Oliveira 1

8/13/2019 Oliveira 1

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Luiz Antonio Pereira de Oliveira

C-MADE

Centre of Materials and Building Technologies

University of Beira Interior

Covilhã - Portugal



Learn objectives



Civil construction is a important consumer of natural resources

Construction materials consumption in UK is around6 tone/year.habitant.

Around the metropolitan cities, the sand

and natural aggregates begins to be

reduced, following the environmentalcontrol on the extraction of raw

materials.



Civil Construction is an important generator of residues

Finland – demolition materials volume is the double of solid urban waste

International values 0.7 a 1 tonne/habitant .year .

Clandestine landfill: cause obstructions of water flows and drainage,

resulting in inundations

In some countries, it is responsible by the mosquitoes proliferations

acting as infection vectors

Debris



lnternational Council for Building Research and Documentation (CIB)

European Construction Industry Federation

Civil Engineering Research Foundation (CERF)

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet

human needs while preserving the natural environment so that these needscan be met not only in the present, but in the indefinite future.

"meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs."[1]

Sustainability and civil construction



Is the environment a preoccupation of the modern man?

The civil construction consume around 2/3 of

natural wood of our forests

Raw materials

copper and zinc reserves are

sufficient only for more 60 years.

66 % wood



Enviroment: a precupation of the modern man?

Air pollution

cement industries generate CO21 tonne of cement clinker make more than 600kg of CO2

data on the major global sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by

country, from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution to the present

Is the environment a preoccupation of the modern man?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Risks_and_Impacts_of_Global_Warming.png



a big potential consumer of wastes from other industries.

Fly ash (pictured) is a by-product of

burning coal.

Eco-friendly cement industry?

Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag



Challenges for urban and industrial wastes management

Management of Urban and Industrial Wastes



Unsustainable pract ice

The most knew wastes management in the world



Sustainability and civil construction

Scheme of sustainable development: at the confluence of three constituent parts.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg





proposed by Kibert and Languell

What you can do?



Recycle & Sustainability

chance to transform a source of costs into source of business or to

reduce the deposition costs

the productive chain that recycle reduces the used volume of raw

materials, preserving the limited natural resources

Environmental impact Steel Glass Cement1

Energy 74 6 40

Raw material 90 54 50

Water 40 50 -

Atmospheric pollutants 86 22 <502

Water pollution 76 -

General wastes 105 54

Mineral wastes 97 79

Environmental impact reduction (in %) of wastes recycle in the production

of some constructions materials (KANAYAMA, 1997)

1 Replacement of 50% with blast furnace slag

2 CO2



Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction

Recycling of used tires

► The tires are cut and triturated, in some operations of separation

of the different materials

sprayed or granulated rubber

• in asphalt mixtures,

• in coverings of square and sports field

• in manufacture of automobile carpet

• adhesive, etc.



Recycling of used tires

development of new technologies of reuse, recycled rubber

workmanships of containments in the edges of rivers to prevent collapses;

as artificial reefs, in the break-sea construction;

in the equipment construction for playgrounds;

in the control of erosion etc.

fuel in plants of cellulose and paper, cement ovens and thermoelectric

central




markets for utilization of rubber tiresenergy generation and asphalt mixtures.

2 at 6 tires/tonnes of asphalt mixture

HEITZMAN (1992) e ZANZOTTO & KENNEPOHL (1996)

asphalt mixtures: incorporation of the tires

wet process fine particles of rubber to the asphalt cement are added,

"asphalt-rubber"

dry process bigger rubber particles substitute part of stone aggregates

"bitumen modified with rubber addition"




Requirements for the vulcanized rubber1. The rubber must be of 100% vulcanized tire.

2. It must be exempt of fabric, wire or of another contaminant material.

3. After the milling, must result a dry dust, not agglutinated, of granulatedmaterial with a specific gravity of 1.15±0.05 (ASTM D 797).

4. The rubber must be enough dries, not having a humidity superior of

2% in weight, so that it flows freely and it does not produce foam

problems when mixed with the hot bitumen.

ASTM D 6114: minimum incorporation of 18 - 20% of rubber, on the total binder weight




The physical characteristics of the bituminous binder afterincorporated the rubber and respected the period of

reaction of the rubber with the bitumen (minimum 45 min),

will have to be the following ones:







• reuse rubber of used tires as addition in mortars and concrete• rubber particles (1,2 mm and < 4 mm) treated with NaOH

solution – it improves adhesion

• 5 or 10% of rubber (Segre 1999)




Significant improvement of the workability

Improvement of mortar cohesionImprovement of ductility




Project




Project










Use of aluminum present in

the milk packing and other

foods "long life", after-use, as

reflector of heat, to increase

the thermal comfort in the

constructions.

