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KVGFROJK ‖ O

P. 0. Bgsfrong tdg i`ok fd`r`ftgrostofs je trg`togs je @istgrb`i `kb Kofg. Sd`t rjag d`vg tdgsg pa`ygb ok tdg

ejri`tojk je tdg Gurjpg`k Wkojk:

@ks. Rdg @istgrb`i Rrg`ty= Gka`rcgigkt tjw`rbs tdg G`st paus sgvgr`a pgkbokc ossugs jk tdg GW cgkb` prjiptgb

tdg kgcjto`tojk je tdg Rrg`ty je @istgrb`i must ejur yg`rs `etgr tdg fjkfausojk je tdg Rrg`ty je I``strofdt. Kgcjto`tojks,

djwgvgr, tjjl pa`fg ok ` iufd agss jptoiostof faoi`tg. Rdg Rrg`ty je @istgrb`i jpgkgb tdg w`y tjw`rbs rgokejrfgb jr

fajsgr fjjpgr`tojk nut ot e`oagb tj rgsjavg okstotutojk`a ossugs frg`tgb ny tdg ejrtdfjiokc gka`rcgigkt. Ot w`s sockgb jk >

Jftjngr 0??3 `kb f`ig oktj ejrfg jk 0 I`y 0???.

Rdg @istgrb`i Rrg`ty ig`kt ` crg`tgr gipd`sos jk fotozgksdop `kb tdg rocdts je okbovobu`as, `k `ttgipt tj `fdogvg

ijrg bgijfr`fy ok tdg sd`pg je okfrg`sgb pjwgrs ejr tdg Gurjpg`k X`rao`igkt, kgw totag jk gipajyigkt, Fjiiukoty

`rg` je erggbji, sgfuroty `kb mustofg, tdg ngcokkokcs je ` fjiijk ejrgock `kb sgfuroty pjaofy (FEVX) `kb tdg rgejri je 

tdg okstotutojks ok tdg ruk-up tj gka`rcgigkt.

@istgrb`i fjiprosgs 06 Xrjtjfjas, 70 Bgfa`r`tojks `bjptgb ny tdg Fjkegrgkfg `kb 4 Bgfa`r`tojks ny Igingr

Vt`tgs paus `igkbigkts tj tdg gxostokc Rrg`togs sgt jut ok 07 @rtofags. @rtofag 0 (fjkt`okokc 05 p`r`cr`pds) `igkbs tdg

cgkgr`a prjvosojks je tdg Rrg`ty jk Gurjpg`k Wkojk kb fjvgrs tdg FEVX kb fjjpgr`tojk ok froiok`a kb pjaofg i`ttgrs.

Rdg kgxt ejur @rtofags (38 p`r`cr`pds) `igkb tdg GF Rrg`ty, tdg Gurjpg`k Fj`a `kb Vtgga Fjiiukoty Rrg`ty (wdofd

gxporgb ok >88>), tdg Gur`tji Rrg`ty kb tdg @ft fjkfgrkokc tdg gagftojk je tdg Gurjpg`k X`rao`igkt. Rdg eok`a prjvosojks

fjkt`ok ejur @rtofags. Rdg kgw Rrg`ty `asj sgt jut tj soipaoey tdg Fjiiukoty Rrg`togs, bgagtokc ijrg td`k 75 jnsjagtg

`rtofags `kb rgkuingrokc tdg rgst ok jrbgr tj i`lg tdg wdjag ijrg agconag. Ny w`y je gx`ipag, @rtofag 04?n jk tdg

fjbgfosojk prjfgburg ngf`ig @rtofag >70.

Rdg ijst prgssokc fjkfgrks je jrbok`ry Gurjpg`ks, sufd `s tdgor agc`a `kb pgrsjk`a sgfuroty, oiiocr`tojk `kb er`ub

prgvgktojk, wgrg `aa bg`at wotd ok jtdgr fd`ptgrs je tdg Rrg`ty. Ok p`rtofua`r, tdg GW woaa kjw ng `nag tj agcosa`tg jk

oiiocr`tojk, fovoa a`w jr fovoa prjfgburg, ok sj e`r s tdos os kgfgss`ry ejr tdg ergg ijvgigkt je pgrsjks wotdok tdg GW. @t

tdg s`ig toig, oktgrcjvgrkigkt`a fjjpgr`tojk w`s oktgksoeogb ok tdg pjaofg `kb froiok`a mustofg eogab sj td`t Igingr

Vt`tgs woaa ng nag tj fjjrbok`tg tdgor ftovotogs ijrg geegftovgay. Rdg Wkojk ois tj gst`naosd k rg` je erggbji, sgfuroty

`kb mustofg ejr ots fotozgks. Rdg Vfdgkcgk @crggigkts d`vg kjw nggk okfjrpjr`tgb oktj tdg agc`a systgi je tdg GW.Rdg Rrg`ty a`ys bjwk kgw prokfopags kb rgspjksonoaotogs ok tdg eogab je tdg fjiijk ejrgock kb sgfuroty pjaofy, wotd

tdg gipd`sos jk prjmgftokc tdg GW‟s v`augs tj tdg jutsobg wjrab, prjtgftokc ots oktgrgsts kb rgejriokc ots ijbgs je ftojk.

Rdg Gurjpg`k Fjukfoa woaa a`y bjwk fjiijk str`tgcogs, wdofd woaa tdgk ng put oktj geegft ny tdg Fjukfoa `ftokc ny `

qu`aoeogb i`mjroty, sunmgft tj fgrt`ok fjkbotojks. Ok jtdgr f`sgs, sjig Vt`tgs i`y fdjjsg tj `nst`ok ‑fjkstruftovgay’, o.g.

wotdjut `ftu`aay prgvgktokc bgfosojks ngokc t`lgk.

Rdg trg`ty oktrjbufgb ` Docd ^gprgsgkt`tovg ejr GW Ejrgock Xjaofy wdj, tjcgtdgr wotd tdg Xrgsobgkts je tdg Fjukfoa

`kb tdg Gurjpg`k Fjiiossojk, puts ` ‑k`ig `kb ` e`fg’ jk GW pjaofy ok tdg jutsobg wjrab. @atdjucd, tdg @istgrb`i

Rrg`ty bob kjt prjvobg ejr fjiijk bgegkfg, ot bob okfrg`sg tdg GW‟s rgspjksonoaotogs ejr pg`fglggpokc kb dui`kot`ro`k

wjrl, ok p`rtofua`r ny ejrcokc fajsgr aokls wotd Sgstgrk Gurjpg`k Wkojk.

@VVOCKIGKR VJAWROJKV CWOBG (>802->807)

I.X.V.G.-00

Rdg Gurjpg`k Wkojk ok Sjrab @ee`ros Bosfa`oigr/Vpgfo`a Kjtg= Rdgsg `rg must tdg s`ipag je tdg @kswgrs/Vjautojks tj sjig je tdg Pugstojks covgk ok tdg@ssockigkts. Rdgsg V`ipag @kswgrs/Vjautojks rg prgp`rgb ny Xrov`tg Rg`fdgr/Rutjrs/@udtjrs ejr tdg dgap kb Cuob`kfg

je tdg stubgkt tj cgt k obg` je djw dg/sdg f`k kswgr tdg Pugstojks je tdg @ssockigkts. Sg bj kjt fa`oi 088% @ffur`fy

je tdgsg s`ipag @kswgrs `s tdgsg `rg n`sgb jk tdg lkjwagbcg `kb f`n`noaoty je Xrov`tg Rg`fdgr/Rutjr. V`ipag `kswgrs

i`y ng sggk s tdg Cuobg/Dgap Njjl ejr tdg rgegrgkfg tj prgp`rg tdg kswgrs je tdg Pugstojk covgk ok tdg ssockigkt. @s

tdgsg sjautojks `kb `kswgrs `rg prgp`rgb ny tdg prov`tg tg`fdgr/tutjr sj tdg fd`kfgs je grrjr jr iost`lg f`kkjt ng bgkogb.

@ky Jiossojk jr Grrjr os docday rgcrgttgb tdjucd gvgry f`rg d`s nggk t`lgk wdoag prgp`rokc tdgsg V`ipag @kswgrs/ Vjautojks. Xag`sg fjksuat yjur jwk Rg`fdgr/Rutjr ngejrg yju prgp`rg ` X`rtofua`r @kswgr & ejr uptjb`tg `kb gx`ft

okejri`tojk, b`t` `kb sjautojk. Vtubgkt sdjuab iust rg`b `kb rgegr tdg jeeofo`a stuby i`tgro`a prjvobgb ny tdg ukovgrsoty.

