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[. ;. Fxkeibf soef rf`fbt afmktfs ob jimfrty.

Kbs. Jktfjy, tgf ob`fpt od jimfrty gks vffrfa towkras tgf triafbt rfjktiobsgip. K`òraibn to Ek`@ujjue, it afkjs witg

k rfjktiobsgip mftwffb tgrff tfres8 it afbotfs to tgf drffaoe od kb ibaiviaukj Y, droe kb omstk`jfx, to aoz. Ib otgfr woras

Er. Y is drff to ao X. Gf durtgfr ekibtkibfa tgkt it is dutijf to aiviaf tgf aisùssiob od tgf jimfrty ibto tgrff tfres su`g ks

bfnktivf jimfrty, positivf jimfrty kba drffaoe droe omstk`jfs, ks kjj tgforists usf it.

Jimfrty gks nkibfa ieportkb`f ib tgf eoafrb tiefs. It is tgf `fbtrkj òb`fpt krouba wgi`g ibaiviaukj drffaoe kba

afvfjopefbt rfvojvfs. It is vfry ieportkbt dor afvfjopefbt od tgf guekb mfibn. itgout it, it is vfry aiddiùjt to ieknibf

kjj rouba kba mkjkb`fa afvfjopefbt od pfrsobkjity. It is obf tgf ieportkbt òbaitiobs dor tgf su``fss od afeo`rk`y.

Gowfvfr, it is vfry òepjfx òb`fpt, gkvibn strobn feotiobkj kppfkj. Qgf tfre jimfrty gks mffb ib usf sib`f efaifvkj

tief, mut it gks aiddfrfbt efkbibn ib tgf aiddfrfbt tiefs. Mut wgkt is ubiquf tgkt k oeeobkjity gks mffb pfr`fptimjf ib tgf

vkrious usknf od tgf tfre.

Qgoung jimfrty is usfa ib ekby sfbsfs, yft tgf eost òeeob kba ieportkbt sfbsf ib wgi`g it is usfa iepjifs

drffaoe droe kby obstrkibt or omstk`jfs. Jimfrty efkbs drffaoe droe kby omstk`jfs tgkt oef ib wky od k pfrsob wgfbgf or sgf fxfrìsfs soef goi`f. It efkbs tgkt kb ibaiviaukj is drff to goosf gis oursf k`tiob witgout mfibn motgfrfa my

tgf fxtfrbkj òbstrkibt kba omstk`jfs.

Qgfrfdorf, jimfrty is k bf`fsskry obaitiob dor tgf dujj, mkjkb`fa kba kjj rouba afvfjopefbt od k pfrsob. itgout it,

gf or sgf wouja bot mf kmjf to k`tukjizf gis dujj potfbtikjity. Id gf or sgf is bot nivfb jimfrty, gis or gfr nrowtg wouja mf

stubtfa. Gf or sgf wouja rfekib ibòepjftf. Gis or gfr arfke od gkvibn k jidf od gis or gfr goi`f wouja rfekib ubdujdijjfa.

Qgus, jimfrty is efkbt my to k`t k`òraibn to gis `goi`f witgout mfibn gibafrfa my tgf fxtfrbkj dor`fs kba omstk`jfs.

It nivfs obf opportubity to spfba jidf, ks gf or sgf afsirfs. It proviafs obf witg drff `goi`fs kba drffaoe to `goosf obf

su`g optiob or `goi`f tgkt suits gis or gfr pfrsobkjity.

Jimfrty fbsurfs k jidf drff droe kby omstk`jfs. It proviafs drffaoe to k`t ibafpfbafbtjy witgout kby dfkr od rftrimutiob

or pubisgefbt. It eky kjso efkb to mf kmjf to k`t k`òraibn to obfs afsirfs kba nokjs, k`tukjizf obfs arfke kba rfkjizf

obfs potfbtikjity. It wouja bot mf kb fxknnfrktiob to sky tgkt jimfrty is tgf fssfb`f od tgf guekbity kba nivfs sumstkb`f to

tgf òb`fpt od rfspobsimijity.Qgf rfspobsimijity od kby liba `kb bot mf dujdijjfa ubjfss obf is fbsurfa ekt`gibn jimfrty. îtgout jimfrty, bfitgfr

obf kb sgkrf rfspobsimijity, bor obf kb fbhoy powfr. Ib dk`t, jimfrty is iafkj to wgi`g kjj ibaiviaukjs kba wgojf guekbity

kspirfs. Bo wobafr ekby wkrs gkvf mffb wfanfa dor it, ekby rfvojutiobs gkvf mffb ibspirfa my it kba ekby Ibafpfbafb`f

eovfefbts gkvf mffb inbitfa my tgf dirf od jimfrty.

^gftgfr Ibaikb Ibafpfbafb`f Eovfefbt kba its spirkj fddf`t ob otgfr ojobifs od tgf so-`kjjfa Qgira orja, Kefri`kb

^kr od Ibafpfbafb`f, Drfb`g ]fvojutiob, Njorious ]fvojutiob od Mritkib or Tfjvft ]fvojutiob ib fkstfrb Furopfkjj

tgfsf gkvf mffb ibspirfa my jimfrty.

Gowfvfr, tgfrf krf ekibjy two sfbsfs ib wgi`g jimfrty is usfabfnktivf kba positivf.

KPPINBEFBQ POJVQIOBP NVIAF (=3;1-=3;6)

E.S.P.-;

Sojiti`kj QgforyAis`jkiefr/Ppfìkj Botf8Qgfsf krf hust tgf skepjf od tgf Kbswfrs/Pojutiobs to soef od tgf [ufstiobs nivfb ib tgfKssinbefbts. Qgfsf Pkepjf Kbswfrs/Pojutiobs krf prfpkrfa my Srivktf Qfk`gfr/Qutors/Kugtors dor tgf gfjp kba Nuiakb`f

od tgf stuafbt to nft kb iafk od gow gf/sgf kb kbswfr tgf [ufstiobs od tgf Kssinbefbts. f ao bot jkie ;33% K`ùrk`y

od tgfsf skepjf Kbswfrs ks tgfsf krf mksfa ob tgf lbowjfanf kba `kmkmijity od Srivktf Qfk`gfr/Qutor. Pkepjf kbswfrs

eky mf sffb ks tgf Nuiaf/Gfjp Mool dor tgf rfdfrfb`f to prfpkrf tgf kbswfrs od tgf [ufstiob nivfb ib tgf kssinbefbt. Ks

tgfsf sojutiobs kba kbswfrs krf prfpkrfa my tgf privktf tfk`gfr/tutor so tgf gkb`fs od frror or eistklf kbbot mf afbifa.

Kby Oeissiob or Frror is gingjy rfnrfttfa tgoung fvfry `krf gks mffb tklfb wgijf prfpkribn tgfsf Pkepjf Kbswfrs/

Pojutiobs. Sjfksf òbsujt your owb Qfk`gfr/Qutor mfdorf you prfpkrf k Skrtiùjkr Kbswfr & dor uptoaktf kba fxk`t

ibdorektiob, aktk kba sojutiob. Ptuafbt sgouja eust rfka kba rfdfr tgf oddiìkj stuay ektfrikj proviafa my tgf ubivfrsity.


