,@id' d( Ni*+,-()' / d( Au=+( c'6'l' G+i)ciGal( caua)*( d( la lluvia cida.

C')'c(+ la ()=(+6(dad( u( au(a) a )u(*+''+-a)i6' G+'ducid' (*( G+'0l(6a.

7



;la)*(a+ 'luci')( Ga+a a6i)'+a+ la acidi<caci,) d(

la a-ua> G'+ (+ (l 6(di' d( 6a/'+ vul)(+a0ilidad al i)-+(a+(*( a la cad()a *+,<ca Ki) d(a+ d( lad' al 6(di' () u c')u)*'.

T()(+ () cla+' u( l' G+i)ciGal( G+'duc*'+( /c')u6id'+( '6' )''*+' / u( d(0(6' d( *'6a+ c')ci()ciad( (*'> a0i()d' u( (@i*() 6(dida d( G+(v()ci,) c'6' (l u'd( *(c)'l'-Ha li6Gia (l cual *i()( u) (l(vad' c'*'.

Sa0(+ u( '/ () dHa la (ducaci,) a60i()*al u(-a u)GaG(l 6u/ i6G'+*a)*( () cua)*' al c'6G'+*a6i()*' u6a)'=+()*( al 6(di' / la vi*al i6G'+*a)cia u( 4*( *i()( Ga+a )u(*+auG(+viv()cia.

8



3. CONTENIDO3.1. LLUVIA ACIDA

S( ua (l )'60+( -()4+ic' d( lluvia cida Ga+a d(i-)a+ la a-ua6(*(,+ica KG+(ciGi*aci')( lHuida ' ,lida / )i(0la u( (*)c')*a6i)ada () la a*6,=(+a. La c'6G'ici,) uH6ica ( ca+ac*(+iaG'+ u acid( / d(*(+i'+a) (l a60i()*(. $i()*+a 6()'+ ( (l G> 6cida ( (l a-ua. L' c')*a6i)a)*( u( la acidi<ca) ')G+i)ciGal6()*( (l di,@id' d( au=+( KS%2 / l' ,@id' d( )i*+,-()'.

La lluvia cida ( u) au)*' d( i-)i<ca*iv' i)*(+4 a60i()*al /(c'),6ic' () (l 6u)d'.

El a-ua d( lluvia Gu+a )'+6al6()*( *i()( u) G c(+ca)' a 5.M (

l(v(6()*( cida G'+ (l c')*()id' d( a)Hd+id' ca+0,)ic' () laa*6,=(+a. La )i(0la> () ca60i'> ( i*a al+(d(d'+ d( l' &>5.Lalluvia cida uc(d() G+i)ciGal6()*( () la -+a)d( ciudad((G(cial6()*( G'+ la c')*a6i)aci,) u( G+'duc() l' v(Hcul'6'*'+iad' / la i)du*+ia. E) l' c()*+' 6i)(+' ( i)du*+ial(*a60i4) ( G+'duc() la lluvia cida d(0id' a la (6ii')( d( l'-a( a)*( 6()ci')ad'. A u v(> la 6aa d( ai+( c')*a6i)ada( d(Glaa) a '*+' lu-a+(> -()(+a)d' *a60i4) () (' a60i()*(la lla6ada lluvia cida.

La )i(0la cida 'cu++() () la ')a d( G+(()cia =+(cu()*( d()i(0la / u( ( ca+ac*(+ia) G'+ G+(()*a+ al*' H)dic( d(c')*a6i)aci,) / G'+ l' *a)*' G 0a'.

!

Ilustración 1 PROCESO DE FOR!CION DE "! ""UVI! !CID!



3.2. ORIEN

La lluvia cida / '*+' *iG' d( G+(ciGi*aci,) cida c'6' )(0li)a>)i(v(> (*c. a) lla6ad' +(ci()*(6()*( la a*()ci,) G0lica c'6'G+'0l(6a (G(cH<c' d( c')*a6i)aci,) a*6'=4+ica (cu)da+iaM i)

(60a+-'> la 6a-)i*ud G'*()cial d( u (=(c*' ( *al> u( cada v(( l( d(dica) 6 / 6 (*udi' / +(u)i')(> *a)*' ci()*H<ca c'6'G'lH*ica /a u( () la ac*ualidad a/ da*' u( i)dica) u( la lluvia( () G+'6(di' 1%% v(c( 6 cida u( ac( 2%% a'.

D( u)a 6a)(+a )a*u+al> (l 0i,@id' d( ca+0')'> al di'lv(+( () (la-ua d( la a*6,=(+a> G+'duc( u)a 'luci,) li-(+a6()*( cida u(diu(lv( c') =acilidad al-u)' 6i)(+al(. Si) (60a+-'> (*a acid()a*u+al d( la lluvia ( 6u/ 0aa () +(laci,) c') la u( l( i6Ga+*()ac*ual6()*( l' cid' =u(+*( c'6' (l ul=+ic' / (l )H*+ic'> '0+(

*'d' a la lluvia u( ( '+i-i)a c(+ca d( la ')a 6u/ i)du*+ialiadac'6' la d(l )'+*( d( Eu+'Ga / (l )'+(*( d( l' (*ad' u)id'.

S( c+(( u( (*' cid' ( ='+6a) a Ga+*i+ d( l' c')*a6i)a)*(G+i6a+i' c'6' (l 0i,@id' d( au=+( / l' ,@id' d( )i*+,-()' G'+ lai-ui()*( +(acci')(:

Ilustración 2 F#r$ación %& l#s 'ci%#s

La '@idaci,) adici')al d( l' ,@id' d( au=+( K1 / d( )i*+,-()' K2Gu(d( (+ ca*aliada G'+ l' c')*a6i)a)*( a*6'=4+ic' K3>i)clu/()d' la Ga+*Hcula ,lida / G'+ la lu 'la+. U)a v( ='+6ad'l' ,@id' SO3 / NO2> +(acci')a) c') =acilidad c') la u6(dad

a*6'=4+ica Ga+a ='+6a+ l' cid' ul=+ic' K& / )H*+ic' K5+(G(c*iva6()*(. E*' G(+6a)(c() di'ciad' () la a*6,=(+a / l(i6Ga+*() ca+ac*(+H*ica cida /> (v()*ual6()*(> ( G+(ciGi*a) c') la)(0li)a> la lluvia ' la )i(v(> la u(> G'+ l' *a)*'> *()d+) 6a/'+acid( () la +(a u( +(ci0() c')*i)ua6()*( dic' ,@id' u( ()la u( )' (*) al*(+ada. ;'+ ((6Gl'> (@i*() G+u(0aci+cu)*a)cial( d( u( la *(+6'(l4c*+ica () (G(cial la u(

1%



u*ilia) c'60u*i0l( +ic' () au=+(> (*) 6u/ +(laci')ada c') laG+'ducci,) d( lluvia cida.

C'6' c')(cu()cia d(l a++a*+( d( div(+a u*a)cia> c'6G')()*()a*u+al( d(l ai+(> Ga+*Hcula ,lida> / d(0id' =u)da6()*al6()*( a la

di'luci,) d(l di,@id' d( ca+0')' () (l a-ua d( lluvia> 4*a *i()( u)ali-(+a acid( u( 'cila ()*+( val'+( d( 5>5P5>7 u)idad( d( G.

Ilustración 3 (ra%#s %& aci%&s &n la llu)ia aci%a

3.3. A"U#RE CO$O CONTA$INATE

L' ,@id' d( au=+( / )i*+,-()' ') la G+i)ciGal( caua d( laacidi<caci,) *a)*' d(l u(l' c'6' d( la a-ua.

L' c'6Gu(*' d( au=+( ') +(G')a0l( d( d' *(+ci' d(l *'*al d( lalluvia cida / l' c'6Gu(*' d( )i*+,-()' )' G+'duc() acidi<caci,) il' 6i6' ') a0'+0id' G'+ la Gla)*a.

;'+ dica +a,) la G'luci,) +(al G+'ducida G'+ l' c'6Gu(*' ul=u+ad'( 6a/'+ a l' d' *(+ci' a)*( 6()ci')ad'.

11



D()*+' d( dic' c'6Gu(*' ul=u+ad' (l SO2 ( (l G+i)ciGalc')*a6i)a)*( / ( G+'duc( () la c'60u*i,) d( ca+0,) / d(l G(*+,l('c+ud'.

La c')c()*+aci,) d( au=+( () (l c+ud' va+Ha d( acu(+d' a la

G+'c(d()cia d(l 6i6' G'+ l' u( ( Gu(d() da+ val'+( d( d4ci6a d(u)' G'+ ci()*' a d' ' *+( G'+ ci()*' () G('.

E) (l ca+0,) la c')c()*+aci')( va+Ha) () u) +a)-' 6 a6Gli'>6i()*+a u( () (l -a )a*u+al l' )iv(l( ') c')id(+a0l(6()*(6()'+(.

El 6a/'+ c')u6' d( c+ud' au6()*, v(+*i-i)'a6()*( lu(-' d( la(-u)da -u(++a 6u)dial () Eu+'Ga () 1!7% a val'+( 15 v(c( 6a/'+(u( () 1!&5.

E) (l '+d() d( 3% 6ill')( d( *')(lada ') la (6i*ida () Eu+'Gaa)ual6()*(. La 6a/'+Ha d( (*a ca)*idad K8%Q G+'vi()( d( lac'60u*i,) d( c+ud' / ca+0,)> 6i()*+a u( (l 2%Q +(*a)*( G+'vi()(d(l +(*' d( l' G+'c(' i)du*+ial(.

D()*+' d( Eu+'Ga Occid()*al> (l GaH c') 6a/'+ (6ii,) ( +a) B+(*aa'0+(Gaada )ica6()*( G'+ la U)i,) S'vi4*ica.

El val'+ a)*(+i'+ l' G'd(6' c'6Ga+a+ c') l' 1 6ill')( d( *')(ladad( au=+( (6i*id' G'+ E*ad' U)id' / l' 75 6ill')( d( *')(lada u(

( (6i*id' a)ual6()*( G'+ *'d' (l Gla)(*a d(0id' a la di=(+()*(ac*ividad( +(aliada G'+ (l '60+(.

La a*6,=(+a *a60i4) +(ci0( au=+( G+'v()i()*( d( la (6ii')(v'lc)ica / d( l' 6a+( / d( l' u(l' c') +(G(c*' a Eu+'Ga / EEUU>l' )iv(l( (6i*id' ') 1% v(c( uG(+i'+( a l' c')id(+ad')a*u+al(.

3.3.1.CICLO DEL A"U#RE

El au=+( ( *+a)='+6a () div(+' c'6Gu(*' / ci+cula a *+av4 d( la(c,=(+a () (l cicl' d(l au=+(> G+i)ciGal6()*( (di6()*a+i'. E)*+a () laa*6,=(+a d(d( =u()*( 6a*(+ial( c'6' :

12



Sul=u+' d( id+,-()' K2S> -a i)c'l'+' /al*a6()*( v()()'' c') 'l'+ a u(v' G'd+id'> d(d( v'lca)(ac*iv' / la d(c'6G'ici,) d( la 6a*(+ia '+-)ica () Ga)*a)'>ci4)a-a / lla)u+a cu0i(+*a G'+ la 6a+(a> cauada G'+d(-+adad'+( a(+,0ic'.

Di,@id' d( au=+( KSO2> -a i)c'l'+' / '='ca)*(G+'v()i()*( d( v'lca)( ac*iv'.

;a+*Hcula d( ul=a*' KSO&> c'6' (l ul=a*' d(

a6')i' d( la aG(+i,) 6a+i)a.

C(+ca d( u) *(+ci' d( *'d' l' c'6Gu(*' d( au=+( / !!Q d(l di,@id'd( au=+( u( ll(-a) a la a*6,=(+a d(d( *'da la =u()*(> G+'vi()( d(la ac*ividad( u6a)a. La c'60u*i,) d( ca+0,) / G(*+,l(' u(c')*i()() au=+(> d(*i)ada a G+'duci+ ()(+-Ha (l4c*+ica> +(G+(()*ac(+ca d( d' *(+ci' d( la (6ii,)> G'+ u6a)'> d( di,@id' d( au=+( ala a*6,=(+a. El *(+ci' +(*a)*( G+'vi()( d( G+'c(' i)du*+ial( c')' la+(<)(+Ha d(l G(*+,l(' / la c')v(+i,) KG'+ =u)dici,) d( c'6Gu(*'au=+ad' d( 6i)(+al( 6(*lic' () 6(*al( li0+( c'6' (l c'0+(>

Gl'6' / i)c.

E) la a*6,=(+a> (l di,@id' d( au=+(> +(acci')a c') '@H-()' Ga+aG+'duci+ *i+,@id' d( au=+( KSO3> (l cual +(acci')a c') vaG'+ d( a-uaGa+a G+'duci+ 6i)cula -'*a d( cid' ul=+ic' K2SO&.Ta60i4)+(acci')a c') '*+a u*a)cia uH6ica G(u(a d( ul=a*'.

13



E*a -'*Hcula d( 2SO& / Ga+*Hcula d( ul=a*' ca() a la *i(++a c'6'c'6G')()*( d( la lluvia cida> u( daa l' +0'l( / la vida acu*ica.