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@s ejr tdg okstotutojks, tdgrg wgrg twj i`mjr rgejris fjkfgrkokc tdg fjbgfosojk prjfgburg (tdg agcosa`tovg prjfgburg

okvjavokc tdg Gurjpg`k X`rao`igkt `kb tdg Fjukfoa), `eegftokc ots sfjpg ‖ ijst agcosa`tojk w`s `bjptgb ny tdg fjbgfosojk

prjfgburg ‖ `kb ots bgt`oagb prjfgburgs, wotd X`rao`igkt pa`yokc ` iufd strjkcgr rjag. Rdg Xrgsobgkt je tdg Fjiiossojk

woaa `asj d`vg tj g`rk tdg pgrsjk`a trust je X`rao`igkt, wdofd woaa covg doi tdg `utdjroty tj a`y bjwk tdg Fjiiossojk‟s

pjaofy cuobgaokgs `kb pa`y `k `ftovg p`rt ok fdjjsokc tdg Igingrs je tdg Fjiiossojk ny bgfobokc jk tdgor `ppjoktigkt

ny fjiijk `ffjrb wotd tdg k`tojk`a cjvgrkigkts. Rdgsg prjvosojks i`lg tdg Fjiiossojk ijrg pjaotof`aay `ffjukt`nag,

p`rtofua`ray vos-è-vos tdg Gurjpg`k X`rao`igkt. Eok`aay, tdg kgw Rrg`ty jpgks tdg bjjr, ukbgr vgry stroft fjkbotojks, tj

fajsgr fjjpgr`tojk ngtwggk Igingr Vt`tgs wdofd sj wosd. Fajsgr fjjpgr`tojk i`y ng gst`naosdgb, jk prjpjs`a erji tdg

Fjiiossojk, ok f`sgs wdgrg ot os kjt pjssonag tj t`lg mjokt ftojk, prjvobgb td`t sufd stgps bj kjt ukbgriokg tdg fjdgrgkfgje tdg GW jr tdg rocdts `kb gqu`aoty je ots fotozgks.

Rdg Rrg`ty je @istgrb`i `asj pa`fgs ` crg`tgr gipd`sos jk rocdts prjtgftojk, kjt`nay tdrjucd tdg oksgrtojk je `

kgw @rtofag E.0. je tdg RGW td`t gk`nags tdg Fjukfoa, `ftokc ok ots fjipjsotojk je Dg`bs je Vt`tg jr Cjvgrkigkt,

tj `ssgss pgk`atogs jk Igingr Vt`tgs td`t voja`tg tdg prokfopags je bgijfr`fy, ruag je a`w, `kb n`sof rocdts.

Ijrgjvgr, tdg @istgrb`i Rrg`ty woaa gxp`kb tdg murosboftojk je tdg Fjurt je Mustofg ok @rtofag A je tdg RGW tj fjvgr

fa`ois td`t Fjiiukoty okstotutojks d`vg voja`tgb eukb`igkt`a rocdts. @asj pjtgkto`aay je docd oipjrt`kfg os tdg kgw

@rtofag 5` je tdg GF Rrg`ty, wdofd woaa gipjwgr tdg Fjukfoa tj `bjpt ig`surgs tj ‑fjin`t bosfroiok`tojk n`sgb jk

sgx, sjfo`a jr gtdkof jrocok, rgaocojk jr ngaoge, bos`noaoty, `cg jr sgxu`a jrogkt`tojk.’

Rrg`ty Je Kofg= Rdg Rrg`ty je Kofg w`s `crggb `t tdg Kofg Gurjpg`k Fjukfoa ok Bgfgingr >888. Ot rgprgsgktgb `

eurtdgr `ttgipt ny tdg cjvgrkigkts je tdg igingr st`tgs tj eokb ` wjrl`nag ig`ks je ijvokc ejrw`rb tdg prjfgss je 

Gurjpg`k oktgcr`tojk, `kb tj prgp`rg ejr tdg fjiokc gka`rcgigkt je tdg GW tj okfaubg tgk kgw igingrs. Kgcjto`tojks

wgrg bovobgb ny tdg rg-gigrcgkfg je jab `rcuigkts jvgr tdg ngkgeots je oktgrcjvgrkigkt`a `s jppjsgb tj supr`k`tojk`a

ijbgas ejr tdg rukkokc je tdg GW. Kgvgrtdgagss, tdg eok`a bjfuigkt i`bg sockoeof`kt fd`kcgs tj djw tdg GW wjuab ng ruk

ok tdg euturg.

@rcuigkts r`cgb jvgr tdg euturg borgftojk je tdg GW ejaajwokc tdg Rrg`ty je @istgrb`i (0??3) `s igingr st`tgs

trogb tj rgejri tdg Fjiiossojk `kb Gurjpg`k Fjukfoa ngejrg gka`rcgigkt. Ergkfd Xrgsobgkt M`fqugs Fdor`f w`ktgb tj

sgg ijrg pjwgr covgk tj tdg Gurjpg`k Fjukfoa `kb agss pjwgr rgstokc ok tdg d`kbs je tdg Fjiiossojk. Ig`kwdoag,

Fjiiossojk Xrgsobgkt ^ji`kj Xrjbo `rcugb ejr tdg jppjsotg ijbga (covokc ijrg pjwgr tj tdg Fjiiossojk `kb agss tj

tdg Fjukfoa), wdoag ` tdorb `kb `atjcgtdgr ijrg r`bof`a prjpjs`a f`ig erji Cgri`k Ejrgock Iokostgr Mjsfdl` Eosfdgr

wdj sgt jut ` vosojk ejr ` X`rao`igkt`ry Gurjpg`k Egbgr`tojk.

Rdos w`s tdg n`sos upjk wdofd `k Oktgr-Cjvgrkigkt`a Fjkegrgkfg igt tdrjucdjut iufd je >888 tj bosfuss tdg

rgejri je GW bgfosojk-i`lokc tj prgp`rg ejr gka`rcgigkt. Rdg s`ig agvga je bos`crggigkt i`rlgb tdg Kofg Vuiiot

otsgae, wotd tdg Nrotosd Xroig Iokostgr tdrg`tgkokc tj vgtj tdg trg`ty oe Er`kfg `ttgiptgb tj pusd tdrjucd i`mjr rgbuftojksok Nrot`ok‟s vgtj pjwgrs. @atdjucd `crggigkt w`s eok`aay rg`fdgb, egw vogwgb ot `s ` suffgsseua prjfgss.

Iufd je tdg tgxt je tdg Rrg`ty w`s fjkfgrkgb wotd rgejriokc tdg bgfosojk-i`lokc je tdg GW. Ot gxtgkbgb Pu`aoeogb

I`mjroty Ujtokc (PIU) ok tdg Gurjpg`k Fjukfoa `kb rgijvgb k`tojk`a vgtjgs erji tdorty kokg rg`s. Ot c`vg tdg pjwgr tj

gagft tdg Fjiiossojk Xrgsobgkt tj tdg Gurjpg`k X`rao`igkt `kb c`vg doi tdg pjwgr tj s`fl okbovobu`a Fjiiossojkgrs.

Ajjlokc ejrw`rb tj gka`rcgigkt, ot sgt aoiots jk tdg kuingrs je euturg Fjiiossojkgrs `kb IGXs, rgvosgb tdg vjtokc

pjwgrs je tdg igingr st`tgs ok tdg Gurjpg`k Fjukfoa tj covg ijrg wgocdt tj tdg a`rcgst st`tgs, `kb ejri`aozgb tdg obg` je 

gkd`kfgb fj-jpgr`tojk eorst sgt jut ok tdg Rrg`ty je @istgrb`i. Rdg Rrg`ty strgkctdgkgb tdg Fjiijk Ejrgock `kb

Vgfuroty Xjaofy (FEVX) ny frg`tokc spgfo`a rgprgsgkt`tovgs `kb tdg obg` td`t tdg Fjukfoa sdjuab ng `nag tj kgcjto`tg jk

ngd`ae je `aa igingrs `t oktgrk`tojk`a iggtokcs. Eok`aay, ok tdg —Bgfa`r`tojk jk tdg Euturg je tdg Gurjpg`k Wkojk‟, ot

`kkjukfgb td`t `kjtdgr Oktgrcjvgrkigkt`a Fjkegrgkfg sdjuab ng sgt up tj wrotg `k GW Fjkstotutojk.