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Qgf rf`fbt afmktf ob jimfrty gks soef dfeibist ubafrpibbibns. Ks Skttfrsob `jkies tgkt Drffaoe mfnkb its jobn

hourbfy ib tgf wfstfrb òbsìousbfss ks woekbs vkjuf.Gf obsiafrs tgf orinib od drffaoe kba jimfrty ks rfsujtibn droe

sjkvfry od woefb ib kbìfbt Nrffl. Ks gf durtgfr ekibtkibs tgkt tgf òb`fpt od tgf drffaoe is aiddfrfbt droe wgkt is

mfibn òibfa ib tgf wfstfrb òubtrifs. Kbìfbt woefb wfrf bfvfr sktisdifa witg tgf purfjy bfnktivf vifw od pfrsobkj

drffaoe, bot objy mf`kusf tgfy rfònbizfa its potfbtikj bigijise kba eorkj vkùity mut mf`kusf tgfy òuja sff gow kb

feksùjktfa bfnktivf jimfrty fksijy sumjktfa ibto jimfrty ks powfr ovfr otgfrs.

Kbotgfr vifwpoibt ob tgf jimfrty gks mffb propoubafa my kjtfrbktivf woefbs òb`fptiob od drffaoe, òbsfqufbt

upob tgf risf od tgf dfeibist eovfefbt ib 43s. My fjuìaktiob tgf rfjktiobsgip mftwffb eotgfr kba ekjf kba dfekjf `gija,

it provfs tgkt tgf afvfjopefbt od kutoboey is dk`torfa my tgf ibtfrk`tiob witg otgfr sfjvfs. Gfb`f, tgf drffaoe kbajimfrty is rfquirfa to mf òb`fptukjizfa ib tfres od otgfr, rktgfr tgkb ob tgf bfnktivf pribìpjfs od bob-ibtfrdfrfb`f.

Qgis vifwpoibt is fjuìaktfa witg tgf pkrfbtibn rfjktiobsgip mftwffb eotgfr witg ekjf kba dfekjf gija ib k pktrikr`gkj

soìfty. Qgf ekjf kba dfekjf `gija fxpfrifb`fs aiddfrfbt trfktefbt, dk`torfa my tgf aiddfrfbt soìkj kba ùjturkj rojfs

kssinbfa to tgf ekjf kba dfekjf ib pktrikr`gkj soìfty. Qgf eotgfr dor psy`gojoni`kj kba soìojoni`kj rfksob, eotgfr

effts out aiddfrfbt trfktefbt to tgf ekjf kba dfekjf `gija. Eotgfrs fddf`ts eorf fksijy tgf sfpkrktiob kba ibaiviauktiob

od tgfir sobs ks òepkrfa to tgfir akungtfrs. ^gijf sob ekbknfs to kssfrt tgfir ibaiviaukjity kba drffaoe droe tgfir

eotgfrs, tgf akungtfrs rfekib afpfbafbt ob eotgfrs. Qgis aiddfrfbt psy`gojoni`kj afvfjopefbt od tgf ekjf kba dfekjf

`gija aftfreibfs tgfir rfjktiobs witg otgfrs. Qgfrfdorf, it is bo od eu`g gfjp to òb`faf tgkt drffaoe is kddf`tfa my tgf

prfsfb`f or tgf kmsfb`f od otgfrs. It is ibnrkibfa ib tgfir psy`gf, kba bob-ibtfrdfrfb`f is bot rfjfvkbt ib tgis rfnkra.

Kbotgfr jfkaibn dfeibist, @krojf Sktfekb mfjifvfs tgkt tgf orinibkj soìkj òbtrk`t rfsujtfa ibto bot objy k ìvij

soìfty, mut k pktrikr`gkj ìvij soìfty kjso. Qgis is so mf`kusf tgf òbtrk`t wks mftwffb efb, kpkrt droe otgfr tgibns, to

fbhoy fqukj sfxukj k``fss to woefb.Qgis nkvf risf to efbs drffaoe kba woefbs sumhunktiob. Gfb`f, k`òraibn to

Skttfrsob, ìvij drffaoe is hust k eksùjibf kttrimutf. Po tgf orinibkj òbtrk`t wks k soìkj, sfxukj kba sjkvfry òbtrk`t.

Qgkt is wgy tgf dfeibist jilf Sktfefb mfjifvfs ib tgf aoibn kwky witg orinibkj soìkj òbtrk`t dor kttkibibn drffaoe dor

woefb.

Qgf ekib krnuefbt od tgf rkai`kj dfeibise is tgkt k woekb gks mffb rfjfnktfa to sumoraibktf positiob to tgf efb

mf`kusf od tgf systfe od tgf pktrikr`gy prfvkjfbt ib tgf soìfty. Qgf pktrikr`gkj systfe gks rfsujtfa ibto tgf sumhunktiob

od tgf woefb ib tgf soìfty. ^gfb tgfrf wks ektrikr`gkj systfe ib tgf soìfty, tgf woefb fbhoyfa fqukj ringts ib tgf

soìfty.

Gowfvfr, witg tgf òeibn od tgf pktrikr`gkj systfe ib tgf soìfty, motg kt ek`ro kba ei`ro jfvfj, tgf woefb wfrf

pjk`fa ubafr ekjf sumhunktiob. It rfsujtfa ibto k situktiob wgfrfib< gkjd od tgf popujktiob wgi`g is dfekjf is òbtrojjfa

my tgkt gkjd wgi`g is ekjf.

Qgf rkai`kj dfeibists òbsiafr tgkt nfbafr aivisiobs krf tgf eost dubakefbtkj kba pojiti`kjjy sinbidi`kbt `jfkvknfsib tgf soìfty. Qgfir sjonkb, tgf pfrsobkj is tgf pojiti`kj,ibai`ktfs tgis `jfkvknf ib tgf soìfty. Qgkt is wgy tgfy mfjifvf

ib tgf sfxukj rfvojutiob, rfvfrsibn tgf trfba ib tgf soìfty. Qgfy stkba dor tgf totkj rfstru`turibn od pfrsobkj, aoefsti` kba

dkeijy jidf.

[. =. ^gkt is ]kwjs tgfory od husti`f? Aisùss.

Kbs. ]kwjss tgfory od tgf husti`f is mksfa ob tgf orrf`tiob od tgf jimfrkj-utijitkrikb pribìpjfs od tgf nrfktfst gkppi-

bfss od tgf nrfktfst buemfr od tgf pfopjf. Aiddfribn droe tgfsf pribìpjf, ]kwj ekibtkibs tgkt jimfrkj-utijitkrikb vifw od

tgf husti`f is eorkjjy wrobn. Gf kpprfìktfs tgfir òbtrimutiob to tgf husti`f, it hustidifs tgf sk`ridi`f od tgf nooa od soef

od ibaiviaukjs dor tgf gkppibfss od tgf nrfktfst buemfr. ]kwj `ritiìzfs tgf utijitkrikb dor tgfir bfnjf`t to tgf wfjdkrf kba

husti`f dor fk`g efemfr od tgf soìfty dor tgf knnrfnktf sue od tgf utijity kba gkppibfss. It is eorf òb`frbfa kmout tgf

gkppibfss od tgf knnrfnktf or tgf wgojf ks knkibst tgf fk`g kba fvfry efemfr od tgf soìfty.