Ilustración * El a+u,r& c#$# c#nta$inant&

3.&. NITROENO CO$O CONTA$INANTE

L' G+i)ciGal( c'6Gu(*' )i*+'-()ad' u( c')*a6i)a) la a*6,=(+a') (l 6'),@id' d( )i*+,-()' KNO / (l di,@id' d( )i*+,-()' KNO2 u(') a-+uGad' c') la d()'6i)aci,) NO@.

Dic' ,@id' ') ='+6ad' du+a)*( *'da cla( d( c'60u*i,)> / a

di=(+()cia d(l au=+( u( G+'vi()( () u 6a/'+Ha d(l ai+( )(c(a+i' Ga+au( la 6i6a ( (=(c*(.

E) Eca)di)avia aG+'@i6ada6()*( d' *(+ci' d(l *'*al d( ,@id' d()i*+,-()' u( c')*a6i)a+ la a*6,=(+a G+'vi()( d( l' c'c( d(*+a)G'+*(.

1&



Ac*ual6()*( () A64+ica la*i)a ( li0(+a) a la a*6,=(+a &% 6ill')( d(*')(lada d( di,@id' d( )i*+,-()'.

D(0id' a u( la (6ii')( d( ,@id' d( au=+( (*) i()d' c')*+'ladaGa+a a0a*i+ la (6ii')( d( ,@id' d( )i*+,-()' ( c')vi(+*() cada dHa

() 6 i6G'+*a)*( c'6' acidi<ca)*( d(l 6(di' a60i()*(.

Ta60i4) ci(+*' *iG' d( =(+*ilia)*( ') =u()*( d( c'6Gu(*')i*+'-()ad' c')*a6i)a)*(.

E aH u( ') li0(+ad' () ca)*idad( i6G'+*a)*( d( a6')iac' (l cualcaua u) au6()*' () (l G d( la lluvia> G(+' dic' (=(c*' ( (li6i)acua)d' l' i')( a6')iac' KN& () la lluvia ') c')v(+*id' G'+6ic+''+-a)i6' () l' u(l' ' a0'+0id' G'+ l' +0'l( lu(-' d( uc')*ac*' c') l' u(l'.

La -+a)d( ca)*idad( d( c')*a6i)a)*( () 0a( a )i*+,-()' G+'v'ca)u)a '0+( =(+*iliaci,) d( l' u(l'. La 6a/'+Ha d( la Gla)*a (adaG*a) a u)a d(<ci()cia d( )i*+,-()' G(+' cua)d' ( G+'duc( (l=(),6()' 'Gu(*'> aGa+(c() da' a la v(-(*aci,) / ( cauaG+'0l(6a (cu)da+i' c'6' () la G'*a0ilidad d( la a-ua / l'=(),6()' d( ()*+'<caci,) d( l' cu(+G' d( a-ua.

Ad(6 d( acidi<caci,) d( l' u(l' G+'ducida G'+ la +(acci,) d()i*+a*' G+'v'ca la li0(+aci,) d( u*a)cia G(li-+'a c'6' (l alu6i)i'u( a*aca l' GaH( d( l' +0'l( / u( al Gaa+ a la a-uau0*(++)(a ll(-a) a l' la-' d(G+(da)d' la c'l')ia d( G(c(.

3.&.1. Cicl' d(l )i*+,-()'.

;+'c(' cHclic' )a*u+al () (l cu+' d(l cual (l )i*+,-()' ( i)c'+G'+a alu(l' / Gaa a ='+6a+ Ga+*( d( l' '+-a)i6' viv' a)*( d( +(-+(a+ ala a*6,=(+a. El )i*+,-()'> u)a Ga+*( (()cial d( l' a6i)'cid'> ( u)(l(6()*' 0ic' d( la vida. S( ()cu()*+a () u)a G+'G'+ci,) d(l 7!Q ()la a*6,=(+a> G(+' (l )i*+,-()' -a('' d(0( (+ *+a)='+6ad' () u)a='+6a uH6ica6()*( u*ilia0l( a)*( d( G'd(+ (+ uad' G'+ l'

'+-a)i6' viv'. E*' ( l'-+a a *+av4 d(l cicl' d(l )i*+,-()'> () (lu( (l )i*+,-()' -a('' ( *+a)='+6ad' () a6')Hac' ' )i*+a*'. La()(+-Ha aG'+*ada G'+ l' +a/' 'la+( / la +adiaci,) c,6ica i+v() Ga+ac'60i)a+ (l )i*+,-()' / (l '@H-()' -a('' () )i*+a*'> u( ')a++a*+ad' a la uG(+<ci( *(++(*+( G'+ la G+(ciGi*aci')(. La <aci,)0i'l,-ica> +(G')a0l( d( la 6a/'+ Ga+*( d(l G+'c(' d( c')v(+i,) d(l

15



)i*+,-()'> ( G+'duc( G'+ la acci,) d( 0ac*(+ia li0+( <ad'+a d(l)i*+,-()'> 0ac*(+ia i60i,*ica u( viv() () la +aHc( d( la Gla)*aK'0+( *'d' l(-u6i)'a / ali'> al-a v(+d(aulada> ci(+*' lHu()(/ (Gi<*a d( l' 0'u( *+'Gical(.

El )i*+,-()' <ad' () ='+6a d( a6')Hac' / )i*+a*' ( a0'+0id'di+(c*a6()*( G'+ la Gla)*a ( i)c'+G'+ad' a u *(id' () ='+6a d(G+'*(H)a v(-(*al(. D(Gu4> (l )i*+,-()' +(c'++( la cad()a ali6()*a+iad(d( la Gla)*a a l' (+0Hv'+'> / d( (*' a l' ca+)Hv'+'. Cua)d'la Gla)*a / l' a)i6al( 6u(+()> l' c'6Gu(*' )i*+'-()ad' (d(c'6G')() G+'duci()d' a6')Hac'> u) G+'c(' lla6ad'a6')i<caci,). ;a+*( d( (*( a6')Hac' ( +(cuG(+ad' G'+ la Gla)*aM (l+(*' ( diu(lv( () (l a-ua ' G(+6a)(c( () (l u(l'> d')d( l'6ic+''+-a)i6' l' c')vi(+*() () )i*+a*' ' )i*+i*' () u) G+'c('lla6ad' )i*+i<caci,). L' )i*+a*' Gu(d() al6ac()a+( () (l u6u ()d(c'6G'ici,) ' d(aGa+(c(+ d(l u(l' G'+ li@iviaci,)> i()d'a++a*+ad' a l' a++'/' / l' la-'. O*+a G'i0ilidad ( c')v(+*i+( ())i*+,-()' 6(dia)*( la d()i*+i<caci,) / v'lv(+ a la a*6,=(+a.

1

Ilustración - Nitr#&n# c#$# c#nta$inant&



E) l' i*(6a )a*u+al(> (l )i*+,-()' u( ( Gi(+d( G'+ d()i*+i<caci,)>li@iviaci,)> (+'i,) / G+'c(' i6ila+( ( +((6Glaad' G'+ (l G+'c('d( <aci,) / '*+a =u()*( d( )i*+,-()'. La i)*(+=(+()cia a)*+,GicaKu6a)a () (l cicl' d(l )i*+,-()' Gu(d(> )' '0*a)*(> ac(+ u( a/a6()' )i*+,-()' () (l cicl'> ' u( ( G+'duca u)a '0+(ca+-a () (l

i*(6a. ;'+ ((6Gl'> l' cul*iv' i)*()iv'> u +(c'-ida / la *ala d(0'u( a) cauad' u) d(c()' d(l c')*()id' d( )i*+,-()' () (lu(l' Kal-u)a d( la G4+dida () l' *(++i*'+i' a-+Hc'la ,l' Gu(d()+(*i*ui+( G'+ 6(di' d( =(+*ilia)*( )i*+'-()ad' a+*i<cial(> u(uG')() u) -+a) -a*' ()(+-4*ic'. ;'+ '*+a Ga+*(> la li@iviaci,) d(l)i*+,-()' d( la *i(++a d( cul*iv' d(6aiad' =(+*iliada> la *alai)dic+i6i)ada d( 0'u(> l' +(idu' a)i6al( / la a-ua +(idual(a) aadid' d(6aiad' )i*+,-()' a l' (c'i*(6a acu*ic'>G+'duci()d' u) d(c()' () la calidad d(l a-ua / (*i6ula)d' u)

c+(ci6i()*' (@c(iv' d( la al-a. Ad(6> (l di,@id' d( )i*+,-()'v(+*id' () la a*6,=(+a G'+ l' (caG( d( l' au*'6,vil( / lac()*+al( *4+6ica ( d(c'6G')( / +(acci')a c') '*+' c')*a6i)a)*(a*6'=4+ic' da)d' '+i-() al 6'- ='*'uH6ic'.

3.5. #UENTES DE E$ISION DE LA LLUVIA ACIDA

3.5.1.#u()*( / di*+i0uci,) d( la lluvia cida

El 6a*(+ial c')*a6i)a)*( u( d(ci()d( c') la lluvia ( c')'c( c'6'(di6()*aci,) 6(da> ( i)clu/( Ga+*Hcula / -a( 0a++id' d(l ai+( G'+

la -'*a d( lluvia. El 6a*(+ial u( ll(-a al u(l' G'+ -+av(dad du+a)*(l' i)*(+val' (c' ( lla6a (di6()*aci,) (ca> ( i)clu/( Ga+*Hcula>-a( / a(+''l(. L' c')*a6i)a)*( Gu(d() (+ a++a*+ad' G'+ l'vi()*' G+(d'6i)a)*( a l' la+-' d( ci()*'> i)clu' 6il(> d(il,6(*+'. E*( =(),6()' ( c')'c( c'6' (l *+a)G'+*( d( la+-'alca)c( d( c')*a6i)a)*( a4+(' KTLACA. E)1!8> Sva)*( Od()> d(Su(cia> d(6'*+, u( la G+(ciGi*aci,) '0+( l' GaH( (ca)di)av' ((*a0a aci()d' cada v( 6 cida> u( l' c'6Gu(*' d( au=+( d(la 6aa d( ai+( c')*a6i)ad' (+a) la caua G+i6'+dial> / u( -+a)d(

ca)*idad( d( la u*a)cia acidi<ca)*( G+'v()Ha) d( (6ii')( d( la+(a i)du*+ial( d( Eu+'Ga c()*+al / +a) B+(*aa.

;'c' *i(6G' d(Gu4> ( '0*uvi(+') da*' ac(+ca d( ca60i' () la acid(d( l' la-'. L' (*udi' d( *+a/(c*'+ia () N'+*(a64+ica a)d(6'*+ad' u( 6 d(l 5%Q d( la G+(ciGi*aci,) cida () N'*a+i'c()*+al ( d(0( a la 6aa d( ai+( u( Gaa) '0+( la =u()*(

17



(6i'+a d( au=+( 6 i6G'+*a)*( d( l' (*ad' d(l '(*( 6(di' d(E*ad' U)id'> () (G(cial Oi' ( I)dia)a KE)vi+')6()* Ca)ad> 1!81.;'+ '*+a Ga+*(> la lluvia cida d( l' Adi+')dac / d(l u+ d( u(0(c>() 6uc' ca' Ga+(c() *()(+ '+i-() () l' (*ad' i)du*+ial( d(lli*'+al '+i()*al c'6' Nu(va ?'+> $aacu(* / $a+/la)d> / *a60i4)

() ;()ilva)ia / '*+' (*ad' '0+( l' cual( /a a Gaad' a)*( (lai+(. La G+'vi)cia 6a+H*i6a d( Ca)ad u=+() l' (=(c*' d( la(6ii')( d(l li*'+al '+i()*al d( E*ad' U)id' / *a60i4)> () la'cai')( d( l =u)dici')( d( O)*a+i' / u(0(c. $ d(l 1%Q d( lalluvia cida u( ca( () (l )'+(*( d( E*ad' U)id' G+'vi()( d( =u()*(ca)adi()(.

3.5.2.u4 ac*ividad( u6a)a '+i-i)a) la (6ii,) d( (*' -a(

T'd' (ll' ') c')(cu()cia d( l' G+'c(' d( c'60u*i,). L' ,@id'

d( au=+( ( (6i*() al u(6a+ c'60u*i0l( d( 0aa calidad> u(c')*i()() au=+(> () -()(+al ') ca+0')( ' =+acci')( G(ada d(lG(*+,l('.

L' ,@id' d( )i*+,-()' ( G+'duc()> () 6a/'+ ' 6()'+ ca)*idad> ()*'da la +(acci')( d( c'60u*i,) G'+ +(acci,) d(l '@H-()' / )i*+,-()'d(l ai+( a *(6G(+a*u+a (l(vada.

T()-a6' () cu()*a u( l' G+'c(' d( c'60u*i,) ') u)' d( l'u( 6 a0i*ual6()*( (=(c*ua6'> *a)*' a )iv(l d'64*ic'

Kcal(=acci')(> c'6' a )iv(l i)du*+ial K'0*()ci,) d( ()(+-Ha (l4c*+icaG'+ vHa *4+6ica> c'60u*i')( () cald(+a> / u( l' 6(di' d(*+a)G'+*(> i)dividual( / c'l(c*iv'> i)c'+G'+a) 6'*'+( () l' u( (u(6a) c'60u*i0l( d( 6('+ ' G('+ calidad.