Rdg r`toeof`tojk prjfgss ejaajwokc tdg sock`turg je tdg Kofg Rrg`ty jk >5/>/>888 w`s pa`cugb ny boeeofuatogs. Ok `aa tdg

GW igingr st`tgs tdg Rrg`ty je Kofg w`s r`toeogb ny p`rao`igkt`ry prjfgburg, gxfgpt ok Orga`kb, wdgrg tdg Orosd VuprgigFjurt ok `k g`raogr mubcgigkt jk tdg Vokcag Gurjpg`k @ft d`b ruagb td`t eukb`igkt`a fd`kcgs tj Gurjpg`k Rrg`togs,

wdofd `atgr tdg Orosd Fjkstotutojk‟s rgfjckotojk je sjvgrgockty `s ngokc uatoi`tgay bgrovgb erji tdg Xgjpag, rgquorg `k

`igkbigkt tj tdg Orosd fjkstotutojk. Orga`kb‟s fjkstotutojk f`k jkay ng `igkbgb ny ` rgegrgkbui je tdg pgjpag.

P. >. Bosfuss Fjksjfo`tojk`aosi `s ` st`tg-fgktrof ijbga je Gurjpg`k oktgcr`tojk.

@ks. Fjksjfo`tojk`aosi= Fjksjfo`tojk`aosi os ` ijbga prjvobokc oksocdts oktj fgktr`a eg`turgs je gktotogs (usu`aay

st`tgs) wdofd `rg bovobgb sd`rpay oktgrk`aay `kb `nag tj eukftojk ok ` rga`tovgay sijjtd `kb st`nag i`kkgr. Ot os `tgri usgb

ny @rgkb Aompd`rt. Fjksjfo`tojk`aosi os ` v`au`nag ijbga ok gxpa`okokc tdg k`turg je tdg n`a`kfg ngtwggk er`cigkt`tojk

`kb fjjpgr`tojk/oktgcr`tojk= fjsts je er`cigkt`tojk f`k ng jvgrfjig, wdoag pjwgr `kb `utdjroty je njtd tdg sgcigkts

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`kb tdg fjaagftovoty `rg strgkctdgkgb. Rdgrgejrg, GW igingrsdop bjgs kjt eukb`igkt`aay ukbgriokg tdg sjvgrgockty je 

igingr st`tgs. Aompd`rt doisgae d`s trogb tj usg dos fjkfgpt ok jrbgr tj fjkfgptu`aozg tdg GW‟s okstotutojk`a systgi.Ok tdg

oktrjbuftojk tj tdg upb`tgb vgrsojk je dos tdgjry, dg rgc`rbs tdg Wkojk `s `k `rfdgtypg je fjksgksu`a bgijfr`fy.

Fjksjfo`tojk`aosi os ` ejri je cjvgrkigkt okvjavokc cu`r`ktggb crjup rgprgsgkt`tojk, `kb os jetgk succgstgb ejr

i`k`cokc fjkeaoft ok bggpay bovobgb sjfogtogs. Ot os jetgk vogwgb s sykjkyijus wotd pjwgr-sd`rokc, atdjucd ot os tgfdkof`aay

jkay jkg ejri je pjwgr-sd`rokc.

Fjksjfo`tojk`aosi os jetgk sggk s d`vokc fajsg eeokotogs wotd fjrpjr tosi< sjig fjksobgr ot tj ng ejri je fjrpjr`tosi

wdoag jtdgrs fa`oi td`t gfjkjiof fjrpjr`tosi w`s bgsockgb tj rgcua`tg fa`ss fjkeaoft, wdoag fjksjfo`tojk`aosi bgvgajpgb

jk tdg n`sos je rgfjkfoaokc sjfogt`a er`cigkt`tojk `ajkc gtdkof `kb rgaocojus aokgs.Kg`ray `aa tdg pg`fg `ffjrbs kgcjto`tgb ok tdg p`st eoetggk yg`rs d`vg okfaubgb pjwgrsd`rokc ok jkg ejri jr kjtdgr<

okbggb, ot f`k ng `rcugb, tdg kuingr je pjwgr-sd`rokc ‑socdtokcs’ os okfrg`sokc. @s pjwgr-sd`rokc c`oks pjpua`roty `s `

ijbg je fjkeaoft i`k`cgigkt `kb ots ergqugkfy okfrg`sgs, ot ngfjigs okfrg`sokcay oipjrt`kt tj `ssgss ots ejukb`tojk`a

prokfopags. Rdos os trug ejr twj rg`sjks. Eorst, tdg kjtojk je pjwgr-sd`rokc fjvgrs boeegrgkt pprj`fdgs, sjig je wdofd rg

okfjksostgkt wotd g`fd jtdgr. Rdgsg okfaubg tdg twj ijst prjiokgkt `pprj`fdgs ‖ tdg fjksjfo`tojk`a str`tgcy `bvjf`tgb

ny @rgkb Aompd`rt `kb tdg fgktropgt`a ijbga bgvgajpgb ny Bjk`ab A. Djrjwotz. Rdgrg tdus gxosts ` kggb tj bgtgriokg kjt

 must oe pjwgr-sd`rokc os usgeua, nut `asj wdofd lokb je pjwgr-sd`rokc.

Vgfjkbay, ok iufd tdg s`ig w`y td`t tdgrg gxost boeegrgkt pjwgr-sd`rokc str`tgcogs, tdgrg `rg `asj boeegrgkt typgs je 

pa`fgs tj wdofd pjwgr-sd`rokc f`k ng `ppaogb. Rdgsg r`kcg erji tdg ijst bg`bay fjkeaofts tj tdjsg td`t `rg sunst`kto`aay agss

vojagkt nut `rg kjkgtdgagss pja`rozgb `kb tj tdjsg td`t i`y ng bovgrsg nut kjt kgfgss`roay bggpay bovobgb. Rdos succgsts `

kggb tj okquorg kjt must wdofd sjrt je pjwgr-sd`rokc os usgeua, nut `asj wdofd sjrt os usgeua ok wdofd typg je pa`fg.

@ffjrbokc tj X`ua R`yajr GW os arg`by td`t lokb je gktoty sj tdg obg` je fjksjfo`tojk ok tdg fjktgxt je tdg GW, wdofd

gkf`psua`tgs tdg GW‟s fjkstotutojk ok tdg g`ray yg`rs je tdg sgfjkb ioaagkkoui. Ot os oipjrt`kt tj lkjw td`t fjksjfo`tojk

`s ` prokfopag d`s nggk t`algb `njut vgry gxtgksovgay wdgrg tdgrg `rg prjejukbay bovobgb sjfogtogs. Jkg je ots eg`turgs os

td`t tdg gxgfutovg os sggk `s ` f`rtga je gaotgs= bgfosojks `t tdg tjp `rg gssgkto`aay i`bg jk tdg n`sos je uk`koioty ny tdg

ag`bgrs je bostokft k`tojk`a sgftjrs, ok tdg GW tdg ag`bgrs je st`tgs.

Wk`koioty jkg iocdt tdokl os vgry jbb ` w`y je bgsfronokc tdg vjtokc prjfgburgs je tdg GW ok tdg eorst yg`r je tdg

sgfjkb ioaagkkoui ngf`usg `s gvgryjkg lkjws tdgrg `rg `rr`kcgigkts ejr qu`aoeogb i`mjroty vjtokc ok v`rojus okst`kfgs.

Nut tdg proi`ry prokfopag je vjtokc ok tdg GW os td`t je fjksgksus `kb tdgrg `rg `aa sjrts je `rcuigkts `kb qu`aoeof`tojks

td`t f`k ng gktgrgb `njut tdg sotu`tojks ok wdofd p`rtofua`r st`tgs f`k ng jutvjtgb. Rdg st`tgs td`t djab tdg Xrgsobgkfy,

i`okay ngf`usg je gxpgrogkfg `kb sjfo`aos`tojk, try vgry d`rb tj fjktrja `cgkb`s sj td`t st`tgs `rg kjt jutvjtgb `kb

fgrt`okay kjt jutvjtgb rgcua`ray `njut i`ttgrs wdofd tdgy tdokl je `s oipjrt`kt. Vj ok ` f`rtga je gaotgs tdgrg os ` vgry

oipjrt`kt prokfopag, ok geegft je fjksgksus, wdofd f`k ng tr`ksa`tgb oktj ` sjigwd`t strjkcgr wjrb ‑uk`koioty’. Rdos os `w`y je lggpokc tjcgtdgr ok fjiijk systgi je cjvgrkigkt sgt je boeegrgkt sgftjrs, boeegrgkt k`tojk`a gktotogs, boeegrgkt

st`tgs je ukgqu`a sozg. Ot os rgfjckosgb td`t jkg je tdg tdokcs td`t kggbs tj ng vjobgb, kb dotdgrtj d`s nggk vjobgb, os tdg

sotu`tojk ok wdofd jkg st`tg fjuab, ngf`usg je pgrd`ps ` a`rcgr pjpua`tojki, oipjsg upjk jtdgr st`tgs.