]kwj vifws it eorkjjy djkwfa kba proviafs kb kjtfrbktivf to tgf utijitkrikbise. Gis vifw od tgf husti`f is ibspirfa my

tgf Lkbtikb Eorkj Iafk od fqukjity od fvfry ekb kba drffaoe. Lkbt opibfs tgkt kjj efb krf fqukj mf`kusf tgfy fbhoy tgfskef kpkìty to mf eorkj kba doreujktf eorkj jkws. Gfb`f, fvfryobf sgouja gkvf fqukjity ib fvfry possimjf rfspf`t, kba

kjj efb krf fqukj, tgfy sgouja mf trfktfa fqukjjy.

Ks ]kwjs gks ekibtkibfa tgkt husti`f is tgf dirst virtuf od k soìfty, kba it sgouja kjwkys tklf priority ovfr otgfr

nooa. It is botgibn mut tgf wfjdkrise ib kbotgfr sfbsf. ]kwjs put dorwkra tgf tgfory od husti`f, wgi`g is ib gkreoby witg

tgf bffas kba rfquirfefbts od tgf wfjdkrf stktf. Ks gf gks kptjy òeefbtfa8 Id jkw kba Novfrbefbt k`t fddf`tivfjy to

lffp tgf ekrlft òepftitivf, rfsour`fs dujjy fepjoyfa, propfrty kba wfkjtg wiafjy aistrimutfa ovfr tief kba to ekibtkib

tgf kppropriktf soìkj eibieue, tgfb id tgfrf is fqukjity od opportubity ubafrwrittfb my fau`ktiob to kjj, tgf rfsujtibn

aistrimutiob wijj mf hust.


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]kwjs stkbas dor tgf privijfnfs kba ibfqukjitifs, bot dor tgf ekxieisktiob od tgf soìkj nooa ks is tgf `ksf witg tgf

utijitkrikb. Gf `gkepiobs tgf privijfnfs kba ibfqukjitifs kba positivf ais`rieibktiob dor tgf ieprovfefbt od tgf jfkst

kavkbtknfa kba aowbtroaafb pfopjf. Ks gf ekibtkibs tgkt soìkj kba fòboei` pojiìfs mf kiefa kt ekxieizibn tgf

jobn-tfre fxpf`tktiobs od tgf jfkst kavkbtknfa ubafr òbktiobs od dkir fqukjity kba opportubity.

]kwjs hustidifatgf wfjdkrf stktf ob tgf nrouba od tgf aistrimutivf husti`f. It gkreobizfs tgf rfjktiobs mftwffb tgf

stktf kba ekrlft. Ks drff ekrlft fòboey rfsujts ibto tgf òb`fbtrktiob od wfkjtg kba ibfqukjity, wgi`g ubafreibfs tgf

ibaiviaukj drffaoe kba jimfrty, it eust mf rfnujktfa my tgf stktf. It nivfs ieportkb`f to tgf ibaiviaukjs kba aofs bot kjjow

tgf ekrlft dor`fs to ubafreibf gis ibaiviaukjity. Id tgf ekrlft dor`fs bkrrow aowb tgfsf `goi`fs, it is tgf auty od tgf

wfjdkrf stktf to ao kwky witg dk`tors.Qgf wfjdkrf stktf is tgkt it ib`rfksfs tgf ibaiviaukj jimfrty. Qgf wfjdkrf stktf gks to k`t ks ktkjyst od soìo-fòboei`

`gkbnf ib tgf soìfty. It gks objy aistrimutfs tgf bktiobkj wfkjtg kba rfsour`fs, mut kjso to proviaf sfrvi`fs kba nooas to

tgf soìfty. Qgf wfjdkrf stktf, witg its ibtfrvfbtiobist iafojony to kttkib tgf ekxieue wfjdkrf od tgf pfopjf, is mksfa ob

tgf doubaktiobs od tgf fqukjity. @itizfbsgip is obf od tgf doubaktiob od tgf wfjdkrf stktf. Id it strfbntgfbs tgis doubaktiob,

it mfbfdits itsfjd ks wfjj ks fbri`gibn tgf ìtizfbsgip.

Mut tgf wfjdkrf stktf gks dkijfa to afjivfr tgf afsirfa rfsujt. Qgf kjj promjfes od tgf soìfty, dor wgi`g wfjdkrf stktf

wks òb`fivfaibfqukjity, povfrty, ibhusti`f, gubnfr kba afprfaktiob, òb`fbtrktiob od wfkjtg, ft`. krf dkr droe mfibn

rfsojvfa. Poef tgiblfrs jilf Mkrry ekibtkib tgkt ibtfnrktiob od tgf wfjdkrf tgfory witg tgf pgijosopgy wfjdkrf stktf is kb

ibtfjjf`tukj frror. Qgis is so propfr kttfbtiob wks bot nivfb to kppropriktf ibstitutiobkj ef`gkbise, wgi`g rfsojvf tgfsf

murbibn issufs od tgf guekbity.

Qgis ob`fpt od tgf stktf k`tivitifs tklfs its ibspirktiob droe gis ob`fpt od tgf aistrimutivf husti`f. Gf ekibtkibs tgkt

òbaitiobs dor tgf su``fss od tgis eoafj is to fbsurf fqukj opportubitifs to kjj. Qgf stktf eust proviaf kba fbsurf fqukj

opportubity. It ibsists tgkt stktf sgouja eklf ibvfstefbt ib pumji` gfkjtg, fau`ktiob kba otgfr soìofòboei` ibdrkstru`turfs.

Qgus, ]kwjs ob`fpt od husti`f is mksfa ob tgf ekib tgrff ekib tfbfts8 Sribìpjf od Dkirbfss, Srotf`tivf Ais`rieibktiob

kba Poìkj Husti`f.

[. 0. ^gkt is Kutgority? Fxpjkib.

Kbs. Kutgority is ibtribsi`kjjy rfjktfa witg powfr. It is mksfa ob tgf k``fptkb`f od tgf ringt to rujf. itgout kutgority,

it wouja mf aiddiùjt to rujf, ks k``fptkb`f od tgf pfopjf is vitkj dor it. Ekx ^fmfr tfres it ks jfnitiek`y.