18



Di,@id' d( Au=+( KS'2

E u) c')*a6i)a)*( G+i6a+i' u( ( G+'duc( () la c'60u*i,) d(ca+0,) / G(*+,l(' u( c')*i()() au=+(:

SKc'60u*i0l( O2 PPPPPPPPPPPSO2

El SO2 *a60i4) ( G+'duc( () la +(<)aci,) d( ci(+*' 6i)(+al( u( ')ul=u+'.

1!



2 ;0S 3%2 PPPPPPPPPP 2;0O 2SO2

El SO2 ( (l c')*a6i)a)*( d(l ai+( d(+ivad' d(l au=+( 6 i6G'+*a)*(Mi) (60a+-'> al-u)' G+'c(' i)du*+ial( (6i*() *+i,@id' d( au=+(>SO3> (l cual ( ='+6a *a60i4) () la a*6,=(+a () G(u(a ca)*idad(d(0id' a la +(acci,) ()*+( (l SO2 / (l '@H-()'

2 SO2 O2 PPPPPPPPPPPPP 2 SO3

2%



Al-u)a 6ac+' Ga+*Hcula d(l ai+( ca*alia) (*a +(acci,). A v(c(> (lSO2 / (l SO3 (6()ci')a) () ='+6a c')u)*a c'6' ,@id' d( au=+(>SO@.

#u()*( d( (6ii,).P

La 6a/'+ Ga+*( d( l' SO@ a)*+'G'-4)ic' G+'vi()() d( la c'60u*i,)d( ca+0,) / G(*+,l(' () la Gla)*a -()(+ad'+a d( (l(c*+icidadKca+0'(l4c*+ica / *(+6'(l4c*+ica.

3.5.3.#UENTES DE O9IDACIOND E A"U#RE

La (6ii,) d( c'6Gu(*' d( au=+( a la a*6,=(+a a ll(-ad' a (+ u)'d( l' 6a/'+( G+'0l(6a d( c')*a6i)aci,) d(d( 1!%. E*( G+'0l(6a( c()*+a cai (@cluiva6()*( () la (6ii,) d( di,@id' d( au=+( KSO2

au)u( *a60i4) ( ()cu()*+a) G+(()*( () la a*6,=(+a '*+'c'6Gu(*' d( au=+( c'6' *+i,@id' d( au=+(> ul=u+' d( id+,-()'>ul=a*'> ul=u+' d( ca+0')'> (*c.> u( G'+ u 6()'+ i6G'+*a)cia )'(*udia+(6'.

T'da la (6ii')( d( SO2 ') d(0ida a =u()*( c')*a6i)a)*(u6a)a (@c(G*' u)a 6H)i6a Ga+*( cauada G'+ la ac*ividad v'lc)ica.

La (6ii,) *'*al 6u)dial ( Gu(d( di*+i0ui+ d( la i-ui()*( (*i6aci,):

a d( *'da la (6ii')( a)*+'G'-4)ica:• u) 7% Q G+'c(d( d( la c'60u*i,) d(l ca+0,)

Kcal(=acci')(> Gla)*a *4+6ica> (*c..• u) 1 Q d( la c'60u*i,) d( G+'duc*' d(+ivad' d(l

G(*+,l('> =u)da6()*al6()*( =u(l-'il +(idual.• u) & Q d(0id' a 'G(+aci')( d( +(<)' d(l G(*+,l('.• u) ! Q G'+ =u)dici')( d( 6i)(+al( ul=u+ad'

K*'*aci')( d( ul=u+' d( ")> Cu> (*c. Ga+a la '0*()ci,) d(l6(*al c'++(G')di()*(.

0 ad(6 *a60i4) *i()() i6G'+*a)cia '*+a =u()*( )a*u+al( d(

SO2 c'6':• ac*ividad v'lc)ica.• '@idaci,) d(l ul=u+' d( id+,-()' G'+ (l '')' a*6'=4+ic'.

2S 2 O3 2SO& SO2

C'6' =u()*( Gu)*ual( i6G'+*a)*( d( (6ii,) d( SO2 *()(6' u(c')id(+a+ la c()*+al( *4+6ica. ;'d(6' c')id(+a+ la 6 G+,@i6a a

21



)''*+'> la c()*+al *4+6ica d( A)d'++a> () T(+u(l> u( ( ali6()*a d(li-)i*' d( la ')a c') u) al*' c')*()id' () au=+( K5Q / u( vi(+*( a laa*6,=(+a 71.%%% -'+a d( SO2> ()*+( '*+a u*a)cia.

;'+ l*i6'> c'6()*a+ u( la (6ii')( d( SO2 a la a*6,=(+a a)

(@G(+i6()*ad' u) )'*a0l( au6()*' () l' l*i6' a'> / ( (G(+a u)i)c+(6()*' *'davHa 6a/'+> au)u( (l d(c()' d( l' lH6i*( G(+6i*id''0+( (l c')*()id' () au=+( d( l' c'60u*i0l( lHuid' / ,lid'Gu(d( (+ u) =ac*'+ a c')id(+a+ () la G+(vii')( =u*u+a.

22



3.. Lluvia Acida: U) ;+'0l(6a R(-i')al.

La lluvia cida> (l +,*ul' c') (l u( ( d(c+i0( )'+6al6()*( la(di6()*aci,) cida *a)*' 6(da

c'6' (ca> ( u)a adici,) 0a*a)*( +(ci()*( a )u(*+' idi'6a.Au)u( (l *4+6i)' =u( acuad' ac( 12% a' G'+ uH6ic' 0+i*)ic'Au-u S6i* c') 0a( () u (*udi' '0+( (l ai+( d( $a)c(*(+>I)-la*(++a> )' =u( i)' a*a u( ( c+(, u)a +(d d( vi-ila)cia d( lacalidad d( la lluvia () (l )'+*( d( Eu+'Ga> () la d4cada d( 1!5%>cua)d' ( +(c')'ci, la i)cid()cia -()(+aliada d( la lluvia cida.Du+a)*( la l*i6a d4cada> la lluvia cida a id' u) i6G'+*a)*(6'*iv' d( G+('cuGaci,) G'+u( c')*i)a c')*a6i)a)d' -+a)d(+(a d( )u(*+' Gla)(*a . La lluvia cida ( G+'duc( Ki-ui()d' ladi+(cci,) d(l vH)cul' () la +(a d( i6G'+*a)*( (6ii')(

i)du*+ial( d( di,@id' d( au=+( KSO2 / d( ,@id' d( )i*+,-()'KNO@ KE)vi+')6()* Ca)ad>1!81 .

D(Gu4 u( (l SO2 / l' NO@ ( d(G'i*a) () la a*6,=(+a (*+a)='+6a) () Ga+*Hcula d( ul=a*' ' d( )i*+a*'> / 6 *a+d( (c'60i)a) c') vaG'+ d( a-ua () cid' ul=+ic' ' )H*+ic' diluid'.E*' cid' +(*'+)a) 6 *a+d( al u(l' () ='+6a d( +'cH'> ll'vi)a>)i(0la> )i(v( / lluvia.

La G+(ciGi*aci,) Gluvial *+a)Ga+()*( )'+6al ( li-(+a6()*( cida>

c') u) G aG+'@i6ad' d( 5..E*' ( d(0( al (uili0+i' ()*+( (l a-uad( lluvia / (l CO2 d(l ai+(> (l cual ( diu(lv( () ca)*idad u<ci()*(() la -'*a Ga+a da+ u)a 'luci,) diluida d( cid' ca+0,)ic'. E) laac*ualidad> '0+( a6Glia +(a d(l (*( d( N'+*(a64+ica / d(l )'+*(d( Eu+'Ga> d')d( G+(d'6i)a) la =u(+*( G+(ciGi*aci')( Gluvial(> lalluvia ca( c') u) G c(+ca)' a &.% /> () +a+a 'cai')(> d( 3.%.

La G+('cuGaci,) *i()( +(laci,) '0+( *'d' c') l' (=(c*' d( la acid(() la G'0laci')( d( G(c( / '*+' a)i6al( acu*ic'> c') da'G'*()cial( a cul*iv' / 0'u( / c') (l c+(ci()*( d(*(+i'+' d( l'

6a*(+ial( Ga+a c')*+ucci,). I)clu' Ga+(c( G+'0a0l( u( la lluviaacidi<cada Gudi(() G()(*+a+ () la +((+va d( a-ua u0*(++)(a/ au6()*a+ la 'lu0ilidad d( l' 6(*al( *,@ic'.

La a-ua cida diu(lv() *a60i4) 6(*al( c'6' (l Gl'6' / (lc'0+( d( la *u0(+Ha d( a-ua cali()*( / =+Ha. L' (=(c*' G'*()cial(() (l *u+i6' / () l' u' +(c+(a*iv' d( la-' / +H' G'd+Ha) a0(+

23



id' ()'+6(. A='+*u)ada6()*(> d(d( la d4cada d( 1!8% ( aava)ad' 6uc' () la +(ducci,) d( la (6ii')( d( SO2 / al-u)'la-' 6u(*+a) i)dici' d( +(cuG(+aci,).

3.7. Acdi<caci,) D(l $(di': ;+'c(' E) La A*6,=(+a> Su(l' ? A-ua.

L' ,@id' d( au=+( / (l )i*+,-()' ') (6i*id' d(d( l' )cl('u+0a)' ( i)du*+ial(. Ci(+*a ca)*idad d( (*' c'6Gu(*' ll(-a alu(l' () ='+6a d( d(G,i*' (c'> (l +(*' Gaa a la a*6,=(+a / ('@ida ='+6a)d' (l cid' ul=+ic' KSO&2 / (l cid' )H*+ic' KNO3. E*a'@idaci,) ( +(alia a -+a) v(l'cidad () la a*6,=(+a d(0id' a d'G+'c(': a la d()'6i)ada '@idaci,) ca*alH*ica / a la '@idaci,)='*'uH6ica.

Bu()a Ga+*( d( la '@idaci,) ca*alH*ica d(l a)Hd+id' ul=u+'' ( c+(( u(*i()( lu-a+ d()*+' d( la -'*a d( a-ua. E) (*a '@idaci,) i)*(+vi()() (l'@H-()'Kc'6' a-()*( '@ida)*( / al( d( i(++' / 6a)-a)(' Kc'6'ca*aliad'+(. El a)Hd+id' ul=+ic' ='+6ad' c'6' c')(cu()cia d((*a '@idaci,)> *i()( -+a) a<)idad G'+ (l a-ua> di'lvi4)d'( () (lla c')-+a) +aGid( / da c'6' +(ul*ad' u)a )i(0la d( -'*a d( cid' ul=+ic'u( au6()*a) d( *a6a' a 6(dida u( c'ca) c') la 6'l4cula d(a-ua. La al( d( i(++' / 6a)-a)(' u( i+v() c'6' ca*aliad'+( (()cu()*+a) c'6)6()*( () la c()ia d( ca+0,) u(6ad'

*+a)G'+*ada G'+ (l vi()*'> G'+ *a)*'> la c'60u*i,) d(l ca+0,)G+'G'+ci')a *a)*' (l a)Hd+id' ul=u+'' c'6' l' ca*aliad'+()(c(a+i' Ga+a la ='+6aci,) d(l cid' ul=+ic'.

Si) (60a+-'> ui (l G+'c(' 6 +Gid' d( '@idaci,) d(l a)Hd+id'ul=u+'' (a u i)*(+acci,) c') '@ida)*( ='*'uH6ic' u( (()cu()*+a) G+(()*( () la )i(0la K6'- d( la ciudad( c')c')*a6i)aci,) a*6'=4+ica.

C') +(G(c*' a la '@idaci,) d( l' ,@id' d( )i*+,-()' Ga+a ='+6aci,)

d( cid' )H*+ic' ( a G+'Gu(*' u)a +(acci,) ()*+( ,@id' )i*+'' KNO2 /(l '')' a*6'=4+ic' -()(+)d'( u) c'6Gu(*' i)*(+6(di' d()a*u+al(a c'6Gl(a> (l cual ( diu(lv( lu(-' () a-ua Ga+a da+ cid')H*+ic' KS*'c(+> 1!82 / Vi( l( Sa-(> 1!82.

+a) Ga+*( d( (*' cid' ( diu(lv() () (l ()' d( la -'*a d( a-ua/ alca)a) la uG(+<ci( d(l *(++()' 6(+c(d a la G+(ciGi*aci,). Cua)d' l'

2&



i')( ul=a*' KSO&W> )i*+a*' KNO3P ( id+,-()' ca() c') (l a-ua d(lluvia> a0l(6' d( d(G'ici,) 6(da.

3.7.1.Acidi<caci,) d( l' Su(l'.