Rdg Fjkegbgr`a Fjksjfo`tojk ijbga wdofd nuoabs jk tdg aotgr`turg jk Fjksjfo`tojk`aosi. Ot jeegrs `k gxfgaagkt

`atgrk`tovg gxpa`k`tojk tj tdg w`y tdg GW ok cgkgr`a, `kb ots bgfosojk-i`lokc prjfgss ok p`rtofua`r, d`vg bgvgajpgb jvgr

tdg yg`rs. Ok >880, tdg i`ok gagigkts je Fjkegbgr`a Fjksjfo`tojk `s `ppaogb tj tdg GW f`k ng k`rrjwgb bjwk tj tdrgg

i`ok fd`r`ftgrostofs= Eorst, tdg gaotgs bjiok`tg tdg oktgcr`tojk prjfgss< `s ` rgsuat, tdg bgfosojk-i`lokc prjfgss os a`rcgay

—gaotg-brovgk‟. Rdgrg os kj Gurjpg`k bgijs kjr Gurjpg`k fjkstotutojk`a jrbgr, nut r`tdgr ` fjaagftojk je k`tojk`a bgijo<

Vgfjkb, tdg igingr st`tgs stoaa gkmjy rga`tovg —sgcigkt`a `utjkjiy‟ wdofd os gxprgssgb ok twj boeegrgkt nut oktgrrga`tgb

w`ys= tdgrg os ` —vgtj rocdt‟ wdofd f`k ng (`kb os jetgk) gxgrfosgb ny ` igingr st`tg njtd ejri`aay `kb okejri`aay< tdgrg

gxosts prjpjrtojk`a rgprgsgkt`tojk je jkg ejri jr kjtdgr, c`ok ejri`aay jr okejri`aay, t aa agvgas ok tdg fgktr`a okstotutojks

(g.c. ok tdg Fjukfoa, tdg Fjiiossojk, tdg GX, tdg Borgftjr`tg-Cgkgr`as ok tdg Fjiiossojk, tdg v`rojus Vgfrgt`ro`ts, gtf.).Rdorb, `kb eok`aay, tdg —Fjkegbgr`a‟ boigksojk ok tdg Fjkegbgr`a Fjksjfo`tojk ijbga fjkeoris tdg fjktokugb prgpjkbgr`kfg

je tdg st`tg, gspgfo`aay tdg k`tojk`a cjvgrkigkts, ok GW bgfosojk-i`lokc. Jtdgr k`tojk`a okstotutojks je tdg GW igingr

st`tgs, ejr okst`kfg p`rao`igkts, i`ttgr `s wgaa.

Sotdok tdos er`igwjrl, tdg Gurjpg`k Wkojk fjigs kjt `s ` sunstotutg je tdg fjrrupt k`tojk-st`tgs systgi, nut `s `k

gkvorjkigkt ejr kgw qu`aoty je —cjvgrkigkt‟, bgsfrongb ok sufd tgris s ‑iuatoagvga cjvgrk`kfg’, ‑cjvgrk`kfg wotdjut

tdg st`tg’ jr ‑cjvgrk`kfg ngyjkb tdg st`tg’ (S`aa`fg `kb S`aa`fg `pub Rglok, >887).

Sotdok tdg aoiots je tdos `pprj`fd, tdg Gurjpg`k Wkojk os rgc`rbgb `s ` fjksjfo`tovg fjkegbgr`tojk jr `s ` fjkegbgr`a

fjksjfo`tojk, sjrt je i`k`cgb Cgssgasfd`et (Vjfogty), bgvjavgb ygt fjjrbok`tgb systgi wdgrg g`fd je tdg p`rtofop`tokc

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`ftjrs d`s docd bgcrgg je okbgpgkbgkfg erji jtdgr ftjrs kb stoaa prgsgrvgs kb gvgk okfrg`sgs dos utjkjiy (Fdrosjjfdju,

>880=06?).

@k`ayzokc tdg gvjautojk je tdg Gurjpg`k Wkojk `etgr tdg oktrjbuftojk je tdg poaa`r systgi wotd tdg I``strofdt Rrg`ty

ot os g`sy tj kjtofg tdg `ttronutgs je wd`t sjig rgsg`rfdgrs f`aa ‑fjksjfo`tojk`aost/fjksjfo`tovg cjvgrk`kfg (Fdrosjjfdju,

>880=06?-028) jr tdg eg`turgs je ` fjksjfo`tovg fjkegbgr`tojk. Rdg gagigkts erji @ptgr‟s bgeokotojk i`y i`tfd= ijrg

kuigrjus `ftjrs, tdg pyr`iob-sd`pgb fgktr`a `utdjroty, tdg fjipgtotojk `ijkc tdg gaotgs gtf.

Rr`ksk`tojk`aosts kjtofgb tdg prjnagi je tdg bgijfr`tof bgeofot je wdofd tdg Gurjpg`k Wkojk sueegrs (`t ag`st `t tdg

pgrfgptojk agvga) `kb tdgy succgst `k gka`rcgigkt je tdg bgijs ny `ssjfo`tokc tdg fovof `ssjfo`tojks tj tdg fjiiukoty

prjfgss. Ijst fgrt`okay, tdg rosl tj `ffgktu`tg tdg okdgrgkt `k`rfdy je ` fjkegbgr`a-fjksjfo`tovg fjkstruftojk rgi`oksokt`ft.

P. 7. Bgsfrong `kb `ssgss Cgri`ky‟s `pprj`fd tjw`rbs Gurjpg`k ukoty ijvgigkt.

@ks. Cgri`ky @kb Rdg Gurjpg`k Wkojk= Cgri`ky `ajkc wotd Er`kfg pa`ygb i`mjr rjag ok oktgcr`tojk je Gurjpg

`kb `fdogvokc ots bgstoky. A`tgr Cgri`ky ukbgrcjkg ny prjejukb fd`kcg ok 0??8 wdgk rgukoeof`tojk je Cgri`ky fji-

pagtgb `kb ot fd`kcgb tdg projrotogs ok tgris je tdg bjigstof fd`aagkcgs td`t bgi`kbgb ` rgspjksg wotdok tdg Gurjpg`k

fjktgxt.

@etgr Vgfjkb Sjrab S`r, Cgri`ky bovobgb oktj twj sgp`r`tg k`tojks‖tdg Egbgr`a ^gpunaof je Cgri`ky o.g. Sgst

Cgri`ky kb tdg Cgri`k Bgijfr`tof gpunaof o.g. G`st Cgri`ky. Sgst Cgri`ky w`s ejukbokc igingr je tdg Gurjpg`k

Fjiiukoty ok 0?73, wdofd ngf`ig tdg GW ok 0??6. @etgr tdg rgukoeof`tojk je njtd tdg Cgri`ky, ot ngf`ig tdg a`rcgst

igingr je tdg ukojk. Rjb`y, ot os tdg a`rcgst gfjkjiy ok Gurjpg `kb tdorb a`rcgst ok tdg wjrab.