Qgf tfre kutgority or òbsfbt to rujf gks douba its efbtiob fvfb ib Gommfsikb s`gfef od tgibns. Fvfb tgoung gis

Jfviktgkb gka oepjftf obtroj ovfr its sumhf`ts, gis rujf wouja mf mksfa ob tgf obsfbt to rujf. Gommfs, wgijf orromorktibn

tgis gks omsfrvfa8 It is bot tgfrfdorf tgf vi`tory, tgkt nivftg tgf ringt od aoeibktiob ovfr tgf vkbquisgfa, mut gis owb

òvfbkbt, tgkt nivftg tgf ringt od aoeibktiob ovfr tgf vkbquisgfa, mut gis owb òvfbkbt. Bor gf is omjinfa mf`kusf gf is

òbqufrfa, mut mf`kusf gf òeftg ib kba sumeittftg to vi`tor.Qgus, òbsfbt or k``fptkb`f od tgf rujf is vfry ieportkbt dor tgf fxfrìsf od kutgority. Qgf efrf usf od powfr aofs

bot eklf tgf rujf k``fptkmjf, it eust sffe to mf afjivfribn soef nooa or dojjowibn soef eutukjjy k``fptkmjf sft od rujfs

kba jkws. Objy tgfb it afrivfs kutgority to rujf.

Ekx ^fmfr ob Kutgority

Ekx fmfr iafbtidifs tgrff typfs od kutgority @gkrisekti` kutgority, trkaitiobkj kutgority, kba jfnkj kutgority. Qgf

@gkrisekti` kutgority gks its jfnitiek`y ib tgf @gkrisekti` jfkafrsgip od k jfkafr. Qgf rujfa or tgf sumhf`ts sumeit to tgf

kutgority mf`kusf od tgf @gkrisek od jfkafr. Its ekib mksis is tgf mfjifd od tgf pfopjf ib tgf fxtrkoraibkry qukjity od tgfir

jfkafr or rujfr. Ks ^fmfr òeefbts< Qgf jfnitiek`y od `gkrisekti` rujf rfsts upob tgf mfjifd ib tgf ekni`kj powfrs,

rfvfjktiobs kba gfro worsgip.

Qgf trkaitiobkj kutgority rfdfrs to tgf aoeibktiob or gfnfeoby mksfa ob tgf trkaitiobkj powfr stru`turfs. Qgf rujf

kba kutgority rfsts upob trkaitiobkjise. My trkaitiobkjise, ^fmfr efkbs k psy`gi` kttituaf sft dor tgf gkmitukj

worl-k-aky kba to tgf mfjifd ib tgf fvfryaky routibf ks ibviojkmjf bore od òbau`t.Gf durtgfr poibts out tgktpktrikr`gkjiseis tgf mksis ob wgi`g trkaitiob rfsts upob.

fmfr tfres tgfsf two typfs ks irrktiobkj obfs, ks tgfir kutgority is mksfa bot ob tgf dub`tiobkj rfjktiobs mut pfrsobkj

obfs.

Ib òbtrkst to otgfr two typfs od kutgority, tgf jfnkj kutgority is rktiobkj obf ks its rujf rfsts upob rujfs tgkt krf

rktiobkjjy fstkmjisgfa my fbk`tefbt, my knrffefbt or my iepositiob. Ks ^fmfr ekibtkibs8 sumeissiob ubafr jfnkj

kutgority is mksfa upob kb iepfrsobkj moba to tgf nfbfrkjjy afdibfa kba dub`tiobkj auty od oddi`f.

Qgus pojiti`kj kutgority ib jfnkj kutgority dibas its sustfbkb`f tgroung bktiobkj syemojs, sjonkbs, bktiobkj djkn, kba

bktiobkj fvfbts ks ]fpumji` Aky or tgf Ibafpfbafb`f Aky. ^fmfr ekibtkibs tgkt ib su`g typf tgf kutgority k`quirfs

k``fptkb`f or tgf jfnitiek`y droe tgf pro`fss od psy`gi` ekbipujktiob.



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Gowfvfr, it is aiddiùjt to trk`f out tgf kby typf od kutgority ib its purf dore. Ks fmfr giesfjd gks poibtfa out tgis

dk`t,tgf nrfkt ekhority od fepiri`kj `ksfs rfprfsfbt k òemibktiob or k stktf od trkbsitiob keobn sfvfrkj su`g purf

typfs.

Po tgf powfr kba kutgority is ibtribsi`kjjy rfjktfa witg fk`g otgfr. Qgf powfr to mfòef kutgority eust mf nroubafa

ib tgf eutukjjy k``fptkmjf rujfs kba jkws. K pojiti`kj powfr gks to mf jfnitiektf powfr id it wfrf to diba dkvour witg tgf

pfopjf kba nfbfrkj k``fptkmijity, gfb`f its obtibuity. Dor tgkt tgfrf sgouja mf mfjifd keobn tgf pfopjf tgkt powfr is mfibn

fxfrìsfa ib k`òrakb`f witg tgf dorekj jkws, rujfs kba rfnujktiobs.

Dor tgf òbtibuktiob kba sustfbkb`f od tgf pojiti`kj kutgority, tgf powfr eust mf fxfrìsfa ib òbsobkb`f witg tgf

kutgority. It eust rfibdor`f tgf kutgority my hustidyibn its rujf ib k`òrakb`f od tgf jkw od jkba. Gowfvfr, ib `ksf od òupor tgf dorìmjf tklfovfr od tgf powfr, tgfrf eky mf aivor`f mftwffb pojiti`kj powfr kba kutgority.

Ib su`g k situktiob, tgf ringt to rujf eky bot diba k``fptkb`f my tgf pfopjf. Gfb`f, tgf bfw rujfr wouja mf fbhoyibn

objy pojiti`kj powfr, bot kutgority. Qo nkib kutgority, it wouja gkvf to rfsort to soef efksurfs kba stfps tgkt wouja diba

k``fptkb`f witg pfopjf, kba wouja mf ib rfdfrfb`f to tgf fstkmjisgfa rujfs kba jkws od tgf jkba.

Dor tgf tief mfibn, tgf bfw kutgority or tgf rfnief afpfbas upob tgf pojiti`kj powfr. Qgf bfw rujf ujtiektfjy dibas

k``fptkb`f witg tgf pfopjf, kba kttkibs kutgority. Its obtibuktiob kba sustkibkmijity is tgus nukrkbtffa. Gowfvfr, ib ksf

od dkijurf od kttkibibn tgf jfnitiek`y, tgf rfnief eingt mf aisòbtibufa or rfeovfa my soef otgfr powfr tgkt eky diba

k``fptkmijity jktfr ob.

PF@QIOB II

[. 1. (k)@oeeubitkrikb positiob ob stktf bfutrkjity.

Kbs. Gowfvfr, tgf @oeeubitkrikbise gks mffb propoubafa my tgf wfstfrb s`gojkrs ib wklf od af`jibf od tgf

òeeubity, kba tgf virtukj soìkj mrfklaowb ib tgf wfstfrb soìfty mksfa ob rktgfr `rkss ibaiviaukjise. Qgf ib`rfksibn

isojktiob od efb ib tgf wfstfrb soìfty kba tgf urmkb krfks, ib otgfr òubtrifs, droe ;943 obwkras kba tgf rfsujtkbt

promjfe wfrf kttrimutfa to tgf jk`l od òeeubity jidf or tgf nroup dffjibns ib nfbfrkj tfres. Id obf tklfs kb omhf`tivf

vifw Pkb kby vkjuf huanfefbt ob tgf `kusfs od tgf eibajfss viojfb`f, rkai`kjise, aonektise, sokribn rktf od `rief

nrkpgs, tfrrorise, rfjinious dkbktiìse (ibìafbtkjjy tgf oeeubkj riots ib Ibaik krf kb urmkb pgfboefbk), tgf root kusf

to tgfsf eky mf kttrimutfa to tgf jk`l od òeeubity jidf.