Va+i' G+'c(' d( acidi<caci,) *i()() lu-a+ () ='+6a )a*u+al () l'u(l'. U)' d( l' 6 i6G'+*a)*( ( la a0'+ci,) d( )u*+i()*( G'+ laGla)*a a *+av4 d( l' i')( G'i*iv'. A u v( la Gla)*a c'6G()a)l' a)*(+i'+ li0(+a)d' i')( id+,-()' G'i*iv'. ;'+ l' *a)*' (lc+(ci6i()*' d( la Gla)*aci')( ( d( G'+ H acidi<ca)*( 6i()*+a u( la6u(+*( d( la 6i6a G+'v'ca (l (=(c*' c')*+a+i'. E d(ci+ u( () u)(c'i*(6a d')d( (l c+(ci6i()*' / (l ()v((ci6i()*' ')aG+'@i6ada6()*( i-ual( )' ( G+'duc( u)a acidi<caci,). ;(+' i (lcicl' ( +'6G( G'+ c'(ca la acidi<caci,) d'6i)a+.

E) (l ca' d( 0'u( d( c')H=(+a (@i*( uual6()*( u)a acu6ulaci,)d( +(idu' d( Gla)*a )' *'*al6()*( 6u(+*a la cual( G+'v'ca) u)(=(c*' acidi<ca)*( i6ila+ al d(c+i*' a)*(+i'+6()*(. ;(+' (l G+'0l(6a-+av( d( acidi<caci,) d( u(l' 'cu++( cua)d' la acidi<caci,) G+'vi()(d(l (@*(+i'+ / )' 'l' d( G+'c(' )a*u+al( )'+6al(.

A u v( (a acidi<caci,) (@*(+)a G+'v'ca l' i-ui()*( (=(c*'0i'l,-ic':

• Di6i)uci,) d( l' val'+( d( G.• I)c+(6()*' () l' )iv(l( d( alu6i)i' li0+( / '*+' 6(*al( *,@ic'

() la a-ua u( (*) () c')*ac*' c') dic' u(l'.• ;4+dida d( l' )u*+i()*( d( la Gla)*a c'6' (l G'*ai' > calci' /

6a-)(i'.

S( c')*a*, ad(6 u( (l (=(c*' BuX(+ d( l' u(l' )' G'(() (lG'd(+ u<ci()*( c'6' aGa+a )(u*+alia+ dica acid( u( () (l ca' d(lu+ d( Eca)di)avia ll(-a a val'+( d( %>3 a 1 u)idad d( G.

E d( +(6a+ca+ *a60i4) u( (*' val'+( d( G )' 'l' ( da) () lacaGa uG(+i'+( i)' u( l' 6i6' ( (@*i()d() a*a G+'=u)didad(

d( 1 6(*+'.

E) (*( *iG' d( u(l' d(aGa+(c() la 0ac*(+ia / d(6 (G(ci( u(*i()() c'6' =u)ci,) d(c'6G')(+ la 6a*(+ia a)i6al ' 6u(+*a Gaa)d'a d((6G(a+ dica =u)ci,) l' ')-' G+(()*(. ;(+'> d(0id' a u((*' '+-a)i6' +(alia) u =u)ci,) 6uc' 6 l()*'> -+a) Ga+*( d( l')u*+i()*( ') G(+did' a-+ava)d' a) 6 la i*uaci,).

25



3.7.2.Acidi<caci,) d(l A-ua.

E u) G+'0l(6a a) d( 6a/'+ -+av(dad d(0id' a u 6()'+ caGacidadd( )(u*+aliaci,) () c'6Ga+aci,) c') (l u(l'.

El a-ua u( (cu++( d( l' u(l' acidi<cad'> caua la acidi<caci,) d(a++'/'> +H' / la-'> al*(+a)d' (l (uili0+i' d( l' i')( d(l a-ua /au6()*a)d' (l c')*()id' () alu6i)i' / d(6 6(*al( G(ad'KRSCOIL> 1!8&.

La G+(ciGi*aci')( cida lava) l' 6(*al( c')*()id' () (l u(l' ' l'(di6()*' d( la cu()ca id+'-+<ca / va) (Ga+a)d' Ga+*Hcula d(6a*(+ial( 'lu0l(> d(ca+-a)d' (*' 6(*al( () l' la-' / cu+' d(a-ua K$ASC> 1!8&.

La acidi<caci,) d( a-ua c')*i)()*al( c')i*() () la di6i)uci,) d(

u caGacidad d( )(u*+alia+ cid' KANC. La a-ua 6ica> () la u(la acid( vi()( +(-ulada G'+ cid' '+-)ic'> )' ( i)clu/().

La ac*ual acidi<caci,) ( G+'ducida G'+ cid' =u(+*( c'6' ul=+ic' /)H*+ic'. El ul=a*' ( la caua G+i6'+dial a la+-' Gla'. ;(+' *a)*' 4*(c'6' (l )i*+a*'> Gu(d() c')*+i0ui+ a la li0(+aci,) d( cid'> c'6' 'cu++(cua)d' =u)d( la )i(v(.

La G4+dida d( ANC ( a a'ciad' a u) ca60i' d( a*a 1>5 u)idad( d(G /> () ca' (@*+(6'> va+iaci')( d( 2P3 u)idad( d( G

KC')=(+()cia d( E*'c'l6'> 1!82.

Ta)*' l' la-' c'6' la c'++i()*( d( a-ua (*) 6()' G+'*(-id'c')*+a la acidi<caci,) u( (l u(l' / a-ua u0*(++)(a> a0i()d' id'G+(cia6()*( () l' la-' d')d( G+i6(+' ( )'*a+') l' (=(c*' d(lau6()*' d( cid' KC')=(+()cia d( E*'c'l6'> 1!82.

3.8. E=(c*'

3.8.1.T'@icidad

3.8.2.Ó@id' D( Au=+(

A-+ava la ()=(+6(dad( +(Gi+a*'+ia: a=(c*a la +(Gi+aci,) () (G(ciala l' a)cia)' c') ()=(+6(dad( Gul6')a+( c+,)icaM G+'v'ca(Gi'di' d( *' / a<@iaM c+(ci()*( H)dic( d( a6a c+,)ic' / a-ud'>0+')ui*i / ()<(6aM ca60i' () (l i*(6a d( d(=()a d( l'Gul6')( u( ( a-udia c') G(+')a c') d(,+d()( ca+di'vacula+(

2



/ Gul6')a+(M i++i*a l' '' / l' c')duc*' +(Gi+a*'+i'M au6()*a la6'+*alidad.

Ta/la 1 E,&ct#s Tó0ic#s %&l SO2 ara &l #$/r&

Concentración (partes por millón)

Efectos

1-6

Broncoconstricción.

3-5

Concentración mínima detectable por el olfato.

8-12

rritación de la !ar!anta.

2"

rritación en los o#os $ tos.

5"-1"" Concentración m%&ima para 'na e&posición corta

""-5"" 'ede ser mortal* incl'so en 'na e&posición bre+e.

3.8.3.Ó@id' D( Ni*+,-()'

A-+ava la ()=(+6(dad( +(Gi+a*'+ia / ca+di'vacula+(M i++i*a l'Gul6')(M +(duc( la vii0ilidad () la a*6,=(+aM caua da' al i*(6a

+(Gi+a*'+i'M a=(c*a / +(duc( la caGacidad d( *+a)G'+*( d( '@H-()' d( laa)-+(> a la c4lula / al c'+a,)M d'l'+ d( ca0(a> G4+dida d( vii,)>di6i)uci,) d( la c''+di)aci,) 6ucula+> )u(a> d'l'+( a0d'6i)al(K( c+H*ic' () G(+')a c') ()=(+6(dad( ca+dHaca / Gul6')a+(M(l(va l' H)dic( d( 6'+*alidad G'+ c)c(+> G'+ )(u6')Ha> c)c(+ d(lGul6,).

Ta/la 2 E,&ct#s %&l NO2 &n la Salu%

Concentración (artes por millón) , ppm (m!l)

Efecto

1-3

Concentración mínima 'e se detecta

por el olfato

3 rritación de nari/* !ar!anta $ o#os

25 Con!estión $ enfermedades

27

http://www.monografias.com/trabajos7/expo/expo.shtml





p'lmonares.

1""-1""" 'ede ser mortal* incl'so tras 'na

e&posición bre+e.

3.8.&.O@id' D( Ca+0')'

E) ='+6a d( 6'),@id' d( ca+0')' *i()( la caGacidad d( +(duci+ la caGacidadd( la a)-+( Ga+a *+a)G'+*a+ '@H-()'> Gu(d( a=(c*a+ l' G+'c(' 6()*al(>a-+ava la ()=(+6(dad( +(Gi+a*'+ia / d(l c'+a,)> Gu(d( caua+ d'l'+ d(ca0(a / ca)a)ci' () c')c()*+aci')( 6'd(+ada Kd( 5% a 1% G.G.6. / la6u(+*( () c')c()*+aci')( al*a / G+'l')-ada Kd( 75% G.G.6. () ad(la)*(. La

a6()aa d( ,@id' d( ca+0')' a la alud ( 6a/'+ () G(+')a u( Gad(c()()=(+6(dad( ca+di'vacula+( Ka)-i)a d( G(c' ' ()=(+6(dad( vacula+(G(+i=(+al(.

3.8.5.u4 da' '+i-i)a la lluvia cida

La lluvia cida caua 6ul*i*ud d( (=(c*' )'civ' *a)*' '0+( l' (c'i*(6ac'6' '0+( l' 6a*(+ial(. I)*()*(6' i)*(*ia+l':

Au6()*a) la acid( d( la a-ua d( +H' / la-'> l' u( ( *+aduc( ()i6G'+*a)*( da' () la vida acu*ica> *a)*' GicHc'la c'6' v(-(*al.

Au6()*a la acid( d( l' u(l'> l' u( ( *+aduc( () ca60i' () lac'6G'ici,) d( l' 6i6'> G+'duci4)d'( la li@iviaci,) d( )u*+i()*(i6G'+*a)*( Ga+a la Gla)*a> *al( c'6' (l calci'> / 6'vili)d'( 6(*al(*,@ic'> *al( c'6' (l cad6i'> )Hu(l> 6a)-a)('> Gl'6'> 6(+cu+i'> u( d((*a ='+6a ( i)*+'duc() *a60i4) () la c'++i()*( d( a-ua.

La v(-(*aci,) (@Gu(*a di+(c*a6()*( a la lluvia cida u=+( )' ,l' lac')(cu()cia d(l d(*(+i'+' d(l u(l'> i)' *a60i4) u) da' di+(c*' u( Gu(d(ll(-a+ a 'cai')a+ i)clu' la 6u(+*( d( 6uca (G(ci(.

El Ga*+i6')i' c')*+uHd' c') Gi(d+a calia (@G(+i6()*a *a60i4) 6uc' da'>

Gu( la Gi(d+a u=+( la i-ui()*( +(acci,) uH6ica> G+'c(' c')'cid' c'6' 6ald( la Gi(d+a: CaCO3 KGi(d+a calia2SO& Klluvia cida PPPPY CaSO& K/(' CO2 2O ( d(ci+> ( *+a)='+6a () /('> / 4*( ( diu(l*' G'+ (l a-ua c')6uca 6a/'+ =acilidad / ad(6> al *()(+ u) v'lu6() 6a/'+> ac*a c'6' u)acua G+'v'ca)d' (l d(6'+')a6i()*' d( la Gi(d+a.

28



COMPOSICION QUIMICA DEL AIRE

GASES

PERMANENTES

Nitrógeno

Oxígeno

Argón

Helio

Neón

Kryton

!enon

"ARIA#LES

Dióxi$o C%r&ono

Met%no

Hi$rógeno

2!



Monóxi$o Dinitrógeno

O'ono

MU( "ARIA#LES

Ag)%

Monóxi$o $e C%r&ono

A*oni%+o

Dióxi$o $e Nitrógeno

Dióxi$o $e A'),re

S)l,)ro $e Hi$rógeno

*. EFECTOS DE "!S ""UVI!S !CID!S&.1. E=(c*' D( La Lluvia Acida E) Si*(6a Acu*ic'

El (=(c*' 6 i6G'+*a)*( d( la lluvia cida () l' i*(6a acu*ic' ((l d(c()' d( la G'0laci')( d( G(c(> i*uaci,) (G(cial6()*(

G(+udicial Ga+a la G(ca d(G'+*iva. El +(ul*ad' i)di+(c*' () (l *u+i6'( d( *iG' (c'),6ic'. O*+' (=(c*' d( la lluvia cida +(laci')ad' c') (la-ua i)clu/() l' u( ( G+'duc() () l' (+( u6a)' u( c'6()G(c( c') u)a 6a/'+ c')c()*+aci,) d( 6(*al( () u ca+)( / la+(ducci,) d( ci(+*' -+uG' d( ''Gla)c*')> al-a / Gla)*a acu*ica>*'d' l' cual *+a*'+)a la cad()a ali6()*icia -l'0al d( l' la-' /G'*()cial6()*( caua d((uili0+i' (c'l,-ic'. L' (*udi' a)

3%



d(6'*+ad' c') cla+idad u( la *+uca / (l al6,) d(l A*l)*ic' ')Ga+*icula+6()*( ()i0l( a l' )iv(l( 0a' d( G> l' cual(i)*(+<(+() c') u G+'c(' +(G+'duc*iv' / c') =+(cu()cia da) '+i-() ad(='+6aci')( () (l (u(l(*'.