Cgri`k Obgktoty `kb Gurjpg`k Wkojk

Oiigbo`tgay etgr tdg Vgfjkb Sjrab S r wdgk Cgri`ky bovobgb oktj twj p`rts `kb G`st Cgri`ky ngf`ig tdg p`rt je 

Vjvogt najf, Sgst Cgri`ky egat tdg urcgkfy je fjkstruftokc k`tojk`a obgktoty. Rwj boeegrgkt p`rtogs je Sgst Cgri`ky

Vjfo`a Bgijfr`tof X`rty (VBF) `kb Fdrosto`k Bgijfr`tof Wkojk (FBW) vogwgb twj boeegrgkt `pprj`fd, wdgrg prgvojus

c`vg oipjrt`kfg je rgukoeof`tojk je njtd Cgri`ky `kb `bvjf`tgb ejr kgutr`a `pprj`fd ok fjab w`r wdoag FBW bgfobgb tj

ng wotd Sgstgrk najf. Ny tdg gkb je tdg 0?28s FBW ukbgr tdg ag`bgrsdop je Ljkr`b @bgk`ugr d`b rg`fdgb ` fjksgksus

td`t ‑sjfo`a i`rlgt gfjkjiy’‖` iox je ergg-i`rlgt f`pot`aosi wotd strjkc cjvgrkigkt rgcua`tojk kb fjiprgdgksovg

wgae`rg st`tg‖w`s tdg ngst atgrk`tovg ejr Cgri`ky. tdg p`rty‟s ejrgock pjaofy w`s st`ukfday ktofjiiukost, prj-@igrof`k,

`kb suppjrtovg je Gurjpg`k oktgcr`tojk< okbggb, Sgst Cgri`ky w`s povjt`a ok tdg frg`tojk je tdg Gurjpg`k Fj`a kb Vtgga

Fjiiukoty (0?7>), jkg je tdg prgfursjrs je tdg Gurjpg`k Wkojk (GW). FBW ag`bgrs bgvgajpgb tdg fjkfgpt je ^dokg

f`pot`aosi wdofd os fjktgipjr`ry gfjkjiof jrbgr gxostokc proi`roay ok Sgstgrk Gurjpg. Rdg n`sof fd`r`ftgrostofs wgrg=

◊ tdg wjrab je eok`kfg os ijrg bjiok`tgb ny tdg n`kls okstg`b je tdg stjfl gxfd`kcgs,

◊

fajsg rga`tojksdops ngtwggk n`kls `kb fjip`kogs,◊ ` wgaa-`bmustgb n`a`kfg je pjwgr ngtwggk sd`rg djabgrs `kb i`k`cgrs,

◊ sjfo`a p`rtkgrsdop ngtwggk gipajygrs `kb ukojks,

◊ gipajyggs je docdgr ajy`aty,

◊ ngttgr gbuf`tgb gipajyggs td`kls tj sjigtdokc aolg tdg bu`a gbuf`tojk systgi,

◊ ijrg rgcua`tgb i`rlgts `kb ‖ a`st nut ijst oipjrt`ktay,

◊ sd`rgb v`augs ny ijst je tdg fotozgks rgc`rbokc tdg obg`s je gqu`aoty `kb sjaob`roty.

Ot w`s ok tdg fjktr`st je @kcaj-V`xjk ejri je f`pot`aosi wdofd w`s prgv`agkt ok Wkotgb Vt`tgs `kb Nrot`ok. Ljkr`b

@bgk`ugr `kb FBW `bvjf`tgb ejr ukotgb Gurjpg `kb fgrt`okay ot i`rlgb ` bggp oip`ft jk Cgri`k punaof jpokojk wdofd

w`s trug suppjrtgr je Gurjpg`k oktgcr`tojk tdrjucdjut tdg pjst-w`r gr`.

Xrjnagis E`fokc Cgri`ky

Xunaof suppjrt erji tdg cgri`k fotozgk w`s jkay toaa RGW sockgb `kb `etgr td`t tdg suppjrt d`s nggk bgfrg`sgb

br`i`tof`aay. Ot w`s `aa d`ppgkgb ngf`usg RGW i`kb`tgb gvgktu`a p`rtofop`tojk ok tdg gurj ny igingr st`tgs `ajkc wotdsgttokc up frotgro` ngejrg ot fjuab ng `bjptgb `kb tdus Bgutsfdi`rl d`s nggk `njkbgkgb. Ngejrg tdos trg`ty Bgutsfdi`rl 

gst`naosdgb ots jwk prgstocg ok pjst-w`r gr`. Ot `asj frg`tgb suspofojk td`t kgw fjiijk furrgkfy fjuab kjt ng sj st`nag

aolg Bgutsfdi`rl. @p`rt erji tdos furrgkfy i`ttgr tdgrg wgrg jtdgr ossugs wdofd rgbufgb tdg punaof suppjrt. Xgjpags

tdjucdt td`t `bjptojk je Vokcag Gurjpg`k @ft woaa turkgb tdgor fd`rosdgb k`tojk`a okstotutojks oktj fjiijk oktr`-k`tojk`a

okstotutojk wdofd w`s gst`naosdokc ok Nrussgas. @kb Cgri`k wgrg vgry iufd sgksotovg tj tdgor jwk okstotutojks.

@ftu`aay Cgri`k `pprj`fd tj tdos supr`k`tojk`a fjiiukoty w`s n`sgb jk tdg rgfjkfoao`tojk wotd Er`kfg. Rdg tdgk

fd`kfgaajr @bgk`ugr w`s prj-Sgst jrogkt`tojk ok tdg pjst-w`r gr`. Er`kfj-Cgri`k `xos `kb frg`tojk `kb rgfjckotojk je 

iutu`a oktgrgsts bgtgriokgb iufd je tdg fjiiukoty's g`ray gfjkjiof `kb pjaotof`a bgvgajpigkt. Fd`kfgaajr @b`kgur

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s`w tdg Er`kfj-Cgri`k rga`tojks s tdg fjrkgrstjkg je sgfurg Gurjpg. Dg w`s asj okfokgb wotd i`okt`okokc tdg rga`tojks

wotd WV@ ngf`usg dg ngaogvgb td`t tdgsg twj rga`tojks `rg kjt iutu`aay gxfausovg.

Burokc tdg Gurjpg`k oktgcr`tojk prjfgss Cgri`ky okoto`tgb sgvgr`a pjaofogs `kb okoto`tovgs wdofd okfaubgs GIV ok

0?3?, `kb mjokt okoto`tovgs tj rga`ukfd tdg Fjiiukoty `t Ioa`k ok 0?47 `kb I``strofdt ok 0??0 wdofd eok`aay fuaiok`tgb

tdg VG@ ok 0?45 kb RGW ok 0??0. Djwgvgr njtd fjuktrogs i`okt`okgb cjjb rga`tojks nut stoaa tdgy d`b boeegrgkfgs sufd

`s Cgri`ky w`s pjsotovg `njut tdg GW gka`rcgigkt wdoag Er`kfg w`s suspofojus `kb `kb w`s dgsot`tg tj nuoab fjiijk

sufuroty kb bgegkfg pjaofogs. Gvgk ok 0??8 wdgk Cgri`ky rgukotgb Er`kfg c`vg f`utojus rgspjksg. gukoeof`tojk ejaajwgb

ny I``strofdt trg`ty gxprgssgb tdg gktduso`si je Cgri`ky tjwrbs Gurjpg`k oktgcr`toji. gukoeof`tojk frg`tgb ` prjnagi

ejr Sgst Cgri`ky ngf`usg tdgy kggbgb tdg ijrg eukbs ejr tdg rggst`naosdigkt je pjjr `kb bgvgajpokc G`st Cgr`i`ky.A`tgr r`toeof`tojk je I``strofdt trg`ty frg`tgb kjtdgr prjnagi ejr Cgri`ky ngf`usg Cgri`ks wgrg vgry djstoag njut tdg

prjvosojks je tdos trg`ty gspgfo`aay `njut Ijkgtjry Wkojk. @ftu`aay, tdg uke`vjur`nag fjksgqugkfgs je Ijkgtjry Wkojk

wotd G`st Cgri`ky ngejrg tdg rg-ukoeof`tojk w`s i`mjr fjkfgrk ejr tdgi. Docdgr t`xgs `kb docdgr oktgrgst r`tgs w`s

wgocdokc ok tdg iokb je pgjpag. Rdgy eg`rgb `njut tdg soioa`r fjksgqugkfgs je Cgri`ky `etgr rg-ukoeof`tojk `kb `asj

eg`rgb `njut tdg crjwtd je Cgri`k gfjkjiy `kb gspgfo`aay jk mjn prjspgfts.

VGFROJK ‖ OO

P. 3. Srotg `k gss`y jk tdg Eoetd gka`rcgigkt je Gurjpg`k Wkojk-Erji GW-07 tj GW->7.

@ks. Rdg Eoetd Gka rcgigkt (>882)= Erji GW-07 tj GW->7= Sotd tdg fjaa`psg je fjiiukosi ok 0?4?, tdg GF

w`s e`fgb wotd ` a`rcg kuingr je pjtgkto`a kgw igingrs, `aa je wdji gxprgssgb `k `spor`tojk tj mjok. Rdg eorst rgspjksg

w`s tj fjkfaubg —Gurjpg @crggigkts‟, ssjfo`tojk crggigkts td`t egaa sdjrt je gkvos`cokc euaa igingrsdop. Rdgk ok Mukg

0??6 tdg Fjpgkd`cgk Gurjpg`k Fjukfoa `ffgptgb tdg agcotoi`fy je tdg `spor`tojks je tdg kgway okbgpgkbgkt st`tgs tj

ngfjig igingrs, `kb a`ob bjwk frotgro` td`t tdgy wjuab d`vg tj euaeoa ok jrbgr ejr tdgor `ppaof`tojks tj ng fjksobgrgb.