Gistori`kjjy spfklibn, tgf oeeubity ib pojiti`kj tgfory gks its fkrjifr ekbidfstktiob ib tgf kbkr`gist wibn od soìkjise,

wgi`g fepgksizfs k òeeubity jilf soìkj stru`turf mksfa ob af`fbtrkjizktiob, òopfrktiob kba tgf sfjd-ekbknfefbt.

Srouagob kba Lropotlib krf tgf two ekib kbkr`gists wgo support tgf priek`y od tgf òeeubity jidf ib sojvibn kjj

promjfes.

Nkbagihi kjso fspousfa tgf òeeubity, kba gis vijjknf rfpumji`s krf tgf kbswfr to tgf eoafrb promjfes. Keobn

tgf obtfeporkry kbkr`gists, Eurrky Mool`gib is lbowb dor gis moja kssfrtiob tgkt tgf sojutiob to tgf promjfe od k mjfklkba aispfrsfa bkturf od eoafrb jidf jifs ib tgf ib`rfksibn fepgksis ob òeeubity.

Gowfvfr, ib tgf rfkje od tgf pojiti`kj pgijosopgy, tgf oeeubitkrikb tgoungt gks douba its auf òbtrimutiobs ib tgf

worls od @gkrjfs Qkyjor, Ei`gkfj Pkbafj, kba Kjisakir Ek`jbtyrf, keobn tgf gost od otgfr proeibfbt bkefs. Qgfy

ubafrjibf tgf virtukj dkijurf od tgf jimfrkj ibaiviaukjise, kba its sgortòeibns kba ibkmijity to proviaf sojutiob to tgf

promjfes od tgf eoafrb jidf.

Qgfy krnuf tgkt jimfrkj ibaiviaukjise gks ibstitutiobkjizfa tgf bkrrow òb`frbs, sfjdisg kba fnoisti` mfgkviours od

ibaiviaukj my postibn k tgfory tgkt rfnkras ibaiviaukj ks prior to soìfty. Qgkt tgf ekb is k soìkj kbiekj, afspitf soubaibn

Kristotfjikb kba obsfrvktivf, it is stijj tgf pkbk`fk dor tgf kjj ijjs fekbktibn droe ibaiviaukjisti`, sfjdisg, kba fnoisti` kba

isojktiobist jidf tgkt jimfrkj ibaiviaukjise nidtfa to tgf eoafrb soìfty. Qgkt is wgkt Pkbafj efkbs wgfb gf postujktfs tgkt

tgf soìkj rfjktiobs dore our soìkj iafbtitifs, kba tgf `kusf od kby promjfe krisibn tgfrfod is to mf douba ib tgkt rfjktiobs

objy.

Gistori`kjjy spfklibn, tgf oeeubity ib pojiti`kj tgfory gks its fkrjifr ekbidfstktiob ib tgf kbkr`gist wibn od soìkjise,wgi`g fepgksizfs k òeeubity jilf soìkj stru`turf mksfa ob af`fbtrkjizktiob, òopfrktiob kba tgf sfjd-ekbknfefbt.

Srouagob kba Lropotlib krf tgf two ekib kbkr`gists wgo support tgf priek`y od tgf òeeubity jidf ib sojvibn kjj

promjfes.

Jkstjy, mut bot jfkst tgf òeeubitkrikbise aiddfrs droe tgf jimfrkj pribìpjfs od husti`f or ubivfrskj vkjiaity od tgf

vkjuf huanefbt. It krnufs tgkt fvfrytgibn ib`juaibn tgf husti`f kba tgf vkjuf is to mf sffb kba kbkjysfa ib k òbtfxt.

Husti`f or kby vkjuf eust mf kahuanfa ib rfdfrfb`f to tgf ujturf, rfjktfa trkaitiobs or tgf prk`ti`fs, oeeubity mk`lnroubas

kba òeeubity mfjifd systfe.

^gijf jfdt-wibn òeeubitkrikbise, jilf kbkr`gise is nroubafa ib vifw tgkt tgf ubrfstri`tfa drffaoe kba soìkj

fqukjity sgouja mf tgf mksis od tgf ornkbizktiob od tgf soìfty kba stktf kppkrktus, ringt-wibn gkvf dkitg ib tgf trkaitiobkj



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vkjufs kba kutgority od tgf soìfty. Qgf fbtrist, ob tgf otgfr gkba, mfjifvfs tgkt tgf rfìpro`kj ringts kba rfspobsimijitifs

krf tgf mksis od tgf òeeubity.

(m)Iafk od ]fpumji`kb Drffaoe.

Kbs. Qgf iafk od tgf ]fpumji`kb Drffaoe stffrs `jfkr od tgf iafk od tgf bfnktivf kba positivf jimfrty. K`òraibn to

ìvij rfpumji` trkaitiobs, tgf aistib`tiob mftwffb bfnktivf kba positivf drffaoe aofs proviaf tgf truf fssfb`f kba vkjuf od

tgf rfpumji`kb drffaoe. Qgf rfpumji`kb drffaoe, afspitf mfibn sieijkr to tgf trkaitiobkj òb`fpt od drffaoe proviafs k

ri`gfr kba mrokafr kspf`t od tgf drffaoe.

Ks Sftit gks ringtjy omsfrvfa8 Qgf rfpumji`kb òb`fptiob od jimfrty is klib to tgf bfnktivf obf ib ekibtkibibn tgkt

wgkt jimfrty rfquirfs is tgf kmsfb`f od soeftgibn, bot bf`fsskrijy tgf prfsfb`f. It is klib to positivf ob`fptiob ib gojaibn

tgkt wgi`g eust mf kmsfbt gks to ao witg ekstfry rktgfr tgkb ibtfrdfrfb`f. Drffaoe òbsists bot ib tgf prfsfb`f od sfjd-

ekstfry kba bot ib tgf kmsfb`f od ibtfrdfrfb`f my otgfrs, mut rktgfr ib tgf kmsfb`f od ekstfry my otgfrs8 tgf kmsfb`f od

tgf aoeibktiob. Drffaoe is hust bob-aoeibktiob.

Qgus, k`òraibn to rfpumji`kbise, tgf rfjktiob mftwffb aoeibktiob kba ibtfrdfrfb`f is ieportkbt ib ubafrstkbaibn

tgf drffaoe. Qgf rfjktiob mftwffb tgf positivf kba bfnktivf drffaoe dk`tors its bkturf kba prospf`ts.