La al*a c')c()*+aci')( d( alu6i)i' () la a-ua acidi<cada u(l()(+ (l a-()*( u( 6a*a l' G(c( / ui '*+a 0i'*a ()i0l(> c'6'l' c+u*c(' d(l Gla)c*'). E) l' la-' alcali)' ' cai )(u*+' lac')c()*+aci')( d( alu6i)i' ') 6u/ 0aa. N' '0*a)*(> a 6(dida u((l G d(ci()d(> (l alu6i)i' a)*( i)'lu0l(> u( (* G+(()*( ()c')c()*+aci')( 6u/ al*a () la +'ca> l' u(l' / l' (di6()*' d(+H' / la-'> c'6i()a a di'lv(+(.

U)a v( () 'luci,)> (l alu6i)i' a 0aa c')c()*+aci')( Kd( %.1 a 16-L ( (@c(iva6()*( *,@ic' Ga+a div(+a ='+6a d( vida acu*ica.

Au)u( la c')c()*+aci,) d(l alu6i)i' au6()*a d( ='+6a (@G')()ciald(0a' d( u) G d( &.5 a &.7> la *'@icidad Ga+a l' G(c( ( G+(()*aa++i0a d( (*( val'+. L' (*udi' +(aliad' () la C'+)(ll U)iv(+i*/ G'+Ba(+ / Sc'<(ld K1!8% 6u(*+a) u( la *'@icidad 6@i6a d(l alu6i)i'Ga+a l' G(c( *i()( lu-a+ al+(d(d'+ d( u) G d( 5.%.

E*' ( d(0( a la c'6Gl(idad uH6ica d(l alu6i)i': la (*+uc*u+a / uG+'G'+ci')( +(la*iva () 'luci,) ca60ia) c') (l G. El alu6i)i' i,)ic'li0+( (* G+(()*( '0+( *'d' d(0a' d( &.2 / ( 6u/ *,@ic'. A u) Gc(+ca)' a 5.% la c')c()*+aci')( d( alu6i)i' d( %.2 6-l ' 6a/'+(

caua) da' a la 0+a)uia / (c+(ci,) d( 6uc'idad acia la6i6a () la *+uca Ga+da / la +46'+a 0la)ca. ;a+(c( (+ u( la6uc'idad vic'a ac( la v(c( d( u) *aG,) () la 0+a)uia / cauaG+'0l(6a +(Gi+a*'+i'. Ad(6 ( al*(+a la i)*(-+idad (()ciadl( la6(60+a)a 0+a)uial (6iG(+6(a0l(> a *+av4 d( la cual ( v(+i<ca (li)*(+ca60i' d( -a( / al(. AH > *'d' i)dica u( )' ,l' u) au6()*'() la c')c()*+aci,) d( i')( Gu(d( caua+ 6'+*a)dad d( G(c( /d(c()' () u G'0laci,)> i)' u( ad(6 (l alu6i)i' Gu(d( (+=ac*'+ *,@ic' adici')al / *al v( c+ucial () a-ua c') u) G al+(d(d'+ d(

5.% / i) duda al-u)a a u) G d( &.%.Au)u( l' G(c( Gu(d() 6'+i+ a caua d( la acidi<caci,)> l' 6c'6) ( u( d(a) d( +(G+'duci+(. L' a(' )' ( i)c'+G'+a) a lac'l')ia ' l' ac() () )6(+' +(ducid'> / d(Gu4 d( al-u)' a' d((*( =+aca' +(G+'duc*iv' cada v( ( *i()( u)a G'0laci,) 6 vi(a>a*a u( la (G(ci( *(+6i)a G'+ d(aGa+(c(+ d(l la-' ' la c'++i()*(.

31



Al-u)a d( la +(a a=(c*ada G'+ la lluvia cida ') la i-ui()*(:

• Al+(d(d'+ d( u)a d'c()a d( +H' d( Nu(va Ec'cia> 6u/ l(' d(la =u()*( l'cal( d( c')*a6i)aci,) i*uada c')*+a (l vi()*'> /a)' cu()*a) c') G'0laci')( aluda0l( d( al6,) d(l A*l)*ic'.

• U)' 2%% la-' d( l' Adi+')dac d(l )'+*( d(l (*ad' d( Nu(va ?'+ /a )' u*()*a) *+uca d( a++'/' )i c(+)a d( 0'ca G(u(a.$il( d( la-' 6 (*) G(+di()d' u caGacidad Ga+a a6'+*i-ua+la lluvia cida.

• D( l' &>%1 la-' (valuad' () la G+'vi)cia d( O)*a+i'> ( a)()c')*+ad' acidi<cad' 155> (l &Q > / u caGacidad Ga+a u*()*a+vida acu*ica () 6u/ li6i*ada. U) *'*al d( 2>8! d( la-'6'*+a+') ci(+*a uc(G*i0ilidad a la acidi<caci,). D.Z. Sci)dl(+u-i(+( u( (*a (*i6aci')( u0(*i6a) () -+ad' c')id(+a0l(la 6a-)i*ud d(l G+'0l(6a.

S( a) G+'ducid' =(),6()' i6ila+( () l' +H' d(l u+ d( N'+u(-a> ()u) 0u() )6(+' d( la-' d( all'[a/> Ec'cia> / () la +(-i,) d(Ei-(0i+-( () Al(6a)ia '+i()*al> d')d( la G'0laci')( d( G(c( a)d(aGa+(cid' ' a) u=+id' )'*a0l( +(ducci')( a l' la+-' d( l'l*i6' 3% a'.

$uca (G(ci( d( a)<0i' KG'+ ((6Gl'> +a)a> aG' / ala6a)d+a( +(G+'duc() () (*a)u( *(6G'+al( u( ='+6a) la lluvia d(G+i6av(+a / la )i(v( =u)dida. L' u(v(cill' / l' (60+i')( ()

d(a++'ll' (*) (@Gu(*' al c'u( cid' G+i6av(+al> (l cual cauad(='+6aci')( ' 6u(+*(. El *+a0a' d( ca6G' (*a0l(cid' u( (l 8%Qd( l' u(v' d( ala6a)d+a )' 6adu+a) () a-ua c') )iv(l d( Gi)=(+i'+ a .% . ;a+a la +a)a -+ill' / la Giad'+a G+i6av(+al ),+dica> u)a(@G'ici,) a a-ua c') u) )iv(l d( G c(+ca)' a &.% G+'du' u)a6'+*alidad uG(+i'+ al 85Q. L' a)<0i' ') 6i(60+' i-)i<ca*iv' d(l' (c'i*(6a acu*ic' / *(++(*+(M c'6' d(G+(dad'+( i6G'+*a)*(d( i)(c*' acu*ic' / *a60i4) c'6' ali6()*' d( al*' c')*()id'G+'*(H)ic' Ga+a 6uca av( / 6a6H=(+'> (*' a)i6al( ') (la0')(

i6G'+*a)*( d( la cad()a ali6()*icia.Ci(+*' -+uG' d( 0i'*a> c'6' l' 6'luc' u( i)clu/() a)i6al( c')c')ca KG'+ ((6Gl'> ca+ac'l(> laGa> 6(ill')( / '*+a> () -+a)6(dida d(G()d() d(l calci' Ga+a u (u(l(*' (@*(+)' G+'*(c*'+. ;u(*'u( (l a-ua cida diu(lv( c') =acilidad (l ca+0')a*' d( calci' (

32



i)*(+<(+( Ga+a u( l' '+-a)i6' i)c'+G'+() (l calci'> 6u(+() () (*(*iG' d( a-ua.

$uc' c+u*c(' K=a6ilia d( la la)-'*a d(l G(u(' -+uG' d()adad'+( li0+( u( ( c')'c( c'6' ''Gla)c*') K a)i6al(

6ic+'c,Gic' d( la c'lu6)a d( a-ua> *a60i4) ') 6u/ ()i0l( a u)au6()*' () la acid( d(l a-ua dulc(. ;u(*' u( 6uc' 6i(60+' d(l''Gla)c*') ') =u()*( d( ali6()*' 6u/ i6G'+*a)*( Ga+a l' G(c(> uG4+dida (li6i)a+ (G(ci( i) u) (=(c*' di+(c*' d( la acid( () l'G(c( 6i6'.

;'+ l*i6'> al c')id(+a+ l' (=(c*' () la cad()a ali6()*icia ()(c(a+i' +(c')'c(+ (l GaG(l =u)da6()*al d( la Gla)*a v(+d(. \*ac')*i*u/() (l i*(6a d( u*()*' Ga+a *'da la 0i'*a acu*ica> Gu( ')l' )ic' '+-a)i6' caGac( d( <a+ ca+0')' K() G+(()cia d( lu

G+'duci()d' l' ca+0'id+a*'> -+aa / G+'*(H)a i)diG()a0l( Ga+a lavida. Su d(aGa+ici,) caua+Ha u) d(Gl'6( di+(c*' d( la cad()aali6()*icia.

E) u) (*udi' a ca+-' d( la E)vi+')6()a*l ;+'*(c*i') A-()c/ d( E*ad'U)id' KL(( / N((l/> 1!8% ( '0(+v, u) au6()*' () (l c+(ci6i()*' d(Gla)*a +(ci4) )acida () cua*+' (G(ci(> 6i()*+a u( '*+a i(*( )'u=+i(+') (=(c*' al-u)' a*a 3.% d( G. S( u-i+i, u(> () vi+*ud d( laG+'Gi(dad( d(l u(l'> (l (=(c*' d( c+(ci6i()*' =u( u) (=(c*' d(=(+*iliaci,) G'+ i)c'+G'+aci,) d( au=+( a *+av4 d(l ='lla(.

El (*udi' 6 d(*allad' ( +(ali' () -+uG' d( Gi)' al0a+( ()N'+u(-a KD+a0' / T'lla)> 1!8%. La aGlicaci')( ( ici(+') G'+ ()ci6ad(l Ga0(ll,) / va+ia)d' (l G d(d( 5. a*a 2.% () v*a-' d( Gi)'al0a+ ( '0(+v, i)clu' u) G d( 2.% c') 6a/'+ al*u+a / c+(ci6i()*' d(ldi6(*+' () l' G+i6(+' cua*+' a'. El (=(c*' ( a*+i0u/, a la=(+*iliaci,) c') )i*+,-()' G'+ la adici')( d( cid' Hd+ic'. E*' da*'a) id' *'6ad' G'+ al-u)a c'6' G+u(0a d( u( la lluvia cida (0()4<ca Ga+a l' 0'u(. ;'+ d(-+acia Ga+a (*a iG,*(i> ()+(ducci,) d(l c+(ci6i()*' () la Ga+c(la *+a*ada c') cid' ()

c'6Ga+aci,) c') la Ga+c(la *(*i-'. ;a+(c( (+ u( (l (=(c*' 0()4<c'd( =(+*iliaci,) =u( uG(+ad' G'+ l' (=(c*' G(+udicial( d( la acid( /(l alu6i)i'.

E i6G'+*a)*( ()*()d(+ u( G'+ H 6i6' l' u(l' cid' )' ')dai)' Ga+a (l c+(ci6i()*' d( la Gla)*a. La acidi<caci,) d(l *(++()' /(l d(lav( d( )u*+i6()*' d(l 6i6'> () (G(cial d( calci'> 6a-)(i' /

33



'*+a 0a(> ') G+'c(' )'+6al( d( l' u(l'. L' va*' 0'u(0'+(al( u( ( (@*i()d() G'+ *'d' (l 6u)d' () la*i*ud( al*a d(l(6i=(+i' )'+*( (*) c+(ci()d' () u(l' cid' u( ( ='+6a+')d(d( la l*i6a -+a) -laciaci,) d( ac( 1%>%%% ' 12>%%% a'. ;'+c')i-ui()*(> la Gla)*a ( a adaG*ad' al u(l' cid'. La G+(-u)*a u(

( )' Gla)*(a al (valua+ (l G(li-+' d( la lluvia cida (: aca' l'au6()*' d( acid( Gu(d() ll(va+ a (*' 0'u( a *+aG')(+ u)u60+al 6 all d(l cual )' (*) adaG*ad' <i'l,-ica6()*( La+(Gu(*a ( c+ucial> G(+' () la ac*ualidad d(c')'c(. i) duda> lad(cad()cia d(l a0(*' +'' () (l '+i()*( d( N'+*(a64+ica (* 0i()d'cu6()*ada Kl(i) / ;(+i)> 1!87> / la G+'Ga-aci,) d(l6a+ci*a6()*( d(l a+c( d( aca+ () u(0(c / () +(a ad/ac()*( a)id' 6'*iv' d(d( 1!82 d( -+a) G+('cuGaci,).