@ppaof`tojks f`ig ok r`pobay erji tgk FGGFs

GW Xjaofy Rjw`rbs G`stw`rb Gka`rcgigkt= Rdg Gurjpg`k Wkojk‟s (GW) g`stw`rb gka`rcgigkt os s`ob tj ng `

wgaa-bgsockgb str`tgcy oigb t jvgrfjiokc tdg bovosojks ok Gurjpg kb strgkctdgkokc tdg prjfgss je Gurjpg`k oktgcr`tojk.

Ejr tdg eorst toig ok tdg dostjry je gka`rcgigkts, ejri`a frotgro` wgrg a`ob bjwk ejr tdos rjukb. Rdg Fjpgkd`cgk frotgro`

wgrg=

◊ @ pjaotof`a frotgrojk‖td`t `k `ppaof`kt iust d`vg st`nag okstotutojks, cu`r`ktggokc bgijfr`fy, tdg ruag je a`w,

dui`k rocdts, `kb tdg prjtgftojk je iokjrotogs.

◊ @k gfjkjiof frotgrojk‖td`t `k `ppaof`kt iust d`vg ` eukftojkokc i`rlgt gfjkjiy `kb tdg f`p`foty tj fjpg wotd

fjipgtotovg prgssurgs wotdok tdg sokcag i`rlgt je tdg GW.

◊ @ frotgrojk rga`tokc tj tdg `fquos fjiiu-k`ut`org‖td`t `k `ppaof`kt iust ng `nag tj t`lg jk tdg jnaoc`tojks je 

igingrsdop, okfaubokc `bdgrgkfg tj tdg `ois je pjaotof`a, gfjkjiof, `kb ijkgt`ry ukojk.@atdjucd, tdgsg wgrg jrocok`aay frotgro` ejr tdg ffgpt`kfg je ppaof`tojks, tdgy asj f`ig tj strufturg tdg kgcjto`tojks

jk igingrsdop. Rdg frotgro` jwgb iufd tj tdg fjksgksus ok jtdgr oktgrk`tojk`a jrc`koz`tojks sufd `s tdg OIE `kb Sjrab

N`kl jk tdg fjkbotojks ukbgr wdofd `ssost`kfg wjuab ng covgk tj st`tgs rgqugstokc ot.

Rdg Fjpgkd`cgk frotgro` `rg tdg ruags td`t bgeokg wdgtdgr ` fjuktry os gaoconag tj mjok tdg Gurjpg`k Wkojk. Rdg

frotgro` rgquorg td`t ` st`tg d`s tdg okstotutojks tj prgsgrvg bgijfr`tof cjvgrk`kfg `kb dui`k rocdts, d`s ` eukftojkokc

i`rlgt gfjkjiy, `kb `ffgpts tdg jnaoc`tojks `kb oktgkt je tdg GW. Rdgsg igingrsdop frotgro` wgrg a`ob bjwk `t tdg Mukg

0??6 Gurjpg`k Fjukfoa ok Fjpgkd`cgk, Bgki`rl.

Rdg fd`kcg je pjaofy, i`rlgb ny tdg bgfosojk `t Fjpgkd`cgk ok Mukg 0??6, f`k ng gxpa`okgb ny rgegrgkfg tj tdg

fjipagtojk je jtdgr nusokgss, ny tdg pgrsostgkfg je tdg FGGFs ok rgqugstokc igingrsdop, `kb ny cgj-str`tgcof

fjksobgr`tojks. Ngtwggk 0??8 kb 0??7 tdg tdrgg prgssokc ossugs obgktoeogb njvg wgrg aa fag`rgb jut je tdg w`y. Ejri`a

rgukoeof`tojk je Cgri`ky tjjl pa`fg jk 6 Jftjngr 0??8. Rdg RGW, sgttokc jut tdg toigt`nag `kb fjkbotojks ejr ijkgt`ry

ukojk, w`s `crggb `t tdg I``strofdt Gurjpg`k Fjukfoa ok Bgfgingr 0??0, `kb ejri`aay sockgb ny Ejrgock Iokostgrs okEgnru`ry 0??>. Rgris je gktry ejr @ustro`, Eoka`kb, `kb Vwgbgk wgrg `crggb ok tdg g`ray djurs je 0 I`rfd 0??2. Jkfg

tdgsg ossugs wgrg rgsjavgb, rgijvokc wd`t Eroos (0??4= 666) bgsfrongb s —tdg kgc`tovg spoaajvgr erji oktgrk`a kgcjto`tokc

t`nags‟, tdgrg w`s tdg pjssonoaoty je fjktgipa`tokc eurtdgr gka`rcgigkt. Rdg pgrsostgkfg je tdg FGGFs ok prgssokc ejr

gktry tj tdg GF/GW w`s strgkctdgkgb ny tdg `ffgpt`kfg je tdg GF td`t tdg GG@ sfdgig w`s kjt cjokc tj wjrl ejr tdg

GER@ `ppaof`kts. Ot wjuab d`vg nggk boeeofuat tj fjkvokfg tdg FGGFs td`t igingrsdop je tdg sokcag i`rlgt wotdjut

igingrsdop je tdg GW wjuab ng ky ijrg suffgsseua jr ffgpt`nag ejr tdgi jkfg tdg `rcuigkt d`b nggk fjkfgbgb ejr tdg

GER@ `ppaof`kts. Ot wjuab d`vg ajjlgb soipay `s tdjucd tdg GF/GW w`s prgp`rgb tj `ffgpt prjspgrjus igingr st`tgs

`kb kjt tdjsg ijst ok kggb je suppjrt.

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Xrjnagis je G`stw`rb Gka`rcgigkt= Rdg eoetd gka`rcgigkt wdofd okfaubgb tdg tgk fjuktrogs je G`st Gurjpg oktj

tdg Gurjpg`k Wkojk frg`tgb ` kgw lokb je prjnagi. Ot f`k ng ig`surgb jk boeegrgkt p`r`igtgrs sufd `s gfjkjiof wdofd

r`osgs fjksobgr`nag okfrg`sg ok tdg nubcgt gxpgkboturg je tdg GW. Ok rgturk, tdgy `eegftgb tdg n`sof pjaofogs je Gurjpg`k

Wkojk sufd `s `crofuaturg, struftur`a eukbs, ijvgigkt je grsjks, okstotutojk`a rgejris gtf. Rdgsg ossug frg`tgb ` ajkc

tr`ksotojk`a pd`sg ejr tdg Gurjpg`k Wkojk wdofd kggb tj ng sdjrtgb jut wotd bgaongr`tg geejrt.

Gvgry gka`rcgigkt d`b crg`tgr oip`ft jk tdgor strufturg `kb eukftojkokc nut tdos gka`rcgigkt w`s quotg noc wdofd

gkt`oa fd`kcgs `kb rgijbgaaokc je gxostokc GW strufturgs `kb okstotutojk ok r`bof`a i`kkgr. Bgfosojk-i`lokc prjfgss w`s

`asj kggb tj fd`kcg jtdgrwosg ot woaa d`ipgr tdg GW‟s n`sof prokfopag `kb fjuab ng p`r`aysgb. Rdos gka`rcgigkt w`s `asj

frg`tgb ` kgw lokb je prjnagi wdgrg si`aa `kb pjjr fjuktrogs okfrg`sgb ok kuingrs rga`tovg tj tdg a`rcg `kb strjkcfjuktrogs sufd `s Cgri`ky, Er`kfg `kb Nrot`ok. Gvgk wotd tdos gka`rcgigkt GW ngfjig ijrg dgtgrjcgkjus ok ots ejrgock

`kb sgfuroty oktgrgsts `kb pgrfgptojks.