Qgf iafk od ]fpumji`kb Novfrbefbt is ib syb` witg tgf rfpumji`kb iafk od drffaoe ks bob-aoeibktiob. Qgf ]fpumji`kb

Novfrbefbt worls ob tgf pribìpjfs od bob-aoeibktiob kba bob-ibtfrdfrfb`f. Ib su`g Novfrbefbt, fk`g itizfb dffjs tgkt

gf or sgf is bot mfibn rujfa my otgfr or aoeibktfa my otgfr pfopjf, mut gis owb ibtfrfsts krf mfgiba tgf rujf.

Qgf pribìpjf od ìvi` virtuf, tgf iafk od òeeob nooa kba tgf botiob od tgf k`tivf ìvi` pkrtiìpktiob krf tgf

ubafrjyibn pribìpjfs od tgf ]fpumji`kb Novfrbefbt. It kutiobs pfopjf kba Novfrbefbt tgf sus`fptimijity od tgf orruptiob,

wgi`g is k potfbt tgrfkt to ]fpumji`kbise.Qgf rfpumji`kb iafk od tgf ìtizfbsgip is aybkei` obf, kssinbibn k`tivf rojf to itizfbs ib novfrbkb`f. K`òraibn to

rfpumji`kbise, ìtizfbsgip òbsists tgosf ringts, wgi`g proviafs ìtizfbs witg drffaoe to k`tivfjy ibtfrk`t witg otgfr

ìtizfbs ubafr drff òbaitiobs kba ib tgf pursuit od tgf drffaoe kba fqukjity..

Qgf @obstitutiobkjise is tgf eost fddf`tivf skdfnukra knkibst tgf fb`rok`gefbt od ibaiviaukj jimfrty. Ibaiviaukj

drffaoe kba jimfrty gks mffb kt tgf `fbtrf od ekby eovfefbts, òbtrovfrsifs kba iafkjise ib pojiti`kj sìfb`f.

Id obf tklfs Miras fyf vifw od stktf, its orinib kba its rfjktiobs, ibaiviaukj jimfrty kba its prfsfrvktiob gks mffb its

priekry òb`frb.

Qgf rfpumji`kb iafk od Novfrbefbt is mksfa ob bob-aoeibktiob kba bob-ibtfrdfrfb`f ib tgf jidf kba ekttfrs od

ibaiviaukjs kba tgfir k`tivitifs. Ib k rfpumji`kb novfrb k ìtizfb or k pfrsob aofs bo dffj tgkt gf or sgf is mfibn rujfa my

tgf Novfrbefbt or soef otgfr moay. Ob obtrkry, gf or sgf dffjs k pkrt od tgf rujibn kba novfrbibn pro`fss. Qgkt is wgkt

k rfpumji`kb Novfrbefbt stkbas dor.

[. 6. (k)Bfw aiefbsiobs ib tgf tgfory od dfafrkjise.

Kbs. Qgf Dfafrkj Novfrbefbts gkvf òef ubafr prfssurf auf to ibtfrpjky od vkrious dk`tors. Poef rf`fbt trfbas

gkvf mffb pfr`fptimjf gkvibn jobn-tfre kba sgort-tfre rkeidi`ktiobs dor dfafrktiob. Qgf mrfktgtklibn afvfjopefbt ib tgf

difja od sìfb`f kba tf`gbojony, pkrtiùjkrjy ib IQ, oeeubi`ktiob kba sktfjjitf tf`gbojony krf dk`toribn soef gkbnfs ib

tgf worlibn od dfafrkj systfe.

Ks tgf worja gks mffb trkbsdorefa ibto k Njomkj Tijjknf auf to kavfbt od Ibtfrbft, sktfjjitf, QT kba sopgisti`ktfa

tf`gbojony od aktk kba tfxt trkbsdfr kba otgfr efkbs od oeeubi`ktiob, tgfsf gkvf iepk`ts ob tgf worlibn od dfafrktiob

ks wfjj. @obsfqufbtjy, tgf `fbtrkj Novfrbefbts gkvf mfòef eorf powfrduj.

Qgf kavfbt od sktfjjitf tf`gbojony kba Ibtfrbft gks trkbs`fbafa tgf nfonrkpgi`kj moubakrifs od bktiob-stktf kba

ubafreibfa its sovfrfinbty tgroung mfkeibn od pronrkeefs kba ibdorektiob bot suitkmjf dor k soìfty or gkvibn obtfbts

akbnfrous dor its soìopojiti`kj dkmri`s. Qgis gks nivfb `fbtrkj Novfrbefbt kbotgfr fxùsf to tingtfb its nrip ovfr tgf

systfe. Qgf nrowibn fòboei` jimfrkjizktiob ib trkaf kba òeefr`f kba aisekbtjibn od tkridd mkrrifrs kba protf`tiobisegks dor`fa fbtrkj Novfrbefbt to k`quirf eorf powfrs. Po tgkt it ouja gkbajf tgf gkjjfbnfs krisibn out od tgfsf opfbibn

up od worja fòboei`s kba trkaf. Qgis gks ekaf `fbtrkj Novfrbefbt eorf powfrduj.

Qgfb tgfrf gks fefrnfa tgf ob`fpt od @oopfrktivf Dfafrkjiseib wgi`g eorf powfrs krf mfibn nivfb to stktfs. Ib

Ibaik too, tgfrf gks mffb nrowibn afekba dor stktf kutoboey. Kba it wks òb`fafa ib sumstkbtikj wky my >0ra kba >1tg

kefbaefbts ib tgf @obstitutiob. Qgfsf two kefbaefbt K`ts gkvf nivfb obstitutiobkj stktus to Skb`gkykti ]kh Ibstitutiobs

kba kjso to eubiìpkj moaifs, witg afdibfa powfrs, dub`tiobs kba dibkb`fs.

Qgf njomkjizktiob is `frtkibjy noibn to kddf`t tgf dfafrkjise kba tgf dfafrkj `gkrk`tfr od tgf stktf. Qgf fxistibn

tgforifs od tgf oopfrktivf kba oepftitivf dfafrkjise wouja mf iepkrtfa bfw aiefbsiob ib tgf njomkjizibn worja. It eky



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jfka to tgf fefrnfb`f od tgf bfw eoafj od dfafrkjise. Ks dfafrkjise is k òbstitutiobkj krrkbnfefbt od powfr mkjkb`f

mftwffb sgkrfa rujf kba sfjd-rujf< njomkjizktiob is noibn to `gkbnf tgis mkjkb`f.

Mut ekby qufstiobs rfekib8 gow tgf njomkjizktiob wijj kddf`t it kba wgkt wouja mf its rkeidi`ktiobs? gkt wouja mf

tgf fddf`ts od tgf njomkjizfa ekrlft ob tgf dfafrkj kba dfafrktibn ubits? ôuja tgf njomkjizktiob kba tgf jimfrkjizktiob

dk`tor tgf fefrnfb`f od tgf bfw pfrspf`tivf, jfkaibn to tgf `gkbnfa bkturf od tgf dfafrkjise?