O*+' (=(c*' d( la lluvia cida () l' 0'u( i)clu/( (l d(lav( d(c'6G')()*( =cil6()*( 'lu0l( () cid' d(l ='lla(> d( l' *+')c' d(l' +0'l(> / d( la caGa uG(+i'+( d(l u(l'. Al-u)' d( (*'c'6G')()*( ( vu(lv() a d(G'i*a+ () (l u(l'> ' 0i()> ( d(lava)acia la cu()ca c'l(c*'+a ' la a-ua u0*(++)(a. S( Gi()a u( l')iv(l( 6 al*' d( > Ca> $-> Al / SO& u( aGa+(c() () la c'++i()*(d( +(a a=(c*ada G'+ la lluvia cida G+'c(d() d( l' u(l'. E G'i0l(u( > c') (l *i(6G'> l' c'6G')()*( =u)da64)*al( d( (*' u(l' (a-'*() a *al -+ad' u( ( G+(()*() d(<ci()cia d( )u*+i6()*'. Ta60i4) ( G'd+Ha i)duci+ *'@icidad G'+ alu6i)i'. ;'+ d' +a')(> la

c')c()*+aci')( al*a d( (*( 6(*al Ga+(c() (+ dai)a Ga+a 6uca(G(ci( d( Gla)*a uG(+i'+( () =u)ci,) d( u (=(c*' () l' i*(6a+adicula+(. La G+i6(+a ( u( i)i0( la divii,) c(lula+ / la +aHc(Gi(+d() u (@i0ilidad / Gla*icidadM ( ac() c'+*a / =+-il(. La(-u)da> u( (l alu6i)i' *i()( div(+' (=(c*' () '*+' i')(> ()*+( l'cual( ( i()*a la i)*(+=(+()cia c') la i)c'+G'+aci,) d( =,='+' / uG+(ciGi*aci,) c'6' ='=a*' d( alu6i)i'.

&.2. E=(c*' D( La Lluvia cida E) L' Ec'i*(6a T(++(*+(

E=(c*' () l' 0'u(: L' 0'u( d( Ca)ad> E*ad' U)id' /Eca)di)avia *i()( u)a ()'+6( i6G'+*a)cia (c'),6ica. Ci()*' d( 6il(d( G(+')a ') (6Gl(ada G'+ la div(+a i)du*+ia a'ciada c') la6ad(+a / l' 0'u(. U)' d( cada 1% ca)adi()( *+a0aa d( 6a)(+adi+(c*a ' i)di+(c*a () (*( *iG' d( i)du*+ia> / Su(cia / N'+u(-a *i()()u) G(+<l d( (6Gl(' i6ila+. Ad(6> l' 0'u( / la-' d( (*' GaH(') i6G'+*a)*( +(a *u+H*ica / +(c+(a*iva. La lluvia cida Gla)*(a

3&



u)a a6()aa i)idi'a / G'*()cial6()*( d(va*ad'+a Ga+a )u(*+'0'u(. S( a d(6'*+ad' u( la lluvia 6'd(+ada6()*( cida KG &.daa la Gla)*a +(ci4) )acida. L' i)v(*i-ad'+( (*) c'6()a)d' a(valua+ (l GaG(l d( la lluvia cida () (l au6()*' d( vul)(+a0ilidad d( l'+0'l( a)*( ()=(+6(dad( ( i)(c*'. N' ( '0(+va u) da' di+(c*' /

vii0l( al ='lla( G'+ la lluvia cida> G(+' la d+a6*ica / '+G+()d()*(6u(+*( / 6a+ci*a6i()*' d( l' +0'l( () Eu+'Ga c()*+al ( u)ca*aliad'+ d( (*( *iG' d( G+('cuGaci')(. $il( d( (c*+(a d(0'u( d( Gic(a / a0(*' () C(c'l'vauia / d( Al(6a)ia '+i()*ala) 6u(+*' () l' l*i6' 2% a'. L' 0'u( d( la 6')*aa a+* /d( la S(lva N(-+a d( Al(6a)ia 'ccid()*al *a60i4) *i()() G+'0l(6a>Gu( la a/a / Gic(a 6u(+() ' u c+(ci6i()*' ( +(duc( () l' u(l'6()' a6'+*i-uad'. A Ga+*i+ d( 1!!% ( a adv(+*id' ci(+*a+(cuG(+aci,) d( l' 0'u( d( Gic(a.

S(-) B(+)a+d* Ul+ic d( la U)iv(idad d( '*i)-a> la 6a/'+ acid( d(la lluvia () Al(6a)ia a l' la+-' d( l' l*i6' 25 a'> c'60i)ada c')la =u(+*( / cida )(vada () la +(a 6')*a'a> a cauad'd(lav( d(l calci' / 6a-)(i' d( l' u(l'M al 6i6' *i(6G'> aau6()*ad' la c')c()*+aci,) d( alu6i)i' () l' 'lu*' d(l u(l'. E)c')(cu()cia> ( a +(ducid' la G+'G'+ci,) CaAl. Cua)d' (*a +(laci,)6'la+ ( i)=(+i'+ a 1.% ( =av'+(c( la i)c'+G'+aci,) d( alu6i)i' () la<)a +aHc( a0'+0()*(> d')d( ( 6a)i<(*a la *'@icidad d( (*((l(6()*'> caGa> d( 6a*a+ la +aHc( ' +(duci+ u vi-'+. La i)cid()cia d(

c')c()*+aci')( al*a d( alu6i)i' () la 'luci,) d(l u(l' a id'(G(cial6()*( )'*'+ia G'+ a'> () l' cual( ( a) G+'ducid' -+av((uHa (*ival(> c'6' () 1!75 / 1!7 () Eu+'Ga. E) (*aci+cu)*a)cia> la c')c()*+aci,) d( alu6i)i' au6()*a c'6'c')(cu()cia d( la c')c()*+aci,) d( l' 'lu*' d(l u(l' i)ducida G'+ la(uHa. Si) duda la *aa d( d(cad()cia d( l' 0'u( d( Al(6a)ia'ccid()*al ( a) ac(l(+ad' )'*'+ia6()*( d(d( 1!75. S( Gi()a u( (lal*' )iv(l d( ac*ividad i)du*+ial () Al(6a)ia 'ccid()*al / ual+(d(d'+( ( u) =ac*'+ =u)da6()*al Ga+a (*'> c'6' l' ( la (l(vadaG+(ciGi*aci,) Gluvial () la +(a d( 6')*aa> d')d( l' (=(c*' ') 6(v(+'. E) l' 0'u( d( 6a/'+ al*i*ud> la a-ua d( )u0( cida()vu(lv() l' +0'l( () )i(0la du+a)*( la+-' G(+i'd' cada a'.

U)a d( la 6a/'+( di<cul*ad( u( ()=+()*a6' al (*udia+ (lc+(ci6i()*' ='+(*al / l' G'i0l( (=(c*' d( la lluvia cida () 4*( ( la6u/ c')id(+a0l( va+iaci,) a)ual () cua)*' a c+(ci6i()*'> cauada G'+uc*uaci')( cli6*ica )'+6al( / G'+ (l a*au( d( i)(c*'. El

35



c+(ci6i()*' Gu(d( di=(+i+ () va+i' *a)*' d( u) a' a '*+'. ;'+c')i-ui()*(> ( 6u/ di=Hcil id()*i<ca+ *()d()cia G(u(a () la+(ducci,) d(l c+(ci6i()*' ='+(*al () u) G(+i'd' c'+*'. La (valuaci')(d( (*( *iG' ( a) 0aad' () la a)cu+a d( la 6ad(+a d(G'i*ada ()l' *+')c' d( l' +0'l( cada a' () ='+6a d( a)ill'. E*a cla( d(

(*udi' ( a) ll(vad' a ca0' () E*ad' U)id' / N'+u(-a. T'd' (ll'a) u*iliad' ca)*idad( li6i*ada d( da*'> a) *()id' di<cul*ad( Ga+a*'6a+ () cu()*a (l c+(ci6i()*' )'+6al () (dad( di=(+()*( d()*+' d(u)a 6i6a (G(ci(> / )' a) ll(-ad' a c')clui')( c')c+(*a. U)(*udi' (*ad'u)id()( u-i(+( u( la lluvia cida a6(+i*a u)ac')id(+aci,) i6G'+*a)*( c'6' =ac*'+ uG+('+ d(l c+(ci6i()*' () l';i)( Ba++() d( Nu(va J(+(/> G(+' '*+' u-i(+() u( ( i6G'i0l(i)=(+i+ c')clui')( c') 0a( () (' da*'. AH Gu(> *()(6' u)ai*uaci,) 6u/ =+u*+a)*(> () la cual G'd+Ha6' (*a+ ()=+()*a)d' u)a

+(ducci,) -+av( d(l vi-'+ ='+(*al> G(+' () (l 6'6()*' ac*ual '6'i)caGac( d( G')(+ () '+d() la div(+a (@Glicaci')( al*(+)a*iva.

S( a) (c' (@G(+i6()*' +'cia)d' cid' () (l ca6G' ' ()c')dici')( c')*+'lada d( la0'+a*'+i' Ki)v(+)ad(+'. Va+i' d( (*'(*udi' a) 6'*+ad' u) c+(ci6i()*' 6a/'+ al au6()*a+ la acid( d(l+'cH' a*a 3.% d( G.

&.3. E=(c*' S'0+( La Salud u6a)a

N' (* d(l T'd' cla+' u( la a-ua u0*(++)(a cida (a) G'+ i

6i6a )'civa Ga+a la alud. ;(+' i ( c')'c( (l (=(c*' )(-a*iv' d( l'6(*al( c'6' (l alu6i)i' / (l cad6i' u( ( li0(+a () la *(+c(+a (*aGa aG i)=(+i'+( a 5. Au)u( ( a ()c')*+ad' ca' al*' d( )iv(l( d(Gl'6' i)c / cad6i' au) a G uG(+i'+( K()*+( 5.2 / .&

C') +(G(c*' a l' 6(*al( *()(6':

• Cad6i': ES (l 6 6,vil d( l' 6(*al( G(ad' c'6u)( /d(0id' a la la*a c')c()*+aci')( G+(()*( () l' GaH(i)du*+ialiad'> ( )(c(a+i' al(+*a+ '0+( u G+(()cia. El cad6i'

( acu6ula () la c'+*(a +()al caua)d' -+av( l(i')(. LaG+i)ciGal( =u()*( ') l' =(+*ilia)*( / la d(0ida a laacidi<caci,) d( la a-ua u0*(++)(a.

• C'0+(: D(0id' a u( ( (l 6(*al c') (l cual ( c')*+u/( la6a/'+Ha d( la ca(+Ha> cua)d' la a-ua ( *'+)a) c'++'ivadic' (l(6()*' ( diu(l*'. U)' d( l' (=(c*' 6 c'6u)( '0+(la ( la dia++(a i)=a)*il.

3



• Alu6i)i': E (l 6 c'6) () la c'+*(a *(++(*+( / i 0i() (*u)id' a l' 6i)(+al( u( c')*i*u/() la 6i6a> la acidi<caci,) l'*'+)a 'lu0l(. El alu6i)i' G()(*+a () la c'++i()*( a)-uH)(a ()='+6a di+(c*a Gaa)d' la 0a++(+a d( G+'*(cci,) )'+6al( d(l (+u6a)' / G+'v'ca)d' -+av( da' al c(+(0+' / al i*(6a ,('.Si la c')c()*+aci,) ( 6u/ (l(vada Gu(d( caua+ d(6()cia ()il /6u(+*(.

• ;l'6': Ta60i4) ( li0(+a G'+ acidi<caci,) d( la a-ua / () l'GaH( d')d( (*( (l(6()*' ( u*iliad' Ga+a la c')*+ucci,) d(la ca(+Ha d( a-ua la i*uaci,) ( Gu(d( *'+)a+ 0a*a)*(G(li-+'a. Dic' (l(6()*' G+'v'ca da' c')id(+ad' a )iv(lc(+(0+al> '0+( *'d' () l' )i'.

&.&. E=(c*' S'0+( L' B'u(

L' +0'l( daad' (@i0() u)a (+i( d( H)*'6a G(+' ( 6u/di<cul*'' (*a0l(c(+ u)a c')(@i,) ()*+( cada *iG' d( da' / la cauac'++(G')di()*(. El ai+( c')*a6i)ad' a=(c*a di+(c*a6()*( (i)di+(c*a6()*( l' +0'l(.

L' (=(c*' di+(c*' c')i*() () da' '0+( la 'a d(0id' a u( lacaGa d( -+aa G+'*(c*'+a ( c'++'Hda G'+ (l d(G,i*' (c' d( di,@id' d(au=+(> la lluvia cida ' (l '')'.

Ad(6 d( la 6(60+a)a c')*i*u/()*( d( la (*+uc*u+a i)*(+)a d(l+0'l ') a*acada G+'v'ca)d' la G4+dida d( )u*+i()*(.

L' (=(c*' i)di+(c*' (*) +(laci')ad' c') la acidi<caci,) d(l u(l' l'u( G+'duc( u)a +(ducci,) d( )u*+i()*( / u)a li0(+aci,) d( u*a)ciaG(+udicial( Ga+a (l +0'l c'6' l' ( (l alu6i)i'.

La ()i0ilidad d( la di=(+()*( (G(ci( =+()*( a l' c')*a6i)a)*(a*6'=4+ic' va+Ha d( acu(+d' c') la uG(+<ci( d( la 'a / lacaducidad d( la 6i6a.

El da' '0+( l' a0(*' ( *+aduc( () u) c'l'+ 6a++,) a6a+ill()*' d(u 'a> G4+dida d( la 6i6a / d(*(+i'+' d( u +aHc(.