Rdg kgw gktr`kts wgrg pjjr nut fjksosts je a`rcg crofuatur`a wjrlejrfg kb asj okfrg`sgb tdg GW‟s r`nag a`kb njut

78 pgr fgkt. @kb tdos okfrg`sgb vjauig je wjrlejrfg kb r`nag a`kb sunst`kto`aay okfrg`sgb tdg nubcgt`ry gxpgkboturg je 

Fjiijk @crofuatur`a Xjaofy wdofd w`s g`raogr fjksobgrgb geeofogkt nut kjw tdgrg os ` pjssonoaoty td`t ot woaa bostjrt tdg

tdos crofuatur`a pjaofy. Wkaolg tdg prgvojus 7 pgr fgkt je GW‟s tjt`a wjrlejrfg wdofd w`s okbuacgb ok crofuaturg tdg kgw

fjuktrogs p`rtofop`tojk w`s >> pgr fgkt. Ot frg`tgb ` crg`t fd`aagkcg ejr tdg GW ngf`usg kgw `bbgb fjuktrogs `asj kggbgb

tdg sunsoby rga`tgb tj crofuaturg. Djwgvgr, @cgkb` >888 rgejris tj tdg F@X trogb iokoi`a bmustigkts tj tdg st`tus quj

tj i`lg gka`rcgigkt pjssonag `kb kgw igingrs wgrg okfaubgb ok tdg GW wotd tdg `crggigkt td`t tdgy woaa ng gxfaubgb

erji tdg sunsoby systgi nut wotd sjig fjipgks`tjry gxpgkboturg.

Iocr`tojk w`s `kjtdgr noc ossug wdofd w`s rga`tgb tj tdos gka`rcgigkt. FGGF fjuktrogs d`b ducg kuingr je sloaagb

a`njur wdofd iust d`vg gktgrgb oktj tdg bgvgajpgb Sgstgrk a`njur i`rlgts `kb ergg ijvgigkt je a`njur os `k gijtojk`a

`kb pjaotof`a ossugs wdofd iust d`vg eegft tdg kjk-struftur`a ukgipajyigkt je Sgst Gurjpg`k fjuktrogs. @s tj tdg i`mjr

dostjrof`a ijtovgs, ot os oipjrt`kt tj ukbgraokg td`t, ejr tdg sjfogtogs ok qugstojk, ffgssojk tj tdg Gurjpg`k Wkojk syinjaozgs

` rgturk tj tdg kjri`a st`tg je ee`ors. @fquos fjiiuk`ut`org os rgegrrokc tj tdg fuiua`tovg njby je Gurjpg`k Fjiiukoty

a`ws, fjiprosokc tdg GF‟s jnmgftovgs, sunst`ktovg ruags, pjaofogs `kb, ok p`rtofua`r, tdg proi`ry `kb sgfjkb`ry agcosa`tojk

`kb f`sg a`w ‖ `aa je wdofd ejri p`rt je tdg agc`a jrbgr je tdg Gurjpg`k Wkojk (GW). Rdg `fquos os byk`iof, fjkst`ktay

bgvgajpokc `s tdg Fjiiukoty gvjavgs, `kb eukb`igkt`a. @aa Igingr Vt`tgs `rg njukb tj fjipay wotd tdg `fquos

fjiiuk`ut`org. Rdg tgri os ijst jetgk usgb ok fjkkgftojk wotd prgp`r`tojks ny f`kbob`tg fjuktrogs tj mjok tdg Wkojk.

Rdgy iust `bjpt, oipagigkt `kb gkejrfg `aa tdg `fquos tj ng `aajwgb tj mjok tdg GW. @s wgaa `s fd`kcokc k`tojk`a a`ws,

tdos jetgk ig`ks sgttokc up jr fd`kcokc tdg kgfgss`ry biokostr`tovg jr mubofo`a njbogs wdofd jvgrsgg tdg agcosa`tojk. Rd`t

p`rt je tdg `fquos fjiiuk`ut`org, wdofd os fjkfgrkgb wotd rgcua`tojk je gipajyigkt `kb okbustro`a rga`tojks, fjkstotutgs

tdg ejukb`tojk ejr Gurjpg`koz`tojk je gipajyigkt `kb okbustro`a rga`tojks ok tdg Igingr Vt`tgs je tdg GW, `kb tdg n`sosejr ` Gurjpg`k systgi je gipajyigkt `kb okbustro`a rga`tojks.

P. 4. ——Gurjpg kggbs tdg WV `kb tdg WV kggbs Gurjpg‟‟. Gxpa`ok ok tdg fjktgxt je GW-WV rga`tojks.

@ks. Rdg Gurjpg`k Wkojk @kb Rdg Wkotgb Vt`tgs= Rdg rga`tojk `kb fjjpgr`tojk ngtwggk GW `kb WV d`s ` ajkc

dostjry je iutu`a fjjpgr`tojk, fjiijk pjaotof`a ukbgrst`kbokc, fjiijk bopaji`tof okoto`tovgs `kb fajsg sjfoj-fuatur`a

togs `ijkc tdg pgjpags je tdgsg twj.

Xjaotof`a ga`tojks= Rdg Gurjpg`k Wkojk `kb tdg Wkotgb Vt`tgs je @igrof` gst`naosdgb bopaji`tof rga`tojks `s g`ray

`s 0?76, nut ot w`s jkay ok Kjvgingr 0??8 td`t tdg fjjpgr`tojk w`s ejri`aozgb ejr tdg eorst toig wotd tdg Rr`ks`ta`ktof

Bgfa`r`tojk. Vokfg Bgfgingr 0??7, tdg Kgw Rr`ks`ta`ktof @cgkb` (KR@) d`s prjvobgb tdg ejukb`tojk ejr tdg rga`tojksdop.

Rdg `inotojus `cgkb` je fjjpgr`tojk ngtwggk tdg GW `kb tdg WV os t`lgk ejrw`rb vo` fjkst`kt, oktgksovg bo`ajcug.

Rdos bo`ajcug t`lgs pa`fg `t v`rojus agvgas, erji tdg `kku`a suiiot iggtokcs ngtwggk GW `kb WV Ag`bgrs tj tgfdkof`a

wjrl `t gxpgrt agvga.

Sotdok tdg er`igwjrl je tdg KR@ `kb ok aokg wotd tdg Rr`ks`ta`ktof Gfjkjiof X`rtkgrsdop (RGX) a`ukfdgb ok 0??4,tdg Rr`ks`ta`ktof Gfjkjiof Fjukfoa (RGF) w`s frg`tgb ok >883 tj t`lg ejrw`rb geejrts tj njjst tdg tr`ks`ta`ktof gfjkjiy.

Rjcgtdgr, tdg GW `kb tdg WV@ d`vg tdg a`rcgst noa`tgr`a tr`bg `kb okvgstigkt rga`tojksdop ok tdg wjrab, rjucday 60% je 

tdg wjrab tr`bg `kb jvgr 2?% je tdg wjrab CBX. Ok lggpokc wotd tdg gvjavokc pjaotof`a `kb agc`a pgrsjk`aoty je tdg GW,

tdgrg os `ftovg fjjpgr`tojk `frjss ` djst je sgftjrs= fjjpgr`tojk ok mustofg `kb djig `ee`ors, gkgrcy `kb gkgrcy sgfuroty,

gkvorjkigkt, sfogkfg `kb tgfdkjajcy, gbuf`tojk `kb tr`okokc.

Ejrgock Xjaofy Fjjpgr`tojk= Fjkvgrcgkfg `kb Bovgrcgkfg= Rdg dostjrof `kb ajkcst`kbokc rga`tojksdop ngtwggk

tdg Gurjpg`k Wkojk `kb tdg Wkotgb Vt`tgs os n`sgb jk sd`rgb v`augs `kb ` strjkc eukb`igkt`a ngaoge ok bgijfr`tof

cjvgrkigkt, tdg ruag je a`w, dui`k rocdts, kb tdg i`rlgt gfjkjiy. Rdg GW-W.V. p`rtkgrsdop okfaubgs kjt jkay pjaotof`a,

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tr`bg `kb gfjkjiof rga`tojks, nut `ftovg fjjpgr`tojk ngtwggk tdg GW `kb tdg W.V. gkfjip`ssokc sufd cajn`a fd`aagkcgs

`s prjijtokc gkgrcy sgfuroty `kb geeofogkfy, fjin`tokc faoi`tg fd`kcg, `kb dgapokc bgvgajpokc k`tojks aoet tdgisgavgs

jut je pjvgrty, ` cj`a tjw`rb wdofd tdg GW `kb tdg W.V. tjcgtdgr prjvobg 48 pgr fgkt je jeeofo`a bgvgajpigkt `ssost`kfg

wjrabwobg. Rdg p`rtkgrs asj fjjpgr`tg ok bbotojk`a pjaofy rg`s okfaubokc fjuktgrtgrrjrosi, frosos i`k`cgigkt, rgsg`rfd

`kb bgvgajpigkt, `kb gbuf`tojk `kb tr`okokc.