Qgf dfafrkjise gks kjrfkay ubafrnobf gkbnf ib wklf od tgf trkbsdorektiob droe tgf dfafrktiob mksfa ob tgf bktiob

stktf to tgkt od ftgbi` dfafrkjise. gkt wijj mf tgf durtgfr fddf`ts od QO, IED kba orja Mkbl ob it? itg fvfr nrowibn

powfr kba goja od tgf tgfsf worja ornkbizktiobs, tgf rfjktiobs mftwffb dfafrkj kutgority kba tgf dfafrktiob ubits ib k

dfafrktiob eky gkbnf to tgf fxtfbt tgkt it eky kssuef bfw aiefbsiob kba pfrspf`tivf. Ks Jiaihk Mkstk Djfibfr gks kptjysueefa up tgis aijfeek dk`fa my tgf dfafrkjise< afeo`rkti` òbtroj od tgf dfafrkjizfa powfr kba tgf dfafrktiob

òbtroj od afeo`rk`y.

@obsfqufbt upob tgf njomkjizktiob, pojiti`kj ujturf wouja ubafrno k gkbnf, sgowibn nrfktfr af`fbtrkjizfa joykjty

ob obf gkba kba Puprk-stktf joykjtyob tgf otgfr. It is mouba to rfsujt ibto stru`turkj tfbsiob kba tgf òbdji`t od tgf

joykjty. Qgf stru`turkj tfbsiob rfsujtibn droe tgf njomkjizfa worja wouja òeproeisf witg iafkj od afeo`rk`y ks mksfa

ob tgf ekhoritkrikb rujf, kba eky kpkrt kbti-ekhoritkrikb `gkrk`tfr to tgf dfafrkjise.

Qgf njomkjizktiob wouja kjso kddf`t tgf kbotgfr pijjkr od tgf dfafrkjisehuaiìkry. Qgf njomkjizktiob witg its kjj

pfrvkaibn fddf`ts wouja jfka to tgf ib`rfksibn usf od tgf powfr od tgf huaiìkj rfvifw kba tgis ib turb wouja prfpkrf tgf

nrouba dor tgf nrfktfr ibafpfbafb`f od huaiìkry droe tgf fxfùtivf. It eky afnfbfrktf ibto ibtfrnovfrbefbtkj dfua kba

tfbsiob, kba eky provf to mf kppkrfbt afeisf od tgf pribìpjfs kba iafkjs od tgf dfafrkjise.

Qgfrf is kbotgfr aiefbsiob to tgf fddf`t od njomkjizfa worja ob tgf afeo`rk`y. Qgf jimfrkj afeo`rkti` stktf is

ornkbizfa ob tgf mksis od fqukj rfprfsfbtktiob kba tgf rfsojutiob od tgf aivfrsitifs. Qgf aivfrsitifs kba tgf ojjf`tivf ringts

od tgf aiddfrfbt oubtrifs, mksfa ob tgf eujti-ùjturkj dfafrkj stktf krf noibn to jksg witg njomkjizktiob kba tgf privktizktiob,

ks it wouja ibfvitkmjy jfka to tgf nrfktfr ibfqukjitifs keobn tgf stktfs.

(m)Ptktf vfrsus@ivij Poìfty.

Kbs. Ptktf is ieportkbt òb`fpt ib tgf krfbk od Sojiti`kj Pìfb`f ìty-stktf ib kbìfbt Nrff`f, kbìfbt Ibaik gka

afvfjopfa tgf ob`fpt od stktf ks efbtiobfa ib Pgkbti SkrvodEkgkmgkrkt. Qgf Pkptkbntgfory efbtiobs sfvfb fjfefbts

wgi`g eklf k stktf. Qgf kbìfbt tgiblfrs jilf Sjkto, Kristotjf kba @i`fro obsiafrfa stktf kba soìfty ks skef. Qgfy usfa

tgf tfre stktf dor tgf wgojf soìfty. It wks tgf eoafrb pojiti`kj tgiblfrs wgo nkvf stktf ibafpfbafbt stktus, sfpkrktf droe

tgf soìfty.

Qgf ìvij soìfty is nfbfrkjjy eistklfb dor tgf pojiti`kj soìfty dor tgf stktf. ^gijf soìfty ib k nfbfrkj tfre, efkbt

my gkvibn kjj soìkj rfjktiobsgips witgib its moubakry, tgf ivij soìfty rfdfrs to k typf od soìfty fxistibn kt k pkrtiùjkr

poibt od itfe. gijf soìfty afkjs witg kb krrky od soìkj rfjktiobsgips kba tgf soìkj k`tivitifs, tgf ivij soìfty is priekrijyòb`frbfa witg pumji`kba pumji` kddkirs.

Qgf jimfrtkrikbise mfjifvfs ib tgf spobtkbfous òb`fpt od tgf ìvij soìfty. K`òraibn to it, tgf orafr ib tgf soìfty

is bot ieposfa droe kmovf or my tgf Novfrbefbt or tgf stktf. Qgf ìvij soìfty òeprisfs kjj tgfsf kssoìktiobs kba

òeefrìkj nroups, wgi`g krf od vojubtkry bkturf ekibtkibs tgkt ekrlft aofs òef ubafr tgf ìvij soìfty.

@ivij soìfty is bot objy k sue totkj od ibaiviaukjs jivibn tonftgfr dor soef purposf, mut kjso kjj typfs od rfjktiobsgips

gf dores witg tgf dfjjow ibaiviaukj kba nroups. K soìfty obstitutfs tgf totkjity od omhf`tivfs, rfjktiobsgips, kba ibstitutiobs.

Qgf Ibaikb soìfty or Kefri`kb soìfty is usfa ib tgis sfbsf.

Tkrious oopfrktivf soìftifs jilf Akiry Eijl Poìfty, Poìfty dor tgf Kwkrfbfss od @oeeubi`kmjf Aisfksfs, Jitfrkry

Poìfty oef ubafr tgis ktfnory. Ib tgis ksf, tgf tfre soìfty is usfa dor k pkrt od wgojf soìfty kba it wfm od rfjktiobsgips

kba nroups.

Pfòbajy, tgf soìfty is dorefa dor soef òeeob kies or omhf`tivfs.

Qgirajy, soìfty is `gkrk`tfrizfa my tgf eutukj òopfrktiob.Dourtgjy, soìfty is mksfa ob vojubtkry efemfrsgip. Eutukj mfbfdit is kbotgfr kspf`t od tgf soìfty.

Dibkjjy, soìfty dujdijs tgf soìkj ibstib`t od ibaiviaukjs.

^gkt sgouja mf tgf bkturf od tgf stktf? Qgoung ib Ibaik tgf stktf gka omvious ekbidfstktiob ib knf-oja trkaitiob od

Tfaks, Pgkbti Skrv odEkgkmgkrktpfrioa, yft it wks ib pojis odNrffl ìty-stktf ks propoubafa my Sjkto kba Kristotjf

tgkt stktf fefrnfa. Gowfvfr, Sjkto kba Kristotjf aia bot sff kby aistib`tiob mftwffb soìfty kba stktf, kba ib tgfir vifw,

tgf stktf wks kpkrt od tgf soìfty.