L' Gi)' u=+() *a60i4) d(c'l'+aci,) c') (*+(ca6i()*' d( u(@*+(6' c,)ic' uG(+i'+ G'+ G4+dida d( u 'a.

&.&.1.I)cid()cia D( L' D(*(+i'+' S'0+( L' B'u(

37



La ='+(*aci,) () Eca)di)avia ( i6G'+*a)*( Ga+a *'da Eu+'GaOccid()*al dad' u( ( la 6a/'+ =u()*( d( 6a*(+ia G+i6a () la i)du*+iad( la 6ad(+a. C(+ca d(l 8%Q d( u G+'ducci,) (* d(*i)ada a la(@G'+*aci,).

Ad(6 l' 0'u( ') (l a60i()*( )a*u+al Ga+a va+ia (G(ci( d(i)(c*'> G(u(' a)i6al(> Gla)*a / 6a6H=(+' d( 6a/'+ *a6a'.

;'+ l*i6' )' ( d(0( 'lvida+ la =u)ci,) u( d((6G(a) () (l6a)*()i6i()*' d( la (c')'6Ha d(l a-ua / () la +(-ulaci,) d( l' cli6a*a)*' l'cal( c'6' +(-i')al(.

&.5. E=(c*' S'0+( L' Cul*iv'

Au)u( la ()i0ilidad acia (l da' ='lia+ di+(c*' G'+ la lluvia cida d(al-u)' cul*iv' Ga+(c( (+ 6a/'+ u( la d( 6uca (G(ci( d(

+0'l(> )' (@i*() G+u(0a ,lida d( u( la 'a d( l' cul*iv'a/a) id' daada G'+ -'*a cida () (l ca6G' KNATO> 1!8%. N''0*a)*(> al-u)' (*udi' d(*allad' a) c'6()ad' a i)i)ua+ u(i)clu' () u) i*(6a a-+Hc'la 0i() a6'+*i-uad' la lluvia cida Gu(d((+ G(+udicial. E) u) (*udi' +(aliad' G'+ L(( / N((l/ K1!8% a 27Gla)*a a-+Hc'la cul*ivada () *i(*' / (@Gu(*a a lluvia cidai6ulada c') u) i)*(+val' d( G d( 2.5 a 5.7> aGa+(ci(+') l(i')(vii0l( / d(a-+ada0l( () (l ='lla( () 21 cul*iv' a u) G d( 3.%> (lcual ( G+(()*a c') u)a =+(cu()cia d( G+(ciGi*aci,) d( %.5 a 1.%Q ()

la +(-i')( a=(c*ada d( N'+*(a64+ica. L' (*udi'' d( cul*iv'i6G'+*a)*( d( O)*a+i' +(aliad' G'+ u*ci)') K1!81 6'*+a+') u(la lluvia c') G ()*+( 2.5 / 3.% a=(c*a0a) (+ia6()*( la l(cu-a> (l0(*a0(l> la c(0'lla> la '/a> (l =+H'l Gi)*' / (l *a0ac'. Cul*iv' c'6' (l*a0ac'> la l(cu-a / la (Gi)aca d(G()d() d( u) ='lla( aluda0l( Ga+au v()*a. ;'+ *'+' lad'> l' (*udi'' +(aliad' () (l B+''av()Na*i')al La0'+a*'+/ d( E*ad' U)id' KEva) (* al.>1!83 d(6'*+a+')u( la Gla)*a (@Gu(*a a G+(ciGi*aci')( cida i6ulada d( u) Gd( &.2> 3.8 / 3.5 *uvi(+') +()di6i()*' d( (6illa 6()'+( () 2.> .5 /11.&Q +(G(c*iva6()*(> () c'6Ga+aci,) c') Gla)*a (@Gu(*a 'l' a

G+(ciGi*aci,) a60i()*al. E*' da' d( (6illa () u) cul*iv'i6G'+*a)*(> c'6' la '/a> (uivald+Ha) a G4+dida d( 6uc' 6ill')(d( d,la+( al a' () E*ad' U)id'.

D( 6a)(+a (@G(+i6()*al ( a d(6'*+ad' u( la (*aGa c+H*ica d(l cicl'vi*al d( la Gla)*a> () la cual (l G'l() ( *+a)<(+( a la '+ (60+a / l'=(+*ilia Ga+a G+'duci+ u) la+-' *u0' Kd( G'l()> ( 6u/ ()i0l( a u) G

38



0a' Kidu> 1!83. E) -()(+al la -(+6i)aci,) / (l c+(ci6i()*' d(l *u0'Gl])ic' d( 6a)a)a / uva ( +(duc() c') u) G i-ual ' 6()'+ a 3.5.() (*udi' d( (G(ci( ='+(*al( 0'+(al( KC'@> 1!83 ( ()c')*+, u((l G'l() d( a0(dul ( 6u/ ()i0l(> () *a)*' u( (l G'l() d( u) 0u()=+u*' () (l *i(6G' d( la G'li)iaci,)> la lluvia cida Gla)*(a u) G(li-+'

u( )' a id' (valuad'.

E) +(u6()> u(da cla+' u( l' i*(6a *(++(*+( ') 6()'()i0l( a la (di6()*aci,) cida u( l' i*(6a acu*ic'. Al-u)'(=(c*' a c'+*' Gla' d( la lluvia cida Gu(d() (+ 0()4<c'>G+'0a0l(6()*( a caua d( la aG'+*aci')( d( )i*+,-()' =(+*ilia)*(. Si)(60a+-'> a la+-' Gla' ( 6u/ G'i0l( u( ( G+'duca) (=(c*' dai)'.Si) duda ( a=(c*a+) l' cicl' / l' (uili0+i' d( l' )u*+i()*( () (l0'u(> / (l c+(ci6i()*' d( l' +0'l( Gu(d( 6()-ua+.

&.. E=(c*' S'0+( La #l'+a ? La #au)a

C') +(G(c*' a la Gla)*a> la (G(ci( u( ( v() 6 a=(c*ada ')l' lHu()( / l' 6u-' u( *'6a) di+(c*a6()*( (l a-ua a *+av4 d(u 'a. Ad(6 (*a (G(ci( ') i)dicad'+( di+(c*' d( lac')*a6i)aci,) a*6'=4+ica c'6' ( (l ca' d( l' lHu()( +(G(c*' ala (6ii')( d( SO2.

Ta60i4) () (l ca' d( l' Ga+' G(u(' u( viv() c(+ca d( a-uaacidi<cada ( v( a=(c*ada u +(G+'ducci,).

L' u(v' d( va+ia (G(ci( d( Ga+' aGa+(c() c') Ga+(d( 6u/d(l-ada d(0id' al alu6i)i' i)-(+id' a *+av4 d( l' i)(c*' d( l'cual( ( ali6()*a). Dic' i)(c*' G+(cia6()*( ( d(a++'lla) ()a-ua acidi<cada.

L' a)i6al( (+0Hv'+' ( v() a=(c*ad' /a u( al acidi<ca+( l'u(l'> la Gla)*a u( au(ll' i)-i(+()> acu6ula) u)a 6a/'+ ca)*idadd( 6(*al( G(ad' Kalu6i)i'> cad6i'> (*c.

R(u6i()d' l' a)*(+i'+> ( Gu(d( a<+6a+ u( la =au)a *a60i4) ( v(+a=(c*ada G'+ l' ca60i' () la c'6G'ici,) / (*+uc*u+a d( lav(-(*aci,).

Si> G'+ ((6Gl'> l' 0'u( ') daad'> ( G+'duci+) -+a)d(ca60i' () la (G(ci( a)i6al( u( i)*(-+a) (l (c'i*(6a ='+(*al.

&.7. E=(c*' S'0+( A-ua Su0*(++)(a

;a+*( i6G'+*a)*( d( la G+(ciGi*aci')( G()(*+a) a *+av4 d(l u(l' /cua)*' 6 G(+6(a0l( (a (l 6i6'> 6 G+'=u)didad alca)a.

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E) +(a d')d( (l u(l' (* d()a6()*( c'6Gac*ad'> la cai *'*alidadd(l a-ua caHda u/( acia l' la-' / '*+a c'++i()*(.

El a-ua u( a G(+c'lad' alca)a G'+ l*i6'> )iv(l( d')d( (l u(l' (*c'6Gl(*a6()*( a*u+ad' Gaa)d' a ='+6a+ Ga+*( d( la a-uau0*(++)(a u( ') la G+i)ciGal =u()*( d( u6i)i*+' d( a-ua.

La a-ua () l' la-' ') i(6G+( 6 cida u( la a-uau0*(++)(a d(0id' a la =u)ci,) d( <l*+' u( d((6G(a (l u(l'>+(6'vi()d' aH -+a) Ga+*( d(l cid'.

Si (l u(l' (* c')*i*uid' G'+ 6a*(+ial <)a6()*( -+a)ulad' / (l G''d( a*+acci,) ( l' u<ci()*(6()*( G+'=u)d'> (l a-ua d( lluvia a id')(u*+aliada / al (+ (@*+aHda )' G+(()*a G+'0l(6a d( acidi<caci,).

La acidi<caci,) d( la a-ua u0*(++)(a ( +(alia () *+( (*aGa:

1 ;+i6(+' di6i)u/( la caGacidad d( l' u(l' d( )(u*+alia+ laG+(ciGi*aci')(. Au6()*a) l' )iv(l( d( ul=a*'> calci' / G'*ai'>() la a-ua u0*(++)(a> )' (@i*i()d' )i)-) '*+' (=(c*' u(al*(+( la calidad d(l a-ua. E) (*a (*aGa (l a-ua ( *'+)a c'++'iva/ a*aca la ca(+Ha.

2 Lu(-' d( (*a (*aGa la acci,) )(u*+alia)*( d(l u(l' d(ca( a)6 / (l (=(c*' 0uX(+ d( la a-ua u0*(++)(a c'6i()a adi6i)ui+. S( )'*a () (*a (*aGa u) au6()*' () (l G'd(+ c'++'iv''0+( 6(*al( / c')c+(*'.

3 ;'+ l*i6'> la caGacidad )(u*+alia)*( d(l u(l' d(aGa+(c( / l'val'+( d( G d(ci()d() c') u) au6()*' () la c')c()*+aci')(d( 6(*al( () la a-ua d( l' G''> *'+))d'( a) 6c'++'iv'.

&.8. E=(c*' E) C')*+ucci')(> $a*(+ial( ? ;i)*u+a

La c')*+ucci')(> la (*a*ua / l' 6')u6()*' d( Gi(d+a u=+()(+'i,) G'+ (=(c*' d( div(+' c')*a6i)a)*( u( a++a*+a (l ai+(> ()*+((ll' la lluvia cida. L' 6a*(+ial( d( c')*+ucci,) c'6' ac(+'> Gi)*u+a>Gl*ic'> c(6()*'> 6a6G'*(+Ha> ac(+' -alva)iad'> Gi(d+a calia>Gi(d+a a+()ica / 6+6'l *a60i4) (*) (@Gu(*' a u=+i+ da'. La=+(cu()cia c') la u( ( )(c(a+i' aGlica+ )u(v' +(cu0+i6i()*'

G+'*(c*'+( a la (*+uc*u+a va () au6()*'> c') l' c')(cu()*(c'*' adici')al(> l' cual( ( (*i6a) () 6il( d( 6ill')( d( d,la+(a)ual(.

L' (=(c*' d( l' div(+' c')*a6i)a)*( *'davHa )' ( Gu(d() (Ga+a+u)' d( '*+' d( 6a)(+a c')<a0l(. Si) (60a+-' ( ac(G*a u( (lG+i)ciGal a-()*( c'++'iv' i)dividual d( l' 6a*(+ial( d( c')*+ucci,) ((l di,@id' d( au=+( / u G+'duc*' (cu)da+i'.

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La Gi(d+a a+()ica / calia ( a) u*iliad' c') =+(cu()cia c'6'6a*(+ial( Ga+a 6')u6()*' / (cul*u+a. A60a ( c'++'() c') 6+aGid( () (l ai+( ci*adi)' ca+-ad' d( au=+( u( () (l ai+( ca6G(*+(li0+( d( au=+(. Cua)d' l' c')*a6i)a)*( au=+ad' ( d(G'i*a) ()u)a uG(+<ci( d( Gi(d+a a+()ica ' calia> +(acci')a) c') (l ca+0')a*'

d( calci' d(l 6a*(+ial / l' c')vi(+*() () ul=a*' d( calci' K/('>=cil6()*( 'lu0l(> u( ( d(lava c') la lluvia. E) (l I)='+6( '0+(lluvia cida> ()ca+-ad' G'+ (l -'0(+)ad'+ d( Oi' () 1!8% KSci()*i<(Advi'+/ Ta #'+c(> 1!8%> (l c'6i*4 a<+6a u( la lluvia cida (6'*iv' d( G+('cuGaci,) (G(cial a caua d( u (=(c*' () (*+uc*u+ad( i6G'+*a)cia a+u('l,-ica ' i*,+ica. La d(<-u+aci,) / di'luci,)d( =a6'a (*a*ua / 6')u6()*'> c'6' la Ac+,G'i d( A*()a /*('+' a+*H*ic' d( I*alia ( a ac(l(+ad' c')id(+a0l(6()*( () l'l*i6' 3% a'> () 6uc' ca' () '0+a u( a) (*ad' () Gi( G'+i-l'. E*' ( u)a *+a-(dia d( la cual )' ( G'i0l( ac(+ u) a)lii(c'),6ic'.