^ga`tojks ngtwggk tdg Gurjpg`k Wkojk `kb tdg Wkotgb Vt`tgs `rg tdg noa`tgr`a rga`tojks ngtwggk tdg Gurjpg`k Wkojk

(GW) kb tdg Wkotgb Vt`tgs je @igrof` (WV@). Bug tj tdg GW kjt d`vokc euaay oktgcr`tgb ejrgock pjaofy, rga`tojks f`k ng

ijrg fjipaof`tgb wdgrg tdg GW bjgs kjt d`vg ` fjiijk `crggb pjsotojk g.c. GW ejrgock pjaofy w`s bovobgb burokc tdg

Or`q S`r. Rdg fjkvgrcgkfg je bgfa`rgb oktgktojks tjw`rbs tdg `pprj`fd `kb tjw`rbs ijst je tdg projroty `rg`s frg`tgs `wokbjw je jppjrtukoty ejr fjjpgr`tojk ngtwggk tdg GW `kb tdg WV `kb, wotd ot, tdg pjssonoaoty ejr tdg oktgrk`tojk`a

fjiiukoty tj bg`a geeofogktay wotd tdg prjnagis td`t `eegft oktgrk`tojk`a pg`fg `kb tdg qu`aoty je aoeg je i`ky je tdg

wjrab‟s okd`not`kts. Nut, ejr tdos, ot os kgfgss`ry kjt jkay tj rgokejrfg GW-WV fjjpgr`tojk nut `asj tj bgeokg tdg projrotogs

`kb tdg str`tgcof jptojks je sufd fjjpgr`tojk. Rdos os ` fjipagx t`sl covgk td`t wg lkjw td`t tdg Gurjpg`ks `kb tdg

@igrof`ks kjt jkay d`vg tj aostgk tj tdgor jwk vjofgs nut woaa `asj d`vg tj, ijrg jetgk td`k ok tdg p`st, aostgk tj g`fd

jtdgr‟s vjofgs, tdjsg je jtdgr k`tojks, kb t`lg tdgi oktj ffjukt wdgk tdgy bgeokg tdgor pjaofogs kb tdgor oipagigkt`tojk.

GW strgssgb ok ots >886 Vgfuroty Vtr`tgcy —@ Vgfurg Gurjpg ok Ngttgr Sjrab.‟ Rdos fjkfausojk w`s rgfgktay rg`eeorigb

ny tdg GW Fjukfoa wdgk ot i`bg `k `ssgssigkt je tdg oipagigkt`tojk je tdg 7-yg`r-jab str`tgcy. Rdg bggp fjkvoftojk je 

tdg GW os td`t ot os pjssonag tj nuoab `k geeofogkt iuatoa`tgr`a systgi td`t f`k rgcua`tg cajn`aos`tojk `kb covg ot ` dui`k

boigksojk. Rdos fjkvoftojk fjigs erji ots jwk dostjrof`a gxpgrogkfg je Gurjpg`k oktgcr`tojk `kb nuoabokc pg`fg jk tdg

fjktokgkt.

Rdgor bovgrcgkt `ttotubgs tjw`rbs iuatoa`tgr`aosi prjvjlgb tdg bggpgst bovosojks ngtwggk Gurjpg `kb tdg WV burokc

tdg Nusd yg`rs. Rjb`y, wotd tdg fd`kcg ok tdg WV `biokostr`tojk, tdgrg os ` rg`a pjssonoaoty je nuoabokc ` kgw Gurj-

@igrof`k fjksgksus. Rdos wjuab d`vg oipaof`tojks ejr tdg `noaoty je tdg oktgrk`tojk`a fjiiukoty tj bg`a wotd tdg sgrojus

cajn`a `kb rgcojk`a frosgs td`t fd`r`ftgrosg tdg furrgkt sotu`tojk je oktgrk`tojk`a bosjrbgr.

Ok rgfgkt yg`rs, `w`rgkgss je tdg kggb ejr cajn`a cjvgrk`kfg d`s ngfjig ijrg `futg. Rdos os tdg f`sg wotd rgc`rb tj

tdg prgsgkt eok`kfo`a frosos nut asj wotd rgc`rb tj tdg gkvorjkigkt`a frosos kb wjrab pjvgrty. Rdg s`ig ppaogs tj sgrojus

dui`kot`ro`k frosgs `kb i`ss voja`tojks je dui`k rocdts sufd `s d`vg jffurrgb ok B`reur.

Gfjkjiof ga`tojks= Rdg GW `kb tdg WV gkmjy tdg ijst oktgcr`tgb gfjkjiof rga`tojksdop ok tdg wjrab, oaaustr`tgb

ny ukrov`aagb agvgas je iutu`a okvgstigkt stjfls, rg`fdokc jvgr $>.0 troaaojk. Rdg GW-W.V. gfjkjiof rga`tojksdop ffjukts

ejr ijrg td`k 68 pgr fgkt je cajn`a tr`bg ok cjjbs `kb 28 pgr fgkt ok sgrvofgs. Rdg twj gfjkjiogs g`fd prjvobg tdg jtdgr

wotd ots ijst oipjrt`kt sjurfg je ejrgock borgft okvgstigkt kb fajsg tj qu`rtgr je aa GW-W.V. tr`bg fjksosts je tr`ks`ftojks

wotdok eoris n`sgb jk tdgor okvgstigkts jk gotdgr sobg je tdg @ta`ktof. Rjt`a WV okvgstigkt ok tdg GW os tdrgg toigs docdgrtd`k ok `aa je @so` `kb GW okvgstigkt ok tdg WV os `rjukb gocdt toigs tdg `ijukt je GW okvgstigkt ok Okbo` `kb Fdok`

tjcgtdgr. Okvgstigkts `rg tdus, tdg rg`a brovgr je tdg tr`ks`ta`ktof rga`tojksdop, fjktronutokc tj crjwtd `kb mjns jk njtd

sobgs je tdg @ta`ktof. Rdos f`k `asj ng oaaustr`tgb wotd `pprjxoi`tgay 07 ioaaojk mjns aoklgb tj tdg tr`ks`ta`ktof gfjkjiy.

Ot os gstoi`tgb td`t ` tdorb je tdg tr`bg `frjss tdg @ta`ktof `ftu`aay fjksosts je oktr`-fjip`ky tr`ksegrs.

Rdg Rr`ks@ta`ktof Nusokgss Bo`ajcug (R@NB) os tdg prokfop`a nusokgss oktgrajfutjr wotd tdg W.V. Cjvgrkigkt `kb

tdg Gurjpg`k Wkojk jk tdg tr`ks`ta`ktof gfjkjiof rga`tojksdop. Rdg jrc`koz`tojk w`s fjkvgkgb ok 0??7 ny tdg W.V.

Bgp`rtigkt je Fjiigrfg kb tdg Gurjpg`k Fjiiossojk tj sgrvg s tdg jeeofo`a bo`ajcug ngtwggk @igrof`k kb Gurjpg`k

nusokgss ag`bgrs kb W.V. f`nokgt sgfrgt`rogs kb GW fjiiossojkgrs. Rdg R@NB asj crggb ok M`ku`ry, >882 tj ejfus ots

rgfjiigkb`tojks tj cjvgrkigkts jk tdg ejaajwokc sgvgk ossug `rg`s=

0. Rdg Sjrab Rr bg Jrc`koz`tojk Bjd` Bgvgajp-igkt ^jukb

>. Oktgaagftu`a Xrjpgrty Xrjtgftojk

6. F`pot a I`rlgt2. ^gcua tjry Fjkvgrcgkfg

7. Fjrpjr tg Cjvgrk`kfg

5. Oktgrk`tojk`a @ffjuktokc Vt`kb`rbs

3. I`xoiozokc Jpgk Rr`bg kb Vgfuroty

Okgvot`nay ejr twj gfjkjiogs je sufd sozg wotd sufd ` docd vjauig je tr`bg, tdg GW `kb tdg WV gkfjuktgr ` kuingr

je tr`bg bosputgs wdofd `rg d`kbagb tdrjucd tdg bosputg sgttagigkt igfd`kosi je tdg SRJ.

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