The aluminum reflect more

than 95% of the heat that

arrives through radiations, and

emits less than 5%, depending

on the burnishing state of itssurface.

Packings


this is waste?

or it is a construction material?



Use forms:

A- Sub tiles under roofs, in the

form of BLANKETS made with the

petty cashes open and glue side byside.

B-REFLECTING the HEAT and the

INCIDENT SOLAR LIGHT, in the

form of BLINDS and CURTAINS.


Packing utilities



Used in the fibres manufacture

Polyethylene of high density (RHDPE )

Fibres dimensions:

19.05 mm to 38.1 mm length, 1.6 mm width and 1 mm thickness

tensile strength 44.81 N/mm2

The Virginia Tech Polytechnic University

Plastic recycling

Milk bottles




UBI Project


Plastic recycling

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 2 4 6 8

L[mm]

F [ N ]

1:1:6 (1.5%fibras)

1:1:6 (1%fibras)

load x deflection

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/63/Bales_Crushed_PET_Bottles.JPG

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/63/Bales_Crushed_PET_Bottles.JPG



Recycling Wastes of Construction and Demolition

RCD

Debris processed in the recycle plant

metal, glass,

paper and plastic

are separate in

the line ofproduction in the

recycle plant.

debris composition



Sample of fine fraction of debris

Sample of coarse fraction

w/c ratio is highceramic materials are

responsible by the high water

absorption


RCD



Strength (MPa)

Samples

Proportions:


RCD



Glass Recycling



Glass recycling

ConGlassCrete

• alkali silica reaction potentiality

• aggregates with different colours and sizes

Pozzolanic reaction of glass powder 25 and 100 m.

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Days in 1 N NaOH solution at 80oC

E x p a n s i o n ( % )

Normal Aggregates

Blue Agg. 3-6 mm

GGBS/Blue Agg. 3-6 mm

Green Pozz./Blue Agg. 3-6 mm

PFA/Blue Agg. 3-6 mm

Expansion reduction with the use of GBFS, GP and PFA



Glass Recycling

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Age (days)

C o m p r e s s i v e s t r e

n g t h ( M P a )

100%PC

90%PC+10%GP

75%PC+25%GP

100%PC+50%GP

Results from Tarmac-Group,

Technical Service

Influence of glass pozolan (GP) in the concrete strength development



Glass Recycling



Glass Recycling

Blocks pavement Masonry concrete blocks



1- The evaluation of the use of alternative materials in the

roads constructions

Evaluation of recyclability of wastes in Portugal;

Data collection about of the material performance incorporating

wastes in roads constructions;

Proposition of recycling system and high value of wastes forroads pavements

Master Thesis



2 - Composition of soil-cement mixtures for roads in

Castello Branco rural zone

Elaboration of state of art about the use and production of

soil-cement mixtures;

Definition of optimal conditions of soil-cement mix design and

its application;

Evaluation of PET fibbers reinforced soil-cement behaviour

Technical and economical viability of soil-cement used as

pavements of low traffic or rural zones.

Master Thesis



3 - Contribution to design self compacting concrete

Wastes of rocks cuts - dust of granite – used as filler for cement

reduction and improves the concrete rheology.

4 - Development of Alkali Activated Binders from Alumino-Silicate Mineral Waste

The main objective will consist on the development of new binder

solutions using dust mud mineral waste (mainly constituted of

alumino-silicates) with following partial objectives:

a) Definition of optimal dust mud waste thermal treatment.

b) Study of alkaline activators and solutions.

c) Study of good mixing and placing conditions

PhD Thesis



5 - The urban and industrial wastes recycled ascomponents for mortar and structural concretes.

i. Definition of the glass and ceramics waste types, disposed in

some regions of Portugal, appropriated to obtain pozzolanic

properties.

ii. Study of appropriates fineness through the classification by

specific area

iii. Determination of the physical and mechanical properties of

the mortars and concretes produced with recycled glass andceramic waste.

iv. Study of the durability of the concretes with powders

obtained from recycled glass and ceramic wastes.

Research project



High alue use of wastes

"Nothing it's created,

nothing loses...everything

is changed” Lavoisier

Documents

Oliveira 1