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-. SO"UCIONESC') +(G(c*' a la 6(dida a *'6a+ Ga+a (vi*a+ la acidi<caci,) d( laa-ua> la 'luci,) a la+-' Gla' ( la +(ducci,) d( la (6ii')(.

C') +(G(c*' la 6(dida a c'+*' Gla' *()(6' la )(u*+aliaci,) d( la-'/ d(6 c'++i()*( d( a-ua> 6(dia)*( (l a-+(-ad' d( u)a 0a(> l' u(G+'v'ca u) au6()*' d( G. La acci,) a)*(+i'+ caua la G+(ciGi*aci,) d(alu6i)i' / '*+' 6(*al( u( lu(-' (di6()*a) () (l =')d' / ad(6 (*+(laci')ad' c') la di6i)uci,) () l' )iv(l( d( 6(+cu+i' () l' G(c(.

Si 0i() la 6(dida a)*( 6()ci')ada G(+6i*( +(*i*ui+ la c')dici')( d(vida d( '+a / =au)a () (a a-ua> aGa+(c() G+'0l(6a G'+ laacu6ulaci,) d( 6(*al( *,@ic' () l' l(c' d( l' cu+'.

C') +(G(c*' a la a-ua u0*(++)(a la acid( ( Gu(d( c'60a*i+

c'l'ca)d' u) <l*+' d( ca+c*(+ 0ic' c(+ca d(l =')d' d(l G'' Ga+a u(ac*( c'6' )(u*+alia)*(. Al*(+)a*iva6()*( (l u(l' c(+ca)' a la ')a d(lG'' Gu(d( (+ *+a*ad' c') u)a u*a)cia 0ica.

;('+ i 'l' ( d((a c')*+a++(*a+( la c'++'i,)> (*' Gu(d( (+ +(aliad'6(dia)*( la u*i*uci,) d(l c'0+( G'+ '*+' 6a*(+ial 6()' uc(G*i0l( () lac')*+ucci,) d( la ca(+Ha.

E*( *iG' d( 'luci')(> c'6' dii6' al G+i)ciGi' ') (=(c*iva Ga+a u)c'+*' G(+i'd' d( *i(6G' / G'+ l' -()(+al ') ca+a> *()i()d' () cu()*a u(ui() la Ga-a )' =u( ui() +(al6()*( cau, (l G+'0l(6a.

;a+a l'-+a+ (l '0(*iv' d( li6i*a+ la (6ii')( ( d(0( ua+ la *(c)'l'-Ha6 ad(cuada Ga+a la c'60u*i,) aH c'6' d( li6Gi(a d( l' -a(d(G+()did'.

La 6a/'+ Ga+*( d(l au=+( (6i*id' '0+( Eu+'Ga G+'vi)( d( la c'60u*i,)d( ca+0,) ' c'60u*i0l( lHuid' () Gla)*a d( -()(+aci,) d( ()(+-Ha.E@i*() 64*'d' Ga+a li6i*a+ la (6ii')( a)*(> du+a)*( / d(Gu4 d( lac'60u*i,).

U)a al*(+)a*iva ( (l u' d( c'60u*i0l( c') 0a' c')*()id' d( au=+(. E)(l ca' d( l' ,@id' d( )i*+,-()' ( Gu(d( +(duci+ 6(dia)*( (l ca60i' ()

l' 64*'d' d( c'60u*i,)> u) ((6Gl' ') l' u(6ad'+( d( 0aaG+'ducci,) d( NO@ l' u( +(ui(+() 6()'+ (@c(' d( '@i-()'> *i(6G'6 c'+*' d( c'60u*i,) / 6()'+( *(6G(+a*u+a.

Al*(+)a*iva6()*( ( Gu(d( Gu+i<ca+ l' u6' 6(dia)*( 64*'d'ca*alH*ic' l' cual( G(+6i*() la +(acci,) d( l' ,@id' d( )i*+,-()' c')a6')Hac' c')vi+*i4)d'( () )i*+,-()' -a / a-ua.

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D(0id' a u( u) al*' G'+c()*a( d( l' ,@id' d( )i*+,-()' G+'vi()() d(l' v(Hcul' d( 6'*'+> la 6(dida a *'6a+ ') la +(ducci,) d(l *+)i*'ca++(*(+'> (*a0l(ci6i()*' d( lH6i*( d( v(l'cidad / la i6G'ici,) d('0li-a*'+i(dad () (l u' d( c')v(+*id'+( ca*alH*ic'.

C') +(G(c*' a l' -a( d( (caG( d( l' au*'6'*'+( v(+(6' ladi=(+()*( ='+6a d( +(duci+ l' (caG( d( ,@id' d( )i*+,-()'>id+'ca+0u+' / 6'),@id' d( ca+0')'.

L' G+i6(+' u( a/ u( *()(+ G+(()*( ( u) di(' ad(cuad' d(l 6'*'+u( G(+6i*a u)a c'60u*i,) l' 6 c'6Gl(*a G'i0l(. C') la +(ci+culaci,)d( l' -a( d( (caG( la (6ii')( d( ,@id' d( )i*+,-()' Gu(d() ()Ga+*( +(duci+(.

La i)/(cci,) c')*+'lada d(l =u(l G(+6i*( a u v( (vi*a+ la (6ii,) d(Ga+*Hcula u( ') G+'duc*' d( u)a c'60u*i,) i)c'6Gl(*a.

;a+a +(duci+ la (6ii')( d( id+'ca+0u+' l' au*' d(0() (+ (uiGad'c') u) ca*aliad'+ Ga+a '@idaci,). El i*(6a 6 (<ci()*( Ga+a laGu+i<caci,) d( l' -a( d( (caG( d( l' au*'6'*'+( ( (l c')v(+*id'+ca*alH*ic' (l cual *+a)='+6a 6 d(l !%Q d( l' ,@id' d( )i*+,-()'>id+'ca+0u+' / 6'),@id' d( ca+0')' () )i*+,-()'> di,@id' d( ca+0')' /a-ua

. EDID!S DE REEDIO 4 CONTRO";u(*' u( ( i)duda0l( u( ( (* caua)d' u) da' 0a*a)*(c')id(+a0l( a )u(*+' 6(di'> ( cla+' u( ( )(c(i*a ac*ua+ Ga+a

+(6(dia+l'. D(0(6' (*a+ c')ci()*( d( la c'6Gl(idad d(l G+'0l(6a>c') u +a6i<caci')( ( i)*(+acci')( () (l ai+(> (l u(l'> (l a-ua / l'(di6()*'> aH c'6' u (=(c*' () la Gla)*a> l' a)i6al( / l'6ic+'0i'. Si ( G+'0a0l( u( ci(+*a acci')( +(Ga+ad'+a *()-a) al*'c'*' a'ciad' c') (lla> ( )(c(a+i' *()(+ la (-u+idad d( u( (*'c'*' ( u*i<ca) / u( la acci,) va a (+ (<ca.

N' Gu(d() a0(+ 'luci')( +Gida. La li6Gi(a Gu(d( *'6a+ d4cada>au) i c'6()a6' a'+a. E) l' l*i6' a' (6' (*a0l(cid' l'+(uii*' =u)da6()*al( Ga+a la acci,):

• El +(c')'ci6i()*' d( u( la lluvia cida ( u) G+'0l(6a -+av(.• El c')'ci6i()*' d( u( la +(ducci,) d( la (6ii')( ( la 6('+

'luci,).

L' ,@id' d( au=+( ( G+'duc() () la u(6a d( c'60u*i0l(> () la=u)dici,) d( 6i)(+al( / () '*+' G+'c(' i)du*+ial(. La (6ii')(d( di,@id' d( au=+( ( Gu(d() +(duci+ i ( *'6a) la 6(didai-ui()*( a)*(> du+a)*( / d(Gu4 d( la c'60u*i,).

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&&



5. CONC"USIONES• La lluvia cida c')*i*u/() u)a a6()aa ili6i*ada '0+(

)u(*+' a60i()*(> () u)' d( l' 6 -+a)d( G+'0l(6a u(

*i()() Gla)*(ad' la 'ci(dad ac*ual. La c'6ii,) (c'),6icaEu+'G(a a c')id(+ad' la lluvia cida c'6' (l (-u)d'G+'0l(6a () i6G'+*a)cia d(Gu4 d(l Ga+'.

• E u) G+(ci' d(6aiad' (l(vad' (l u( (*a6' Ga-a)d' G'+caua d( )u(*+a c+(ci()*( i)du*+ialiaci,) .E (l (+ u6a)'ui() () ul*i6a i)*a)cia> d(0( +('lv(+ (*( acucia)*( G+'0l(6a>)' G'd(6' G(+6a)(c(+ Gaiv' a)*( dic' =(),6()'> /a u( la+(cuG(+aci,) d( l' 6(di' )a*u+al( +(du)da+a () )u(*+' G+'Gi'0()(<ci' / () (l d( la (G(ci( a)i6al( / v(-(*al( u( c'))''*+' c'a0i*a). Si) (60a+-'> '/ G'+ '/> )' c')'c(6' u)a'luci,) via0l( cla+a Ga+a Galia+ (*( =(),6()'> dad' u( *a)*'caua c'6' (=(c*' ') a) G'c' c')'cid'.

• E) +(alidad *'da la lluvia ( cida () ci(+*a 6(dida / (a acid( (0()(<ci'a Ga+a (l u(l'. ;(+' ( c')id(+a Lluvia cida *'daau(lla cu/' -+ad' d( acid( ' ; ( u) i)dicad'+ d(l -+ad' d(acid(. U) ; d( 7 i-)i<ca )(u*+alidadM val'+( uG(+i'+(>alcali)idad / val'+( i)=(+i'+(> acid( ( i)=(+i'+ a 5>.

• L' (()cial d(l G+'0l(6a (*+i0a () u( l' vi()*' / 6aa d(ai+( *+a)G'+*a) (6ii')( c')*a6i)a)*( d( u)a +(a a '*+a.

Vi()*' / 6aa d( ai+( )' ()*i()d() d( =+')*(+a /> G'+ (ll'> laG'luci,) a60i()*al ( c')vi(+*( () u) G+'0l(6a d( 60i*'i)*(+)aci')al. El ca+c*(+ *+a)=+')*(+i' d( la lluvia cida'0li-a a l' GaH( i)du*+ialiad' a +(alia+ u) G+'=u)d' a)liid( u caua / u c')(cu()cia. Su+-( aH la )(c(idad d(0uca+ 'luci')( c')u)*a / (*a0l(c(+ G+'-+a6a d( ac*uaci,)u( ( () 0()(<ci' d( *'d' l' GaH(.

• La *(c)'l'-Ha u6a)a Gu(d( (+ la caua d( -+av( i6Gac*'(c'),6ic' () (@*()a +(a d(l Gla)(*a> i)clu' () ')a u((*) a ci()*' ' 6il( d( il,6(*+' d( l' (6i'+( d( lac')*a6i)aci,). La +a,) d( (*' ( u( la a*6,=(+a ( u)G'+*ad'+ 6u/ (<ca d( -a( / Ga+*Hcula. L' -a( G'c' 'lu0l(c'6' (l CO2 / div(+' c'6Gu(*' i)*4*ic' c'6' l'al'ca+0')' ( diG(+a) G'+ *'d' (l 6u)d' / ( c')vi(+*() ()Ga+*( du+ad(+a ' G(+6a)()*( d( la a*6,=(+a. L' -a( 6'lu0l( c'6' (l SO2 / l' NO@ Gu(d() a=(c*a+ -+a)d( G'+ci')(

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d( l' c')*i)()*( / caua+ -+av( da' a l' (c'i*(6a> (l*u+i6'> la a-+icul*u+a / la ilvicul*u+a> aH c'6' a c')*+ucci')( /6a*(+ial(. D( (*' ( c')clu/( u( la acci,) c'++(c*iva ,l' (G'i0l( i l' -'0i(+)' () cu(*i,) (*) d( acu(+d' c') c''G(+a+

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6. BIB"IO(R!F7!

(+))d( A)a J(> C'l(c*iv'E*udia)*il d( Ec'l'-Ha.T(6a Ec'l,-ic' d( I)cid()cia S'cial.

U)c(a S.A. d( Edici')(> 1!87.EGaa ^ $ad+id.

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#. ())(* a(.;(+*u+0aci')( a60i()*al( d( O+i-() u6a)'. Ca)ad

T'6a C. ulci)'). Calidad

d(l $(di' A60i()*( / la uH6ica. $4@ic' D.#.

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(di)> La+ O. / Li()> ()( E.;'lv' a*6'=4+ic' / lluvia cida. I)v(*i-aci,) / Ci()cia. #(0+(+'>1!!7. Ba+c(l')a. ;+()a Ci()*H<ca.

**G:[[[.u)(c'(.'+-6a)ual*6l

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**G:(da='l'-ia.u-+.(C')*aT(6a17

**G:[[[.)'d'5%.'+-Ga)c(+

(.*6

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**G:[[[.a60i()*(P(c'l'-ic'.c'6

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