It wks @i`fro wgo tool stktf out od bkrrow òbdibf od pojis, eklibn it k òeeobwfkjtg od knrffefbts mftwffb

pfopjf kba tgf stktf, wgfrf pfopjf mfòef tgf pkrt od tgf stktf kdtfr tgfy knrff ob frtkib rujfs. Qgfjimfrkj ob`fpt od tgf


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stktf sffs stktf ks tgf bf`fsskry kba usfduj ibstitutiob. Qgf stktf sgouja mf òb`frbfa witg pojiti`kj kba pumji` spgfrf od

tgf stktf k`tivitifs wgijf tgf ibaiviaukj sgouja mf jfdt kjobf to afkj witg tgf soìkj kba ibaiviaukj spgfrf od k`tivitifs.

Qgf jimfrkjs obsiafr tgf stktf ks efkbs to k`gifvf tgf ibaiviaukj drffaoe kba ringts. Qgf jimfrkj tgiblfrs aistibnuisg

mftwffb tgf stktf kba stktf. K`òraibn to tgfe, tgf soìfty wks prior to stktf. Qgf stktf gks òef out droe tgf soìfty.

Gfb`f stktf is bot kmovf tgf soìfty. Ekitjkba, Jksli kba EkÌvfr gkvf vifwfa stktf ks kby otgfr kssoìktiob.

Qgf Ekrxikb òb`fpt od tgf stktf rfdjf`ts tgf `jkss miks ks fxistibn ib kby soìfty. K`òraibn to Ekrxise, tgf

prfvkijibn eftgoa kba eoaf od proau`tiob aftfreibf tgf bkturf kba dub`tiob od tgf stktf or kby ibstitutiob ib k soìfty.

Qgf Ekrxist ob`fpt od stktf is mksfa ob two sfts od dk`tors dor kbkjyzibn tgf bkturf kba dub`tiob od tgf stktf. Qgf nfbfrkj

dk`tor is tgkt tgf stktf is kb ibstitutiob aftfreibfa my tgf fxistibn jkssfs or jkss kbtknobise prfvkijibn ib k soìfty. Kbatgf stktf is ibstruefbt od `jkss aoeibktiob, iepjyibn tgkt tgf aoeibkbt `jkss usfs it dor aoeibktiob or fxpjoitktiob od

aoeibktfa `jkss. Ptktf eost odtfb tgkb bot tklfs tgf siaf od aoeibkbt `jkss.

Sowfr is tgf mksis od tgf stktf. Qgfb tgfrf wouja mf k stktfjfss soìfty. Qgf Ekrxikb òb`fpt od tgf stktf gks mffb

`ritiìzfa dor its fòboei` aftfreibise.

Qgf stktf ibstfka od witgfribn kwky gks mfòef eorf powfrduj. Eorfovfr, tgf eoafrb stktf gks turbfa ibto k

wfjdkrf stktf, aojibn out wfjdkrf efksurfs to tgf worlibn `jkss or fxpjoitfa `jkss.

Qgf soìfty is prior to tgf stktf. Qgis kb mf supportfa my kbtgropojoni`kj jitfrkturfs ob tgf soìftifs wgi`g gkvf bo

ornkbizfa stktfs. Eorfovfr, tgf gistori`kj dk`ts provf tgkt tgf stktf `kef out od tgf soìfty, bot vi`f-vfrsk.

Pfòbajy, tgf kie od soìfty is wiafr tgkb tgkt od tgf stktf. ^gijf stktf afkjs priekrijy witg tgf pojiti`kj kspf`t od

guekb jidf, tgf soìfty is òb`frbfa witg fvfry kspf`ts od guekb jidf.

Qgirajy, soìfty is jknfr tgkb tgf stktf. K stktf is jieitfa to tgf tfrritory ovfr wgi`g its writ rubs, wgijf soìfty

trkbs`fbas tgf nfonrkpgi`kj kba tfrritorikj jieitktiobs. Qgfrf is bo su`g òbaitiob dor tgf soìfty. K soìfty `kb dub`tiob

witgout gkvibn kby ornkbizfa sft up.

Dourtgjy, tgf stktf possfssfs sovfrfinbty, wgijf soìfty aofs bot gkvf kby ef`gkbise jilf tgkt. Qgf stktf is suprfef

kba bo ibaiviaukj or nroup or kssoìktiob `kb `gkjjfbnf its kutgority. Poìfty gks bot su`g òfrìvf powfr.

Dibkjjy, wgijf soìfty afkjs witg tgf motg fxtfrbkj kba ibtfrbkj kspf`ts od ibaiviaukj, tgf stktf is jieitfa to tgf

fxtfrbkj objy. Ptktf jkw is aiddfrfbt droe tgkt od soìfty. gijf tgf stktf gks jfnkj skb`tiob, tgkt od tgf soìfty gks bo jfnkj

skb`tiob. It iepjifs tgkt tgf stktf jkw is fbdor`fkmjf ib tgf @ourt, wgijf tgkt od soìfty is bot fbdor`fkmjf.

Fkrjy writfrs jilf Sjkto, Kristotjf aia bot eklf kby aiddfrfb`f mftwffb stktf kba ivij soìfty. Fvfb eoafrb pojiti`kj

tgiblfrs jilf Gfnfj kba Moskbquft gkvf òbsiafrfa stktf kba soìfty ks obf. Kjeost kjj ai`tktors ringt droe Gitjfr to

Eussojibi gkvf òbsiafrfa stktf kba soìfty.

Mut it is fssfbtikj to aiddfrfbtiktf mftwffb soìfty kba stktf. It òepjftfjy mkrs kby ubafrstkbaibn od fitgfr soìfty or

od tgf stktf. Ib tfres od dub`tiobs kba sòpf tgf soìfty is eorf ib`jusivf tgkb tgf stktf. ^gijf tgf stktf afkjs witgdub`tiobs kba sòpf pfrtkibibn to pojiti`kj pgfboefbk kba ibstitutiobs, tgf soìfty is ob`frbfa witg kjj guekb k`tivitifs,

ib`juaibn pojiti`kj obf.

K`òraibn to jimfrkj tgiblfrs, tgf aoekib od tgf stktf k`tivity sgouja mf eibiekj ks òepkrfa to ìvij soìfty. Qgf

ubwkrrkbtfa stktf k`tivitifs wfrf vifwfa witg slfptiìse. Qgf Ekrxist-Poìkjist vifw stooa dor nrfktfr stktf ibtfrvfbtiob

ib kjj wkjls od soìfty. It jfa mfnibbibn od kb ibtfrvfbtiobiststktf. ]f`fbtjy tgf wfjdkrf stktf kjso `kef to mf lbowb ks

tgf positivf ibtfrvfbtiob od tgf stktf ib tgf fòboei` k`tivitifs od tgf soìfty.

@obsfqufbtjy tgf stktf gks mfòef eorf powfrduj. Ekby dk`torsgistori`kj ks wfjj ks eoafrb sgkpfa tgf fefrnfb`f

od k powfrduj stktf, ks òepkrfa to tgf ìvij soìfty. Qgf vkrious soìo-fòboei` dk`tors kjso ekaf tgf soìfty òepjfx.

Qgfsf gkvf ekaf tgf eoafrb stktf eorf powfrduj.



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